System and method for creating and maintaining liquid bunker and reducing sulfur contaminants

Abstract

A method for reducing sulfur and lowering viscosity in bunker oil by the steps of passing bunker oil over a core that ionizes the bunker oil with an electrostatic charge. The core consists of a metal bar being made of an alloy comprising, by weight, 40-70% copper, 10-32% nickel, 15-40% zinc, 2-20% tin and 0.05-10% silver. The metal bar of the core comprises a plurality of grooves, which allows the bunker oil to be agitated as it comes in contact with the core, activating an electrostatic charge. The electrostatic charge of the core creates a magnetic catalytic reaction that causes: (1) a molecular separation molecular chains within the bunker oil thereby lowering the viscosity of the bunker oil and (2) sulfur to merge with metals and create metal sulfides in the bunker oil thereby reducing the sulfur in the bunker oil.

Claims

1. A system for reducing sulfur contaminants and maintaining bunker oil in a liquid state comprising: a core, over which passes a bunker oil, the core is configured to ionize the passed bunker oil with an electrostatic charge; wherein the core consists of a metal bar being made of an alloy comprising, by weight, 40-70% copper, 10-32% nickel, 15-40% zinc, 2-20% tin and 0.05-10% silver; wherein the metal bar of the core comprises a plurality of cuts having a concave shape and arranged diagonally along an entire surface of an upper face and a lower face of the metal bar of the core to create grooves, which allows the bunker oil to be agitated as it comes in contact with the core, activating the electrostatic charge wherein the core is within a casing having an inlet and an outlet at its ends for receiving and discharging the bunker oil to be treated; and whereby the bunker oil exiting from the outlet of the casing has a lowered viscosity so that the bunker oil remains in a liquid state at temperatures above 0 C.; and whereby the bunker oil exiting from the outlet of the casing has reduced sulfur contaminants.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the core is placed on a bunker oil supply line.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Further objects and advantages of the present invention can be found in the detailed description of the preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1A is the molecular fuel chain before a treatment.

(3) FIG. 1B is the molecular fuel chain after treatment.

(4) FIG. 1C is an electron scope spectral analysis of the fuel chain after treatment.

(5) FIG. 2 is the differential scanning calorimetry temperature log of the control hunker sample.

(6) FIG. 3 is the differential scanning calorimetry temperature log of the control bunker sample with marked cycles of cooling and heating.

(7) FIG. 4 is the differential scanning calorimetry temperature log of the ionized bunker sample 1 with marked cycles of cooling and heating.

(8) FIG. 5 is the differential scanning calorimetry temperature log of the ionized bunker sample 2 with marked cycles of cooling and heating.

(9) FIG. 6 is the differential scanning calorimetry temperature log of the control bunker sample, the ionized bunker sample 1 and the ionized bunker sample 2.

(10) FIG. 7 is part of the differential scanning calorimetry temperature log showing heating for the control bunker sample, the ionized bunker sample 1 and the ionized bunker sample 2.

(11) FIG. 8 is an endothermic graph of the control bunker sample on day 1.

(12) FIG. 9 is an endothermic graph of the ionized bunker sample on day 1.

(13) FIG. 10 is an endothermic graph of the control bunker sample on day 2.

(14) FIG. 11 is an endothermic graph of the ionized bunker sample on day 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(15) The bunker residual oil is treated with a core disposed in a bunker supply line such that (a) the bunker oil has a lower viscosity at a given temperature and (b) sulfur contaminants are reduced. The core is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,050. The core being used to treat the bunker oil consists of five different metals in a unique and patented arrangement of grooves, which allows the fuel to be agitated or swirl as it comes in contact with the core, activating the electrostatic charge. The core is made of an alloy comprising, by weight, 30-60% copper, 10-30% nickel, 15-40% zinc, 5-20% tin and 1-10% silver. The core is in a closed tube, which is directly connected to the fuel supply, preferably at the production site.

