Treatment of monogenetic disorders

Abstract

The present invention relates to a nucleic acid expression cassette, in particular for the expression of a human liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof in a patient suffering from a monogenetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

Claims

1. A non-viral vector, comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette comprises: (a) a promoter directing gene expression in human cells; (b) a coding sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FVIII; (c) a nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic gene, wherein said nucleic acid sequence has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 11 or at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO. 11; and (d) a transcriptional termination signal.

2. The non-viral vector according to claim 1, wherein the promoter is derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) and/or wherein the promoter is derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) and the first intron and/or a fragment of the first intron of the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) and/or wherein the promoter is derived from Cytomegalovirus (CMV), in particular human CMV and/or wherein the promoter is the CMV promoter.

3. The non-viral vector according to claim 1, wherein the promoter has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 17, and SEQ ID NO. 18.

4. The non-viral vector according to claim 1, wherein the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2 and SEQ ID NO. 19.

5. The non-viral vector according claim 1, wherein the non-viral vector further comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 13, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 15, SEQ ID NO. 16, and SEQ ID NO. 21, wherein the at least one nucleic acid sequence functions as a Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE).

6. The non-viral vector according to claim 1, wherein the non-viral vector further comprises as Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE) a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 22.

7. A method of treating a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for coagulation factor FVIII, said method using the vector according to claim 1.

8. A nanoparticle-based delivery system for a coding sequence, wherein the delivery system comprises: (a) gold nanoparticles; (b) polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof; and (c) the vector according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention including a promoter, a coding sequence, an S/MAR-sequence, and a terminator;

(2) FIG. 1B shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention including a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1alpha, a coding sequence including a human codon usage-optimized nucleic acid sequence coding for a variant of coagulation factor FVIII, an S/MAR-sequence, and a terminator;

(3) FIG. 1C shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention including a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1alpha, a codon-optimized cDNA coding for the mutant variant of factor FIX, an S/MAR-sequence, and a terminator;

(4) FIG. 1D shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention including a CMV promoter, a coding sequence including a human codon usage-optimized nucleic acid sequence coding for a variant of coagulation factor FVIII, specifically FVIII SQ, an S/MAR-sequence, and a terminator;

(5) FIG. 2A shows a schematic representation of a preferred vector, which contains a nucleic acid expression cassette as shown in FIG. 1B;

(6) FIG. 2B shows a schematic representation of a preferred vector which contains a nucleic acid expression cassette as shown in FIG. 1C;

(7) FIG. 3A shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a delivery system (1) that includes a gold nanoparticle (2) bonded to polyethyleneimine (3) which is further bonded to nucleic acid molecules (4), and lacking a specific targeting unit;

(8) FIG. 3B shows a schematic representation of a delivery system (1) illustrated in FIG. 3A with added targeting units (5);

(9) FIG. 3C shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a delivery system (1) including the gold nanoparticle (2), the polyethylenimine (3) and the nucleic acid molecules (4) but lacking a specific targeting unit (5);

(10) FIG. 3D shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a delivery system (1) including the gold nanoparticle (2), the polyethylenimine (3) and the nucleic acid molecules (4) and additionally including a targeting unit (5);

(11) FIG. 4A illustrates the transfection mechanism utilizing the delivery system (1) of FIG. 3A without the use of a targeting unit, where (A) through (G) illustrate stages of the mechanism involving the formation of the endosome (8) formed about the delivery system (1) illustrated in stage (A) wherein the mechanism involves the steps of endocytosis, stage (B), formation of an endosome (8) stage (C), the uptake of water into the endosome (8), stage (D), the bursting of endosome (8), stage (E) with the release of nucleic acid molecules (4) and importin (9) into the cytoplasm, and finally in stage (F), the uptake of the nucleic acid molecules (4) into the nucleus (11) through nuclear pores (10);

(12) FIG. 4B illustrates the transfection mechanism provided in FIG. 4A utilizing the delivery system (1) provided in FIG. 3B including the targeting system (5);

(13) FIG. 4C illustrates the transfection mechanism provided in FIG. 4A utilizing the delivery system (1) provided in FIG. 3C without the targeting system (5);

(14) FIG. 4D illustrates the transfection mechanism provided in FIG. 4A utilizing the delivery system (1) provided in FIG. 3D including the targeting system (5);

(15) FIG. 5A illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pEPI1-SM-L additionally containing the 1.995 base pair long scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) from the 5′ region of the human gene coding for Interferon-beta, in particular with a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 12;

(16) FIG. 5B illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pEPI1-SM-S in contrast to the vector in FIG. 5A having a shortened version of the S/MAR element derived from the human gene coding for interferon beta, in particular with a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID No. 11;

(17) FIG. 5C illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pEFi1-EGSMs including a shortened variant of the S/MAR element with a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID NO. 11 with the CMV promoter exchanged for a human promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a), wherein the promoter has a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18;

(18) FIG. 5D illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pCL-UCOE-EF1 constructed as a lentiviral vector, containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein on the basis of eGFP and a protein providing neomycin resistance protein under the control of a UCOE on the basis of the promoter CBX3 (SEQ ID NO. 13 or SEQ ID NO. 21) with a corresponding transcript (SEQ ID NO. 14 or SEQ ID NO. 22) and the promoter HNRNPA2 (SEQ ID NO. 15 or SEQ ID NO. 23) with a corresponding transcript (SEQ ID NO. 16 or SEQ ID NO. 24), an enhancer region (SEQ ID NO. 25) and the promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18);

(19) FIG. 5E illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pEPI_F8-SM-S including a coding sequence for a fusion protein of eGFP and factor FVIII with deleted B-domain (nucleic acid sequence for factor FVIII with deleted B-domain according to SEQ ID NO. 2 or SEQ ID NO. 19) further including downstream of the coding sequence, a shortened variant of the S/MAR element according to SEQ ID NO. 11 and upstream of the coding sequence, a promoter derived from Cytomegalovirus (CMV promoter, SEQ ID NO. 17);

(20) FIG. 5F illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pEFi1-GFP-FIX including a coding sequence for a fusion protein of eGFP and the padua variant of factor FIX (nucleic acid sequence for factor FIX padua according to SEQ ID NO. 5), further including upstream of the coding sequence, a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18);

(21) FIG. 5G illustrates a schematic representation of the vector pEFi1-GFP-FIX-ALB including a coding sequence for a fusion protein of eGFP, the padua variant of factor FIX (nucleic acid sequence for factor FIX padua according to SEQ ID NO. 5) and albumin (nucleic acid sequence for albumin according to SEQ ID NO. 8), further including upstream of the coding sequence, a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18) and downstream of the coding sequence, a S/MAR element derived from the human gene coding for Interferon-beta, in particular with a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID NO. 11;

(22) FIG. 6A illustrated the results of the GFP expression in a test series, where a short-term selection with G418 for about 10 days was applied;

(23) FIG. 6B provides the result of the test series where a long-term selection over the whole observation time of 12 weeks with G418 has been applied demonstrating that both variants of the S/MAR-element, i.e. the long as well as the shortened variant, lead to a long-term expression of eGFP in the transfected cells and that the long-term expression of GFP can be even improved on the basis of the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element;

(24) FIG. 7A provides the results of a test series under short-term selection with G418, wherein the selection was performed during the first 10 days of cultivation and after 10 days, the cultivation with G418 was stopped for the rest of the observation time of further 10 weeks;

(25) FIG. 7B provides the results of the test series where a long-term selection with G418 was performed during the whole observation time of 10 weeks;

(26) FIG. 8A provides the graphic representation of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the effect of the presence of S/MAR-elements on the short-term expression levels of eGFP has been analyzed under a short-term selection with geneticin (G418) for two weeks;

(27) FIG. 8B provides the graphic representation of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the effect of the presence of S/MAR-elements on the long-term expression levels of eGFP has been analyzed with the test performed under continuous G418 selection over seven weeks;

(28) FIG. 9A provides the results of the analysis of the eGFP expression of test series with 10 μg DNA, 3 μg DNA, 9 μg DNA and 0.7 μg DNA, wherein in each case 9 μg of the respective polyethylenimine was used;

(29) FIG. 9B provides the results of the determination of the cell viability on the basis of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells utilizing a test series with 10 μg DNA, 3 μg DNA, 9 μg DNA and 0.7 μg DNA, wherein in each case 9 μg of the respective polyethylenimine;

(30) FIG. 10A provides a graphic representation concerning the percentage of GFP positive cells involved with in vivo studies performed in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the influence of different variants of polyethylenimine at a defined weight or volume related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules of 3:1 for transfection have been used;

(31) FIG. 10B provides further confirmation of the results included in FIG. 10A with the results of the determination of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of eGFP in the cells;

(32) FIG. 10C provides confirmation that the transfection with all variants of polyethylenimine is linked with a sufficient cell viability and that the use of 9 μg or 9 μl of the transfection reagent and 3 μg of DNA leads to a further improvement of the cell viability;

(33) FIG. 11A shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the influence of an optimized intermediate promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha on the expression level of eGFP was analyzed and where the test series was performed under a short-term selection with G418 for two weeks with a subsequent cultivation for additional eight weeks without any selection;

(34) FIG. 11B shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the influence of an optimized intermediate promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha on the expression level of eGFP was analyzed and where the test series was performed under long-term selection with G418 over an observation time of ten weeks;

(35) FIG. 12A provides a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the transfection efficacy of gold nanoparticles comprising variants of polyethylenimine covalently bound as vehicle for the transfer of the episomal expression vector pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) into the target cells has been analyzed demonstrating that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA are sufficient in order to achieve a transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells;

(36) FIG. 12B provides a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, utilizing the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the GFP in the cells demonstrating that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA are sufficient in order to achieve a transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells;

(37) FIG. 12C shows the results of an analysis of the cell viability on the basis of the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells three days after transfection demonstrating that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA used for transfection lead to a sufficient viability of the transfected cells;

(38) FIG. 13 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF with a lentiviral-based system, wherein the influence of the UCOE on the expression of eGFP was analyzed;

(39) FIG. 14 shows the graphic representation of the results of the measurement of the factor level of HLF cells transfected with a coding sequence, which codes for a fusion protein of eGFP and factor FVIII SQ or factor FIX padua, respectively;

(40) FIG. 15 shows a schematic representation of a preferred design of a UCOE used in expression cassettes according to the present invention;

(41) FIG. 16 shows the graphic representation of the results with respect to the episomal persistence of the vectors pEPI1-SM-L (FIG. 5A) and pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) in HLE cells;

