METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RANDOM ACCESS

Abstract

Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for random access. The method which may be performed by a terminal device comprises determining a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission to a network node in a two-step contention-free random access procedure. The method further comprises transmitting an uplink shared channel to the network node in the two-step contention-free random access procedure, according to the determined scrambling configuration. According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the initialization of a scrambling sequence may be determined or configured for the uplink shared channel transmission in a two-step contention-free random access procedure in a flexible and efficient way, so that the performance of the random access procedure can be improved.

Claims

1. A method performed by a terminal device, comprising: determining a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission to a network node in a two-step contention-free random access procedure; and transmitting an uplink shared channel to the network node in the two-step contention-free random access procedure, according to the determined scrambling configuration.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the determination of the scrambling configuration is based at least in part on dedicated signaling for the two-step contention-free random access procedure from the network node.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the dedicated signaling includes one or more of: a scrambling identifier; a radio network temporary identifier; and a preamble identifier.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the scrambling configuration indicates that initialization of a scrambling sequence for the uplink shared channel transmission is based at least in part on one or more of: a scrambling identifier; a radio network temporary identifier; and a preamble identifier.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the radio network temporary identifier is a random access-radio network temporary identifier.

6. The method according to any of claim 3, wherein the radio network temporary identifier is a cell-radio network temporary identifier.

7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the radio network temporary identifier is a configured scheduling-radio network temporary identifier.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the determination of the scrambling configuration is based at least in part on one or more of: first configuration information, which is related to a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device in a two-step contention-based random access procedure; second configuration information, which is related to a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device indicated by higher layer signaling; and a cell identifier.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device indicated by the higher layer signaling is provided in an information element PUSCH-config.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the determination of the scrambling configuration is based at least in part on one or more of the following messages from the network node: a handover command message; a beam failure recover message; and a downlink control channel order for the two-step contention-free random access procedure.

11. A method performed by a network node, comprising: determining a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of a terminal device in a two-step contention-free random access procedure; and receiving the uplink shared channel transmission from the terminal device in the two-step contention-free random access procedure, according to the determined scrambling configuration.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: transmitting dedicated signaling to the terminal device to indicate the determined scrambling configuration.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the dedicated signaling includes one or more of: a scrambling identifier; a radio network temporary identifier; and a preamble identifier.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the scrambling configuration indicates that initialization of a scrambling sequence for the uplink shared channel transmission is based at least in part on one or more of: a scrambling identifier; a radio network temporary identifier; and a preamble identifier.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the radio network temporary identifier is a random access-radio network temporary identifier or the radio network temporary identifier is a cell-radio network temporary identifier.

16. (canceled)

17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the radio network temporary identifier is a configured scheduling-radio network temporary identifier.

18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the determination of the scrambling configuration is based at least in part on one or more of: first configuration information, which is related to a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device in a two-step contention-based random access procedure; second configuration information, which is related to a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device indicated by higher layer signaling; and a cell identifier.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device indicated by the higher layer signaling is provided in an information element PUSCH-config.

20. The method according to claim 11, further comprising indicating the determined scrambling configuration to the terminal device in one or more of the following messages: a handover command message; a beam failure recover message; and a downlink control channel order for the two-step contention-free random access procedure.

21. A terminal device, comprising: one or more processors; and one or more memories comprising computer program codes, the one or more memories and the computer program codes configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the terminal device at least to: determine a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission to a network node in a two-step contention-free random access procedure; and transmit an uplink shared channel to the network node in the two-step contention-free random access procedure, according to the determined scrambling configuration.

22-42. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0053] The disclosure itself, the preferable mode of use and further objectives are best understood by reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0054] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary four-step RA procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0055] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary two-step RA procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0056] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating exemplary CFRA with two-step RA type according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0057] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0058] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating another method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0059] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0060] FIG. 6A is a block diagram illustrating another apparatus according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0061] FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a further apparatus according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0062] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0063] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a host computer communicating via a base station with a UE over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0064] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0065] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0066] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0067] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0068] The embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are discussed only for the purpose of enabling those skilled persons in the art to better understand and thus implement the present disclosure, rather than suggesting any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.

[0069] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as new radio (NR), long term evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network node in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G), the second generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G), 4G, 4.5G, 5G communication protocols, and/or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.

