Variable diameter bioreactors

Abstract

A variable diameter bioreactor vessel is provided that includes a first vessel section having a first diameter configured to hold a liquid media and biologic material, and a second vessel section having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter such that the liquid media can be increased from a first volume to a second volume within the vessel.

Claims

1. A variable diameter bioreactor vessel configured for mammalian cell production, cellular biologic material, or live cells, the variable diameter bioreactor vessel comprising: a first vessel section having a first diameter configured to hold a liquid medium and biologic material; a second vessel section, wherein the second vessel section is situated such that the liquid medium and biologic material can be increased from a first volume to a second volume within the vessel, wherein the vessel has a base that is narrow than a top of the vessel; and at least one agitator, wherein the variable diameter bioreactor vessel has a bioreactor height and a minimum aspect ratio of greater than 0.3:1 at every bioreactor height.

2. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel of claim 1, wherein the first vessel section has an aspect ratio of greater than 0.3:1 to about 2:1.

3. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel of claim 1, wherein the second vessel section has an aspect ratio of greater than 0.3:1 to about 3:1.

4. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel of claim 1, wherein the first vessel section is configured such that an inoculum could be added directly to said bioreactor.

5. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel of claim 1, wherein the second vessel section is configured to be a growth stage bioreactor.

6. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel of claim 1, wherein at least one of the vessel sections of the variable diameter bioreactor is configured to be a production stage bioreactor.

7. A method of producing a fermentation product using a reduced amount of reactors in a seed stage train and production reactor, comprising the steps of: inoculating a variable diameter bioreactor according to claim 1 at a first volume with a growth medium and inoculum; adding additional growth medium to the variable diameter bioreactor to scale up the variable diameter bioreactor volume from the first volume to a second volume following completion of an inoculation stage in the first volume; adding additional growth medium to the variable diameter bioreactor to scale up the variable diameter bioreactor volume from the second volume to a third volume following completion of a seed stage in the second volume.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: adding additional growth medium to the variable diameter bioreactor to scale up the variable diameter bioreactor volume to a third volume following completion of a growth stage in the second volume.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the inoculum is obtained from an initial seed reactor such that the variable diameter bioreactor is both the final reactor in the seed stage train and is the production reactor.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the inoculum is a mammalian cell culture.

11. A bioproduction facility, comprising: an initial inoculum growth reactor, a variable diameter bioreactor according to claim 1 in fluid communication with the inoculum growth reactor such that the variable diameter bioreactor is configured to be a seed stage reactor train.

12. The bioproduction facility of claim 11, wherein the variable diameter bioreactor is further configured to be a production reactor.

13. The bioproduction facility of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of variable diameter bioreactors.

14. The bioproduction facility of claim 11, wherein the variable diameter bioreactor is in fluid communication with downstream processing components.

15. The bioproduction facility of claim 11, wherein the variable diameter bioreactor is controlled by a controller system.

16. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel of claim 1, further comprising a third vessel section.

17. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel according to claim 1, further comprising a third vessel section, wherein the first vessel section has a diameter that varies along a height of the first vessel section, wherein the second vessel section has a diameter that varies along a height of the second vessel section, and wherein the third vessel section has a diameter that is uniform throughout the third vessel section.

18. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel according to claim 1, further comprising a third vessel section, wherein the first vessel section has a diameter that that is uniform throughout the first vessel section, wherein the second vessel section has a diameter that that is uniform throughout the second vessel section wherein the third vessel section has a diameter that that is uniform throughout the third vessel section; and wherein the diameter of the third vessel section is greater than the diameter of the second vessel section, and the diameter of the second vessel section is greater than the diameter of the first vessel section.

19. The variable diameter bioreactor vessel according to claim 1, wherein the first vessel section has a conical design such that the base of the first vessel section is narrower than the top of the first vessel section; and a second vessel section wherein the diameter of the bottom of the second vessel section is the same as that of the top of said second vessel section.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The description herein will be more fully understood in view of the following drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a side view of a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(3) FIG. 2 is a side view of a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(4) FIG. 3 is a side view of a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(7) FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a typical bioreactor having a uniform diameter;

(8) FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(9) FIG. 8 is a schematic of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(10) FIG. 9 is a schematic of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(11) FIG. 10 is a schematic of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(12) FIG. 11 is a schematic of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) bioreactor;

(13) FIG. 12 is a top down view of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB);

(14) FIG. 13 is a top down view of an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) As stated above, the present disclosure relates to systems, devices, and methods of culturing cellular biologic material in a bioreactor vessel, which are now described in detail with accompanying figures. It is noted that like reference numerals refer to like elements across different embodiments.

(16) As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore, “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

(17) As used herein, the terms “invention” or “present invention” are non-limiting terms and not intended to refer to any single aspect of the particular invention but encompass all possible aspects as described in the specification and the claims.

(18) As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredient, component, or reactant employed refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or solutions. Furthermore, variation can occur from inadvertent error in measuring procedures, differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods, and the like. In one aspect, the term “about” means within 10% of the reported numerical value. In another aspect, the term “about” means within 5% of the reported numerical value. Yet, in another aspect, the term “about” means within 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of the reported numerical value.

(19) Bioreactor processing of biologic material—including but not limited to microbial and mammalian cultures—in Variable Diameter Bioreactors (VDB), such as those described herein, is designed to sustain growth conditions starting with a minimal inoculum, utilize a continuous and/or bolus, medium and/or feed addition over the growth duration to sustain cell growth, and obtain a sufficient volume of culture for producing the desired product. By accomplishing cell growth and production in a single VDB, multiple smaller volume bioreactors can be eliminated. A single VDB will reduce the overall footprint of bioreactor equipment needed for production of desired product, eliminate multiple seed reactors, multiple CIP's, SIP's, start-up operations, post run operations and minimizes non-logarithmic cell growth or lag phase effect currently observed with the use of multiple seed bioreactors thus simplifying the overall facility operation resulting in time and cost savings.

(20) For example a single 20,000 L VDB can replace a 200 L N-3, 1000 L N-2 and 5000 L N-1 seed bioreactor. It is also estimated that the replacement of 3 seed bioreactors by a single VDB can save greater than 300 square foot of clean room space.

(21) In some aspects, utilizing a conical or smaller diameter cylindrical geometry for the lower portion of the bioreactor and a cylindrical design for the upper portion allows for controllable scale-up within one bioreactor providing key design benefits in relation to mixing and aeration. For example, using a variable diameter conical or smaller diameter cylindrical bottomed tank, with an aspect ratio of greater than 1:1 (liquid height to vessel width at liquid level) can be maintained to support minimal inoculation volume with sufficient liquid head for oxygen transfer during bulk up to larger volume culture. The culture volume can then be bulked up through addition of media to sustain cell growth. The alternative bottom design can enable a higher aspect ratio and ability to operate at lower volumes compared to typical fixed diameter cylindrical tank bioreactor designs.

(22) As used herein, “biologic material” is understood to mean particles consisting, in all or in part, of cellular or viral material, either living or dead, and/or products produced and expressed by cellular or viral cultures. For example, this can include eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, mammalian, plant, fungal, viruses such as talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), or any other desired therapeutic or biochemical product. In some aspects, “biologic material” includes cells produced for cellular therapy programs. In some aspects, “biologic material” includes viruses produced for virotherapy including viral gene therapy, viral immunotherapy, or protozoal virotherapy. In some aspects, “biologic material” includes cellular or viral cultures for fermentation production of desired compounds including but not limited to proteins, polypeptides, polymers, DNA, RNA, antigens, monoclonal antibodies, or any other desired compound. In some aspects, the biologic material can include inert material such as a substrate or immobilization material. Moreover, as used herein, “liquid media” is understood to mean any liquid typically used in bioreactor processes such as growth media, water, inoculum, and biologic material. The liquid media can have solid particles and/or gas suspended, emulsified, entrained, or otherwise present in the liquid media.

(23) As is shown in the Figures, variable diameter bioreactors can have multiple configurations that allow for the efficient scale-up from inoculum to seed and production within a single bioreactor vessel or with a reduced number of reactors from conventional inoculum to seed to production trains. In some aspects, variable diameter bioreactors can have more suitable aspect ratios when bioreactor media volume is low relative to traditional vertical cylinder uniform diameter reactors. The addition of media or feed from low volume inoculation up to production volume also provides a stabilized environment for cell growth as waste is diluted and fresh nutrients are continuously introduced and mixed. In some aspects, example variable diameter bioreactors can be configured for fermentation processes and can be batch, fed-batch, or continuous and the method of production can change depending upon the stage of culture and volume stage within the bioreactor vessel. For example, during the initial inoculation stage, a batch or fed-batch process can be used. Then, once the cell-growth stage has reached maturity and the bioreactor volume is scaled up to its desired limit, a fed-batch or continuous or perfusion process could be utilized. The variable diameter bioreactors described herein can be formed of any suitable material and can be configured for single-use, disposable systems, including, but not limited to, those described in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/613,954, filed on Jun. 5, 2017. In some aspects, the reactors can be configured for use in mono-type systems or in multiproduct suites.