(42) FIG. 17A shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 concerning the effect of the presence of S/MAR elements on the short-term expression levels in transfected cells cultured without G418;

(43) FIG. 17B shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 concerning the effect of the presence of S/MAR elements on the long-term expression levels in transfected cells cultured with G418;

(44) FIG. 18A illustrates the positive effect of all variants of polyethylenimine in all concentrations on the percentage of GFP positive cells obtained in the different determinations carried out;

(45) FIG. 18B provides confirmation of the positive effect of all variants of polyethylenimine in all concentrations on the percentage of GFP positive cells determined through the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of eGFP in the cells;

(46) FIG. 18C provides confirmation of cell viability based on the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells analyzed three days after transfection with all variants of polyethylenimine;

(47) FIG. 19A provides a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the expression efficiency of an optimized intermediate EF-1alpha (EF1a) promoter on the eGFP expression in the target cells being analyzed, wherein the test series was performed under a short-term selection with G418 for two weeks with a subsequent cultivation for additional eight weeks without any selection;

(48) FIG. 19B provides a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the expression efficiency of an optimized intermediate EF-1alpha (EF1a) promoter on the eGFP expression in the target cells being analyzed, wherein the test series was performed under a long-term selection with G418 over an observation time of ten weeks;

(49) FIG. 20A provides a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the expression of eGFP after transfection of fibrosarcoma cells with a delivery system according to the present invention using different variants of polyethylenimine was analyzed demonstrated that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA were sufficient to achieve a transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells;

(50) FIG. 20B provides a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, determined by the mean fluorescence intensity confirming that the expression of eGFP after transfection of fibrosarcoma cells with a delivery system according to the present invention using different variants of polyethylenimine was analyzed demonstrated that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA were sufficient to achieve a transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells;

(51) FIG. 20C provides a graphic representation of the results of an analysis of the cell viability on the basis of the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells three days after transfection demonstrating that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA used for transfection lead to a sufficient viability of the transfected cells and that the best viability can be achieved by the use of linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa;

(52) FIG. 21 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 with a lentiviral-based system, wherein the influence of the UCOE on the expression of eGFP was analyzed; and

(53) FIG. 22 shows the graphic representation of the results of the measurement of the factor level of fibrosarcoma cells (cell line HT1080) transfected with a coding sequence, which codes for a fusion protein of eGFP and factor FVIII SQ or factor FIX padua, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(54) The present invention therefore provides—according to a first aspect of the present invention—a nucleic acid expression cassette, in particular for the expression of a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof in a patient suffering from a monogenetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, wherein the expression cassette comprises: (a) a promoter, preferably a promoter directing gene expression in mammalian, especially human cells; (b) a coding sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for a human liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof, wherein mutations in the nucleic acid sequence coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein are associated with a monogenetic disorder; (c) a nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic, preferably human gene; and (d) a transcriptional termination signal.

(55) The applicant has surprisingly found out that a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a promoter, preferably derived from a human gene or from a virus, a coding sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, a nucleic acid sequence on the basis of scaffold/matrix attachment region and a transcriptional termination signal is suitable for the use in gene therapy of monogenetic diseases, wherein the monogenetic disease or disorder is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein. In other words, the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention is suitable for the introduction of an intact copy of the mutated or defective gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, for example factors involved in hemostasis or proteins of the lipometabolism, into the nucleus of the target cells. On the basis of the expression of the nucleic acid sequence coding for the liver specific protein, the loss-of-function-mutation in the gene coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein can be balanced or compensated.

(56) The nucleic acid expression cassette, in particular a gene therapy on the basis of the nucleic acid expression cassette, according to the present invention is linked to several advantages, which are delineated hereinafter:

(57) A gene therapy on the basis of a nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention is suitable for a broad range of patients suffering from different monogenetic disorders since the expression cassette is suitable for the expression of any liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein linked with a monogenetic disorder in a patient. In this context, the expression cassette is suitable to balance defects in gene expression, i.e. a total loss of gene expression as a result of the monogenetic disorder, as well as deficiencies in gene expression, i.e. a partial loss of gene expression or a reduced activity of the respective liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(58) In particular, the expression cassette is suitable for the expression of factors and proteins involved into hemostasis. On this basis, a highly efficient therapeutic concept in particular for the treatment of monogenetic disorders linked with a reduced or impaired hemostasis or blood clotting, in particular hemophilia, especially hemophilia A or B, is established. The expression cassette of the present invention is suitable for the treatment of patients with mild as well as severe or moderate hemophilia. In particular, the therapeutic concept is highly efficient in the treatment of patients, which have become resistant to conventional therapeutic concepts for the treatment of hemophilia. Likewise, the expression cassette is suitable for the expression of proteins involved in lipometabolism or proteins linked with monogenetic lipometabolic disorders.

(59) A gene therapy on the basis of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention should be associated with an excellent patient compliance due to the non-viral approach. The expression cassette is suitable for a gene therapy, wherein the integration of the expression cassette into the genome of the target cells on the basis of viral vectors is not intended. Instead, the use of the scaffold/matrix attachment region in the nucleic acid expression cassette provides an episomal replication and persistence of the expression cassette in the target cells. On this basis, the risk of insertions of the transferred nucleic acid molecules into the genome leading to malignant transformations of the cells is minimized. Therefore, on the basis of the present invention a concept for the treatment of monogenetic disorders is provided, which eliminates potential risks and safety considerations of conventional therapeutic approaches in particular on the basis of viral systems, especially genetic approaches, for the treatment of monogenetic disorders.

(60) In this context, a gene therapy on the basis of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention overcomes the risk of carcinogenicity. Furthermore, a gene therapy on the basis of the expression cassette is not linked with the disadvantage immunogenicity. In particular, the therapeutic concept provided on the basis of the present invention is also suitable for patients resistant to conventional replacement therapies, for example the prophylactic application of concentrated coagulation factor products, especially for patients where immune tolerance induction has failed. Furthermore, a gene therapy on the basis of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention does not trigger immunological reactions as gene therapies on the basis of viral systems do, for example on the basis of adeno-associated virus (AAV).

(61) The excellent compliance of the therapeutic concept in patients will be linked with significantly reduced side effects. As a result, no supporting therapies for the treatment of side-effects, as observed in several therapeutic concepts for the treatment of hemophilia, should be necessary. In particular, there should be no need for therapies to achieve a immunosuppression due to the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies or inhibitors. Furthermore, there is no need of additional therapies with steroids, in particular cortisone, as observed in connection with gene therapies of monogenetic disorders in particular hemophilia, on the basis of viral systems, for example on the basis of adeno-associated virus. Moreover, a gene therapy on the basis of the expression cassette according to the present invention allows for a repeated application and a long-term application in patients suffering from a monogenetic disorder, in particular hemophilia.

(62) With respect to the application, a convenient administration of a drug on the basis of the expression cassette of the present invention is possible, in particular an intravenous application. Furthermore, since the expression cassette according to the present invention directs a highly efficient expression of the coding sequence, i. e. a highly efficient expression of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, the dosing intervals can be reduced, i. e. the time lag between the treatment units can be prolonged, compared to conventional therapeutic concepts.

(63) Furthermore, the gene therapy or therapeutic concept on the basis of the expression cassette according to the present invention has economic advantages compared to conventional therapeutic concepts for the treatment of monogenetic disorders, in particular hemophilia. A specific advantage is the fact that the nucleic acid expression cassette as such as well as therapeutics on the basis of the expression cassette according to the present invention are—especially in contrast to the manufacturing of antibodies—suitable for an unlimited industrial manufacturing under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. Furthermore, the production costs can be kept relatively low.

(64) Advantages and/or preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in the following. Furthermore, the following terms or definitions are provided to aid in the understanding of the present invention.

(65) The term “monogenetic disorder”, “monogenetic disease” or “single-gene disorder” refers to diseases or disorders, which result from modifications, in particular mutations, in a single gene occurring in all cells of the preferably human body. The mutations are in general linked with a partial or complete loss of the physiological function of the protein (“loss-of-function-mutation”). In particular, monogenetic disorders can result from sex-linked, recessive or dominant heredity. Furthermore, monogenetic disorders can result from sporadic mutations in a single gene.

(66) Against this background, the present invention relates to therapeutic concepts for the treatment of monogenetic disorders caused by mutations in genes coding for liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins. According to the present invention, the term “liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein” relates to proteins expressed and/or produced and secreted by the liver. Particularly, liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins include major plasma-proteins, factors involved in hemostasis and fibrinolysis, carrier proteins, hormones, prohormones and apolipoproteins. The major plasma proteins, which are produced and secreted by the liver include in particular human serum albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, soluble plasma fibronectin and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, various globulins are produced and secreted by the liver. Examples for carrier proteins specifically produced in the liver are albumin, ceruloplasmin, transportin, heptoglobin, hemopexin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, p-type ATPase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, major urinary proteins, retinol binding protein, sex hormone-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding globulin, transthyretin, transferrin and vitamin-D-binding protein. Furthermore, liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins include proteins involved in lipometabolism, amino acid metabolism, bilirubin metabolism, urea metabolism and/or cycle, carbohydrate metabolism, proteoglycan metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism.

(67) Factors involved in hemostasis and fibrinolysis are of particular importance for the present invention, since mutations in genes coding for such factors or proteins, in particular factors of the coagulation cascade, lead to a group of monogenetic disorders subsumed as hemophilia. Liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins involved in hemostasis and fibrinolysis are in particular all factors of the coagulation cascade, especially fibrinogen (FI), prothrombin (FII), tissue factor or tissue thromboplastin (FIII), proaccelurin or labile factor (FV), stable factor or proconvertin (FVII), antihemophilic factor A (FVIII), antihemophilic factor B, synonymously also known as Christmas factor (FIX), Stuart-Prower factor (FX), plasma thromboplastin antecedent (FXI), Hageman factor (FXII), fibrin-stabilizing factor (FXIII), von Willebrand factor (VWF), Fletcher factor, synonymous also prekallicrein, high-molecular weight kininogen or Fitzgerald factor, fibronectin, antithrombin III, heparin-co-factor II, protein-C, protein-S, protein-Z, plasminogen, alpha2-antiplasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1). Mutations in genes coding for the aforementioned coagulation factors and related substances can lead to genetic disorders, in particular to different types or subforms of hemophilia.