[0070] The term “network node” refers to a network device in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses to the network and receives services therefrom. The network node may refer to a base station (BS), an access point (AP), a multi-cell/multicast coordination entity (MCE), a controller or any other suitable device in a wireless communication network. The BS may be, for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), a next generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB), a remote radio unit (RRU), a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth.

[0071] Yet further examples of the network node comprise multi-standard radio (MSR) radio equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, positioning nodes and/or the like. More generally, however, the network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a terminal device access to a wireless communication network or to provide some service to a terminal device that has accessed to the wireless communication network.

[0072] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that can access a communication network and receive services therefrom. By way of example and not limitation, the terminal device may refer to a mobile terminal, a user equipment (UE), or other suitable devices. The UE may be, for example, a subscriber station, a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) or an access terminal (AT). The terminal device may include, but not limited to, portable computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a tablet, a wearable device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a vehicle, and the like.

[0073] As yet another specific example, in an Internet of things (IoT) scenario, a terminal device may also be called an IoT device and represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring, sensing and/or measurements etc., and transmits the results of such monitoring, sensing and/or measurements etc. to another terminal device and/or a network equipment. The terminal device may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) context be referred to as a machine-type communication (MTC) device.

[0074] As one particular example, the terminal device may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band Internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances, e.g. refrigerators, televisions, personal wearables such as watches etc. In other scenarios, a terminal device may represent a vehicle or other equipment, for example, a medical instrument that is capable of monitoring, sensing and/or reporting etc. on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.

[0075] As used herein, the terms “first”, “second” and so forth refer to different elements. The singular forms “a” and “an” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “has”, “having”, “includes” and/or “including” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components and the like, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and/or combinations thereof. The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on”. The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment”. The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment”. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.

[0076] Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as voice, video, data, messaging and broadcasts. As described previously, in order to connect to a network node such as a gNB in a wireless communication network, a terminal device such as a UE may need to perform a RA procedure to exchange essential information and messages for communication link establishment with the network node.

[0077] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary four-step RA procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, a UE can detect a synchronization signal (SS) by receiving 101 an SSB (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH)) from a gNB in a NR system. The UE can decode 102 some system information (e.g., remaining minimum system information (RMSI) and other system information (OSI)) broadcasted in the downlink (DL). Then the UE can transmit 103 a PRACH preamble (message 1/msg1) in the uplink (UL). The gNB can reply 104 with a random access response (RAR, message 2/msg2). In response to the RAR, the UE can transmit 105 the UE's identification information (message 3msg3) on PUSCH. Then the gNB can send 106 a contention resolution message (CRM, message 4/msg4) to the UE.

[0078] In the exemplary procedure, the UE transmits message 3/msg3 on PUSCH after receiving a timing advance command in the RAR, allowing message 3/msg3 on PUSCH to be received with timing accuracy within a cyclic prefix (CP). Without this timing advance, a very large CP may be needed in order to be able to demodulate and detect message3/msg3 on PUSCH, unless the communication system is applied in a cell with very small distance between the UE and the gNB. Since the NR system can also support larger cells with a need for providing a timing advance command to the UE, the four-step approach is needed for the RA procedure.

[0079] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary two-step RA procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Similar to the procedure as shown in FIG. 1, in the procedure shown in FIG. 2A, a UE can detect a SS by receiving 201 an SSB (e.g., comprising a PSS, a SSS and PBCH) from a gNB in a NR system, and decode 202 system information (e.g., RMSI and OSI) broadcasted in the DL. Compared to the four-step approach as shown in FIG. 1, the UE performing the procedure in FIG. 2A can complete random access in only two steps. Firstly, the UE sends 203a/203b to the gNB a message A (msgA) including RA preamble together with higher layer data such as a radio resource control (RRC) connection request possibly with some payload on PUSCH. Secondly, the gNB sends 204 to the UE a RAR (also called message B or msgB) including UE identifier assignment, timing advance information, a contention resolution message, and etc. It can be seen that there may be no explicit grant from msgB for PUSCH in msgA as the msgB is after msgA.

