Method for treating breast cancer by targeting breast cancer stem cell
09617545 · 2017-04-11
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
C12N15/113
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
A61K48/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N15/113
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
The present invention relates to a composition for inhibiting growth of cancer stem cells, which includes an EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor as an active ingredient, and a method of treating cancer using the same. The composition has targeted therapeutic activities against cancer stem cells important for resistance, metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer, and thus can be useful in fundamentally treating, preventing or alleviating cancer such as breast cancer by directly inhibiting expression of EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 which are very important for growth of the cancer stem cells.
Claims
1. A method for inhibiting growth of breast cancer stem cells, comprising administering a siRNA complementarily binding to EXT1 to the cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA complementarily binding to the EXT1 gene has a sense sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and an anti-sense sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
(13) Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While the present invention is shown and described in connection with exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
(14) Unless specifically stated otherwise, all the technical and scientific terms used in this specification have the same meanings as what are generally understood by a person skilled in the related art to which the present invention belongs. In general, the nomenclatures used in this specification and the experimental methods described below are widely known and generally used in the related art.
(15) The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting growth of breast cancer stem cells, which includes an EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor as an active ingredient.
(16) The cancer stem cells are a small number of cells important for the growth and metastasis of a tumor, and form colonies through self-proliferation of tumor to cause metastasis. The cancer stem cells are a group of cells in a small group of cancer tissues playing an important role in resistance, recurrence and incidence of cancer. Selective targeted treatment of the cancer stem cells may be highly helpful in overcoming resistance to cancer and treating cancer.
(17) Therefore, the present inventors have determined anti-cancer activities specific to cancer stem cells and a mechanism for the anti-cancer activities by treating the cancer stem cells with an EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor to treat breast cancer and the like using cancer stem cell-targeted treatment. That is, for the present invention, an effect and mechanism of the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor on the cancer stem cells were researched.
(18) As a result, there was no change in cell viability of common cancer cells due to treatment of the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor, but the cancer stem cell-specific anti-cancer activities were confirmed due to decreases in colony size and the number of cancer stem cells. Particularly, an inhibitory effect on breast cancer stem cells was verified through a decrease in a breast-cancer-stem-cell-specific surface antigen (CD44+/24) and a marker enzyme (aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)).
(19) Also, a change in expression of proteins associated with the cancer stem cells was observed through western blotting to determine an anti-cancer activity mechanism (i.e., a Wnt/PI3K/Akt signaling system). As a result, a signaling activity inhibitory mechanism of the proteins was confirmed.
(20) More particularly, in the present invention, candidate genes capable of regulating the cancer stem cells in breast cancer cells having resistance to the anti-cancer agent (doxorubicin) were searched for, and the functions of the genes were studied. This was done in search of a method capable of removing the cancer stem cells to overcome drug resistance and even prevent recurrence of cancer to effectively overcome cancer.
(21) For this purpose, it was first determined that the breast cancer cells which were continuously exposed to a low concentration of doxorubicin exhibited stronger drug resistance than maternal cells using an MTT assay and by means of expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that is a resistance marker. Based on previous research reports showing that there is a correlation between resistant cells and cancer stem cells, the cancer stem cells of the resistant cells exhibiting resistance to doxorubicin were compared to those of the maternal cells by means of a CD44+/CD24 assay and an ALDEFLOUR assay. As a result, it could be seen that the resistant cells included a larger number of the cancer stem cells than the maternal cells. Likewise, the self-proliferation ability that is one of the characteristics of the cancer stem cells was also determined. As a result, it was revealed that the resistant cells had a higher self-proliferation ability than the maternal cells.
(22) Also, in the genes having a correlation with the stem cells selected among the genes whose expression increased 6-fold or more in the resistant cells compared to the maternal cells, the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 genes in which P-gp was expressed at a decreased level were selected through a DNA microarray to determine which role the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 genes play in the cancer stem cells.
(23) To examine whether EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 are associated with an aggressive malignant tumor, mRNA expressions of stem cell markers(CD44, integrin-6), a resistance marker(P-gp), and epithelial mesenchymal transition markers (Vimentin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin) was determined. As a result, it was revealed that the resistant cells are present in the form of aggressive malignant tumor. In this case, it was confirmed that, when EXT1 and LDHB were knocked down (silenced) with siRNA, the form of aggressive malignant tumor was reduced.