(68) Further liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins of particular interest with respect to the present invention are proteins of the amino acid metabolism, in particular fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase and/or phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, antiproteases, in particular alpha-1 antitrypsin, proteins of the bilirubin metabolism, in particular uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase, proteins of the urea cycle, in particular arginase, argininosuccinate synthase and/or ornithine transcarbamylase, proteins of the carbohydrate metabolism, in particular alpha-glucan phosphorylase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase and/or glucose-6-phosphatase, proteins of the proteoglycan metabolism, in particular idursulfase, proteins of the sphingolipid metabolism, in particular glucocerebrosidase, and/or proteins involved in transport processes, in particular p-type ATPase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator and/or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor.

(69) The term “nucleic acid expression cassette” or “expression cassette” used according to the present invention refers to nucleic acid molecules that include at least one element for transcriptional control, in particular at least one promoter. Furthermore, control elements on the basis of enhancers, regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences or introns that direct the expression of a nucleic acid sequence coding for at least one protein or domains or fragrance of a protein in cells can be optionally contained in an expression cassette. Furthermore, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention comprises at least one coding sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for at least one liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein or domains of fragments of a protein. Nucleic acid expression cassettes according to the present invention can comprise further elements ensuring the replication and stable expression of the coding sequence in the target cells, for example elements effecting an attachment of the nucleic acid expression cassette to the genomic DNA and/or to the genome or further transcriptional regulators, for example termination signals.

(70) The term “promoter” as used according to the present invention relates to a DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid) or nucleic acid sequence, in particular a regulatory sequence, which is required for the expression of a coding sequence linked to the promoter, in particular a corresponding coding sequence located 3′ or downstream to the promoter. In order to achieve a stable and reliable expression of the nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, the nucleic acid expression cassette according the present invention comprises preferably a promoter derived from a eukaryotic, in particular human gene or a promoter derived from a virus. On this basis, the compliance of the nucleic acid expression cassette, on the one hand, in the patient and the efficiency of expression of the coding sequence, on the other hand, can be improved. A promoter according to the present invention can comprise a core promoter, including a transcription start site, a binding site for RNA polymerases and binding sites for general transcription factors.

(71) The promoter in the sense of the present invention can comprise further regulatory elements, in particular parts of 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTR), introns of genes or part of introns or parts of 5′ untranslated regions (5′ UTR). Furthermore, according to the present invention, the promoter can be tissue- and/or cell-specific or suitable for the direction of expression in various cell types. Moreover, the expression of the coding sequence under the control of the promoter can be inducible or constitutive. Preferably, the promoter used according to the present invention is constitutively active, leading to a constant and stable expression of the coding sequence in the target cells.

(72) The term “coding sequence”, “coding region” or “nucleic acid coding sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence coding for a protein or domains or fragments of a protein. Furthermore, the coding sequence can refer to a nucleic acid sequence coding for fusion proteins, in particular fusion proteins on the basis of a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and an albumin. In other words, the coding sequence according to the present invention contains a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or domains and/or fragments thereof and can contain further nucleic acid sequences, which results in a coding sequence coding for a fusion protein. In particular, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence is based on the cDNA sequence coding for a protein and/or domains or fragments of a protein.

(73) According to the present invention, the expression cassette and/or the sequence elements to be protected can also comprise the 5′ untranslated region and/or the 3′ untranslated region. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence of the coding sequence can correspond to the native nucleic acid sequence of the gene coding for the respective protein to be expressed. Likewise, the coding sequence can be optimized for human codon usage or comprise an optimized nucleic acid sequence.

(74) The term “scaffold/matrix attachment region”, also indicated as “S/MAR element” or “scaffold-attachment region” or “matrix-associated region”, refers to DNA sequences of eukaryotic chromosomes where the nuclear matrix attaches. Scaffold/matrix attachment regions of the eukaryotic DNA consist of about 70% T-rich regions and naturally mediate the structural organization of the chromatin within in the nucleus. In particular, the S/MAR elements constitute anchor points of the DNA for the chromatin scaffold and serve to organize the chromatin into structural domains. According to the present invention, it was surprisingly found that the use of the nucleotide sequence of a scaffold/matrix attachment region in the expression cassette according to the present invention mediates the attachment of the expression cassette to the nuclear matrix or the chromatin. On this basis, the non-integration of the nucleic acid expression cassette or a vector containing the nucleic expression cassette can be assured, thereby still allowing a stable expression of the coding sequence and a replication of the introduced nucleic acid molecule in particular during the S-phase of mitosis. The use of a scaffold/matrix attachment region increases the long-term episomal persistence of the nucleic expression cassette or a vector on the basis of the nucleic expression cassette transferred into the target cells. Overall, the use of a nucleic acid sequence derived from a scaffold/matrix attachment region of a human gene is linked with a central advantage of the present invention, namely the prevention of an integration of the transferred transgenic nucleic acid molecules into the genomic DNA of the target cells. On this basis, the risk of further mutations, which can lead to the occurrence of malignant cells, can be significantly reduced.

(75) The term “transcriptional termination signal” or “polyadenylation signal” as used according to the present invention refers to the section of a nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene and/or a coding sequence during transcription. This sequence mediates the transcriptional termination by providing signals in the newly synthesized mRNA that trigger processes, which release the mRNA from the transcriptional complex. With respect to the present invention, the use of any transcriptional terminator suitable for the use in humans can be intended. The selection of a transcriptional termination signal and/or a polyadenylation signal does not represent a problem for the skilled practitioner.

(76) Preferred embodiments of the nucleic expression cassette according to the present invention are delineated in the following:

(77) In order to optimally direct the expression of the coding sequence, the arrangement of the different elements of nucleic acid sequences within the expression cassette is of significance. In context with explanations concerning the assembly and/or arrangement of the nucleic acid sequence elements within the expression cassette, the term “5′ to . . . ” is used synonymously to “upstream to . . . ”. Likewise, the term “3′ to . . . ” is used synonymously to “downstream to . . . ”. In other words, the terms upstream (“5′ to . . . ”) and downstream (“3′ to . . . ”) relate to the 5′ to 3′ direction in which RNA transcription takes place. In relation to double-stranded DNA, upstream is toward the 5′ end of the coding strand for the respective coding sequence and downstream is toward the 3′ end of the coding strand.

(78) According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the promoter is located 5′ to the coding sequence and/or the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a human gene and/or the transcriptional termination signal.

(79) In other words, the promoter and the nucleic acid sequence as well as the scaffold/matrix attachment region and the transcriptional termination signal are operably linked or arranged relative to each other such that the elements are functionally connected and able to interact with each other. In particular, the elements, especially the promoter and the coding sequence, are arranged that the promoter can direct the expression of the coding sequence.

(80) Furthermore, according to the present invention it can be intended that the coding sequence is located 3′ (i.e. downstream) to the promoter. Likewise, it can be intended that the coding sequence is located 5′ to the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a human gene and/or the transcriptional termination signal.

(81) Likewise, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic, in particular human gene is located 3′ to the promoter and/or the coding sequence. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence derived from the human scaffold/matrix attachment region of a human gene is located 5′ to the transcriptional termination signal. On this basis, a stable expression of the coding sequence and a high episomal persistence are provided.

(82) With respect to the transcriptional termination signal, it is preferred when the transcriptional termination signal is located 3′ to the promoter and/or the coding sequence and/or the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a human gene. As delineated before, the transcriptional termination signal is located such that the termination of the transcription of the coding sequence is enabled.

(83) In particular, it is preferred when the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention directs expression of a therapeutic amount of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof in mammalian cells, in particular human cells, preferably liver cells and/or fibroblasts, especially hepatocytes and/or fibroblasts. In this context, it is further preferred when the expression is directed for a period of at least 14 days, especially at least 25 days, in particular at least 40 days, preferred at least 50 days, preferably at least 100 days, more preferred at least 150 days, further preferred at least 200 days. In other words, on the basis of the expression cassette according to the present invention it is intended to provide a long-term expression of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein in the target cells, in particular liver cells. On this basis, it is possible to achieve an excellent efficacy of a therapeutic concept on the basis of the expression cassette according to the present invention. The high efficacy allows that patients suffering from a monogenetic disorder require a reduced number of treatment units, compared to conventional therapeutic concepts for the treatment of monogenetic disorders, for example concepts for the treatment of hemophilia. In other words, on the basis of the therapeutic concept of the present invention, the treatment free episodes are prolonged compared to conventional therapeutic concepts, which is comfortable for the patients.

(84) According to the present invention, the specificity of the promoter or the specificity of the expression directed by the promoter is variable and can be purposefully tailored or adjusting. In particular, any promoter directing a preferably constitutive expression of the coding sequence in several mammalian cells, cell types or tissues can be used in the expression cassette according to the present invention.

(85) According to a first embodiment of the present invention, the use of a cell- or tissue-specific promoter is preferred. Likewise, the use of a promoter, which is active or directs gene expression in various cell types can be preferred. Furthermore, it is possible that expression of the coding sequence directed by the promoter is inducible and/or constitutive, especially constitutive, in mammalian cells, in particular human cells, preferably liver cells and/or fibroblasts, especially hepatocytes and/or fibroblasts. On this basis, the expression of the coding sequence can be purposefully targeted or adjusted. In particular, the promoter can be tailored and/or selected depending on the target cells, the severeness of the monogenetic disorder and the coding sequence to be expressed. In particular, in connection with the expression of coding sequences having nucleic acid sequence coding for a protein involved in hemostasis, the use of a constitutively active promoter is preferred.

(86) According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the promoter is derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a). In particular, according to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the promoter is derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) and the first intron and/or a fragment of the first intron of the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a). A promoter derived from human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) directs a reliable and constant expression of the coding sequences in mammalian cells, in particular human cells, preferably liver cells and/or fibroblasts, especially hepatocytes and/or fibroblasts. In this context, reference is also made to the working examples performed by the applicant. The working examples performed by applicant show that a promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 leads to a stable long-term expression of the coding sequence in several cell types, for example liver cells or fibroblasts.

(87) According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the promoter is derived from Cytomegalovirus (CMV), in particular human CMV. In other words, according to this embodiment of the present invention, the promoter is the CMV promoter. The CMV promoter directs a stable and reliable gene expression in several mammalian cell types, for examples liver cells, in particular hepatocytes, or fibroblasts. With respect to the expression level of the coding sequence, reference is made to the working examples performed by applicant, which verify the stable expression of the coding sequence under control of the CMV promoter.