[0080] In the two-step RA procedure, the preamble and msgA PUSCH can be transmitted by the UE in one message called message A. For transmission of msgA PUSCH, i.e. the PUSCH part of msgA, the notion of a PUSCH resource unit may be introduced, where a PUSCH resource unit may consist of time-frequency radio resources of transmission and DMRS sequence configuration. Two simultaneous msgA PUSCH transmissions can be distinguished by the receiver according to different PUSCH resource units used for the two msgA PUSCH transmissions. The notion of PUSCH occasion also may be introduced, where a PUSCH occasion may consist of time-frequency radio resources for the transmission of msgA PUSCH.

[0081] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, a RA procedure such as two-step RACH and four-step RACH can be performed in two different ways, e.g., contention-based (CBRA) and contention-free (CFRA). The difference is in that which preamble is used. In the contention-based case, a UE may randomly select a preamble from a range of preambles. For this case, there may be a collision if two UEs select the same preamble. In the contention-free case, a UE may be given a specific preamble by the network, which ensures that two UEs will not select the same preamble, thus the RA is collision-free. The CBRA may be typically used when a UE is in an idle/inactive state and wants to go to the connected state, while the CFRA may be used for performing handover and/or in beam failure procedures.

[0082] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating exemplary CFRA with two-step RA type according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 2B may also be referred to as a two-step CFRA procedure. As shown in FIG. 2B, in the case of CFRA with two-step RA type, a UE may receive a RA preamble and PUSCH assignment from a gNB in step 0, prior to transmitting msgA (including RA preamble and PUSCH payload) to the gNB in step A and receiving msgB (RAR) from the gNB in step B.

[0083] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, scrambling of msgA PUSCH transmission may be configured for CBRA. In CBRA, multiple UEs may have different msgA PUSCH transmissions on the same radio resource. In order to mitigate the interference between different msgA PUSCH transmissions, the initial value for scrambling sequence generation may be associated to random access-radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI) and the preamble ID corresponding the transmission of the msgA preamble part.

[0084] According to section 6.3.1.1 of 3GPP TS 38.211 V16.0.0 (where the entire content of this technical specification is incorporated into the present disclosure by reference), the initial value C.sub.init for PUSCH scrambling sequence generation may be determined by initializing the scrambling sequence generator as below:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{\mathrm{init}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}{n}_{\mathrm{RNTI}}.Math.2^{16}+n_{\mathrm{RAPID}}.Math.2^{10}+n_{\mathrm{ID}}& \mathrm{for}\mathrm{msgA}\mathrm{on}\mathrm{PUSCH}\mathrm{in}\mathrm{CBRA}\\ n_{\mathrm{RNTI}}.Math.2^{15}+n_{\mathrm{ID}}& \mathrm{otherwise}\end{array}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where [0085] n.sub.ID∈{0,1, . . . , 1023} equals the higher-layer parameter dataScramblingldentityPUSCH if configured and the RNTI equals the cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), modulation and coding scheme-cell-radio network temporary identifier (MCS-C-RNTI), semi-persistent-channel state information-radio network temporary identifier (SP-CSI-RNTI) or configured scheduling-radio network temporary identifier (CS-RNTI), and the transmission is not scheduled using downlink control information (DCI) format 0_0 in a common search space; [0086] n.sub.ID∈{0, 1, . . . , 1023} equals the higher-layer parameter msgA-dataScramblingldentity if configured and the PUSCH transmission is triggered by a Type-2 random access procedure as described in second 8.1A of 3GPP TS 38.213 V16.0.0 (where the entire content of this technical specification is incorporated into the present disclosure by reference); [0087] n.sub.ID equals the physical layer cell identity N.sub.ID.sup.cell otherwise; [0088] n.sub.RAPID is the index or identifier of the random-access preamble transmitted for msgA as described in section 5.1.3A of 3GPP TS 38.321 V15.8.0 (where the entire content of this technical specification is incorporated into the present disclosure by reference); and [0089] n.sub.RNTI equals the random access-radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI) for msgA and otherwise corresponds to the RNTI associated with the PUSCH transmission as described in section 6.1 of 3GPP TS 38.214 V16.0.0 (where the entire content of this technical specification is incorporated into the present disclosure by reference) and section 8.3 of 3GPP TS 38.213 V16.0.0.

[0090] As described with respect to FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, in a two-step RA procedure, the preamble and msgA PUSCH may be transmitted by a UE in one message called message A. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the msgA PUSCH may be a kind of dynamically scheduled PUSCH in two-step CFRA and the scrambling sequence of msgA PUSCH may be associated with the RO and the preamble ID used for the transmission of the corresponding msgA preamble part. It can be appreciated that for CFRA, the scrambling sequence of msgA PUSCH may not be associated with the RO and the preamble ID used for the transmission of the corresponding msgA preamble part.