(24) Further, Variable Diameter Bioreactors can be configured to have any desired total volume. As will be discussed in more detail, VDB's can have about 20,000 liters (L) total volume but it is also possible to design a VDB with 1,000 L total volume, for example, or even 10 L total volume. For example, a 10 L total volume VDB could also be used for process development or scale down studies whereas a 1000 L volume can serve as a pilot scale bioreactor. FIGS. 1-3 illustrate example variable diameter bioreactors having a conical lower portion and a cylindrical upper portions whereby the height of the upper cylindrical portions are varied to achieve various desired volumes.

(25) FIG. 1 illustrates a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 100. The variable diameter bioreactor 100 comprises a first vessel section 102 having a first diameter configured to hold a liquid media or culture of biologic material such as appropriate cells and a second vessel section 104 having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter such that the liquid media can be increased from a first volume to a second volume within the vessel 100. The variable diameter bioreactor 100 also has at least one inlet, such as a manway 106, and at least one outlet 108.

(26) FIG. 2 illustrates a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 200 with a decreased height of an upper cylindrical portion relative to the height of the upper cylindrical portion of the variable diameter bioreactor shown in FIG. 1. The variable diameter bioreactor 200 comprises a first vessel section 202 having a first diameter configured to hold a liquid media and a second vessel section 204 having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter. The variable diameter bioreactor 200 also has at least one inlet, such as a manway 206, and at least one outlet 208.

(27) FIG. 3 illustrates a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 300 with a decreased height of an upper cylindrical portion relative to the height of the upper cylindrical portion of the variable diameter bioreactor shown in FIG. 2. The variable diameter bioreactor 300 comprises a first vessel section 302 having a first diameter configured to hold a liquid media and a second vessel section 304 having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter. The variable diameter bioreactor 300 also has at least one inlet, such as a manway 306, and at least one outlet 308.

(28) FIG. 4 illustrates a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 400. The variable diameter bioreactor 400 comprises a first vessel section 402, a second vessel section 404, and a third vessel section 406. The first vessel section has a diameter that varies along the height of the vessel—that is, the diameter of the first vessel section 402 and the diameter of the second vessel section 404 increases towards the top of the bioreactor 400. As shown, however, the diameter of the third section 406 stays relatively uniform throughout the section 406.

(29) FIG. 5 illustrates a variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 500. The variable diameter bioreactor 500 comprises a first vessel section 502, a second vessel section 504, and a third vessel section 506. The vessel has a diameter that varies along the height of the vessel in a step-wise fashion—that is with movement up the vessel the diameter of the third vessel section 506 is greater than the volume of the second vessel section 504, which is greater than the volume of the first vessel section 502. As is shown, in this aspect, the diameter of each stage is uniform throughout the stage with a step increase between the first vessel section 502 and second vessel section 504, and another step increase in diameter between second vessel section 504 and third vessel section 506.

(30) FIGS. 6-9 illustrate example aspect ratios and volumes of various bioreactor designs. As described above, aspect ratio is defined as vessel height to width or diameter. As shown, the reactors of FIGS. 6-9 can have volumes ranging between about 0 liters and 25,000 liters (L).

(31) FIG. 6 is a typical bioreactor 600 having a uniform diameter (i.e., not a variable diameter bioreactor). The typical bioreactor 600 has only a single vessel section 608 and has a bioreactor height 602, volume 604, and aspect ratio 606. The typical bioreactor 600 has the bioreactor height 602, and aspect ratio 606 shown in Table 1. As shown, at low volumes, e.g. 800 L, the aspect ratio of typical uniform diameter reactors is significantly lower than 0.3. Further, uniform diameter bioreactors need to be operated at an aspect ratio of at least 0.65 or higher, which in FIG. 6 represents a volume of about 10,000 L. Thus a uniform diameter bioreactor requires multiple seed bioreactors of progressively increasing culture volumes so as to achieve the desired culture volume for optimal operation.

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Typical Bioreactor 600 Height in Feet Aspect Ratio (602) (606) 0 0 1 0.12:1 2 0.22:1 3 0.33:1 4 0.44:1 5 0.55:1 6 0.65:1 7 0.76:1 8 0.87:1 9 0.98:1 10 1.09:1 11 1.20:1 12 1.31:1 13 1.42:1 14 1.53:1

(33) FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 show variable diameter bioreactors of different configurations all capable of operating at the desired volumes required to eliminate multiple seed bioreactors of 200 L, 1000 L and 4000 L respectively.

(34) FIG. 7 illustrates an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 700 having a bioreactor height 702, volume 704, and aspect ratio 706. As shown, the bioreactor 700 has a first vessel section 708, a second vessel section 710, and a third vessel section 712. Example bioreactor 700 has the bioreactor height 702, aspect ratio 706, and volume 704 shown in Table 2.

(35) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 VDB Bioreactor 700 Height in Feet Aspect Ratio (702) (706) 0 0 1 0.35:1 2 0.71:1 3 1.06:1 4 1.41:1 5 1.76:1 6 1.13:1 7 1.31:1 8 1.50:1 9 1.69:1 10 1.13:1 11 1.20:1 12 1.31:1 13 1.42:1 14 1.53:1 15 1.64:1 16 1.75:1 17 1.85:1 18 1.96:1 19 2.07:1 20 2.18:1

(36) FIG. 8 illustrates an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 800 having a bioreactor height 802, volume 804, and aspect ratio 806. As shown, the bioreactor 800 has a first vessel section 808, a second vessel section 810, and a third vessel section 812.

(37) FIG. 9 illustrates an example variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) 900 having a bioreactor height 902, volume 904, and aspect ratio 906. As shown, the bioreactor 900 has a first vessel section 908, and a second vessel section 910. Example reactors 800, 900 have the bioreactor height 802, 902 and aspect ratio 806, 906 shown in Table 3.

(38) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 VDB Bioreactor 800 & 900 Height in Feet (802, Bioreactor 800 Aspect Bioreactor 900 Aspect 902) Ratio (806) Ratio (906) 0 1 0.34:1 0.33:1 2 0.65:1 0.57:1 3 0.92:1 0.75:1 4 1.17:1 0.88:1 5 1.39:1   1:1 6 1.56:1 1.09:1 7 1.31:1 1.16:1 8 1.51:1 1.23:1 9 1.49:1 1.28:1 10 1.48:1 1.33:1 11 1.47:1 1.37:1 12 1.46:1 1.41:1 13 1.45:1 1.44:1 14 1.53:1 1.53:1 15 1.64:1 1.64:1 16 1.75:1 1.75:1 17 1.85:1 1.85:1 18 1.96:1 1.96:1 19 2.07:1 2.07:1

(39) FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate example variable diameter bioreactor vessel 1000 and 1100. As is shown, the variable diameter bioreactors 1000, 1100 can have a variety of ports, probes, spargers and other components such as at least one of an agitator shaft, an agitator, such as an impeller, a sparger, a probe port, a fill port, a condenser, a vent filter, a foam breaker plate, a sample port, a level probe, and a load cell.

(40) FIG. 10 is a schematic of VDB 1000 having a first vessel section 1002 and a second vessel section 1004. In some aspects, the first vessel section 1002 has a diameter that increases such that the first vessel section 1002 is a cone shape. The second vessel section 1004 can have a constant diameter such that it has a cylindrical shape. As shown, the VDB 1000 can have a total bioreactor height A. In some aspects, the total bioreactor height A can be in the range of about 5 feet to about 50 feet. For example, total bioreactor height can be about 20 feet. Additionally, as shown, an upper portion of the bioreactor can have a height B, the lower portion can have a height C, and the bioreactor can have a liquid height E. The liquid height E can vary based upon what stage of production is desired. In some aspects, the diameter of the lower portion can vary along height C and in some aspects the diameter of the upper portion can remain constant along height B.

(41) As described herein, the diameter of the VDB bioreactor can vary as with movement along the total bioreactor height A or lower portion height C. As shown, the first vessel section 1002 can have a diameter that increases as a function of the lower portion height C. Movement up the reactor height A increases the diameter, for example to a second diameter D2, third diameter D3, and fourth diameter D4. In some non-limiting aspects, for example, D1 can be about 1 feet to about 3 feet, D2 can be about 1 feet to about 5 feet, D3 can be about 2 feet to about 10 feet, and D4 can be about 3 feet to about 20 feet. By way of one non-limiting example, the VDB bioreactor height A can be about 20 feet with a lower portion height C (cone height) of about 15 ft, an upper portion diameter (D4) of about 10 ft, a bottom diameter (D1) of about 2 ft, a D2 of about 3.25 feet, and a D3 of about 4.8 feet, yielding about a 24,909 liter (L) total volume, 13,789 L lower portion (cone) volume, and 11,120 L upper portion (cylinder) volume. Note that in some aspects, such as is shown in FIG. 10, the upper portion can have a uniform diameter such that D4 is equal to D5. Moreover, as shown the lower portion can have a cone shape having an angle θ that can be any angle suitable to provide the desired diameters and volumes for the lower portion. It is appreciated that the volume capacity can have a dished bottom 1016 and it is appreciated that the angled vertex 1018 is shown merely for explanatory purposes and need not be present in the reactor.