(88) Furthermore, according to the present invention it can be intended that the promoter comprises a codon-optimized nucleic acid sequence and/or a nucleic acid sequence optimized for human gene expression and/or human codon usage. In particular, this applies for embodiments with a promoter containing further regulatory elements, for example on the basis of introns or parts of introns of a gene, especially of the gene the promoter is derived from.

(89) According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the promoter has a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 17 or SEQ ID NO. 18, preferably SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18. Likewise, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the promoter has a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 17 or SEQ ID NO. 18, preferably SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18.

(90) A preferred promoter sequence contained in the expression cassette according to the present invention is derived from the gene, in particular the promoter, of human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a). The constitutively active promoter fragment of human origin further contains a sequence optimized first intron, which has been considerably shortened. Furthermore, a cryptic splice site contained in the native nucleotide sequence has been deleted. The promoter according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18 leads to a stable and highly efficient expression of the coding sequence in mammalian cells, in particular in liver cells. With respect to the expression directed by this promoter fragment, reference is also made to the working examples performed by the applicant.

(91) A preferred design of the coding sequence contained in the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention is delineated in the following:

(92) With respect to an improvement of the expression of the coding sequence, according to a preferred embodiment it is intended that the nucleic acid sequence of the coding sequence is codon-optimized for human gene expression and/or human codon usage. The introduction of synonymous mutations, i.e. mutations that lead to the same translational product, leads to an efficiency enhancement of the protein expression. On the basis of a replacement of rare codons with preferred codons, the expression of the coding sequence and the production of the target protein in the target cells can be further improved.

(93) With respect to the selection of the coding sequence, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein selected from proteins produced and/or expressed in the liver. As delineated before, the production and secretion of proteins belong to the main functions of the liver. The proteins produced and secreted by the liver in particular include proteins involved in hemostasis, i.e. proteins regulating blood clotting. Mutations in genes coding for liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins can lead to a reduced or completely lacking production of the protein. Furthermore, mutations can result in the production of defective proteins, i.e. proteins that lost their physiological functionality (so called loss-of-function-mutation).

(94) According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for a human liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein selected from the group of: (i) major plasma proteins, in particular human serum albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, soluble plasma fibronectin, C-reactive protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof; (ii) stimulators and/or factors for coagulation, preferably coagulation factor FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof, preferably FVIII, FIX and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof; (iii) inhibitors of coagulation, preferably alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, protein S, protein C and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof; (iv) stimulators of fibrinolysis, preferably plasminogen and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof; and/or (v) inhibitors of fibrinolysis, preferably alpha2-antiplasmin and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof; and/or (vi) proteins of the amino acid metabolism, in particular fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase and/or phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; and/or (vii) antiproteases, in particular alpha-1 antitrypsin; and/or (viii) proteins of the bilirubin metabolism, in particular uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase; and/or (ix) proteins of the urea cycle, in particular arginase, argininosuccinate synthase and/or ornithine transcarbamylase; and/or (x) proteins of the carbohydrate metabolism, in particular alpha-glucan phosphorylase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase and/or glucose-6-phosphatase; and/or (xi) proteins of the proteoglycan metabolism, in particular idursulfase; and/or (xii) proteins of the sphingolipid metabolism, in particular glucocerebrosidase; and/or (xiii) proteins involved in transport processes, in particular p-type ATPase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator and/or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor; and/or (xiv) proteins involved in lipometabolism and/or proteins linked with monogenetic lipometabolic disorders.

(95) In particular, mutations in genes coding for coagulation factors are associated with genetic disorders, which are commonly summed up as hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A (factor FVIII deficiency), hemophilia B (factor FIX deficiency), von Willebrand disease (von Willebrand factor deficiency) and the rare factor deficiencies including deficiencies in factor FI, FII, FV, FVII, FX, FXI, FXII and/or FXIII. The expression cassette according to the present invention can be used to transfer an intact copy of the genes coding for coagulation factors into the target cells, in particular liver cells. On this basis, the physiological deficiency with respect to respective coagulation factor can be balanced and/or improved through the stable expression of the coding sequence in the target cells, in particular liver cells.

(96) It is especially preferred when the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for a coagulation factor, in particular coagulation factor FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof, preferably coagulation factor FVIII, FIX and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof.

(97) More particularly preferred is an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FVIII and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof. In hemostasis, factor FVIII functions as cofactor for factor FIXa, which is necessary for the formation of factor FX. Mutations, in particular loss-of-function-mutations, in the gene coding for factor FVIII are linked with hemophilia A.

(98) According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FVIII with a deleted B-domain. The native FVIII protein has a total length of 2.351 amino acids with the so-called B-domain constituting of 911 amino acids. The B-domain is a highly glycosylated region of the protein but is not required for the physiological procoagulation activity of FVIII. On the basis of the deletion of the B-domain and the replacement of the B-domain by a short 14 amino acid linker, a fully functional fragment of FVIII can be provided which shows—due to the reduction of the length—an improved expression in the target cells.

(99) Therefore, according to a further preferred embodiment in this context, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FVIII with a deleted B-domain, wherein the nucleic acid sequence coding for the B-domain of coagulation factor FVIII is replaced by a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 9 and/or SEQ ID NO. 20 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 9 and/or SEQ ID NO. 20. Likewise, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FVIII with a deleted B-domain, in particular wherein the B-domain of coagulation factor FVIII is replaced by an amino acid according to SEQ ID NO. 10 and/or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 10.

(100) With respect to an expression cassette comprising a coding sequence for the expression of a protein, which carries out the physiological functions of coagulation factor FVIII, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the coding sequence contains a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 2 and/or SEQ ID NO. 19 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 2 and/or SEQ ID NO. 19. Likewise, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence of the native cDNA coding for human coagulation factor FVIII and/or the coding sequence codes for a protein having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 3 and/or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 3.

(101) According to a likewise preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FIX and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof. The physiological function of factor FIX is, together with Ca.sup.2+, membrane phospholipids and a factor FVIII cofactor, the formation of factor FX. Mutations, especially loss-of-function-mutations, in the gene coding for coagulation factor FIX result in hemophilia B. An expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for coagulation factor FIX is therefore suitable for the use in a gene therapy for the treatment of hemophilia B in order to balance the loss of function caused by the mutation.

(102) With respect to an expression cassette comprising a coding sequence for the expression of a protein, which carries out the physiological functions of coagulation factor FIX, according to a preferred embodiment the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 5 or SEQ ID NO. 28 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 5 or SEQ ID NO. 28. Likewise, the coding sequence can have a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence of the native cDNA coding for human coagulation factor FIX. Furthermore, according to another embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence codes for a protein having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 23 or SEQ ID NO. 24 and/or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 23 or SEQ ID NO. 24.

(103) According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein on the basis of a coagulation factor and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof, in particular coagulation factor FVIII and/or FIX, preferably coagulation factor FIX, and an albumin and/or domains and/or fragments thereof. On the basis of a fusion of coagulation factors to albumin, the pharmacokinetic properties of the coagulation factors can be significantly improved. In particular, coagulation factors on the basis of fusions with albumin comprise an extended half-life time. On this basis, the treatment intervals of the patients suffering from monogenetic disorders, in particular hemophilia, can be prolonged, i.e. a less frequent dosing is enabled.

(104) In this context, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid sequence coding for an albumin and/or domains and/or fragments thereof has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 8 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 8. Likewise, the nucleic acid sequence coding for an albumin and/or domains and/or fragments thereof codes for a protein having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 27 and/or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 27.

(105) With respect to an embodiment on the basis of a coding sequence coding for a fusion protein on the basis of coagulation factor FIX and albumin, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 7 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 7. Likewise, the coding sequence coding for a fusion protein on the basis of coagulation factor FIX and albumin can code for a protein having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 25 or SEQ ID NO. 26 and/or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 25 or SEQ ID NO. 26.

(106) According to a very preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coding sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 19 and/or SEQ ID NO. 28 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 19 and/or SEQ ID NO. 28. Likewise, the coding sequence can code for a protein having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25 or SEQ ID NO. 26 and/or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25 or SEQ ID NO. 26.

(107) Nevertheless, the list of coding sequences is not exhaustive, since the nucleic acid sequences coding for any liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein associated with a monogenetic disorder can be integrated into the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention.

(108) As delineated before, in order to overcome the main problem or risk of conventional gene therapy, namely an insertion of the transferred nucleic acid molecules into the genome or the genomic DNA of the target cells, applicant has surprisingly found out that the episomal persistence of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention in the target cells can be improved or ensured, respectively, on the basis of a scaffold/matrix attachment region in the expression cassette. In this context, particularly goods results can be achieved when the nucleic acid sequence of the scaffold/matrix attachment region is derived from the gene coding for human Interferon-beta (IFN-beta), in particular derived from the 5′ region of the gene coding for human Interferon-beta.

(109) With respect to the episomal persistence of the nucleic acid expression cassette, reference is made to the working examples performed by the applicant, which are an indicator for the episomal persistence on the basis of a scaffold/matrix attachment region derived from human Interferon-beta in liver cells, in particular malignant liver cells.

(110) In this context, it is especially preferred when the nucleic acid sequence of a human scaffold/matrix attachment region has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 11 or SEQ ID NO. 12, in particular SEQ ID NO. 11. Likewise, the use of a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 11 or SEQ ID NO. 12, in particular SEQ ID NO. 11, is used. The working examples performed by the applicant show that both variants of the scaffold/matrix attachment region are suitable in order to ensure an episomal persistence of the transgenic nucleic acid molecules. Particularly good results could be achieved with the shortened variant of the scaffold/matrix attachment region according to SEQ ID NO. 11.

(111) Furthermore, in order to interrupt and/or end transcription, it is preferred when the transcriptional termination signal is a polyadenylation signal, especially the SV40 transcriptional termination signal or derived from the SV40 transcriptional termination signal. Even though it is preferred and/or intended that the expression cassette does not contain viral components or elements, in particular nucleic acid sequences coding for viral proteins, an exception can be made with respect to the termination signal, since the SV40 terminator is substantially free from negative side effects when used in gene therapy.

(112) In order to further stabilize the expression level of the coding sequence, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the expression cassette can comprise a Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE). On the basis of a UCOE, the expression of the coding sequence in the target cells can be further improved through the effects of the UCOE on the structure and/or state of chromatin. In particular, the use of a UCOE prevents transcriptional silencing of the coding sequence and therefore leads to a consistent, stable and high-level gene expression irrespective of the attachment position or location of the transferred nucleic acid molecule in the chromosome and/or chromatin and/or vector. In particular, on the basis of UCOE sequences, a transcriptionally active open chromatin environment can be created, enabling the stable and high-level transcription of the coding sequence.