[0091] Various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure propose a solution for RA, which can enable scrambling of msgA PUSCH transmission in a two-step CFRA procedure. According to the proposed solution, the initialization of a scrambling sequence for msgA PUSCH transmission may be configured or determined in CFRA flexibly. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the configuration for the initialization of a scrambling sequence (also called “scrambling configuration” for short) for msgA PUSCH transmission in CFRA may be provided at least partly by dedicated signaling. In accordance with other exemplary embodiments, some of existing signaling or parameters for scrambling configuration may be utilized or reused to configure the scrambling of msgA PUSCH transmission in CFRA. In this way, the scrambling configuration of msgA PUSCH in the two-step CFRA procedure may be performed with enhanced resource utilization and improved transmission efficiency and flexibility.

[0092] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, at least part of the scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH may be provided in the dedicated signaling for a two-step CFRA procedure. According to an exemplary embodiment, at least part of the configuration for the initialization of a scrambling sequence for msgA PUSCH may be provided by one or more of the following elements in the dedicated signaling for the two-step CFRA procedure: [0093] a scrambling ID, n.sub.ID; [0094] a RNTI, n.sub.RNTI; and [0095] a preamble ID, n.sub.RAPID.

[0096] According to an exemplary embodiment, the initialization value C.sub.init_CFRA for msgA PUSCH scrambling in CFRA may be calculated, for example, by using a formula similar to that for calculating the initialization value C.sub.init_CBRA for msgA PUSCH scrambling in CBRA. As an example, the initialization value C.sub.init_CFRA for msgA PUSCH scrambling in CFRA may be calculated as below:

C.sub.init_CFRA=n.sub.RNIT.Math.2.sup.16+n.sub.RAPID.Math.2.sup.10+n.sub.ID  (2)

[0097] In an embodiment, the scrambling ID n.sub.ID of msgA PUSCH for CFRA may be configured or indicated by a specific parameter or field, e.g., msgA-dataScramblingldentityCFRA as shown in Table 1, the RA-RNTI calculated according to the RO for the corresponding msgA preamble transmission based on section 5.1.3 of 3GPP TS 38.321 V15.8.0 may be used to determine n.sub.RNTI, and the preamble ID used for this CFRA procedure may be used to determine 7.sub.RAPID. In an embodiment, the parameter msgA-dataScramblingldentityCFRA may be provided in an information element (IE) such as RACH-ConfigDedicated IE.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Parameter Definition Value msgA- Identifier used to INTEGER dataScramblingIdentityCFRA initiate data (0 . . . 1023) scrambling (C.sub.init.sub.—.sub.CFRA) for msgA PUSCH. If the field is absent, the UE applies the physical cell ID.

[0098] According to another exemplary embodiment, the initialization value C.sub.init_CFRA for msgA PUSCH scrambling in CFRA may be calculated by the following formula:

C.sub.init_CFRA=n.sub.RNTI.Math.2.sup.15+n.sub.ID  (3)

[0099] In an embodiment, a specific parameter or field provided in RACH-ConfigDedicated IE, e.g., the parameter msgA-dataScramblingldentityCFRA as shown in Table 1 may be used for the scrambling ID.sub.ID configuration of msgA PUSCH, and the RA-RNTI calculated according to the RO for the corresponding msgA preamble transmission based on section 5.1.3 of 3GPP TS 38.321 V15.8.0 may be used to determine n.sub.RNTI.

[0100] Please note that the parameter names used herein are exemplary and other names may also be used to indicate the same or similar information.

[0101] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the RNTI used for n.sub.RNTI in formula (2) or formula (3) to calculate the initialization value C.sub.init_CFRA for scrambling of msgA PUSCH in CFRA may be the RA-RNTI or C-RNTI if available or CS-RNTI if available.

[0102] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, some of the scrambling configurations of msgA PUSCH for CFRA may be provided in a handover command message, a beam failure recover message, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order which may be related to the RA with two-step CFRA, and/or any other possible signaling/messages (e.g., various physical layer signaling, higher layer signaling such as RRC signaling, etc.).