(42) Moreover, the VDB 1000 includes a plurality of agitators 1010a, 1010b, 1010c, and 1010d. The agitators can be configured to provide agitation configured for the particular vessel section 1002, 1004 that the particular agitators 1010a, 1010b, 1010c, and 1010d is disposed in. As shown, agitator 1010d can be disposed within the bioreactor at a height H, agitator 1010c can be disposed within the bioreactor at a height I, agitator 1010b can be disposed within the bioreactor at a height J, and agitator 1010a can be at a height K. For example heights H, I, J, K can be in the range of about 1 foot to about 20 feet. In some aspects, the agitators can have a single drive (not shown) that is disposed along the midpoint 1011 of the VDB 1000. In some aspects, the VDB 1000 can include baffles 1012 throughout the bioreactor 1000. As shown, the baffles 1012 can extend along a height G or F of the bioreactor. In some aspects, the VDB 1000 can include a plurality of ports 1014. The ports 1014 can be configured to be inlets, outlets, probes such as pH, temperature, oxygen, or any other desired probe or sensor. VDB 1000 can also include a single agitator, such as a single impeller.

(43) FIG. 11 is a schematic of an example VDB bioreactor 1100. The VDB bioreactor 1100 has an inlet port 1103 and a bottom outlet valve 1105 configured to add and remove bioreactor media. The VDB bioreactor 1100 can have a first vessel section 1102, a second vessel section 1104, and a third vessel section 1106. The bioreactor has an agitator 1108 that includes a lower agitator 1110, a middle agitator 1112, an upper agitator 1114, and an agitator motor and drive 1116. Moreover, the bioreactor can include at least one sparger 1118 configured to allow for air or other nutrients to be bubbled through the bioreactor liquid media. Additionally, the bioreactor can include at least one probe or addition port 1120. The bioreactor can also include at least one CIP port 1122. As shown, the bioreactor can be configured to have a sparger 1118, probe and addition port 1120, and CIP port 1122 in each of the vessel sections 1102, 1104, 1106. The bioreactor can include any suitable control system for controlling the bioreactor systems including monitoring and controlling sparging, liquid media addition and removal, cell growth and production, oxygen levels, volumes, temperature, pH, and any other desired component. In some aspects, the control system is configured to scale up the bioreactor volume in either a continuous or batch-wise manner. Additionally, the bioreactor can have at least one baffle 1124 disposed therein that is configured to provide suitable mixing conditions without causing undue stress on the bioreactor inoculum, which can lead to apoptosis. Additionally, the bioreactor can include a heat transfer shell 1126 which can have external insulation. VDB 1100 can also include a single agitator, such as a single impeller.

(44) The variable diameter bioreactors described herein can have any cross-sectional shape. In some aspects, the variable diameter bioreactors can have cross-sectional shapes that are non-circular. In the case of non-circular cross-sections, “diameter” is understood to mean the cross-sectional area of each stage. That is, in some aspects, the variable diameter bioreactor can have a cross-sectional shape that is any geometric shape including but not limited to circular, square, rectangular, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, heptagonal, decagonal, and any other.

(45) The variable diameter bioreactors of the present invention can also include agitators. For instance, the agitator can comprise (i) orbital shaking or rocking to create surface ripples, which permits mixing of the surface layer with the liquid bulk; (ii) an acentrically positioned agitator on an agitator shaft or an agitator mounted off-center on conical shaped vessel bottom which permits axial mixing by vortexing of fluid around the agitator zone; (iii) centrally mounted agitator(s) in an unbaffled vessel with a complex base/base plate design to permit axial deflection of radial flowing liquid bulk; and (iv) non-circular vessel (cube) stirred vessels to overcome the lack of axial flow due to lack of baffles.

(46) In one embodiment, an agitator comprising at least one blade element is used as an aerator. The blade element can be foldable towards the rotatable shaft. In one embodiment, the rotatable shaft is coupled to a first agitator and a second agitator and both agitators can include at least one blade element that is foldable. There can also be a retaining ring position and an agitator disengaging position for holding the agitator in an upright position during mixing or in a collapsed and folded position respectively.

(47) In one embodiment, the rotatable shaft comprises a metallic reinforcing rod surrounded by a shaft sleeve. The metallic reinforcing rod, which can be made from stainless steel, can be made from multiple pieces that are attached together. The top of the reinforcing rod can include a magnetic member for magnetically engaging a motor. The shaft sleeve can be comprised of a polymeric material. The agitator on the shaft can also be made from a polymeric material, such as a hydrophilic polymer. For example, the shaft sleeve and the agitator can comprise a polyethylene polymer that has been modified by being subjected to irradiation, photo or plasma induction, or oxidation. With regard to acentrically positioned agitators, a single agitator mounted off-center offers some advantage in allowing a contiguous change in operating volume during a fed-batch process without having to consider the impact of the liquid surface being cut by the un-submerged rotating agitator.

(48) In accordance with the present disclosure, a rotatable shaft can be coupled to a top impeller and to a bottom impeller. Both the top impeller and the bottom impeller can be made from a polymer material. For instance, in one embodiment, the impellers may be 3-D printed. The top impeller and the bottom impeller can both define a hydrophilic surface. For instance, the polymer material used to form the impellers can comprise a hydrophilic polymer or can comprise a polymer that has been surface modified so as to render the surface hydrophilic.

(49) In one embodiment, for instance, the top and bottom impeller are made from a polyolefin polymer, such as polyethylene or polypropylene. In one embodiment, low density polyethylene can be used. The low density polyethylene can be modified by being subjected to irradiation, photo or plasma induction, or oxidation to form a hydrophilic surface.

(50) In another embodiment, the variable diameter bioreactor of the present invention can be designed such that it maintains the proportions and characteristics as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,670,466, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference. For example, the variable diameter bioreactor of the present invention can have two impellers. The top impeller can comprise a hydrofoil impeller. The bottom impeller, on the other hand, can comprise a four pitched-bladed high solidity impeller. The impeller to tank diameter ratio can be from about 0.35 to about 0.55, such as from about 0.44 to about 0.46. The top impeller and the bottom impeller can have power numbers (N.sub.e) of from about 0.1 to about 0.9 and can have flow numbers (N.sub.g) of from about 0.4 to about 0.9.

(51) Non-limiting examples of impellers suitable for use in the agitation system of the present disclosure include hydrofoil impellers, high-solidity pitch-blade impellers, high-solidity hydrofoil impellers, Rushton impellers, pitched-blade impellers, gentle marine-blade impellers, CelliGen cell-lift impeller, A320 Impeller, HE3 Impeller, and the like. Spin filters can also be used, such as when the device is operating in perfusion mode. In multi-impeller embodiments of the single-use bioreactor of the present disclosure, the impellers may comprise the same or different materials, designs, and methods of manufacture. For example, in one embodiment, the top impeller could be a hydrofoil impeller or one of like design, such as that made using a 3D printer.

(52) FIG. 12 is a top-down view of an example bioreactor vessel 1200 having a variable cross-section that is non-circular. That is, the bioreactor 1200 has a cross-sectional shape that is square. In particular, vessel 1200 has a bottom 1208, a first vessel section 1202 having a first diameter 1228 configured to hold a liquid media and biologic material, and a second vessel section 1204 having a second diameter 1230 that is greater than the first diameter 1228 such that the liquid media and biologic material can be increased from a first volume to a second volume within the vessel 1200 that is configured to hold a liquid media and biologic material. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that such shape configuration, when viewed from the side could come in any or all of the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1-11, as well as others disclosed herein. For example, the increase in volume size could be achieved by varying the diameter on one of the four sides, two of the four sides, three of the four sides, or all four sides. These increases need not be contiguous on any or all sides.

(53) In one embodiment, impellers suitable for use herein include those manufactured by 3-D printing to look like any of the impellers known in the art, even if the scale of the impellers is different.

(54) FIG. 13 is a top-down view of an example bioreactor vessel 1300 having a variable cross-section that is non-circular. That is, the bioreactor vessel 1300 has a cross-sectional shape that is triangular. In particular, vessel 1300 has a first vessel section 1302 having a first diameter 1328 configured to hold a liquid media and biologic material, and a second vessel section 1304 having a second diameter 1330 that is greater than the first diameter 1328 such that the liquid media and biologic material can be increased from a first volume to a second volume within the vessel 1300 that is configured to hold a liquid media and biologic material. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that such shape configuration, when viewed from the side could come in any or all of the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1-11, as well as others disclosed herein. For example, the increase in volume size could be achieved by varying the diameter on one of the three sides, two of the three sides, or all three sides. These increases need not be contiguous on any or all sides.