(113) With respect to an embodiment of the present invention with an UCO E, it is preferred when the expression cassette further comprises a nucleic acid sequence derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human Chromobox Protein Homolog 3 (CBX3) as well as a respective transcript and/or a nucleic acid sequence derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2 (HNRNPA2) as well as a respective transcript. According to a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2 (HNRNPA2) as well as the respective transcript are arranged and/or oriented in reverse orientation. Furthermore, the UCOE may comprise an enhancer region. Preferably, the expression cassette further comprises nucleic acid sequences building a Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE).

(114) In particular, with respect to a UCOE, the expression cassette further comprises nucleic acid sequences having a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 13 and/or SEQ ID NO. 14 and/or SEQ ID NO. 15 and/or SEQ ID NO. 16 and/or SEQ ID NO. 21 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 13 and/or SEQ ID NO. 14 and/or SEQ ID NO. 15 and/or SEQ ID NO. 16 and/or SEQ ID NO. 21, especially wherein the sequences function as Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE).

(115) In this context, the use of a UCOE on the basis of a nucleic acid sequence derived from the promoter of human CBX3 (SEQ ID NO. 13) and a respective transcript (SEQ ID NO. 14), a nucleic acid sequence derived from the promoter of human HNRNPA2 (SEQ ID NO. 15) and a respective transcript (SEQ ID NO. 16) and an enhancer region (SEQ ID NO. 21) is preferred. Likewise, nucleic acid sequences having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with the SEQ ID NO. 13 and/or SEQ ID NO. 14 and/or SEQ ID NO. 15 and/or SEQ ID NO. 16 and/or SEQ ID NO. 21 are preferred as Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE).

(116) Furthermore, the expression cassette may comprise as UCOE a nucleic acid sequence having a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 22 and/or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO. 22. The nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 22 is based on a promoter derived from the gene coding for human Chromobox Protein Homolog 3 (CBX3) as well as a respective transcript, a nucleic acid sequence derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2 (HNRNPA2) as well as the respective transcript and an enhancer region.

(117) The position and/or location of the Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element in the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention is variable. In particular, with respect to an enhancement of the expression of the coding sequence it is preferred when the Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element (UCOE), in particular the further nucleic acid sequences as described in context with the formation of a Ubiquitous Chromatin-Opening Element are located 3′ to the promoter or 5′ to the promoter, preferably 5′ to the promoter. Furthermore it is preferred when the further nucleic acid sequences are located 3′ to the coding sequence or 5′ to the coding sequence, preferably 5′ to the coding sequence. Likewise, the further nucleic acid sequences can be located 3′ to the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic gene or 5′ to the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic gene, preferably 5′ to the nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic gene. The best results with respect to an enhancement of the expression are achieved when the further nucleic acid sequences, in particular for the formation of a UCOE, are located 5′ and/or upstream to the promoter derived from a eukaryotic gene.

(118) With respect to the use of expression cassettes according to the present invention, in particular the use in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein can be intended. On the basis of the expression cassette according to the present invention, an intact copy of the mutated gene can be transferred into the target cells. The episomal persistence of the transferred nucleic acid molecules can be ensured by the use of a S/MAR element, avoiding an integration of the transferred nucleic acid molecule into the genome or the genomic DNA of the target cells on the basis of an attachment of the transferred nucleic acid molecules to the nuclear matrix. Therefore, with expression cassettes as described, the risk of mutagenesis by the gene therapy is significantly reduced. Furthermore, the elements of the expression cassette according to the present invention enable a stable and highly efficient expression of the coding sequence.

(119) In particular, the expression cassette according to the present invention is suitable for the treatment of monogenetic disorders, particularly but not exclusively associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B. Furthermore, the expression cassette according to the present invention is suitable for the treatment of monogenetic lipometabolic disorders.

(120) Furthermore, subject-matter of the present invention—according to a second aspect of the present invention—is the use of an expression cassette as described before, in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(121) With respect to the term “medicament”, synonymously the terms “drug”, “pharmaceutical drug” and/or “agent” can be used. In context with the present invention, the aforementioned terms particularly relate to a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent diseases.

(122) In particular, the monogenetic disorder is associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B.

(123) For further details concerning this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the first inventive aspect, referring to the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect of the invention.

(124) Furthermore, subject-matter of the present invention is—according to a third aspect of the present invention—a vector, which comprises an expression cassette as described before.

(125) The vector according to the present invention is a suitable vehicle for gene therapy, which can be used for the transfer of the expression cassette as described before into the target cells.

(126) Advantages embodiments of the vector according to the present invention are delineated in the following.

(127) In particular, it can be intended that the vector according to the present invention is a minicircle and/or a vector that is at least 90% free from nucleic acids of viral and/or prokaryotic origin and/or that the vector is a circular vector. Free from nucleic acid sequence of prokaryotic and/or viral origin means in this context that the vector does not contain nucleic acid sequences of prokaryotic or viral origin coding for viral or prokaryotic proteins, in particular viral envelope proteins, that might trigger an immunological reaction in the target cells. In particular, the vector according to the present invention does not—unlike lentiviral vector systems—integrate into the genome and/or genomic DNA of the target cells. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vector is a non-viral vector.

(128) On the basis of a circular vector without nucleic acids of viral and/or prokaryotic origin, the immune compatibility of the nucleic acid molecules transferred into the target cells can be improved. In particular, nucleic acid sequences of viral origin, for example proteins of the viral envelope, can induce immunological reactions in the patient body, resulting in a recognition and/or an attack of the modified cells by the immune system.

(129) Furthermore, a long-term persistence of antibodies against proteins expressed on the basis of viral nucleic acid sequences can lead to immunity against the respective therapeutic concepts on the basis of the specific viral system. On the basis of the provision of a substantially non-viral vector (with the exception of the SV40 termination signal) according to the present invention, the respective problems known from the prior art and particularly from current genetic approaches for the treatment of monogenetic disorders, in particular hemophilia A and B, are overcome.

(130) In particular, the vector according to the present invention is suitable for the use in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(131) According to a preferred embodiment, the monogenetic disorder is associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B.

(132) For further details concerning this aspect of the present invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the above described aspects of the present invention, in particular the first aspect relating to the expression cassette according to the present invention, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect to the invention.

(133) Another aspect of the present invention is—according to a fourth aspect of the present invention—the use of a vector as described before in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(134) In particular, according to a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, the monogenetic disorder is associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B.

(135) For further details concerning this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the further aspects, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect of the invention.

(136) Furthermore, subject-matter of the present invention is—according to a fifth aspect of the present invention—a nanoparticle-based delivery system for a coding sequence, in particular for the expression of a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof in a patient suffering from a monogenetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, wherein the delivery system comprises: (a) gold nanoparticles, preferably ligand-free gold nanoparticles; (b) polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof; and (c) nucleic acid molecules comprising (i) a promoter, preferably a promoter directing gene expression in mammalian, especially human cells; (ii) a coding sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof, wherein mutations in the nucleic acid sequence coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein are associated with a monogenetic disorder; (iii) a nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic, preferably human gene; and (iv) a transcriptional termination signal.

(137) On the basis of the present invention, a preferably non-viral gold nanoparticle-based gene transfer and/or delivery system has been established.

(138) According to the present invention, the term “nanoparticle” refers to particles having an average particle diameter between 1 and 100 nm. Nanoparticles according to the present invention are based on inorganic material, preferably ligand-free gold. Nanoparticles of this kind are particularly suitable for medical purposes, especially for the transfer and/or delivery of nucleic acid molecules, since they are substantially chemically inert. Surprisingly, on the basis of the present invention, gold nanoparticles have turned out as particularly well-suited carriers for nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleic acid sequences coding for liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins due to their non-toxicity and excellent biocompatibility, on the one hand, and their transfection efficiency, in particular with respect to liver cells, on the other hand. Gold nanoparticles are well tolerated in various mammals. After intravenous injection, they are preferably taken up by the liver and then excreted again via the bile.

(139) The term “polyethylenimine”, synonymous also “PEI”, “poly[imino(1,2-ethanediyl)]” a “polyaziridine”, as used according to the present invention, especially refers to a polycationic polymer with repeating units of an amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH.sub.2CH.sub.2 as a spacer between the repeating units of the amine groups. The chemical name of this polymer according to IUPAC is poly(iminoethylene). Linear polyethylenimines contain all secondary amines, wherein branched polyethylenimines contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups. Polyethylenimine was one of the first discovered transfection agents. When used as transfection agent—without being bound to this theory—, polyethylenimine condenses DNA into positively charged particles, which bind to anionic cell surface residues. The complex on the basis of DNA and polyethylenimine is then brought into the cell via endocytosis. Subsequently, the polyethylenimine causes an influx of water molecules into the endosomes, resulting in a bursting of the endosomes and a release of the DNA into the cytoplasm. According to the present invention, it was surprisingly found that polyethylenimines are not only suitable for the mediation of transfection as such, but also as a ligand for gold nanoparticles in order to build a gold nanoparticle/PEI/DNA complex. With respect to further information concerning polyethylenimine, reference is made to the encyclopedia RÖMPP Chemielexikon, 1999, 10.sup.th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, N.Y., page 3448, key word “polyethylenimine”.

(140) Examples for variants of polyethylenimine for the delivery system according to the present invention are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Munich, DE (branched PEI, 25 kDa), Polysciences Inc., Warrington, US (linear PEI, 10 kDa; linear PEI, 25 kDa) and/or Polyplus Inc., Illkirch, FR (jetPEI™, linear PEI).

(141) The nanoparticle-based delivery system for a coding sequence is linked with several advantages, as delineated in the following:

(142) The delivery system of the present invention is suitable for the preparation of a user-friendly drug for simple intravenous administration in the patients. In this context, the delivery system is designed to eliminate potential risks or safety considerations of conventional gene transfer and/or delivery systems, in particular virus-based transfer and/or delivery systems, for example on the basis of AAV-systems. In particular—and unlike for example lentiviral vectors—the delivery system according to the present invention is not linked with an integration of the coding sequence into the genome of the patient.

(143) Furthermore, the nucleic acid expression cassette and/or the vector according to the present invention, which are preferably used in the delivery system of the present invention, are optimized for human application and human codon usage and express a coding sequence which codes for at least one protein usually produced and/or secreted in and/or by the liver, preferably a protein involved in hemostasis, in particular a factor for coagulation.