(24) To determine how EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 are associated with the cancer stem cells, the genes were silenced in the resistant cells, and the cancer stem cells were counted. As a result, it could be seen that the number of the cancer stem cells decreased, and the self-proliferation ability was also lowered.
(25) Further, to determine through which pathway such functions are achieved, a Wnt signaling pathway and a PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, both of which have a high correlation with the stem cells, were examined. As a result, it was revealed that -catenin was expressed at an increased level, and the activities of PI3K and Akt inhibiting expression of -catenin were lowered in the resistant cells including the cancer stem cells. On the other hand, it could be seen that the silencing of EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 caused an increase in the activities of PI3K and Akt, thereby decreasing expression of -catenin as well. That is, the in vitro correlation of EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 whose expression is increased in the resistant cells with the form of aggressive malignant tumor, particularly the cancer stem cells, was examined. As a result, it was revealed that the six genes regulated the cancer stem cells through the Wnt/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Based on the fact that the silencing of each of the 6 genes causes a decrease in the number of the cancer stem cells and also a reduction in the self-proliferation ability, it was confirmed that the six genes are able to be new therapeutic targets for removing the cancer stem cells.
(26) Therefore, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor is used as the anti-cancer agent, the above-described method will be a useful anti-cancer therapeutic method capable of preventing metastasis of cancer while reducing side effects by an alteration of a pathway having an influence on the cancer stem cells at a concentration which is not toxic to the cancer cells.
(27) In this specification, the term treating or preventing breast cancer encompasses a meaning that it includes relieving and alleviating breast cancer and improving symptoms of breast cancer, and also includes lowering a probability of developing breast cancer.
(28) According to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the composition for treating or preventing breast cancer may be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition. For use in treating and prevention of breast cancer, the active ingredient according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be administered by itself, or the component may be included as the active ingredient according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
(29) The pharmaceutical composition includes the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor as the active ingredient, and may further include a pharmaceutically available carrier. The pharmaceutically available carrier is widely used to form a preparation. In this case, the pharmaceutical composition includes a saline solution, sterile water, a Ringer's solution, a buffered saline solution, cyclodextrin, a dextrose solution, a maltodextrin solution, glycerol, ethanol, a liposome, and the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto. As necessary, the pharmaceutical composition may further include other typical additives such as an antioxidant, a buffer, and the like. Also, a diluent, a dispersant, a surfactant, a binder, a lubricant, and the like may be further added into the composition, which may be formulated into injectable formulations such as an aqueous solution, a suspension, an emulsion, etc., pills, capsules, granules, or tablets. For the proper pharmaceutically available carrier and the formulation, the composition may preferably be formulated according to the respective components using a method such as one disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science (Mack Publishing Company, Easton Pa.). The pharmaceutical composition according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be formulated into injections, inhalations, or external preparations for skin, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
(30) A method of administering the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is not particularly limited. However, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered orally or parenterally, for example, intravenously, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally, or by inhalation, skin or local application, according to a desired method.
(31) The dose of the composition may vary according to the body weight, age, sex, health condition, diet, administration time, administration method, excretion rate, and severity of a disease of a patient. The daily dose refers to an amount of a therapeutic material according to the present invention sufficient for treatment that relieves symptoms when administered to a subject in need of treatment. Also, the effective dose of the therapeutic material may vary according to certain compounds, conditions, and severity of the conditions, and may be generally determined by those skilled in the related art. As a non-limiting example, the dose of the composition according to the present invention to be administered into the human may vary according to the age, body weight, sex, form of administration, health condition, and severity of a disease of a patient. When the composition is administered to an adult patient weighing 70 kg, the composition may be generally administered daily at a dose of 0.01 to 1000 mg/day, preferably a dose of 1 to 500 mg/day. In this case, the composition may be administered at intervals of once a day, or administered in divided doses.
(32) Hereinafter, preferred embodiments are provided to aid in understanding the present invention. However, it should be understood that detailed description provided herein is merely intended to provide a better understanding of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Experimental Method
(33) 1-1: Establishment of Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF7/ADR)
(34) A human breast cancer maternal cell line, MCF-7 (Korean Cell Line Bank), was continuously exposed to 1 M of a drug, doxorubicin (Sigma). In this case, the maternal cell line was cultured in a drug-free medium for at least one week to establish a breast cancer cell MCF7/ADR having induced drug resistance. Here, the cell culture was performed at 37 C. and 5% CO.sup.2 in a DMEM medium (Hyclon, Logan, Utah) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin.