(55) It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that other non-circular bioreactors are disclosed herein, such as elliptical, hexagonal, octagonal, etc.

(56) With regard to a non-circular vessel geometry, such as a cubic geometry in FIG. 12 and triangular geometry in FIG. 13, the radial flow produced by an agitator can deflect upon impacting each of the four sides of the vessel. Such designs offer advantages for installation into a steel shell as each corner of the flat-packed bioprocess container can be easily aligned with the corners of the steel shell during installation.

(57) In use, the variable diameter bioreactors described herein can be used to culture live cells and produce biologic material allowing for the efficient use of floor space by limiting the necessary reactors within a train to a single bioreactor. Specifically, the production of biologic material—such as producing a fermentation product—can be achieved in a single VDB bioreactor by inoculating a bioreactor at a first volume with a growth media and inoculum and adding additional growth media to the bioreactor to scale up the bioreactor volume to a second volume following completion of an inoculation stage. In some aspects, use of the bioreactor can include adding additional growth media to the bioreactor to scale up the bioreactor volume to a third volume following completion of a growth stage.

(58) That is, by condensing an inoculation bioreactor and all necessary follow-on growth or seed reactors into a single bioreactor vessel, the footprint of a particular plant is minimized. For example, for a 20,000 liter (L) desired production volume a single 20,000 L bioreactor can be used that consists of a first vessel section (i.e., inoculation vessel section), a second seed or growth section, and a third seed or growth vessel section. For example, the first vessel section (inoculation vessel section) can have a first diameter corresponding to about 100 L to about 200 L volume and a desired aspect ratio of between about 0.3:1 to about 2:1. Next, the second and third seed vessel sections can scale up the bioreactor volume to the desired 20,000 L quantity maintaining a range of desired aspect ratios. For example, the aspect ratios can remain between about 0.3:1 and about 3:1. The 20,000 L bioreactor unit can perform one or more, or all, of the following: feeding of nutrients and/or carbon sources, injection of suitable gas (e.g., oxygen), flow of fermentation or cell culture medium, separation of gas and liquid phases, maintenance of growth temperature, maintenance of pH level, agitation (e.g., stirring), and/or cleaning/sterilizing.

(59) For example, this 20,000 L example bioreactor can be, in some aspects, inoculated at a first volume with a growth media and inoculum, such as a mammalian cell. In this inoculation stage, the reactor can be inoculated at a first volume such that the volume of the reactor is suitable for initial growth of the inoculum. Following a suitable period of time to allow the desired cell growth, the bioreactor can be scaled up to a second reactor volume to achieve a second growth stage of the inoculum. That is, additional growth media and any other desired component required for growth can be added to the bioreactor to scale up the bioreactor volume to a second volume following completion of the inoculation stage. This second volume can be any desired volume that is suitable for the desired continuing growth conditions needed for the inoculum. At this second volume further cell growth and proliferation can be achieved. In some aspects, a third, fourth, or any number of increasing volume growth stages can be utilized to continue the scaling up of the reactor volume to a desired volume.

(60) The variable diameter bioreactors as described herein can be used in many types of manufacturing facilities, including but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/455,836, filed on Mar. 10, 2017 and Publication No. WO/2017/072201 A2, the entireties of both of which are incorporated by reference. In such facilities, the variable diameter bioreactors of the present invention can replace one or more of the bioreactors discussed in those applications or other like facilities.

(61) The variable diameter bioreactors of the present invention can also be regulated by control system known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/613,954, filed on Jun. 5, 2017, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/612,769 filed on Jun. 2, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/451,470 filed on Jan. 27, 2017, and others.

Examples

(62) The relationship between the volume, diameter and properties for cell growth of the variable diameter bioreactors of the present invention requires the consideration of many factors. The below equation provides a useful guide when designing bioreactors of the present invention:

(63) $\mathrm{Sphere}\text{:}V=\frac{\pi }{3}{y}^2\left(1.5D-y\right)$$\mathrm{Cylinder}\text{:}V=\frac{L{D}^2}{8}\left(\vartheta -\sin \left(\vartheta \right)\right)T=2\sqrt{y\left(D-y\right)}=D\sin \left(\frac{\vartheta }{2}\right)$$\mathrm{Cone}\text{:}V=\frac{\pi h}{12}\left(D_{\mathrm{bot}}^2+D_{\mathrm{bot}}{D}_{\mathrm{top}}+D_{\mathrm{top}}^2\right)z=\frac{1}{2h}\left(D_{\mathrm{top}}-D_{\mathrm{bot}}\right)$

(64) For example, when designing the bioreactor of the present invention to work with volumes up to 20,000 L, the variable diameter bioreactor would have the following proportions:

(65) Total Volume: 20,000 L

(66) Cone Volume: 15,000 L

(67) Diameter.sub.top: 7 ft

(68) Diameter.sub.bottom: 3 ft

(69) Total Height: 30.2 ft

(70) Cylinder Volume: 5,000 L

(71) Cone Height: 25.6 ft

(72) Cylinder Height: 4.6 ft

(73) As another example, when designing the bioreactor of the present invention to fit into a certain space in a manufacturing facility or the like, where the height is limited to twenty feet, the above equation would yield the following propotions:

(74) Total Volume: 16,458 L

(75) Cone Volume: 9,341 L

(76) Diameter.sub.top: 8 ft

(77) Diameter.sub.bottom: 2 ft

(78) Total Height: 20 ft

(79) Cylinder Volume: 7,117 L

(80) Cone Height: 15 ft

(81) Cylinder Height: 5 ft

(82) The above example can have four impellers, such as that depicted in FIG. 10.

(83) As another example, the design of the present invention allows variable diameter bioreactors to be built in excess of 20,000 L, which is new to the art. Specifically, a variable diameter bioreactor could be built with the following propotions:

(84) Total Volume: 25,000 L

(85) Cone Volume: 15.000 L

(86) Diameter.sub.top: 7.9 ft

(87) Diameter.sub.bottom: 2.5 ft

(88) Total Height: 30 ft

(89) Cylinder Volume: 10,000 L

(90) Cone Height: 22.8 ft

(91) Cylinder Height: 7.2 ft

(92) Unless described otherwise above, the above description may be further understood as follows. The devices, facilities and methods described herein are suitable for use in and with culturing any desired cell line including prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cell lines. Further, in embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods are suitable for culturing suspension cells or anchorage-dependent (adherent) cells and are suitable for production operations configured for production of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products—such as polypeptide products, nucleic acid products (for example DNA or RNA), or cells and/or viruses such as those used in cellular and/or viral therapies.

(93) In embodiments, the cells express or produce a product, such as a recombinant therapeutic or diagnostic product. As described in more detail below, examples of products produced by cells include, but are not limited to, antibody molecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies), antibody mimetics (polypeptide molecules that bind specifically to antigens but that are not structurally related to antibodies such as e.g. DARPins, affibodies, adnectins, or IgNARs), fusion proteins (e.g., Fc fusion proteins, chimeric cytokines), other recombinant proteins (e.g., glycosylated proteins, enzymes, hormones), viral therapeutics (e.g., anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy), cell therapeutics (e.g., pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and adult stem cells), vaccines or lipid-encapsulated particles (e.g., exosomes, virus-like particles), RNA (such as e.g. siRNA) or DNA (such as e.g. plasmid DNA), antibiotics or amino acids. In embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods can be used for producing biosimilars.

(94) As mentioned, in embodiments, devices, facilities and methods allow for the production of eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells or lower eukaryotic cells such as for example yeast cells or filamentous fungi cells, or prokaryotic cells such as Gram-positive or Gram-negative cells and/or products of the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, e.g., proteins, peptides, antibiotics, amino acids, nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA), synthesized by the eukaryotic cells in a large-scale manner. Unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any desired volume or production capacity including but not limited to bench-scale, pilot-scale, and full production scale capacities.