(144) In particular, a modular design of the nanoparticle-based delivery system for a coding sequence can be intended. According to an advantageous embodiment of this aspect, the nanoparticle-based delivery system comprises a core on the basis of gold nanoparticles, in particular linear polyethylenimine as the transfection ligand and/or reagent, and the nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or domains and/or fragments thereof. The delivery system of the present invention shows by nature a high specificity for the liver, in particular liver cells, for example hepatocytes.

(145) The nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention is linked with the advantage of non-immunogenicity. In contrast to gene transfer systems known from the prior art, in particular gene and/or nucleic acid transfer systems on the basis of adeno-associated virus (AAV), the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention does not trigger or induce immunological reactions in the patient's body. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles are well tolerated by intravenous injection without problems and in vivo preferably taken up by the liver and then excreted again via the bile.

(146) Furthermore, compared to biological products, for example antibodies and viruses, the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention can be produced relatively inexpensive on an industrial scale with consistent quality and is thus economically advantageous.

(147) The underlying mechanism of the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention—without being bound to this theory—is described in the following:

(148) The binding of the nucleic acid molecules carrying the coding sequence to be expressed, in particular in the form of an expression cassette and/or a circular vector as described before, to the gold nanoparticle surfaces is mediated by derivatives and/or salts of polyethylenimine. Besides the function to bind the negatively charged nucleic acid molecules to the also negatively charged gold nanoparticles, the polyethylenimine mediates the transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells. The uptake of the loaded gold nanoparticles into the cells presumably occurs by clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. In this context, the polyethylenimine prevents the nucleic acid molecules to be destroyed and degraded in endosomes and/or lysosomes by acidification. Instead, polyethylenimine is thought to cause the water molecules to flow into the endosomes causing the endosomes to burst (so called “proton-sponge effect”). As a result, the nucleic acid molecules are released into the cytoplasm prior to acidification of the endosomes.

(149) The nuclear import of the nucleic acid molecules then occurs passively during cell division after dissolution of the nuclear membrane or actively in non-dividing cells via a sequence-specific import pathway. In the nucleus, the nucleic acid molecules bind to the nuclear matrix where it is then replicated. In particular, the binding of the nucleic acid molecules to the nuclear matrix is mediated by a nucleic acid sequence of a scaffold/matrix attachment region.

(150) According to a preferred embodiment of the nanoparticle-based delivery system of to the present invention, the transport and/or the targeting of the nanoparticle-based delivery system can be further improved by the use of targeting units directing a delivery to the liver, in particular to liver cells and/or hepatocytes. In this context, the use of PreS1 peptide derived from hepatitis B virus or a domain or fragment thereof is advantageous. On the basis of a PreS1 peptide, preferably bound to the nanoparticle-based delivery system, a highly efficient targeting of the delivery system to liver cells, in particular hepatocytes, is achieved. Furthermore, the risk of non-specificity can be further reduced, since the sodium/bile acid cotransporter is specific for liver cells, in particular hepatocytes. The PreS1 peptide is further linked with an excellent compatibility when applied in humans. Overall, the coupling of the PreS1 peptide to the gold nanoparticles further improves an efficient and specific absorption of the nanoparticle-based delivery system into the liver cells.

(151) According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, an improved transport and/or targeting of the nanoparticle-based delivery system to the liver, in particular liver cells and/or hepatocytes, can be mediated by the use of agonists for galactose-specific membrane lectins, e.g. the asialo-glycoprotein receptor. Suitable agonists in this context are galactose and/or derivatives and/or residues thereof. In particular, a galactose-conjugated polyethylenimine can be used as a targeting agent.

(152) Overall, according to the present invention, a nanoparticle-based delivery system has been established, which is suitable for the use in therapeutic concepts to correct disorders linked with a lack of physiologically functional proteins predominantly expressed in the liver. In particular, the nanoparticle-based delivery system can be used to correct an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially hemophilia, preferably hemophilia A and/or B.

(153) Preferred embodiments of the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention are delineated in the following:

(154) It was surprisingly found by the applicant, that the use of gold-nanoparticles having a defined average particle diameter is linked with improved efficiency of the transfer a coding sequence and/or transfection efficiency. It is preferred when the gold nanoparticles have an average particle diameter d.sub.p [nm] in the range from 2 to 100 nm, in particular from 3 to 75 nm, especially from 4 to 60 nm, preferred from 4 to 30 nm, for example determined by means of analytical disc centrifugation and/or transmission electron microscopy and/or UV/VIS spectra.

(155) In particular, the absorption efficiency of the gold nanoparticles by the cells can be significantly increased on the basis of the use of gold nanoparticles having the aforementioned size. Furthermore, a purposefully selection of a defined size or average particle diameter is relevant with respect to avoid the potential toxicity of gold nanoparticles. In particular, gold nanoparticles with a size below the aforementioned ranges behave different in cells leading to a certain toxicity. Gold nanoparticles having a size above the aforementioned ranges, however, are not able to penetrate the cell membrane and are therefore not suitable for a transfer of nucleic acid molecules. The use of gold nanoparticles having the aforementioned sizes leads to an efficiency enhancement with respect to the transfection efficiency, on the one hand, and a reduced, preferably non-existent toxicity—in other words an improved biocompatibility—with respect to the cells.

(156) Further information with respect to the determination of the particle diameter of the gold nanoparticles on the basis of analytical disc centrifugation and/or transmission electron microscopy are evident from the scientific publication of Fissan et al.: “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization”, published in Anal. Methods, 2014, 6: 7324-7334, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. With respect to the determination of the particle diameter of the gold nanoparticles by UV/VIS spectra, further information are evident from the scientific publication of Haiss et al.: “Determination of Size and Concentration of Gold Nanoparticles from UV-Vis Spectra”, published in Anal. Chem., 2007, 79(11), 4215-4221, wherein the disclosure of the publication, in particular with respect to the details of the determination methods, is hereby incorporated by reference.

(157) With respect to the conjugation of the gold nanoparticles used for the nanoparticle-based delivery system of the present invention, it can be advantageous when the polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof are bound to the gold nanoparticles, in particular covalently bound. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the gold nanoparticles are coated with polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof.

(158) Suitable nanoparticles coated with polyethylenimine are commercially available, for example from Nanopartz™ Inc., Loveland, US, or from nanoComposix Inc., San Diego, US.

(159) As delineated before, the polyethylenimine has several functions in the nanoparticle-based delivery system. On the one hand, the polymer binds the nucleic acid molecules to the gold nanoparticles surfaces and secures a stable binding of the nucleic acid molecules to be transferred. On the basis of the proton sponge effect, the polyethylenimine provides the basis for an efficient release of the nucleic acid molecules into the cytoplasm.

(160) As it can be seen from the working examples performed by the applicant, various variants or derivatives of polyethylenimine are suitable for a use in the nanoparticle-based delivery system of the present invention. In particular, it is preferred when the polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof are selected from the group of linear, branched and/or monosaccharide-conjugated polyethylenimines and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof, preferably linear polyethylenimines and/or monosaccharide-conjugated polyethylenimines and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof. The use of the aforementioned derivatives of polyethylenimine with gold nanoparticles is linked with high transfection efficiency and a stable binding of the nucleic acid molecules to be transferred. Furthermore, the aforementioned polyethylenimines and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof are linked with a size and concentration dependent insignificant toxicity with respect to the cells to be transferred.

(161) According to a specific embodiment of the present invention, the monosaccharide-conjugated polyethylenimine is a galactose-conjugated polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof. The use of a monosaccharide-conjugated polyethylenimine, in particular a galactose-conjugated polyethylenimine, is linked with an additional function of the polyethylenimine. For, on this basis a targeting of the nanoparticle-based delivery system is possible. In particular liver cells, especially hepatocytes, comprise in their membrane galactose specific cell surface receptors, for example galactose-specific membrane lectin. By the use of polyethylenimines conjugated with galactose, the delivery system can specifically bind to the respective receptors in the cell surface of liver cells, followed by an uptake of the conjugated gold nanoparticles, i. e. the delivery system according to the present invention, by the cells. On this basis, the specificity of the nanoparticle-based delivery system of the present invention can be further improved. Galactose-conjugated polyethylenimine is commercially available from Polyplus Inc., Illkirch, FR.

(162) Furthermore, the transfection efficiency and compatibility of the delivery system according to the present invention can be further improved on the basis of the use of polyethylenimines and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof having a defined number average molecular weight (M.sub.n). In particular it is preferred, when the polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof have a number average molecular weight M.sub.n, in the range from 10 Da to 200 kDa, in particular from 100 Da to 150 kDa, especially from 1 kDa to 100 kDa, particularly from 2 kDa to 50 kDa, preferably from 5 kDa to 40 kDa, more preferably from 8 kDa to 30 kDa, in particular determined according by means of gel permeation chromatography and/or according to DIN 55672-3:2016-03. In this context, reference is made to the working examples performed by the applicant which show that on a basis of the purposeful selection of polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof having a certain molecular weight leads to an improved transfection efficiency as well as a reduced toxicity.

(163) Furthermore, the transfer of nucleic acid molecules can be improved on the basis of a defined weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules. In particular goods results are achieved, when the weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules is in the range from 1:100 to 60:1, in particular from 1:50 to 40:1, especially from 1:30 to 20:1, preferably from 1:10 to 10:1, more preferred from 1:2 to 5:1. Likewise it is preferred, according to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, when the weight related ratio of gold nanoparticles to nucleic acid molecules is in the range from 1:200 to 200:1, in particular from 1:100 to 100:1, especially from 1:50 to 95:1, preferably from 1:10 to 85:1, more preferred from 1:1 to 50:1, even further preferred from 2:1 to 30:1.

(164) With respect to the weight related ratios of the components of the delivery system according to the present invention, reference is also made to the working examples performed by applicant, which show that paying attention to the weight related ratios leads to an improvement of the transfection efficiency and the resulting transfer of nucleic acid molecules into the target cells.

(165) Furthermore, with respect to an efficient transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the target cells, it is preferred when the nucleic acid molecules are bound to the gold nanoparticles by polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof. As delineated before and without being bound to this theory, the polyethylenimine binds the negatively charged nucleic acid molecules to the also negative charged gold nanoparticles. Once the conjugated gold nanoparticles with the nucleic acid molecules bound thereto have been taken up by the cells in endosomes, polyethylenimine causes water molecules to flow into the endosomes causing the endosomes to burst. As a result, the nucleic acid molecules are released into the cytoplasm with subsequent nuclear import.