[0103] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH in CFRA may be implemented by utilizing or reusing one of the scrambling configurations for msgA PUSCH in CBRA. For example, there may be up to four msgA PUSCH configurations per BWP. In this case, one of four scrambling configurations for msgA PUSCH in CBRA may be selected to configure the initialization of scrambling sequence of msgA PUSCH in CFRA. According to an exemplary embodiment, first configuration information related to the scrambling configuration of msgA PUSCH for CBRA may indicate which one of the scrambling configurations of msgA PUSCH for CBRA may be selected for scrambling of msgA PUSCH in CFRA. It can be appreciated that the first configuration information may be predetermined or RRC configured.

[0104] Alternatively or additionally, the scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH in CFRA may be implemented by utilizing or reusing the scrambling configuration provided for the PUSCH transmission in the PUSCH-config IE from higher layer.

[0105] Alternatively or additionally, the scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH in CFRA may be implemented by using some cell information (e.g., a cell ID such as a physical cell ID, or other possible information which may be used to determine the cell ID).

[0106] It can be realized that signaling, messages, parameters, variables and settings related to the scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH in CFRA described herein are just examples. Other suitable signaling transmissions, parameter settings, the associated configurations and the specific values thereof may also be applicable to implement the proposed methods.

[0107] It is noted that some embodiments of the present disclosure are mainly described in relation to 5G or NR specifications being used as non-limiting examples for certain exemplary network configurations and system deployments. As such, the description of exemplary embodiments given herein specifically refers to terminology which is directly related thereto. Such terminology is only used in the context of the presented non-limiting examples and embodiments, and does naturally not limit the present disclosure in any way. Rather, any other system configuration or radio technologies may equally be utilized as long as exemplary embodiments described herein are applicable.

[0108] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method 300 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 300 illustrated in FIG. 3 may be performed by a terminal device or an apparatus communicatively coupled to the terminal device. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the terminal device such as a UE may be configured to connect to a network node such as a gNB, for example, by performing a RA procedure (e.g., a two-step CFRA procedure).

[0109] According to the exemplary method 300 illustrated in FIG. 3, the terminal device may determine a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission to a network node in a two-step CFRA procedure, as shown in block 302. The uplink shared channel transmission may comprise msgA PUSCH transmission from the terminal device to the network node. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the scrambling configuration may indicate how to determine the initialization of a scrambling sequence for the uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device. Alternatively or additionally, the scrambling configuration may indicate how to configure scrambling of the uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device. According to the determined scrambling configuration, the terminal device may transmit an uplink shared channel (e.g., msgA PUSCH, etc.) to the network node in the two-step CFRA procedure, as shown in block 304.

[0110] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the determination of the scrambling configuration may be performed by the terminal device based at least in part on dedicated signaling (e.g., the RACH-ConfigDedicated IE, etc.) for the two-step CFRA procedure from the network node.

[0111] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the dedicated signaling may include one or more of: [0112] a scrambling ID (e.g., n.sub.ID as described with respect to formulas (2) and (3), etc.); [0113] a RNTI (e.g., n.sub.RNTI as described with respect to formulas (2) and (3), RA-RNTI, C-RNTI, CS-RNTI, etc.); and [0114] a preamble ID (e.g., n.sub.RAPID as described with respect to formulas (2) and (3), etc.).

[0115] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the scrambling configuration may indicate that initialization of a scrambling sequence for the uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device in the two-step CFRA procedure may be based at least in part on a scrambling ID, a RNTI, a preamble ID, or any combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the initialization of the scrambling sequence for the uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device in the two-step CFRA procedure may be determined by calculating the initial value for scrambling sequence generation according to formula (2), formula (3) or any other suitable algorithms.

[0116] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the RNTI used for the scrambling configuration may be a RA-RNTI, a C-RNTI, a CS-RNTI or any other proper RNTI related parameter which may be used to determine the initialization of the scrambling sequence for the uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device in the two-step CFRA procedure.

[0117] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the determination of the scrambling configuration may be performed by the terminal device based at least in part on one or more of: [0118] first configuration information, which may be related to a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device in a two-step CBRA procedure; [0119] second configuration information, which may be related to a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device indicated by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, etc.); and [0120] a cell ID (e.g., a physical or physical layer cell ID, etc.).