(95) Moreover and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any suitable reactor(s) including but not limited to stirred tank, airlift, fiber, microfiber, hollow fiber, ceramic matrix, fluidized bed, fixed bed, and/or spouted bed bioreactors. As used herein, “reactor” can include a fermentor or fermentation unit, or any other reaction vessel and the term “reactor” is used interchangeably with “fermentor.” For example, in some aspects, an example bioreactor unit can perform one or more, or all, of the following: feeding of nutrients and/or carbon sources, injection of suitable gas (e.g., oxygen), inlet and outlet flow of fermentation or cell culture medium, separation of gas and liquid phases, maintenance of temperature, maintenance of oxygen and CO2 levels, maintenance of pH level, agitation (e.g., stirring), and/or cleaning/sterilizing. Example reactor units, such as a fermentation unit, may contain multiple reactors within the unit, for example the unit can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, or more bioreactors in each unit and/or a facility may contain multiple units having a single or multiple reactors within the facility. In various embodiments, the bioreactor can be suitable for batch, semi fed-batch, fed-batch, perfusion, and/or a continuous fermentation processes. Any suitable reactor diameter can be used. In embodiments, the bioreactor can have a volume between about 100 mL and about 50,000 L. Non-limiting examples include a volume of 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 750 mL, 1 liter, 2 liters, 3 liters, 4 liters, 5 liters, 6 liters, 7 liters, 8 liters, 9 liters, 10 liters, 15 liters, 20 liters, 25 liters, 30 liters, 40 liters, 50 liters, 60 liters, 70 liters, 80 liters, 90 liters, 100 liters, 150 liters, 200 liters, 250 liters, 300 liters, 350 liters, 400 liters, 450 liters, 500 liters, 550 liters, 600 liters, 650 liters, 700 liters, 750 liters, 800 liters, 850 liters, 900 liters, 950 liters, 1000 liters, 1500 liters, 2000 liters, 2500 liters, 3000 liters, 3500 liters, 4000 liters, 4500 liters, 5000 liters, 6000 liters, 7000 liters, 8000 liters, 9000 liters, 10,000 liters, 15,000 liters, 20,000 liters, and/or 50,000 liters. Additionally, suitable reactors can be multi-use, single-use, disposable, or non-disposable and can be formed of any suitable material including metal alloys such as stainless steel (e.g., 316 L or any other suitable stainless steel) and Inconel, plastics, and/or glass.

(96) In embodiments and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods described herein can also include any suitable unit operation and/or equipment not otherwise mentioned, such as operations and/or equipment for separation, purification, and isolation of such products. Any suitable facility and environment can be used, such as traditional stick-built facilities, modular, mobile and temporary facilities, or any other suitable construction, facility, and/or layout. For example, in some embodiments modular clean-rooms can be used. Additionally and unless otherwise stated, the devices, systems, and methods described herein can be housed and/or performed in a single location or facility or alternatively be housed and/or performed at separate or multiple locations and/or facilities.

(97) By way of non-limiting examples and without limitation, U.S. Publication Nos. 2012/0077429; and 2009/0305626; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,388,373, 8,771,635, 8,298,054; 7,629,167; and 5,656,491, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, describe example facilities, equipment, and/or systems that may be suitable.

(98) In embodiments, the cells are eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells. The mammalian cells can be for example human or rodent or bovine cell lines or cell strains. Examples of such cells, cell lines or cell strains are e.g. mouse myeloma (NSO)-cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-cell lines, HT1080, H9, HepG2, MCF7, MDBK Jurkat, NIH3T3, PC12, BHK (baby hamster kidney cell), VERO, SP2/0, YB2/0, YO, C127, L cell, COS, e.g., COS1 and COS7, QC1-3,HEK-293, VERO, PER.C6, HeLA, EB1, EB2, EB3, oncolytic or hybridoma-cell lines. Preferably the mammalian cells are CHO-cell lines. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO-K1 cell, a CHO-K1 SV cell, a DG44 CHO cell, a DUXB11 CHO cell, a CHOS, a CHO GS knock-out cell, a CHO FUT8 GS knock-out cell, a CHOZN, or a CHO-derived cell. The CHO GS knock-out cell (e.g., GSKO cell) is, for example, a CHO-K1 SV GS knockout cell. The CHO FUT8 knockout cell is, for example, the Potelligent® CHOK1 SV (Lonza Biologics, Inc.). Eukaryotic cells can also be avian cells, cell lines or cell strains, such as for example, EBx® cells, EB14, EB24, EB26, EB66, or EBI3.

(99) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cells are stem cells. The stem cells can be, for example, pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), tissue specific stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

(100) In one embodiment, the cell is a differentiated form of any of the cells described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is a cell derived from any primary cell in culture.

(101) In embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte such as a human hepatocyte, animal hepatocyte, or a non-parenchymal cell. For example, the cell can be a plateable metabolism qualified human hepatocyte, a plateable induction qualified human hepatocyte, plateable Qualyst Transporter Certified™ human hepatocyte, suspension qualified human hepatocyte (including 10-donor and 20-donor pooled hepatocytes), human hepatic kupffer cells, human hepatic stellate cells, dog hepatocytes (including single and pooled Beagle hepatocytes), mouse hepatocytes (including CD-1 and C57BI/6 hepatocytes), rat hepatocytes (including Sprague-Dawley, Wistar Han, and Wistar hepatocytes), monkey hepatocytes (including Cynomolgus or Rhesus monkey hepatocytes), cat hepatocytes (including Domestic Shorthair hepatocytes), and rabbit hepatocytes (including New Zealand White hepatocytes). Example hepatocytes are commercially available from Triangle Research Labs, LLC, 6 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA 27709.

(102) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a lower eukaryotic cell such as e.g. a yeast cell (e.g., Pichia genus (e.g. Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, and Pichia angusta), Komagataella genus (e.g. Komagataella pastoris, Komagataella pseudopastoris or Komagataella phaffii), Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisae, cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces uvarum), Kluyveromyces genus (e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus), the Candida genus (e.g. Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Candida boidinii,), the Geotrichum genus (e.g. Geotrichum fermentans), Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Preferred is the species Pichia pastoris. Examples for Pichia pastoris strains are X33, GS115, KM71, KM71H; and CBS7435.

(103) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a fungal cell (e.g. Aspergillus (such as A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, A. nidulans), Acremonium (such as A. thermophilum), Chaetomium (such as C. thermophilum), Chrysosporium (such as C. thermophile), Cordyceps (such as C. militaris), Corynascus, Ctenomyces, Fusarium (such as F. oxysporum), Glomerella (such as G. graminicola), Hypocrea (such as H. jecorina), Magnaporthe (such as M. oryzae), Myceliophthora (such as M. thermophile), Nectria (such as N. heamatococca), Neurospora (such as N. crassa), Penicillium, Sporotrichum (such as S. thermophile), Thielavia (such as T. terrestris, T. heterothallica), Trichoderma (such as T. reesei), or Verticillium (such as V. dahlia)).

(104) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is an insect cell (e.g., Sf9, Mimic™ Sf9, Sf21, High Five™ (BT1-TN-5B1-4), or BT1-Ea88 cells), an algae cell (e.g., of the genus Amphora, Bacillariophyceae, Dunaliella, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria), Nannochloropsis, Spirulina,or Ochromonas), or a plant cell (e.g., cells from monocotyledonous plants (e.g., maize, rice, wheat, or Setaria), or from a dicotyledonous plants (e.g., cassava, potato, soybean, tomato, tobacco, alfalfa, Physcomitrella patens or Arabidopsis).

(105) In one embodiment, the cell is a bacterial or prokaryotic cell.

(106) In embodiments, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-positive cells such as Bacillus, Streptomyces Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Lactobacillus. Bacillus that can be used is, e.g. the B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. natto, or B. megaterium. In embodiments, the cell is B. subtilis, such as B. subtilis 3NA and B. subtilis 168. Bacillus is obtainable from, e.g., the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Biological Sciences 556, 484 West 12.sup.th Avenue, Columbus Ohio 43210-1214.

(107) In one embodiment, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-negative cell, such as Salmonella spp. or Escherichia coli, such as e.g., TG1, TG2, W3110, DH1, DHB4, DH5a, HMS 174, HMS174 (DE3), NM533, C600, HB101, JM109, MC4100, XL1-Blue and Origami, as well as those derived from E. coli B-strains, such as for example BL-21 or BL21 (DE3), all of which are commercially available.

(108) Suitable host cells are commercially available, for example, from culture collections such as the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany) or the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

(109) In embodiments, the cultured cells are used to produce proteins e.g., antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, and/or recombinant proteins, for therapeutic use. In embodiments, the cultured cells produce peptides, amino acids, fatty acids or other useful biochemical intermediates or metabolites. For example, in embodiments, molecules having a molecular weight of about 4000 daltons to greater than about 140,000 daltons can be produced. In embodiments, these molecules can have a range of complexity and can include posttranslational modifications including glycosylation.