(166) With respect to the nucleic acid molecules to be transferred it is preferred, when the nucleic acid molecules comprise and/or are selected from an expression cassette as described before, i. e. according to the first aspect of the present invention and/or a vector as described before, i.e. according to the third aspect of the present invention. The previous explanations with respect to the expression cassette and/or the vector according to the present invention self-evidently also apply with respect to the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to this aspect of the present invention.

(167) With respect to a purposefully targeting, in particular with respect to an increase of the cell- and/or tissue specificity of the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention, it is preferred when the delivery system comprises an agonist for a cell surface receptor of liver cells, in particular hepatocytes. On this basis, a specific targeting of the delivery system to the liver after a preferably intravenous application of the delivery system to the patient can be achieved. In this context, it is especially preferred when the cell surface receptor is specific for liver cells, in particular hepatocytes. On this basis, a transfection of undesired cells can be avoided, which in turn leads to a reduced risk of side effects.

(168) According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cell surface receptor is a galactose-specific membrane lectin and/or a sodium/bile acid cotransporter, preferably a sodium/bile acid cotransporter. Liver cells, in particular hepatocytes, specifically feature an expression of galactose-specific membrane lectins and/or sodium/bile acid cotransporters. Galactose-specific membrane lectins specifically bind galactose and/or derivatives thereof. By the use of such agonists for galactose-specific membrane lectins, the delivery system according to the present invention can be purposefully targeted to liver cells, in particular hepatocytes. Furthermore, the sodium/bile acid cotransporter—also known as Na.sup.+-taurocholate cotransporting peptide or liver bile acid transporter—is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC10A1 gene. Sodium/bile acid cotransporters are integral membranes glycoproteins, which are involved in the reabsorption of bile acids in the intestines. Sodium/bile acid cotransporters are specifically expressed in the basolateral membranes of hepatocytes. The use of agonists for sodium/bile acid cotransporter in the delivery system of the present invention results in a highly efficient targeting of the transfer of the nucleic acid molecules to the selected target cells.

(169) According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the agonist for a cell surface receptor in liver cells is a preferably synthetic peptide derived from the PreS1 region of hepatitis B virus. The PreS1 Peptide is a peptide derived from hepatitis B virus, which binds to the receptor of the sodium/bile acid cotransporter. The peptide is available under the trade name MyrcludexB® from the MYR GmbH, Burgwedel, DE. On this basis, the specificity of the delivery system can be further improved. Additionally, the targeting and the transport of the delivery system to the liver can be further accelerated. For further information with respect to the PreS1 peptide, reference is also made to EP 1 281 761 B1, wherein the disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.

(170) According to another embodiment of the present invention, the agonist binds to galactose-specific membrane lectins, in particular asialo-glyocprotein receptors (ASGR-R), especially wherein the agonist is galactose and/or a galactose residue and/or N-acetylgalactosamine and/or a N-acetylgalactosamine residue, preferably galactose and/or a galactose residue.

(171) With respect to this embodiment, the agonists for galactose-specific membrane lectins in the delivery system of the present invention can be provided on the basis of a galactose-conjugated polyethylenimine, as described before in connection with the selection of the polyethylenimine.

(172) The nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention provides a promising therapeutic concept for the treatment of monogenetic disorders in order to introduce an intact copy of the mutated and/or deficient gene into the target cells for directing the expression of the protein the mutated gene codes for. In this context, the delivery system according to the present invention is intended for the use in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(173) In this context, the disorder is preferably associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B.

(174) A further subject of the present invention is—according to as ix t h aspect of the present invention—a method for preparing a delivery system as described before, wherein the method comprises the following method steps: (a) preparation of gold nanoparticles comprising preferably covalently bound polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof, in particular by coating of the gold nanoparticles with polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof; subsequent (b) admixing the gold nanoparticles comprising preferably covalently bound polyethylenimine and/or derivatives and/or salts with nucleic acid molecules, in particular nucleic acid molecules comprising (i) a promoter, preferably a promoter directing gene expression in mammalian, especially human cells; (ii) a coding sequence containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or preferably physiologically active domains and/or fragments thereof, wherein mutations in the nucleic acid sequence coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein are associated with a monogenetic disorder; (iii) a nucleic acid sequence derived from the scaffold/matrix attachment region of a eukaryotic gene; and (iv) a transcriptional termination signal.

(175) For further details concerning this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the aspects outlined before, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect of the present invention.

(176) Also subject-matter of the present invention is—according to a seventh aspect of the present invention—the use of a delivery system according as described before in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(177) In particular, the monogenetic disorder is associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B.

(178) For further details concerning this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the aspects outlined before, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect of the present invention.

(179) Furthermore, the present invention relates—according to an eighth aspect of the present invention—to a composition, in particular pharmaceutical composition, preferably for the use in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, comprising a delivery system according as described before and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

(180) The term “composition” as used according to the present invention particularly means a composition including a preferably pharmaceutical medicament, drug or agent. Likewise, the terms “formulation” or “dosage form” can be synonymously used.

(181) According to a preferred embodiment of the composition according to the present invention, it is preferred when the composition is prepared for a systemic application, in particular an intravenous and/or oral, preferably systemic application.

(182) For further details concerning this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the aspects outlined before, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect of the present invention.

(183) Likewise, the present invention relates—according to a ninth aspect of the present invention—to the use of a composition as described before in the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a monogenetic disorder resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(184) In this context it is preferred, when the monogenetic disorder is associated with an impaired and/or reduced hemostasis and/or blood clotting, especially wherein the disorder is a hemophilia, in particular hemophilia A and/or hemophilia B.

(185) For further details concerning this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations in relation to the aspects outlined before, said explanations also applying accordingly with regard to this aspect of the present invention.

(186) Further advantages, properties and features of the present invention are apparent from the following description of preferred examples of the present invention shown in the drawings:

(187) FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of preferred embodiments of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the first aspect of the present invention;

(188) FIG. 2 shows schematic representations of preferred embodiments of vectors according to the present invention;

(189) FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of preferred embodiments of nanoparticle-based delivery systems for a coding sequence according to the present invention;

(190) FIG. 4 shows schematic representations of the transfection mechanism for the transfer of nucleic acid molecules into liver cells, in particular hepatocytes, on the basis of schematic illustrations of a section of a hepatocyte during transfection with the delivery system according to the present invention;

(191) FIG. 5 shows schematic representations of plasmids and/or vectors, respectively, used for transfection experiments and in vivo studies in order to analyze the functionality of the elements used for the preparation of nucleic acid expression cassettes and/or vectors according to the present invention;

(192) FIG. 6 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLE concerning the effect of the presence of S/MAR elements on the long-term expression levels in transfected cells;

(193) FIG. 7 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF concerning the effect of the presence of S/MAR elements on the long-term expression levels of eGFP in transfected cells;

(194) FIG. 8 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF concerning the effect of the presence of S/MAR elements on the long-term expression levels of eGFP in transfected cells;

(195) FIG. 9 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF concerning the influence of the weight related ratio of polyethylenimine as transfection reagent to nucleic acid molecules on the expression of eGFP in the target cells;

(196) FIG. 10 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the influence of different variants of polyethylenimine at a defined weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules on the expression of eGFP in the target cells has been analyzed;

(197) FIG. 11 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the expression efficiency of an optimized intermediate EF-1alpha (EF1a) promoter on the eGFP expression in the target cells has been analyzed;

(198) FIG. 12 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the expression of eGFP after transfection of liver cancer cells with a delivery system according to the present invention using different variants of polyethylenimine was analyzed;

(199) FIG. 13 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF with a lentiviral-based system, wherein the influence of the UCOE on the expression of eGFP was analyzed;

(200) FIG. 14 shows the graphic representation of the results of the measurement of the factor level of HLF cells transfected with a coding sequence, which codes for a fusion protein of eGFP and factor FVIII SQ or factor FIX padua, respectively;

(201) FIG. 15 shows a schematic representation of a preferred design of a UCOE used in expression cassettes according to the present invention;

(202) FIG. 16 shows the graphic representation of the results with respect to the episomal persistence of the vectors pEPI1-SM-L (FIG. 5A) and pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) in HLE cells;

(203) FIG. 17 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 concerning the effect of the presence of S/MAR elements on the long-term expression levels in transfected cells;

(204) FIG. 18 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the influence of different variants of polyethylenimine at a defined weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules on the expression of eGFP in the target cells has been analyzed;

(205) FIG. 19 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the expression efficiency of an optimized intermediate EF-1alpha (EF1a) promoter on the eGFP expression in the target cells has been analyzed;

(206) FIG. 20 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the expression of eGFP after transfection of fibrosarcoma cells with a delivery system according to the present invention using different variants of polyethylenimine was analyzed;

(207) FIG. 21 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 with a lentiviral-based system, wherein the influence of the UCOE on the expression of eGFP was analyzed; and

(208) FIG. 22 shows the graphic representation of the results of the measurement of the factor level of fibrosarcoma cells (cell line HT1080) transfected with a coding sequence, which codes for a fusion protein of eGFP and factor FVIII SQ or factor FIX padua, respectively.

(209) FIG. 1 shows the schematic representation of nucleic acid expression cassettes according to the present invention. In particular, FIG. 1A shows a preferred embodiment of a general assembly of the elements of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention. According to this embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises a promoter directing gene expression in mammalian, in particular human cells. With respect to a particularly preferred embodiment, the expression cassette can optionally comprise preferably upstream of the promoter a Ubiquitous Chromatin Opening Element (UCOE) (not shown in FIG. 1A). Downstream of the promoter, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises a coding sequence, wherein the coding sequence codes for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or domains and/or fragments thereof. Furthermore, downstream to the coding sequence a scaffold/matrix attachment region element (S/MAR element) is located. As delineated before, on the basis of the S/MAR element, the episomal persistence of the nucleic acid expression cassette in the transfected target cells can be ensured or provided. Finally, in order to provide a sufficient termination of the transcription of the coding sequence, the nucleic acid expression cassette contains a terminator element.