(35) 1-2: MTT Assay: Analysis of Cell Viability
(36) To evaluate cytotoxicity of the anti-cancer agent (doxorubicin), a cell viability assay was performed using an MTT assay. First, cells were plated on a 96-well plate at a density of 510.sup.3 cells/well, treated with the drug, and then cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Thereafter, each well was treated with 5 mg/ml of MTT (AMRESCO), and the cells were cultured at 37 C. for 4 hours. Each well was treated with DMSO (100 ml/well) to dissolve a formazan salt, and the amount of the formazan salt was determined by measuring an OD value at 540 nm using a microplate reader (Tecan Austria GmbH, Austria).
(37) 1-3: Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
(38) Total RNAs were extracted from the cultured cells using a TRIzoL reagent (Invitrogen), and cDNAs were synthesized using a cDNA synthetic kit (Promega) for reverse transcription-PCR.
(39) The synthesized cDNAs were subjected to real-time PCR using certain primers as listed in the following Table 1. In this case, the real-time PCR was performed in a Bio-Rad Real-Time PCR system using a SYBR Green PCR Master mix (Applied Biosystems), and the data was obtained by calculating an average value for separate experiments performed in at least triplicate.
(40) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE1 PrimersequenceforqRT-PCR Name Sequence P-gp Forward 5-TGGGAAGATCGCTACTGAAGC-3; SEQIDNO13 Reverse 5-TTTCCTCAAAGAGTTTCTGTATGGTA-3; SEQIDNO14 CYR61 Forward 5-ACTTCATGGTCCCAGTGCTC-3; SEQIDNO15 Reverse 5-AAATCCGGGTTTCTTTCACA-3; SEQIDNO16 Vimentin Forward 5-TGTCCAAATCGATGTGGATGTTTC-3; SEQIDNO17 Reverse 5-TTGTACCATTCTTCTGCCTCCTG-3; SEQIDNO18 N- Forward 5-ACAGTGGCCACCTACAAAGG-3; cadherin SEQIDNO19 Reverse 5-CCGAGATGGGGTTGATAATG-3; SEQIDNO20 E- Forward 5-GAGAGCGGTGGTCAAAGAGC-3; cadherin SEQIDNO21 Reverse 5-GAGGAGTTCAGGGAGCTCAG-3; SEQIDNO22 GAPDH Forward 5-AATCCCATCACCATCTTCCA-3; SEQIDNO23 Reverse 5-TGGACTCCACGACGTACTCA-3; SEQIDNO24 CD109 Forward 5-GTGCTGATGGCAACCAACTG-3; SEQIDNO25 Reverse 5-CTCAAAAGGCGATCCCACCT-3; SEQIDNO26 EXT1 Bioneer GeneID:2131,#P237660 LDHB Bioneer GeneID:3945,#P224700 EFEMP2 Bioneer GeneID:30008,#P129515 RASIP1 Bioneer GeneID:54922,#P289502 SERPINE1 Bioneer GeneID:5054,#P321087
(41) 1-4: Western Blot Analysis
(42) Proteins were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE, and the separated proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Whatman), and then blocked at room temperature for 15 minutes in a TBS-5% non-fat milk solution supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20. The membrane was cultured overnight with a primary antibody at 4 C., cultured with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody at room temperature for an hour, and developed using a West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (PIERCE).
(43) The primary antibodies used herein were P-gp (Cell Signaling Technology, #12683, 1:1000), p-PI3K (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-12929, 1:500), PI3K (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-1637, 1:500), p-Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, #9271, 1:1000), Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, #9272, 1:1000), -catenin (Cell Signaling Technology, #9562, 1:1000), and -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-47778, 1:500).
(44) 1-5: CD44+/CD24 Assay (Flow Cytometric Assay)
(45) To detect cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells, a breast cancer stem cell surface antigen, CD44+/CD24, was assayed.
(46) Specifically, the 110.sup.6 cells were labeled with anti-human CD44-APC and CD24-PE (BD biosciences). In this case, the antibody was diluted with a 5% BSA solution. The cells were cultured at room temperature for 25 minutes, washed, re-suspended in 500 ml of 5% BSA, and then detected using BD FACS Aria III.
(47) 1-6: ALDEFLUOR Assay
(48) To prove a cancer stem cell-specific growth inhibitory effect, it was determined whether a breast cancer stem cell marker enzyme ALDH+ population was reduced using an ALDEFLOUR assay kit (Stem Cell technologies).