(16) The core consists dissimilar s in a cylindrical chamber. When oil is passed through the core, a co stant magnetic field is created affecting the molecules of the oil. The crude acts as a dielectric, which creates a polarization. The effect blends the hydrocarbons and alkanes. Additionally, the water in the oil usually contains a high amount of salt which is released therefore acts as an excellent conductor of electricity. The combined effect creates a phenomenon of molecular refraction, which creates enough energy to reduce sulfur. When the oil comes out of the core having been subjected to the magnetic field, polarization, and molecular refraction, the crude's molecular geometry and the viscosity have been significantly modified and will remain low even in temperatures below 15 C. In fact, tests have shown treated bunker oil remaining in the liquid state in temperatures at or above 0 C.

(17) The core disposed in the bunker fuel line does not consume any form of additional energy. As shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C as the fuel passes over the core, electrostatically charged molecules in the fuel with the same polarity adheres to the thesis of mutual rejection and thus creates a finer structure of the molecular fuel chain. FIG. 1A depicts the molecular fuel chain before passing over the core, which is herein also called treatment. FIG. 1B depicts the molecular fuel chain after treatment. FIG. 1C is an electron microscope spectral analysis of the fuel after treatment. The output liquid, or ionized liquid, which has a finer structure, can be transported to the consumer, or pumped into the transport vessels without any further treatment or heating, there by revolutionizing the cost structure for creation and transport of fuel oil.

(18) Crude hydrocarbon is a compound of linear, cyclical, aromatic alkanes, some metals and sulfur. The ratio of these components is diverse and there is no general pattern: each deposit is particular in its composition of molecules. The real constant is that the crude is kept flowable, that is to say it has the viscosity that allows it to flow easily in temperatures above 60 C. When lowering the temperature, the intermolecular energy diminishes causing them to contract, inducing with this the increase of viscosity.

(19) As discussed, viscosity is closely connected with the order of the molecules within the liquid and their interaction with the surface of the liquid (surface tension). The effects of a magnetic field on the properties of the liquids have been studied; this branch of physics is known as magnetohydrodynamics. A magnetic field represents or is a manifestation of energy, and if we take into consideration the magnetic nature of the organic molecules (covalent), it is expected that in the proportion of the intensity of the magnetic field the shape of the molecules is altered. Stereoisomerism explains how a compound with the same molecular weight and same atom proportions, can present different physical and chemical properties.

(20) In the case of the core, the magnetic field is generated in a concentric way in the cylindrical core-carrying chamber. This magnetic field is constant and permanent, and affects the empty spaces of the organic molecules of the bunker fuel passing through and aver and around the core. Furthermore, the crude oil acts as a dielectric member (a material that conducts electric energy poorly) which generates a polarization in it, a fact that prompts a bending of the alkanes (cyclical and linear). During this process, encapsulated water with a high salt content is released, and therefore the water release acts as an excellent conductor of electricity. This duality generates a phenomenon of molar refraction, adding enough energy to reduce sulfur (common radical and problematic in crude), and reacts quickly when in contact with polarized water.

(21) When these forces act on the bunker fuel oil liquid (magnetic field, orientation polarization, molecular refractionthe intermolecular forces of the crude before passing through the ionization core-chamber), the fuel is reorganized with new intermolecular forces (mainly of the Van der Walls type); the crude has modified its molecular geometry and, in this process, the viscosity of the treated fuel remains low even in temperatures below 15 C. Further, tests have shown treated bunker oil to remain in a liquid state at temperatures around 0 C., Consider that the intensity of the magnetic field (and its collateral effects) prompts the separation of radicals. Test evidence indicates that treated fuel has an elect on sulfur content and construct.