[0121] According to an exemplary embodiment, the scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of the terminal device indicated by the higher layer signaling may be provided in a specific IE such as PUSCH-config or any other suitable IE or field.

[0122] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the first configuration information may be indicated by RRC signaling and/or any other suitable higher layer signaling from the network node. In accordance with other exemplary embodiments, the first configuration information may be predetermined. In this case, the terminal device may determine the scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission in the two-step CFRA procedure according to the predetermined scrambling configuration indicated by the first configuration information. According to an exemplary embodiment, the first configuration information may indicate which one of the scrambling configurations for msgA PUSCH in CBRA may be selected for msgA PUSCH in the two-step CFRA procedure.

[0123] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the determination of the scrambling configuration may be performed by the terminal device based at least in part on one or more of the following messages from the network node: a handover command message, a beam failure recover message, and a downlink control channel order (e.g., a PDCCH order) for the two-step CFRA procedure.

[0124] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method 400 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 400 illustrated in FIG. 4 may be performed by a network node or an apparatus communicatively coupled to the network node. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may comprise a base station such as a gNB. The network node may be configured to communicate with one or more terminal devices such as UEs which can connect to the network node by performing a RA procedure (e.g., a two-step CFRA procedure).

[0125] According to the exemplary method 400 illustrated in FIG. 4, the network node may determine a scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission of a terminal device (e.g., the terminal device as described with respect to FIG. 3) in a two-step CFRA procedure, as shown in block 402. According to the determined scrambling configuration, the network node may receive the uplink shared channel transmission from the terminal device in the two-step CFRA procedure, as shown in block 404.

[0126] It can be appreciated that the steps, operations and related configurations of the method 400 illustrated in FIG. 4 may correspond to the steps, operations and related configurations of the method 300 illustrated in FIG. 3. It also can be appreciated that the scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission as described with respect to FIG. 4 may correspond to the scrambling configuration for uplink shared channel transmission as described with respect to FIG. 3. Thus, the scrambling configuration determined by the terminal device as described with respect to the method 300 may have the same or similar contents and feature elements as the scrambling configuration determined by the network node as described with respect to the method 400.

[0127] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the network node may transmit dedicated signaling (e.g., the dedicated signaling as described with respect to FIG. 3) to the terminal device to indicate the determined scrambling configuration.

[0128] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the determination of the scrambling configuration may be performed by the network node based at least in part on first configuration information related to CBRA (e.g., the first configuration information as described with respect to FIG. 3), second configuration information related to higher layer signaling (e.g., the second configuration information as described with respect to FIG. 3), a cell ID (e.g., the cell ID as described with respect to FIG. 3), and/or any other configuration information.

[0129] In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the network node may indicate the determined scrambling configuration to the terminal device in one or more of the following messages: a handover command message, a beam failure recover message, and a downlink control channel order (e.g., a PDCCH order, etc.) for the two-step CFRA procedure.

[0130] Various exemplary embodiments according to the present disclosure may enable initialization of a scrambling sequence for msgA PUSCH transmission to be determined for a two-step CFRA procedure. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, a terminal device may determine the scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH in CFRA according to some flexible signaling which may be dynamically provided in a dedicated message from a network node. Alternatively or additionally, in order to reduce the signaling overhead, the scrambling of msgA PUSCH in CFRA may be implemented via reusing some of the existing parameters and/or signaling for scrambling configuration. Application of various exemplary embodiments can improve flexibility of scrambling configuration for msgA PUSCH in CFRA and enhance performance of a two-step CFRA procedure.

[0131] The various blocks shown in FIGS. 3-4 may be viewed as method steps, and/or as operations that result from operation of computer program code, and/or as a plurality of coupled logic circuit elements constructed to carry out the associated function(s). The schematic flow chart diagrams described above are generally set forth as logical flow chart diagrams. As such, the depicted order and labeled steps are indicative of specific embodiments of the presented methods. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalent in function, logic, or effect to one or more steps, or portions thereof, of the illustrated methods. Additionally, the order in which a particular method occurs may or may not strictly adhere to the order of the corresponding steps shown.