(49) Specifically, the cells were stained with 1.5 mM bodipyaminoacetaldehyde (BAAA), and then cultured at 37 C. for 45 minutes. An ALDH1 inhibitor, diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), was used as the negative control. The 1 10.sup.6 stained cells were assayed using BD FACS Aria III. In this case, the positive fluorescent ALDH1-expressed cells (ALDH+) were detected in a green fluorescent channel (520 to 540 nm).
(50) 1-7: Mammosphere Formation Assay
(51) Since the breast cancer stem cells formed a mass of colonies in the form of floating spheres without attaching to a surface of a plate, the size and number of the masses were observed by a mammosphere formation assay to determine a cancer-stem-cell-specific effect.
(52) Specifically, a single-cell suspension was cultured at a density of 1,000 to 15,000 cells/well (on an ultralow attachment culture plate (Corning CoStar)) using a MammoCult Human Medium kit (Stem Cell Technologies), and the spherical cells were counted and observed under a microscope.
(53) 1-8: mRNA Knockdown by siRNA
(54) EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1, and SERPINE1 gene knockdown experiments were performed using siRNA (Bioneer Corp.): siEXT1 (Gene ID 2131, siRNA No. 1049149, 20 nM), siLDHB (Gene ID 3945, siRNA No. 1083399, 20 nM), siCD109 (Gene ID 135228, siRNA No. 1027641, 20 nM), siEFEMP2 (Gene ID 30008, siRNA No. 1045872, 20 nM), siRASIP1 (Gene ID 54922, siRNA No. 1126933, 20 nM), siSERPINE1 (Gene ID 5054, siRNA No. 1135690, 20 nM), and the negative control (#SN-1001, 20 nM).
(55) siRNA transfection was performed using a Neon Transfection system (Life technologies). After 48 hours, the expression of each gene was analyzed using qRT-PCR.
(56) 1-9: DNA Microarray
(57) Total RNAs were prepared from the MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells using a Trizol reagent (Invitrigen), and DNA expression levels of the MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells were compared using an Affymatrix Human ST2.0 DNA microarray. Also, PCR was performed in an Applied Biosystems 7300 Real-Time PCR system using a SYBR Green PCR Master mix (Applied Biosystems). Each experiment was performed in triplicate, and an average value of the data was calculated.
EXAMPLE 2
Determination of Drug Resistance Characteristics of MCF7/ADR Breast Cancer Cells
(58) To determine whether the MCF7/ADR cells had drug resistance against the doxorubicin anti-cancer agent, a time-dependent, dose-dependent MTT assay was performed on human luminal breast cancer cells MCF7, and MCF7/ADR cells having resistance to doxorubicin.
(59) After 24, 48, and 72 hours when the MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells were treated with doxorubicin (0, 1, 2, 10, and 25 M), the cell viabilities were determined. As a result, it was revealed that the MCF7/ADR cells had higher cell viability against doxorubicin than the MCF7 cells, as shown in
(60) Since P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to be a marker for breast cancer having resistance to doxorubicin, expression levels of mRNAs and proteins were determined using qRT-PCR and a western blot assay so as to examine whether P-gp was overexpressed in the MCF7/ADR cells.
(61) As a result, it was revealed that the MCF7/ADR cells had higher P-gp mRNA and protein expression levels than the MCF7 cells, as shown in
EXAMPLE 3
Determination of Presence of Cancer Stem Cells in Drug-Resistant MCF7/ADR Breast Cancer Cells
(62) 3-1. Marker (CD44+/CD24 or ALDH+) of Breast Cancer Stem Cells
(63) Since a breast cancer stem cell-specific surface antigen, CD44+/CD24, and a marker enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH+), were known to be markers of the breast cancer stem cells, a CD44/CD24 assay and an ALDEFLOUR assay were performed to determine whether the MCF7/ADR cells having the drug resistance had a population of cancer stem cells.
(64) As a result, it was revealed that the CD44+/CD24 population of the MCF7 cells amounted to approximately 0.2%, but the CD44+/CD24 population of the MCF7/ADR cells increased to approximately 8.3%, as shown in
(65) Therefore, it could be seen that the maternal MCF7 cells hardly had cancer stem cells, but the MCF7/ADR cells having the drug resistance had a significantly increased cancer stem cell population.