EXAMPLE I

(22) Three fuel oil samples were received: (1) control bunker, (2) ionized bunker sample 1 and (3) ionized bunker sample 2. The three samples were examined with differential scanning calorimetry (hereinafter referred to as DSC) by sing DSC823e Mettler Toledo device, the results of which are shown in FIGS. 2 to 7. The basic principle underlying this technique is that when the sample undergoes a physical transformation such as phase transitions, more or less heat will need to flow to it than the reference to maintain both at the same temperature. Whether less or more heat must flow to the sample depends on whether the process is exothermic or endothermic. For example, as a solid sample melts to a liquid it will require more heat flowing to the sample to increase its temperature at the same rate as the reference. This is due to the absorption of heat by the sample as it undergoes the endothermic phase transition from solid to liquid.

(23) Measurement was conducted in four levels of cooling and three levels of heating with speed of 10 C./min in nitrogen environment: (1) cooling from 25 C. to 40 C., (2) heating from 40 C. to 25 C., (3) cooling from 25 C. to 40 C., (4) heating from 40 C. to 100 C., (5) cooling from 100 C. to 40 C., (6) heating from 40 C. to 100 C., (7) cooling from 100 C. to 25 C. In FIGS. 2-7, the x axis reflects the temperature and the y axis reflects the heat flow or power differential (mW). Example of one complete temperature log, with all measuring cycles, is shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 shows a DSC temperature log of control hunker sample with marked cycles of cooling 1, 3, 5 and 7 and heating 2, 4 and 6. FIG. 4 shows a DSC temperature log of ionized bunker sample 1 with marked cycles of cooling 1, 3, 5 and 7 and heating 2, 4 and 6. FIG. 5 shows a DSC temperature log of ionized bunker sample 2 with marked cycles of cooling 1, 3, 5 and 7 and heating 2, 4 and 6.

(24) FIG. 6 shows a DSC temperature tog of all three (3) samples showing cooling. Control bunker 10, ionized bunker sample 1 11, and ionized bunker sample 2 12 are shown being cooled at four temperatures. The samples were cooled from 100 C. to 25 C. The results of this cooling is shown as control bunker 10a, ionized hunker sample 1 11a, and ionized bunker sample 2 12a. The samples were also cooled from 100 C. to 40 C. The results of this cooling is shown as control bunker 10b, ionized bunker sample 1 11b, and ionized bunker sample 2 12b. The samples were cooled from 25 C. to 40 C. The results of this cooling is shown as control bunker 10e, ionized bunker sample 1 11e, and ionized bunker sample 2 12e. The samples were heated and cooled again from 25 C. to 40 C. The results of this cooling is shown as control bunker 10d, ionized bunker sample 1 11d, and ionized bunker sample 2 12d.

(25) FIG. 7 shows the DSC temperature tog of all three (3) samples showing heating. Control bunker 10, ionized bunker sample 1 11, and ionized bunker sample 2 12 are shown being heated at three temperatures. The samples were heated from 40 C. to 25 C. The results of this heating are shown as control bunker 10e, ionized bunker sample 1 11e, and ionized bunker sample 2 12e. The samples were heated from heating from 40 C. to 100 C. The results of this heating are shown as control bunker 10f, ionized bunker sample 1 11f, and ionized bunker sample 2 12f. The samples were cooled and heated again from 40 C. to 100 C. The results of this heating are shown as control bunker 10g, ionized bunker sample 1 11g, and ionized bunker sample 2 12g. In general, these DSC temperature logs show that the control bunker reflects a higher heat flow than the ionized bunker samples. This is likely due to a higher viscosity and more complex molecular structure in the control bunker sample than in the ionized bunker sample.

EXAMPLE II

(26) The primary goal of the test was to determine the changes in the bunker oil molecular structure when treated with the core. The method and the resulting treated bunker fuel was tested at INA d. d. Zagreb Croatia in Petroleum Products Quality Control Laboratory. See www.ina.hr.