(110) In embodiments, the protein is, e.g., BOTOX, Myobloc, Neurobloc, Dysport (or other serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins), alglucosidase alpha, daptomycin, YH-16, choriogonadotropin alpha, filgrastim, cetrorelix, interleukin-2, aldesleukin, teceleukin, denileukin diftitox, interferon alpha-n3 (injection), interferon alpha-nl, DL-8234, interferon, Suntory (gamma-1a), interferon gamma, thymosin alpha 1, tasonermin, DigiFab, ViperaTAb, EchiTAb, CroFab, nesiritide, abatacept, alefacept, Rebif, eptoterminalfa, teriparatide (osteoporosis), calcitonin injectable (bone disease), calcitonin (nasal, osteoporosis), etanercept, hemoglobin glutamer 250 (bovine), drotrecogin alpha, collagenase, carperitide, recombinant human epidermal growth factor (topical gel, wound healing), DWP401, darbepoetin alpha, epoetin omega, epoetin beta, epoetin alpha, desirudin, lepirudin, bivalirudin, nonacog alpha, Mononine, eptacog alpha (activated), recombinant Factor VIII+VWF, Recombinate, recombinant Factor VIII, Factor VIII (recombinant), Alphnmate, octocog alpha, Factor VIII, palifermin,Indikinase, tenecteplase, alteplase, pamiteplase, reteplase, nateplase, monteplase, follitropin alpha, rFSH, hpFSH, micafungin, pegfilgrastim, lenograstim, nartograstim, sermorelin, glucagon, exenatide, pramlintide, imiglucerase, galsulfase, Leucotropin, molgramostim, triptorelin acetate, histrelin (subcutaneous implant, Hydron), deslorelin, histrelin, nafarelin, leuprolide sustained release depot (ATRIGEL), leuprolide implant (DUROS), goserelin, Eutropin, KP-102 program, somatropin, mecasermin (growth failure), enfuvirtide, Org-33408, insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, insulin (inhaled), insulin lispro, insulin detemir, insulin (buccal, RapidMist), mecasermin rinfabate, anakinra, celmoleukin, 99 mTc-apcitide injection, myelopid, Betaseron, glatiramer acetate, Gepon, sargramostim, oprelvekin, human leukocyte-derived alpha interferons, Bilive, insulin (recombinant), recombinant human insulin, insulin aspart, mecasenin, Roferon-A, interferon-alpha 2, Alfaferone, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha, Avonex' recombinant human luteinizing hormone, dornase alpha, trafermin, ziconotide, taltirelin, diboterminalfa, atosiban, becaplermin, eptifibatide, Zemaira, CTC-111, Shanvac-B, HPV vaccine (quadrivalent), octreotide, lanreotide, ancestim, agalsidase beta, agalsidase alpha, laronidase, prezatide copper acetate (topical gel), rasburicase, ranibizumab, Actimmune, PEG-Intron, Tricomin, recombinant house dust mite allergy desensitization injection, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-84 (sc, osteoporosis), epoetin delta, transgenic antithrombin III, Granditropin, Vitrase, recombinant insulin, interferon-alpha (oral lozenge), GEM-21S, vapreotide, idursulfase, omapatrilat, recombinant serum albumin, certolizumab pegol, glucarpidase, human recombinant C1 esterase inhibitor (angioedema), lanoteplase, recombinant human growth hormone, enfuvirtide (needle-free injection, Biojector 2000), VGV-1, interferon (alpha), lucinactant, aviptadil (inhaled, pulmonary disease), icatibant, ecallantide, omiganan, Aurograb, pexigananacetate, ADI-PEG-20, LDI-200, degarelix, cintredelinbesudotox, Favld, MDX-1379, ISAtx-247, liraglutide, teriparatide (osteoporosis), tifacogin, AA4500, T4N5 liposome lotion, catumaxomab, DWP413, ART-123, Chrysalin, desmoteplase, amediplase, corifollitropinalpha, TH-9507, teduglutide, Diamyd, DWP-412, growth hormone (sustained release injection), recombinant G-CSF, insulin (inhaled, AIR), insulin (inhaled, Technosphere), insulin (inhaled, AERx), RGN-303, DiaPep277, interferon beta (hepatitis C viral infection (HCV)), interferon alpha-n3 (oral), belatacept, transdermal insulin patches, AMG-531, MBP-8298, Xerecept, opebacan, AIDSVAX, GV-1001, LymphoScan, ranpirnase, Lipoxysan, lusupultide, MP52 (beta-tricalciumphosphate carrier, bone regeneration), melanoma vaccine, sipuleucel-T, CTP-37, Insegia, vitespen, human thrombin (frozen, surgical bleeding), thrombin, TransMID, alfimeprase, Puricase, terlipressin (intravenous, hepatorenal syndrome), EUR-1008M, recombinant FGF-I (injectable, vascular disease), BDM-E, rotigaptide, ETC-216, P-113, MBI-594AN, duramycin (inhaled, cystic fibrosis), SCV-07, OPI-45, Endostatin, Angiostatin, ABT-510, Bowman Birk Inhibitor Concentrate, XMP-629, 99 mTc-Hynic-Annexin V, kahalalide F, CTCE-9908, teverelix (extended release), ozarelix, romidepsin, BAY-504798, interleukin4, PRX-321, Pepscan, iboctadekin, rhlactoferrin, TRU-015, IL-21, ATN-161, cilengitide, Albuferon, Biphasix, IRX-2, omega interferon, PCK-3145, CAP-232, pasireotide, huN901-DMI, ovarian cancer immunotherapeutic vaccine, SB-249553, Oncovax-CL, OncoVax-P, BLP-25, CerVax-16, multi-epitope peptide melanoma vaccine (MART-1, gp100, tyrosinase), nemifitide, rAAT (inhaled), rAAT (dermatological), CGRP (inhaled, asthma), pegsunercept, thymosinbeta4, plitidepsin, GTP-200, ramoplanin, GRASPA, OBI-1, AC-100, salmon calcitonin (oral, eligen), calcitonin (oral, osteoporosis), examorelin, capromorelin, Cardeva, velafermin, 131I-TM-601, KK-220, T-10, ularitide, depelestat, hematide, Chrysalin (topical), rNAPc2, recombinant Factor V111 (PEGylated liposomal), bFGF, PEGylated recombinant staphylokinase variant, V-10153, SonoLysis Prolyse, NeuroVax, CZEN-002, islet cell neogenesis therapy, rGLP-1, BIM-51077, LY-548806, exenatide (controlled release, Medisorb), AVE-0010, GA-GCB, avorelin, ACM-9604, linaclotid eacetate, CETi-1, Hemospan, VAL (injectable), fast-acting insulin (injectable, Viadel), intranasal insulin, insulin (inhaled), insulin (oral, eligen), recombinant methionyl human leptin, pitrakinra subcutancous injection, eczema), pitrakinra (inhaled dry powder, asthma), Multikine, RG-1068, MM-093, NBI-6024, AT-001, PI-0824, Org-39141, Cpn10 (autoimmune diseases/inflammation), talactoferrin (topical), rEV-131 (ophthalmic), rEV-131 (respiratory disease), oral recombinant human insulin (diabetes), RPI-78M, oprelvekin (oral), CYT-99007 CTLA4-Ig, DTY-001, valategrast, interferon alpha-n3 (topical), IRX-3, RDP-58, Tauferon, bile salt stimulated lipase, Merispase, alkaline phosphatase, EP-2104R, Melanotan-II, bremelanotide, ATL-104, recombinant human microplasmin, AX-200, SEMAX, ACV-1, Xen-2174, CJC-1008, dynorphin A, SI-6603, LAB GHRH, AER-002, BGC-728, malaria vaccine (virosomes, PeviPRO), ALTU-135, parvovirus B19 vaccine, influenza vaccine (recombinant neuraminidase), malaria/HBV vaccine, anthrax vaccine, Vacc-5q, Vacc-4x, HIV vaccine (oral), HPV vaccine, Tat Toxoid, YSPSL, CHS-13340, PTH(1-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), Ostabolin-C, PTH analog (topical, psoriasis), MBRI-93.02, MTB72F vaccine (tuberculosis), MVA-Ag85A vaccine (tuberculosis), FARA04, BA-210, recombinant plague FIV vaccine, AG-702, OxSODrol, rBetV1, Der-pl/Der-p2/Der-p7 allergen-targeting vaccine (dust mite allergy), PR1 peptide antigen (leukemia), mutant ras vaccine, HPV-16 E7 lipopeptide vaccine, labyrinthin vaccine (adenocarcinoma), CIVIL vaccine, WT1-peptide vaccine (cancer), IDD-5, CDX-110, Pentrys, Norelin, CytoFab, P-9808, VT-111, icrocaptide, telbermin (dermatological, diabetic foot ulcer), rupintrivir, reticulose, rGRF, HA, alpha-galactosidase A, ACE-011, ALTU-140, CGX-1160, angiotensin therapeutic vaccine, D-4F, ETC-642, APP-018, rhMBL, SCV-07 (oral, tuberculosis), DRF-7295, ABT-828, ErbB2-specific immunotoxin (anticancer), DT3SSIL-3, TST-10088, PRO-1762, Combotox, cholecystokinin-B/gastrin-receptor binding peptides, 111In-hEGF, AE-37, trasnizumab-DM1, Antagonist G, IL-12 (recombinant), PM-02734, IMP-321, rhIGF-BP3, BLX-883, CUV-1647 (topical), L-19 based radioimmunotherapeutics (cancer), Re-188-P-2045, AMG-386, DC/1540/KLH vaccine (cancer), VX-001, AVE-9633, AC-9301, NY-ESO-1 vaccine (peptides), NA17.A2 peptides, melanoma vaccine (pulsed antigen therapeutic), prostate cancer vaccine, CBP-501, recombinant human lactoferrin (dry eye), FX-06, AP-214, WAP-8294A (injectable), ACP—HIP, SUN-11031, peptide YY [3-36] (obesity, intranasal), FGLL, atacicept, BR3-Fc, BN-003, BA-058, human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (nasal, osteoporosis), F-18-CCR1, AT-1100 (celiac disease/diabetes), JPD-003, PTH(7-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), duramycin (ophthalmic, dry eye), CAB-2, CTCE-0214, GlycoPEGylated erythropoietin, EPO-Fc, CNTO-528, AMG-114, JR-013, Factor XIII, aminocandin, PN-951, 716155, SUN-E7001, TH-0318, BAY-73-7977, teverelix (immediate release), EP-51216, hGH (controlled release, Biosphere), OGP-I, sifuvirtide, TV4710, ALG-889, Org-41259, rhCC10, F-991, thymopentin (pulmonary diseases), r(m)CRP, hepatoselective insulin, subalin, L19-IL-2 fusion protein, elafin, NMK-150, ALTU-139, EN-122004, rhTPO, thrombopoietin receptor agonist (thrombocytopenic disorders), AL-108, AL-208, nerve growth factor antagonists (pain), SLV-317, CGX-1007, INNO-105, oral teriparatide (eligen), GEM-OS1, AC-162352, PRX-302, LFn-p24 fusion vaccine (Therapore), EP-1043, S pneumoniae pediatric vaccine, malaria vaccine, Neisseria meningitidis Group B vaccine, neonatal group B streptococcal vaccine, anthrax vaccine, HCV vaccine (gpEl+gpE2+MF-59), otitis media therapy, HCV vaccine (core antigen+ISCOMATRIX), hPTH(1-34) (transdermal, ViaDerm), 768974, SYN-101, PGN-0052, aviscumnine, BIM-23190, tuberculosis vaccine, multi-epitope tyrosinase peptide, cancer vaccine, enkastim, APC-8024, GI-5005, ACC-001, TTS-CD3, vascular-targeted TNF (solid tumors), desmopressin (buccal controlled-release), onercept, and TP-9201.