(66) 3-2. Self-Renewal Capacity (Mammosphere Formation Assay)
(67) Since the self-renewal capacity was one of the characteristics of the cancer stem cells (CSCs), a mammosphere formation assay was performed to determine whether the drug-resistant MCF7/ADR cells had a self-renewal capacity. Since the breast cancer stem cells formed a mass of colonies in the form of floating spheres without attaching to a surface of a plate, the size and number of the masses were able to be observed to determine the presence of the cancer stem cells.
(68) As a result, it was revealed that the MCF7/ADR cells had a higher mammosphere formation capacity than the MCF7 cells, as shown in
EXAMPLE 4
Determination of Presence of Stemness-Related Genes in Drug-Resistant MCF7/ADR Breast Cancer Cells
(69) To examine DNA expression profiles in the MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells, the DNA expression levels of genes were compared, and measured using an Affimatrix DNA microarray.
(70) As a result, it was determined that there were 436 genes whose expression increased approximately 6-fold or more in the MCF7/ADR cells, compared to the MCF7 cells. Among these, genes associated with stemness were further screened with the focus on the innate resistance of the cancer stem cells (see
(71) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Gene symbol Fold change Gene Description MMP1 360.798 matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase) MT1L 83.348 metallothionein 1 L (gene/pseudogene) CTGF 54.265 connective tissue growth factor IL18 49.968 interleukin 18 (interferon-gamma-inducing factor) SERPINE1 46.462 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1 SNAI2 41.077 snail homolog 2 (Drosophila) CNN3 39.941 calponin 3, acidic PYGL 26.162 phosphorylase, glycogen, liver FSTL1 25.827 follistatin-like 1 EXT1 24.085 exostosin 1 LDHB 21.307 lactate dehydrogenase B TM4SF1 17.948 transmembrane 4 L six family member 1 CYBRD1 15.069 cytochrome b reductase 1 RASIP1 14.535 Ras interacting protein 1 EFEMP2 14.051 EGF containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 LAMB3 12.540 laminin, beta 3 CD109 16.609 Cluster of Differentiation 109
(72) Also, the six genes EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1, and SERPINE1 were further selected, and subjected to qRT-PCR. As a result, it was confirmed that all six of the genes were expressed at an increased level in the MCF7/ADR cells (see
EXAMPLE 5
Determination of Silencing Effect of the Six Genes
(73) 5-1. Measurement of Expression Level of P-Glycoprotein (P-gp)
(74) Since P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to be a marker for breast cancer having resistance to doxorubicin, P-gp was used to detect the cancer stem cells (CSCs). That is, when the presence of the cancer stem cells was determined using a Hoechst 33342 stain, P-gp served as an efflux pump for the Hoechst 33342 stain. In this case, the cancer stem cells were detected based on a characteristic in which the cancer stem cells were not stained.
(75) To further evaluate whether the six genes finally screened in Example 4 regulated the drug resistance and the size and number of CSC populations, the genes were knocked down with siRNA, and an expression level of P-gp was determined using western blotting. That is, the MCF7/ADR cells were transfected with siRNA of each gene, and an expression level of P-gp was measured.
(76) As a result, it was revealed that the expression of P-glycoprotein was down-regulated in the MCF7/ADR cells when each of the EXT1, LDHB, CD109(CD), EFEMP2 (EFE), RASIP1(RAS) and SERPINE1 (SER) genes was silenced (knocked down) with siRNA, as shown in
(77) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE3 SEQ IDNO. Sequence siRNA 1 5-CACUUCUGGAUAACUCUA-3 SensesequenceofsiEXT1 2 5-UAGAGUUAUCCCAGAAGUG-3 Anti-sensesequenceofsiEXT1 3 5-GAUUCAUCCCGUGUCAACA-3 SensesequenceofsiLDHB 4 5-UGUUGACACGGGAUGAAUC-3 Anti-sensesequenceofsiLDHB 5 5-GAGUACUGGAGCGGAUCUA-3 SensesequenceofsiCD109 6 5-UAGAUCCGUCCAGUACUC-3 Anti-sensesequenceofsiCD109 7 5-CCCAAACCUGUGUCAACUU-3 SensesequenceofsiEFEMP2 8 5-AAGUUGACACAGGUUUGGG-3 Anti-sensesequenceofsiEFEMP2 9 5-CUGGAUAGUAACCCUUUCA-3 SensesequenceofsiRASIP1 10 5-UGAAAGGGUUACUAUCCAG-3 Anti-sensesequenceofsiRASIP1 11 5-CACACAAAAGGUAUGAUCA-3 SensesequenceofsiSERPINE1 12 5-UGAUCAUACCUUUUGUGUG-3 Anti-sensesequenceofsiSERPINE1
(78) These results suggested that the six genes selected finally in Example 4 had an influence on the drug resistance and CSC population in breast cancer.