(27) The primer samples of the bunker oil sludge used in the INA test, were delivered to the petroleum products quality control laboratory of INA. The samples consisted of normal middle bunker oil with additive, the properties of which were demonstrated on GCWGC (two-dimensional gas chromatography). After the bunker oil samples pass through the core in the supply line, the collection process determined that the viscosity of the samples was lower than the viscosity of the control bunker oil (untreated bunker oil), and that is lower than the primer standard.

(28) The purpose of testing was to establish potential differences between untreated bunker oil and bunker oil treated with the core. The test was run on bunker oil samples, which passed through ionizer core and bunker oil samples from a reservoir in Kalinovici. In total, 2 samples of untreated bunker oil were received and 2 samples of treated bunker oil were processed. Two methods were used for testing: (a) SEM method (scanning electron microscope)which is a microscopic observation of the bunker oil's surface and (b) DSC method (differential scanning calorimetry)a thermal method which determines the specific heat of the bunker oil. Tables IV to IX show the results of initial testing performed on the samples to show their inherent properties.

(29) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV Quality Control for Ionized Bunker Sample Features Units Cutoff Result Method Carbon residue HRN EN ISO 10370 MICROCARBON Carbon residue on % m/m <15 2.56 HRN EN ISO 10370 overall sample Ash (oxide) - % m/m <0.2 0.177 HRN EN ISO 6245 instrumental method Flash point closed, PM C. >70 124.5 ASTM D 93: 10 (A procedure) Pour point C. <40 36 HRN ISO 3016: 97 Kinematic viscosity at ASTM D 7042: 10 certain temperature Kinematic viscosity at mm.sup.2/s 6-26 24.58 ASTM D 7042: 10 100 C. Sulfur wave-dispersive % m/m <1 0.93 ASTM D 2622 X-Ray

(30) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE V Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography- Quality Control for Ionized Bunker Sample Features Units Cutoff Result Method GCxGC - Comprehensive Two- Own method (for GCxGC) dimensional gas chromatography (determining group composition in petroleum and middle distillates, diesel fuel and light cyclic oils) Paraffins - total % m/m 47.79 Own method (for GCxGC) n-paraffins % m/m 16.95 Own method (for GCxGC) iso-paraffins % m/m 14.01 Own method (for GCxGC) cyclo-paraffins - naphthenic % m/m 16.83 Own method (for GCxGC) Paraffins (n-; iso-) % m/m 30.96 Own method (for GCxGC) Olefins % m/m Own method (for GCxGC) Arenes - total % m/m 52.21 Own method (for GCxGC) mono-arenes % m/m 11.74 Own method (for GCxGC) di-arenes % m/m 30.34 Own method (for GCxGC) tri-arenes % m/m 10.13 Own method (for GCxGC) poly-arenes % m/m 40.47 Own method (for GCxGC) Biphenyls % m/m Own method (for GCxGC)

(31) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE VI Quality Control for Ionized Bunker Sample at 100 C. (4 months old) Features Units Cutoff Result Method Carbon residue HRN EN ISO 10370 MICROCARBON Carbon residue on % m/m <15 <0.01 HRN EN ISO 10370 overall sample Ash (oxide) - % m/m <0.2 <0.001 HRN EN ISO 6245 instrumental method Flash point closed, PM C. >70 118.5 ASTM D 93: 10 (A procedure) Pour point C. <40 0 HRN ISO 3016: 97 Kinematic viscosity ASTM D 7042: 10 at certain temperature Kinematic viscosity mm.sup.2/s 6-26 23.51 ASTM D 7042: 10 at 100 C. Sulfur wave-dispersive % m/m <1 0.9 ASTM D 2622 X-Ray