(111) In some embodiments, the polypeptide is adalimumab (HUMIRA), infliximab (REMICADE™), rituximab (RITUXAN™/MAB THERA™) etanercept (ENBREL™) bevacizumab (AVASTIN™), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN™), pegrilgrastim (NEULASTA™), or any other suitable polypeptide including biosimilars and biobetters.

(112) Other suitable polypeptides are those listed below and in Table A of US2016/0097074:

(113) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE A Protein Product Reference Listed Drug interferon gamma-1b Actimmune ® alteplase; tissue plasminogen activator Activase ®/Cathflo ® Recombinant antihemophilic factor Advate human albumin Albutein ® Laronidase Aldurazyme ® Interferon alfa-N3, human leukocyte Alferon N ® derived human antihemophilic factor Alphanate ® virus-filtered human coagulation factor IX AlphaNine ® SD Alefacept; recombinant, dimeric fusion Amevive ® protein LFA3-Ig Bivalirudin Angiomax ® darbepoetin alfa Aranesp ™ Bevacizumab Avastin ™ interferon beta-1a; recombinant Avonex ® coagulation factor IX BeneFix ™ Interferon beta-1b Betaseron ® Tositumomab BEXXAR ® antihemophilic factor Bioclate ™ human growth hormone BioTropin ™ botulinum toxin type A BOTOX ® Alemtuzumab Campath ® acritumomab; technetium-99 labeled CEA-Scan ® alglucerase; modified form of beta- Ceredase ® glucocerebrosidase imiglucerase; recombinant form of beta- Cerezyme ® glucocerebrosidase crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab, ovine CroFab ™ digoxin immune fab [ovine] DigiFab ™ Rasburicase Elitek ® Etanercept ENBREL ® epoietin alfa Epogen ® Cetuximab Erbitux ™ algasidase beta Fabrazyme ® Urofollitropin Fertinex ™ follitropin beta Follistim ™ Teriparatide FORTEO ® human somatropin GenoTropin ® Glucagon GlucaGen ® follitropin alfa Gonal-F ® antihemophilic factor Helixate ® Antihemophilic Factor; Factor XIII HEMOFIL adefovir dipivoxil Hepsera ™ Trastuzumab Herceptin ® Insulin Humalog ® antihemophilic factor/von Willebrand Humate-P ® factor complex-human Somatotropin Humatrope ® Adalimumab HUMIRA ™ human insulin Humulin ® recombinant human hyaluronidase Hylenex ™ interferon alfacon-1 Infergen ® Eptifibatide Integrilin ™ alpha-interferon Intron A ® Palifermin Kepivance Anakinra Kineret ™ antihemophilic factor Kogenate ® FS insulin glargine Lantus ® granulocyte macrophage Leukine ®/Leukine ® Liquid colony-stimulating factor lutropin alfa for injection Luveris OspA lipoprotein LYMErix ™ Ranibizumab LUCENTIS ® gemtuzumab ozogamicin Mylotarg ™ Galsulfase Naglazyme ™ Nesiritide Natrecor ® Pegfilgrastim Neulasta ™ Oprelvekin Neumega ® Filgrastim Neupogen ® Fanolesomab NeutroSpec ™ (formerly LeuTech ®) somatropin [rDNA] Norditropin ®/Norditropin Nordiflex ® Mitoxantrone Novantrone ® insulin; zinc suspension; Novolin L ® insulin; isophane suspension Novolin N ® insulin, regular; Novolin R ® Insulin Novolin ® coagulation factor VIIa NovoSeven ® Somatropin Nutropin ® immunoglobulin intravenous Octagam ® PEG-L-asparaginase Oncaspar ® abatacept, fully human soluable fusion Orencia ™ protein muromomab-CD3 Orthoclone OKT3 ® high-molecular weight hyaluronan Orthovisc ® human chorionic gonadotropin Ovidrel ® live attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Pacis ® peginterferon alfa-2a Pegasys ® pegylated version of interferon alfa-2b PEG-Intron ™ Abarelix (injectable suspension); Plenaxis ™ gonadotropin-releasing hormone Antagonist epoietin alfa Procrit ® Aldesleukin Proleukin, IL-2 ® Somatrem Protropin ® dornase alfa Pulmozyme ® Efalizumab; selective, reversible RAPTIVA ™ T-cell blocker combination of ribavirin and alpha Rebetron ™ interferon Interferon beta 1a Rebif ® antihemophilic factor Recombinate ® rAHF/ antihemophilic factor ReFacto ® Lepirudin Refludan ® Infliximab REMICADE ® Abciximab ReoPro ™ Reteplase Retavase ™ Rituxima Rituxan ™ interferon alfa-2.sup.a Roferon-A ® Somatropin Saizen ® synthetic porcine secretin SecreFlo ™ Basiliximab Simulect ® Eculizumab SOLIRIS (R) Pegvisomant SOMAVERT ® Palivizumab; recombinantly produced, Synagis ™ humanized mAb thyrotropin alfa Thyrogen ® Tenecteplase TNKase ™ Natalizumab TYSABRI ® human immune globulin intravenous Venoglobulin-S ® 5% and 10% solutions interferon alfa-n1, lymphoblastoid Wellferon ® drotrecogin alfa Xigris ™ Omalizumab; recombinant DNA-derived Xolair ® humanized monoclonal antibody targeting immunoglobulin-E Daclizumab Zenapax ® ibritumomab tiuxetan Zevalin ™ Somatotropin Zorbtive ™ (Serostim ®)

(114) In embodiments, the polypeptide is a hormone, blood clotting/coagulation factor, cytokine/growth factor, antibody molelcule, fusion protein, protein vaccine, or peptide as shown in Table B.