(79) 5-2. Measurement of Expression Levels of CSC-, Resistance- and EMT-Related Markers
(80) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an indicator of aggressive malignant tumors, and known to play an important role in embryogeny, cancer metastasis, radiation resistance, chemical resistance, etc. An EMT procedure accompanies the loss of an epithelial marker (E-cadherin), acquisition of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, Snail, and slug), and a dramatic change in phenotypes including modification of cell shapes. Particularly, EMT induction in the tumor cells results in radiation/chemical resistance, as well as active infiltration and metastasis.
(81) Therefore, to determine whether EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1, and SERPINE1 were associated with the aggressive phenotype of cancer, the mRNA expression levels of cancer stem cell markers (CD44, and Integrin-6 (ITGA6)), a resistance marker (P-gp), and EMT markers (Vimentin, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin) were determined using qRT-PCR.
(82) As a result, it was revealed that the stem cell markers (CD44, and Integrin-6 (ITGA6)), the resistance marker (P-gp), and the EMT markers (Vimentin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin) were expressed at an increased level in the MCF7/ADR cells compared to the MCF7 cells, as shown in
(83) Further, it was confirmed that the expression of the markers was reduced in the MCF7/ADR cells when the CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 genes were silenced with siRNA, as shown in
(84) These results suggested that the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 genes were regulators of the aggressive phenotype of cancer.
(85) 5-3. CD44+/CD24 and ALDEFLOUR Assay
(86) Since the MCF7/ADR cell had a wider range of CSC characteristics, the EXT1 and LDHB genes were knocked down, and subjected to a CD44+/CD24 assay and an ALDEFLOUR assay so as to examine whether the genes regulated the cancer stem cell characteristics.
(87) That is, the MCF7/ADR cells were transfected, and silenced with siRNAs against the EXT1 and LDHB genes (Table 3). As a result, it was revealed that the CD44+/CD24 populations of the MCF7/ADR cells decreased by approximately 5.09% and 5.52%, respectively, as shown in
(88) 5-4. Mammosphere Formation Assay
(89) To determine whether the EXT1 and LDHB regulated the self-renewal capacity of CSCs in the MCF7/ADR cells, a mammosphere formation assay was performed.
(90) As a result, it could be seen that the number and size of the mammospheres of the MCF7/ADR cells were significantly reduced, compared to the control, when the EXT1 or LDHB gene was silenced with siRNA (Table 3), as shown in
(91) These results indicated that the cancer stem cell characteristics were able to be degraded by inhibiting the expression of the EXT1 or LDHB gene.
EXAMPLE 6
PI3K--Catenin Signaling Pathway
(92) Wnt signaling is a major pathway for maintaining stemness, and -catenin is a particularly important regulator. Also, since the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is known from previous research to regulate a Wnt--catenin signaling pathway, it was determined how the EXT1 and LDHB genes regulated the stemness, and whether the EXT1 and LDHB genes were associated with the pathways.
(93) The MCF7/ADR cells activate Wnt signaling, and inactivate PI3K-Akt signaling since the MCF7/ADR cells include a higher number of cancer stem cells than the MCF7 cells.
(94) Therefore, it was confirmed that, when the MCF7/ADR cells were treated with siRNAs against the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 genes (Table 3), the expression of -catenin decreased, and the expression of phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K) in an active form of PI3K, and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in an active form of Akt increased (see
(95) Based on the results as described above, it could be seen that EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 and SERPINE1 regulated CSC by means of the PI3K--catenin signaling pathway.
(96) It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the above-described exemplary embodiments of the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover all such modifications provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
(97) According to the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition including the EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 gene expression inhibitor as an active ingredient targets therapeutic activities against cancer stem cells important for resistance, metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer, and thus can be useful in fundamentally treating, preventing or alleviating cancer such as breast cancer by directly inhibiting expression of EXT1, LDHB, CD109, EFEMP2, RASIP1 or SERPINE1 which are very important for growth of cancer stem cells.