(32) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE VII V-Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography- Quality Control for Ionized Bunker Sample (4 months old) Features Units Cutoff Result Method GCxGC - Comprehensive Two- Own method (for GCxGC) dimensional gas chromatography (determining group composition in petroleum and middle distillates, diesel fuel and light cyclic oils) Paraffins - total % m/m 48.73 Own method (for GCxGC) n-paraffins % m/m 21.47 Own method (for GCxGC) iso-paraffins % m/m 13.78 Own method (for GCxGC) cyclo-paraffins - naphthenic % m/m 13.48 Own method (for GCxGC) Paraffins (n-; iso-) % m/m 32.25 Own method (for GCxGC) Olefins % m/m Own method (for GCxGC) Arenes - total % m/m 51.27 Own method (for GCxGC) mono-arenes % m/m 12.34 Own method (for GCxGC) di-arenes % m/m 28.83 Own method (for GCxGC) tri-arenes % m/m 10.1 Own method (for GCxGC) poly-arenes % m/m 38.93 Own method (for GCxGC) Biphenyls % m/m Own method (for GCxGC)

(33) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE VIII Quality Control for Ionized Bunker Sample at 110 C. (4 months old) Features Units Cutoff Result Method Carbon residue HRN EN ISO 10370 MICROCARBON Carbon residue on % m/m <15 <0.01 HRN EN ISO 10370 overall sample Ash (oxide) - % m/m <0.2 <0.001 HRN EN ISO 6245 instrumental method Flash point closed, PM C. >70 116.5 ASTM D 93: 10 (A procedure) Pour point C. <40 6 HRN ISO 3016: 97 Kinematic viscosity at ASTM D 7042: 10 certain temperature Kinematic viscosity mm.sup.2/s 6-26 23.48 ASTM D 7042: 10 at 100 C. Sulfur wave-dispersive % m/m <1 0.9 ASTM D 2622 X-Ray

(34) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE IX Quality Control for Ionized Bunker Sample at 110 C. (4 months old) Features Units Cutoff Result Method Carbon residue HRN EN ISO 10370 MICROCARBON Carbon residue on % m/m <15 <0.01 HRN EN ISO 10370 overall sample Ash (oxide) - % m/m <0.2 <0.001 HRN EN ISO 6245 instrumental method Flash point closed, PM C. >70 116.5 ASTM D 93: 10 (A procedure) Pour point C. <40 3 HRN ISO 3016: 97 Kinematic viscosity ASTM D 7042: 10 at certain temperature Kinematic viscosity mm.sup.2/s 6-26 23.17 ASTM D 7042: 10 at 100 C. Sulfur wave-dispersive % m/m <1 0.9 ASTM D 2622 X-Ray

(35) Scanning Electron MicroscopeSEM Testing

(36) For the purpose of SEM testing, a microscope JEOL 5800 was used, equipped with corresponding detectors. One of the important conditions for this SEM test is that sample needs to be stable in a high vacuum. To ensure the stability, a drop of fuel oil was placed on a glass and smeared, to get as thin and as homogeneous smear as possible. The smear was dried and gold plated to ensure good electrical transmittance and therefore better image. Cavities or holes were spotted, smaller and bigger. For the fuel samples that had passed through ionizer core, the number of those cavities or holes was significantly greater. Particles' sizes were between 10-30 m. Particles were not usually spotted with fuel oil treated with the inonizer core, but only cavities of different size and shapes.

(37) DSC Testing

(38) This testing was conducted with Perkin Elmer DSC-7 calorimeter. Testing was done within temperature range of 30 C.-150 C., recording speed of 10 C./min in oxygen current. Small amounts of sample weighing a few milligrams were measured.

(39) FIG. 8 is the endothermic graph of the control bunker sample from day 1. The specific heat was 2.1141 and there was a prominent endothermic sulfur peak at approximately 110 C. In each of the graphs, the cumulative area is shown by a dashed line. This represents the average value of the fuel power. The specific heat line represents the combination of the power and temperature given by fuel while the fuel is being burned. FIG. 9 is the endothermic graph of the ionized bunker sample from day 1. The specific heat was 2,308 and there was an absence of a sulfur peak. FIG. 10 is the endothermic graph of the control bunker sample from day 2. The specific heat was 1.9634 and there was a prominent endothermic sulfur peak at approximately 110 C. FIG. 11 is the endothermic graph of the ionized bunker sample from day 2. The specific heat was 2.0679 and again, there was an absence of a sulfur peak.