(115) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE B Exemplary Products Therapeutic Product type Product Trade Name Hormone Erythropoietin, Epoein-α Epogen, Procrit Darbepoetin-α Aranesp Growth hormone (GH), Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, somatotropin NovIVitropin, Nutropin, Omnitrope, Protropin, Siazen, Serostim, Valtropin Human follicle-stimulating Gonal-F, Follistim hormone (FSH) Human chorionic Ovidrel gonadotropin Luveris Lutropin-α GlcaGen Glucagon Geref Growth hormone releasing ChiRhoStim (human peptide), SecreFlo hormone (GHRH) (porcine peptide) Secretin Thyrogen Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin Blood Factor VIIa NovoSeven Clotting/Coagulation Factor VIII Bioclate, Helixate, Kogenate, Factors Recombinate, ReFacto Factor IX Benefix Antithrombin III (AT-III) Thrombate III Protein C concentrate Ceprotin Cytokine/Growth Type I alpha-interferon Infergen factor Interferon-αn3 (IFNαn3) Alferon N Interferon-β1a (rIFN-β) Avonex, Rebif Interferon-β1b (rIFN-β) Betaseron Interferon-γ1b (IFN γ) Actimmune Aldesleukin (interleukin Proleukin 2(IL2), epidermal theymocyte activating factor; ETAF Palifermin (keratinocyte Kepivance growth factor; KGF) Becaplemin (platelet- Regranex derived growth factor; PDGF) Anakinra (recombinant IL1 Anril, Kineret antagonist) Antibody molecules Bevacizumab (VEGFA Avastin mAb) Cetuximab (EGFR mAb) Erbitux Panitumumab (EGFR mAb) Vectibix Alemtuzumab (CD52 mAb) Campath Rituximab (CD20 chimeric Rituxan Ab) Trastuzumab (HER2/Neu Herceptin mAb) Abatacept (CTLA Ab/Fc Orencia fusion) Adalimumab (TNFα mAb) Humira Etanercept (TNF Enbrel receptor/Fc fusion) Infliximab (TNFα chimeric Remicade mAb) Alefacept (CD2 fusion Amevive protein) Efalizumab (CD11a mAb) Raptiva Natalizumab (integrin α4 Tysabri subunit mAb) Eculizumab (C5mAb) Soliris Muromonab-CD3 Orthoclone, OKT3 Other: Insulin Humulin, Novolin Fusion Hepatitis B surface antigen Engerix, Recombivax HB proteins/Protein (HBsAg) vaccines/Peptides HPV vaccine Gardasil OspA LYMErix Anti-Rhesus(Rh) Rhophylac immunoglobulin G Enfuvirtide Fuzeon Spider silk, e.g., fibrion QMONOS

(116) In embodiments, the protein is multispecific protein, e.g., a bispecific antibody as shown in Table C.

(117) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE C Bispecific Formats Name (other names, Proposed Diseases (or sponsoring BsAb mechanisms of Development healthy organizations) format Targets action stages volunteers) Catumaxomab BsIgG: CD3, Retargeting of T Approved in Malignant ascites (Removab ®, Triomab EpCAM cells to tumor, Fc EU in EpCAM Fresenius Biotech, mediated effector positive tumors Trion Pharma, functions Neopharm) Ertumaxomab BsIgG: CD3, HER2 Retargeting of T Phase I/II Advanced solid (Neovii Biotech, Triomab cells to tumor tumors Fresenius Biotech) Blinatumomab BiTE CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T Approved in Precursor B-cell (Blincyto ®, AMG cells to tumor USA ALL 103, MT 103, Phase II and ALL MEDI 538, III DLBCL Amgen) Phase II NHL Phase I REGN1979 BsAb CD3, CD20 (Regeneron) Solitomab (AMG BiTE CD3, Retargeting of T Phase I Solid tumors 110, MT110, EpCAM cells to tumor Amgen) MEDI 565 (AMG BiTE CD3, CEA Retargeting of T Phase I Gastrointestinal 211, MedImmune, cells to tumor adenocancinoma Amgen) RO6958688 BsAb CD3, CEA (Roche) BAY2010112 BiTE CD3, PSMA Retargeting of T Phase I Prostate cancer (AMG 212, Bayer; cells to tumor Amgen) MGD006 DART CD3, CD123 Retargeting of T Phase I AML (Macrogenics) cells to tumor MGD007 DART CD3, gpA33 Retargeting of T Phase I Colorectal cancer (Macrogenics) cells to tumor MGD011 DART CD19, CD3 (Macrogenics) SCORPION BsAb CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T (Emergent cells to tumor Biosolutions, Trubion) AFM11 (Affimed TandAb CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T Phase I NHL and ALL Therapeutics) cells to tumor AFM12 (Affimed TandAb CD19, CD16 Retargeting of NK Therapeutics) cells to tumor cells AFM13 (Affimed TandAb CD30, Retargeting of NK Phase II Hodgkin's Therapeutics) CD16A cells to tumor Lymphoma cells GD2 (Barbara Ann T cells CD3, GD2 Retargeting of T Phase I/II Neuroblastoma Karmanos Cancer preloaded cells to tumor and Institute) with BsAb osteosarcoma pGD2 (Barbara T cells CD3, Her2 Retargeting of T Phase II Metastatic breast Ann Karmanos preloaded cells to tumor cancer Cancer Institute) with BsAb EGFRBi-armed T cells CD3, EGFR Autologous Phase I Lung and other autologous preloaded activated T cells solid tumors activated T cells with BsAb to EGFR-positive (Roger Williams tumor Medical Center) Anti-EGFR-armed T cells CD3, EGFR Autologous Phase I Colon and activated T-cells preloaded activated T cells pancreatic (Barbara Ann with BsAb to EGFR-positive cancers Karmanos Cancer tumor Institute) rM28 (University Tandem CD28, Retargeting of T Phase II Metastatic Hospital Tubingen) scFv MAPG cells to tumor melanoma IMCgp100 ImmTAC CD3, peptide Retargeting of T Phase I/II Metastatic (Immunocore) MHC cells to tumor melanoma DT2219ARL 2 scFv CD19, CD22 Targeting of Phase I B cell leukemia (NCI, University of linked to protein toxin to or lymphoma Minnesota) diphtheria tumor toxin XmAb5871 BsAb CD19, (Xencor) CD32b NI-1701 BsAb CD47, CD19 (NovImmune) MM-111 BsAb ErbB2, (Merrimack) ErbB3 MM-141 BsAb IGF-1R, (Merrimack) ErbB3 NA (Merus) BsAb HER2, HER3 NA (Merus) BsAb CD3, CLEC12A NA (Merus) BsAb EGFR, HER3 NA (Merus) BsAb PD1, undisclosed NA (Merus) BsAb CD3, undisclosed Duligotuzumab DAF EGFR, Blockade of 2 Phase I and II Head and neck (MEHD7945A, HER3 receptors, ADCC Phase II cancer Genentech, Roche) Colorectal cancer LY3164530 (Eli Not EGFR, MET Blockade of 2 Phase I Advanced or Lily) disclosed receptors metastatic cancer MM-111 HSA body HER2, Blockade of 2 Phase II Gastric and (Merrimack HER3 receptors Phase I esophageal Pharmaceuticals) cancers Breast cancer MM-141, IgG-scFv IGF-1R, Blockade of 2 Phase I Advanced solid (Merrimack HER3 receptors tumors Pharmaceuticals) RG7221 CrossMab Ang2, VEGF A Blockade of 2 Phase I Solid tumors (RO5520985, proangiogenics Roche) RG7716 (Roche) CrossMab Ang2, VEGF A Blockade of 2 Phase I Wet AMD proangiogenics OMP-305B83 BsAb DLL4/VEGF (OncoMed) TF2 Dock and CEA, HSG Pretargeting Phase II Colorectal, (Immunomedics) lock tumor for PET or breast and lung radioimaging cancers ABT-981 DVD-Ig IL-1α, IL-1β Blockade of 2 Phase II Osteoarthritis (AbbVie) proinflammatory cytokines ABT-122 DVD-Ig TNF, IL-17A Blockade of 2 Phase II Rheumatoid (AbbVie) proinflammatory arthritis cytokines COVA322 IgG- TNF, IL17A Blockade of 2 Phase I/II Plaque psoriasis fynomer proinflammatory cytokines SAR156597 Tetravalent IL-13, IL-4 Blockade of 2 Phase I Idiopathic (Sanofi) bispecific proinflammatory pulmonary tandem IgG cytokines fibrosis GSK2434735 Dual- IL-13, IL-4 Blockade of 2 Phase I (Healthy (GSK) targeting proinflammatory volunteers) domain cytokines Ozoralizumab Nanobody TNF, HSA Blockade of Phase II Rheumatoid (ATN103, Ablynx) proinflammatory arthritis cytokine, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0761 (Merck Nanobody IL-17A/F, Blockade of 2 Phase I (Healthy Serono, Ablynx) HSA proinflammatory volunteers) cytokines, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0061 Nanobody IL-6R, HSA Blockade of Phase I/II Rheumatoid (AbbVie, Ablynx; proinflammatory arthritis cytokine, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0141 Nanobody RANKL, Blockade of bone Phase I Postmenopausal (Ablynx, HSA resorption, binds bone loss Eddingpharm) to HSA to increase half-life RG6013/ACE910 ART-Ig Factor IXa, Plasma Phase II Hemophilia (Chugai, Roche) factor X coagulation

(118) The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.