[0132] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 500 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, the apparatus 500 may comprise one or more processors such as processor 501 and one or more memories such as memory 502 storing computer program codes 503. The memory 502 may be non-transitory machine/processor/computer readable storage medium. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 500 may be implemented as an integrated circuit chip or module that can be plugged or installed into a terminal device as described with respect to FIG. 3, or a network node as described with respect to FIG. 4. In such case, the apparatus 500 may be implemented as a terminal device as described with respect to FIG. 3, or a network node as described with respect to FIG. 4.

[0133] In some implementations, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform any operation of the method as described in connection with FIG. 3. In other implementations, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform any operation of the method as described in connection with FIG. 4. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0134] FIG. 6A is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 610 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6A, the apparatus 610 may comprise a determining unit 611 and a transmitting unit 612. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 610 may be implemented in a terminal device such as a UE. The determining unit 611 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 302, and the transmitting unit 612 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 304. Optionally, the determining unit 611 and/or the transmitting unit 612 may be operable to carry out more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0135] FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 620 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6B, the apparatus 620 may comprise a determining unit 621 and a receiving unit 622. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 620 may be implemented in a network node such as a base station. The determining unit 621 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 402, and the receiving unit 622 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 404. Optionally, the determining unit 621 and/or the receiving unit 622 may be operable to carry out more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0136] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0137] With reference to FIG. 7, in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes a telecommunication network 710, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises an access network 711, such as a radio access network, and a core network 714. The access network 711 comprises a plurality of base stations 712a, 712b, 712c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 713a, 713b, 713c. Each base station 712a, 712b, 712c is connectable to the core network 714 over a wired or wireless connection 715. A first UE 791 located in a coverage area 713c is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station 712c. A second UE 792 in a coverage area 713a is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station 712a. While a plurality of UEs 791, 792 are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station 712.

[0138] The telecommunication network 710 is itself connected to a host computer 730, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. The host computer 730 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections 721 and 722 between the telecommunication network 710 and the host computer 730 may extend directly from the core network 714 to the host computer 730 or may go via an optional intermediate network 720. An intermediate network 720 may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; the intermediate network 720, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, the intermediate network 720 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

[0139] The communication system of FIG. 7 as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs 791, 792 and the host computer 730. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 750. The host computer 730 and the connected UEs 791, 792 are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via the OTT connection 750, using the access network 711, the core network 714, any intermediate network 720 and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection 750 may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which the OTT connection 750 passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station 712 may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from the host computer 730 to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE 791. Similarly, the base station 712 need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE 791 towards the host computer 730.

[0140] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a host computer communicating via a base station with a UE over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0141] Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to FIG. 8. In a communication system 800, a host computer 810 comprises hardware 815 including a communication interface 816 configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system 800. The host computer 810 further comprises a processing circuitry 818, which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuitry 818 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer 810 further comprises software 811, which is stored in or accessible by the host computer 810 and executable by the processing circuitry 818. The software 811 includes a host application 812. The host application 812 may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE 830 connecting via an OTT connection 850 terminating at the UE 830 and the host computer 810. In providing the service to the remote user, the host application 812 may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection 850.

[0142] The communication system 800 further includes a base station 820 provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware 825 enabling it to communicate with the host computer 810 and with the UE 830. The hardware 825 may include a communication interface 826 for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system 800, as well as a radio interface 827 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 870 with the UE 830 located in a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 8) served by the base station 820. The communication interface 826 may be configured to facilitate a connection 860 to the host computer 810. The connection 860 may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in FIG. 8) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, the hardware 825 of the base station 820 further includes a processing circuitry 828, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station 820 further has software 821 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0143] The communication system 800 further includes the UE 830 already referred to. Its hardware 835 may include a radio interface 837 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 870 with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE 830 is currently located. The hardware 835 of the UE 830 further includes a processing circuitry 838, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE 830 further comprises software 831, which is stored in or accessible by the UE 830 and executable by the processing circuitry 838. The software 831 includes a client application 832. The client application 832 may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via the UE 830, with the support of the host computer 810. In the host computer 810, an executing host application 812 may communicate with the executing client application 832 via the OTT connection 850 terminating at the UE 830 and the host computer 810. In providing the service to the user, the client application 832 may receive request data from the host application 812 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 850 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application 832 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.

[0144] It is noted that the host computer 810, the base station 820 and the UE 830 illustrated in FIG. 8 may be similar or identical to the host computer 730, one of base stations 712a, 712b, 712c and one of UEs 791, 792 of FIG. 7, respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in FIG. 8 and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of FIG. 7.