(40) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE X Specific Heat Results Bunker Oil Treated Bunker Oil J/g*Deg J/g*Deg First Day 2.1141 2.3080 Second Day 1.9634 2.0679 2.0902 2.0858 Average Value 2.0559 2.1539

(41) The occurrence of endothermic peak in bunker oil at temperature of approximately 110 C. is very significant. This is the sulfur peak. In bunker oil treated with the core ionizer, such peaks did not occur. Accordingly, the sulfur was removed from the treated bunker oil.

(42) In conclusion, the tests have shown that certain significant difference exists between untreated bunker oil and bunker oil treated with ionizer core. Namely, the viscosity of the treated bunker oil was lowered such that the bunker oil maintained a liquid state without heat. Moreover, the treated samples had a significant reduction in the content of sulfur contaminants. The tests confirmed that exposure of bunker liquid to the core changed the bunker oil liquid point from 30 C. to 0 C. The volatility or flash point decreased from 124.5 C. to 116.5 C.

(43) In earlier tests, primer test samples were bunker sludge which consisted of normal middle fuel oil with additive analyzed by GCWGC (comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography). After the first exposure of the primer test samples to the ionization core (resulting in treated bunker oil), the process determined that the sample's viscosity was more liquefied than primer standard (the control sample). Based on previous experience on exposing bunker oil the ionization core which creates catalytic reactions, it was concluded that the reaction causes molecular separation with an electric charge. Because of molecular separation and the electric charge, mass changes and the reflection or repulsion of the particles with the same charge leads to changes in the physical performance like liquefaction and lower viscosity.

(44) Earlier studies showed that there were lower concentrations of S0.sub.2 in the flue gases when the treated bunker was burned. When these samples were looked at through an electronic microscope, it was determined that sulfuric compounds had changed their crystal structure. Apparently, the sulfuric compounds changed in crystal structure and this change in activity caused merger with other metals present in the fuel oil. In this manner, the metal sulfides and fall down to the bottom of combustion plant or they exit in the form of flue gas particles.

(45) As the fuel or bunker oil passes over the core, electrostatically charged molecules in the bunker oil with the same polarity repulse each other thus creates a finer structure in the molecular bunker oil chain. This finer structure and permits the treated fuel to be transported to the consumer, or pumped into a transport vessel or truck. The ionization core can be mounted on a heavy fuel burner to maintain viscosity temperature, at the exit of the fuel heater and burner nozzle assembly adjustment are made to air and fuel intakes respectively. In the case of a internal combustion engine, mounting the device rack is done in front of the high-pressure pump.

(46) Exposing the fuel oil or bunker oil to the ionizing core creates a magnetic catalytic reaction in the fuel. As a reaction to the electric charge, a molecular separation occurs in the molecular chain of the fuel. Due to molecular separation, the mass of certain particles changes, and the repulsion (deflection) of particles having the same charge leads to changes in the physical structure and performance of the molecular fuel chain, like liquefaction.

(47) Also, the treatment of the bunker fuel by the ionizing core causes a change in the sulfuric compounds. This change occurs during the catalytic reactions such that the crystal structure of sulfur changes and their activity is altered and some sulfur is merged with potentially present metals in the bunker fuel oil. This result creates metal sulfides that are free radicals that fall down to the bottom of combustion plant, get removed via hydration or they exit in the form of flue gas particles.

(48) In this manner, the treatment of bunker fuel with the ionizing core at a supply line becomes a solution for dramatically reducing S02 sulfur content in flue gases. As a result, the treated fuel exceeds environmental criteria mandated for this type of residual fuel.

(49) The claims appended hereto are meant to cover modifications and changes within the scope and spirit of the present invention.