[0145] In FIG. 8, the OTT connection 850 has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host computer 810 and the UE 830 via the base station 820, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from the UE 830 or from the service provider operating the host computer 810, or both. While the OTT connection 850 is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network).

[0146] Wireless connection 870 between the UE 830 and the base station 820 is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE 830 using the OTT connection 850, in which the wireless connection 870 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the latency and the power consumption, and thereby provide benefits such as lower complexity, reduced time required to access a cell, better responsiveness, extended battery lifetime, etc.

[0147] A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 850 between the host computer 810 and the UE 830, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 850 may be implemented in software 811 and hardware 815 of the host computer 810 or in software 831 and hardware 835 of the UE 830, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which the OTT connection 850 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which the software 811, 831 may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection 850 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect the base station 820, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station 820. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating the host computer 810's measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that the software 811 and 831 causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection 850 while it monitors propagation times, errors etc.

[0148] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 9 will be included in this section. In step 910, the host computer provides user data. In substep 911 (which may be optional) of step 910, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 920, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step 930 (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 940 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0149] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 10 will be included in this section. In step 1010 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 1020, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1030 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0150] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 11 will be included in this section. In step 1110 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 1120, the UE provides user data. In substep 1121 (which may be optional) of step 1120, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep 1111 (which may be optional) of step 1110, the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep 1130 (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step 1140 of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0151] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 12 will be included in this section. In step 1210 (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step 1220 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 1230 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0152] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system which may include a host computer, a base station and a UE. The method may comprise providing user data at the host computer. Optionally, the method may comprise, at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station which may perform any step of the exemplary method 400 as describe with respect to FIG. 4.

[0153] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a communication system including a host computer. The host computer may comprise processing circuitry configured to provide user data, and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a UE. The cellular network may comprise a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry. The base station's processing circuitry may be configured to perform any step of the exemplary method 400 as describe with respect to FIG. 4.

[0154] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system which may include a host computer, a base station and a UE. The method may comprise providing user data at the host computer. Optionally, the method may comprise, at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station. The UE may perform any step of the exemplary method 300 as describe with respect to FIG. 3.

[0155] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a communication system including a host computer. The host computer may comprise processing circuitry configured to provide user data, and a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a UE. The UE may comprise a radio interface and processing circuitry. The UE's processing circuitry may be configured to perform any step of the exemplary method 300 as describe with respect to FIG. 3.

[0156] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system which may include a host computer, a base station and a UE. The method may comprise, at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE which may perform any step of the exemplary method 300 as describe with respect to FIG. 3.

[0157] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a communication system including a host computer. The host computer may comprise a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a UE to a base station. The UE may comprise a radio interface and processing circuitry. The UE's processing circuitry may be configured to perform any step of the exemplary method 300 as describe with respect to FIG. 3.

[0158] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system which may include a host computer, a base station and a UE. The method may comprise, at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE. The base station may perform any step of the exemplary method 400 as describe with respect to FIG. 4.

[0159] According to some exemplary embodiments, there is provided a communication system which may include a host computer. The host computer may comprise a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a UE to a base station. The base station may comprise a radio interface and processing circuitry. The base station's processing circuitry may be configured to perform any step of the exemplary method 400 as describe with respect to FIG. 4.

[0160] In general, the various exemplary embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose chips, circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the disclosure is not limited thereto. While various aspects of the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0161] As such, it should be appreciated that at least some aspects of the exemplary embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit chips and modules. It should thus be appreciated that the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may be realized in an apparatus that is embodied as an integrated circuit, where the integrated circuit may comprise circuitry (as well as possibly firmware) for embodying at least one or more of a data processor, a digital signal processor, baseband circuitry and radio frequency circuitry that are configurable so as to operate in accordance with the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.

[0162] It should be appreciated that at least some aspects of the exemplary embodiments of the disclosure may be embodied in computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor in a computer or other device. The computer executable instructions may be stored on a computer readable medium such as a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid state memory, random access memory (RAM), etc. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the function of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. In addition, the function may be embodied in whole or partly in firmware or hardware equivalents such as integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and the like.

[0163] The present disclosure includes any novel feature or combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly or any generalization thereof. Various modifications and adaptations to the foregoing exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, any and all modifications will still fall within the scope of the non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.