(210) FIG. 1B shows a particularly preferred embodiment of an expression cassette according to the present invention. The expression cassette according to this embodiment comprises a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1alpha. Preferably, this constitutively active promoter fragment of human origin also contains an optimized first intron, which has been considerably shortened; leading to a stable and highly efficient expression of operably linked coding sequences. Preferably, the promoter has a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18. Furthermore, according to this preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention contains as coding sequence a human codon usage-optimized nucleic acid sequence coding for a variant of coagulation factor FVIII, in this context indicated as FVIII SQ. FVIII SQ codes for coagulation factor FVIII with a deleted B-domain, wherein the B-domain is replaced by a short linker comprising 14 amino acids. The protein FVIII SQ codes for is physiologically functional, since the B-domain is not required the procoagulation activity of factor FVIII. Preferably, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 2 or SEQ ID NO. 19. Furthermore, downstream of the coding sequence a S/MAR element derived from the human gene coding for Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is located on the nucleic acid cassette. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the S/MAR element has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 11 or SEQ ID NO. 12 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85% identity with the aforementioned sequences.

(211) FIG. 1C shows a likewise preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention. In contrast to the nucleic expression cassette according to FIG. 1B, the expression cassette of FIG. 1C comprises as the coding sequence a codon-optimized cDNA of factor FIX. Particularly, the nucleic acid expression cassette according to this preferred embodiment suitable for the treatment of hemophilia B can comprise a codon-optimized cDNA coding for the mutant variant of factor FIX, the so-called FIX-Padua, wherein arginine on position of 338 of the amino acid sequence has been replaced by leucine. Preferably, in this context the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 85% identity with the aforementioned sequences. Likewise, the coding sequence can code for a fusion protein on the basis of factor FIX and albumin, in particular on the basis of a sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 7.

(212) FIG. 1D shows another likewise preferred embodiment of a nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention. The expression cassette according to FIG. 1D comprises the CMV promoter, which is suitable to direct a stable and constitutive gene expression in mammalian, in particular human cells. Preferably, the CMV promoter has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 17 or at least 85% identity with the respective sequence. Furthermore, according to this preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette according to the present invention contains as coding sequence a human codon usage-optimized nucleic acid sequence coding for a variant of coagulation factor FVIII, in this context indicated as FVIII SQ. FVIII SQ codes for coagulation factor FVIII with a deleted B-domain, wherein the B-domain is replaced by a short linker comprising 14 amino acids. The protein FVIII SQ codes for is physiologically functional, since the B-domain is not required the procoagulation activity of factor FVIII. Preferably, the coding sequence has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 2 or SEQ ID NO. 19. Furthermore, downstream of the coding sequence a S/MAR element derived from the human gene coding for Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is located on the nucleic acid cassette. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the S/MAR element has a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 11 or SEQ ID NO. 12 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85% identity with the aforementioned sequences.

(213) The expression cassettes as described before are suitable for the preparation of vectors and/or for the preparation of therapeutic agents for the treatment of monogenetic disorders resulting from a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, in particular coagulation factors FVIII and FIX. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the afore-described nucleic acid expression cassettes are suitable for the use in the preparation of therapeutics for the treatment of hemophilia, especially hemophilia A and B.

(214) FIG. 2 shows the schematic representation of vectors according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Preferably, the vectors according to the present invention are in the form of minicircles and/or minicircular vectors that have been freed from most of the prokaryotic vector parts. They are particularly suitable carriers of coding sequences for the genetic modification of eukaryotic, especially mammalian cells. On this basis, the vectors are less likely to be perceived as foreign with subsequent degradation.

(215) FIG. 2A shows a preferred vector, which contains a nucleic acid expression cassette according to FIG. 1B. The vector according to FIG. 2A can be used for the preparation of a delivery system according to the present invention. A delivery system on the basis of the vector according to FIG. 2A can be particularly used for the preparation of a therapeutic and/or medicament for the treatment of hemophilia A. The vector according to FIG. 2B contains a nucleic acid expression cassette as shown in FIG. 1C. The vector depicted in FIG. 2B can be used for the preparation of a gold nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention, which is suitable for the treatment of hemophilia B.

(216) FIG. 3 shows preferred embodiments of gold nanoparticle-based delivery systems according to the present invention for the transfer of nucleic acid molecules into eukaryotic cells, in particular human liver cells or fibrous tissue cells.

(217) FIG. 3A and FIG. 3C show embodiments according to which the delivery system does not contain a specific targeting unit. The representations of FIG. 3A and FIG. 3C differ with respect to the size proportions of the gold nanoparticles 2, on the one hand, in comparison to the further components, in particular the nucleic acid molecules 4 and the polyethylenimine 3, on the other hand. Without being bound to this theory, proportions according to FIG. 3C are more likely. FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D show embodiments according to which the delivery system contains a targeting unit 5. FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D also depict similar embodiments, but showing different size proportions of the components of the delivery system. Without being bound to this theory, size proportions as depicted according to FIG. 3D are more likely.

(218) With respect to FIGS. 3A to 3D, the nanoparticle-based delivery system 1 comprises a gold nanoparticle 2. The gold nanoparticle 2 comprises covalently bound polyethylenimine 3 and/or derivatives and/or salts thereof. In particular, the gold nanoparticle 2 is coated with polyethylenimine 3. Furthermore, on the basis of the bound polyethylenimine 3, nucleic acid molecules 4 are bound to the polyethylenimine/nanoparticle complex. On this basis, the polyethylenimine 4 fulfills several functions in the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention. On the one hand, the polyethylenimine 3 mediates the binding of the nucleic acid molecules 4 to the surface of the gold nanoparticles 2. On the other hand, polyethylenimine serves as the transfection reagent improving the transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells, in particular—without being bound to this theory—on the basis of the proton sponge effect. Furthermore, the delivery system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention as depicted in FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D can comprise at least one targeting unit 5 in order to direct a targeted and specific transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into specific and purposefully selected cell types and/or tissues. The targeting unit is preferably an agonist for a cell surface receptor of the target cells. On the basis of the targeting unit, the nanoparticle-based delivery system can specifically bind to the surface of the target cells, with subsequent uptake of the delivery system by the cells by endocytosis.

(219) FIG. 4 shows on the basis of an illustration of a section of a hepatocyte a schematic representation of the underlying concept of the transfer of nucleic acid molecules into liver cells, mediated by the nanoparticle-based delivery system according to the present invention. FIG. 4A shows the transfection mechanism without the use of a targeting, wherein FIG. 4B shows the transfection mechanism under the use of a targeting unit FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D show a further representation of the embodiment of FIG. 4A without targeting unit (FIG. 4C) and of FIG. 4B with the use of a targeting unit (FIG. 4D).

(220) In particular, FIG. 4B and FIG. 4D show the liver cell-specific targeting of the nanoparticle-based delivery system, containing gold nanoparticles 2, polyethylenimine 3, nucleic acid molecules 4 and a targeting unit 5 that specifically binds to cell surface receptors 6 on a hepatocyte 7 or other target cells.

(221) Starting point is a nanoparticle-based delivery system 1 according to the present invention, in particular as depicted in FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D. In order to achieve a transfection of the target cells on the basis of a hepatocyte 7, the conjugated gold nanoparticles 1 bind with the targeting unit 5 to the cell surface receptors 6 of the target cells on the basis of hepatocytes 7 (A).

(222) The uptake of the conjugated gold nanoparticles into the cells occurs by endocytosis (B), resulting in the formation of an endosome 8 (C), which contains the conjugated gold nanoparticle or nanoparticle-based delivery system 1 carrying the nucleic acid molecules 4 to be transferred. From the endosomes 8, the nucleic acid molecules 4 cannot directly enter the cytoplasm. On the basis of the polyethylenimine 3 bound to the gold nanoparticles 2, water molecules flow into the endosomes (D), causing the endosomes to burst (E). As a result, the nucleic acid molecules 4 to be transferred for transgenic expression of a coding sequence in the target cells are released into the cytoplasm (F).

(223) The nuclear import (G) of the nucleic acid molecules 4 into the nucleus 11 then occurs passively during cell division after dissolution of the nuclear membrane or actively in non-dividing cells through nuclear pores 10 on the basis of transport molecules, in particular importins 9. In the nucleus 11, the nucleic acid molecules 4 according to the present invention comprising the S/MAR element bind to the core matrix and are replicated and expressed, resulting in the production of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(224) Likewise, a transfection of liver cells on the basis of the nanoparticle-based delivery system without the use of a targeting unit is possible, as depicted in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4C. Gold nanoparticles are mainly taken up by the liver after intravenous injection when used as carriers for nucleic acid sequences. Therefore, the delivery system according to the present invention comprises by nature a high specificity for the liver. According to the present invention, the binding of the conjugated nanoparticles to the surface of the liver cells is—without being bound to this theory—mediated by the transfection reagent on the basis of polyethylenimine. Since the delivery system according to the present invention as such already provides a high liver-specificity, an embodiment of the present invention without the use of any targeting agent is likewise preferred.

(225) FIG. 5 contains schematic illustrations of expression vectors and/or plasmids constructed for in vivo experiments and/or transfection experiments in order to analyze the functionality of the elements of the nucleic acid expression cassette and the vector according to the present invention.

(226) The vectors as illustrated in FIG. 5A to FIG. 5G have been generated using standard cloning techniques.

(227) As a starting point, the plasmid pEGFP-C1, which is commercially available from Clontec, Mountain View, Calif., US, has been used for the vectors according to FIG. 5A to FIG. 5C as well as FIG. 5E to FIG. 5G. The plasmid contains a promoter derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the coding sequence for the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP). Furthermore, the vector contains a neomycin/kanamycin resistance cassette in the plasmid backbone.

(228) The vector according to FIG. 5A additionally contains the 1.995 base pair long scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) from the 5′ region of the human gene coding for Interferon-beta, in particular with a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 12. A detailed description of the manufacturing of this vector is also contained in the working examples described hereinafter.

(229) The vector according to FIG. 5B contains in contrast to the vector according to FIG. 5A a shortened version of the S/MAR element derived from the human gene coding for Interferon-beta, in particular with a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID NO. 11.

(230) The vector pEFi1-EGSMs according to FIG. 5C comprises the shortened variant of the S/MAR element, in particular with a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID NO. 11. Furthermore, the CMV promoter has been exchanged for a human promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a). In particular, the promoter has a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18.

(231) FIG. 5D shows a schematic representation of the vector pCL-UCOE-EF1. pCL-UCOE-EF1 is constructed as a lentiviral vector, which contains a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein on the basis of eGFP and a protein providing neomycin resistance protein under the control of a UCOE on the basis of the promoter CBX3 (SEQ ID NO. 13 or SEQ ID NO. 21) with a corresponding transcript (SEQ ID NO. 14 or SEQ ID NO. 22) and the promoter HNRNPA2 (SEQ ID NO. 15 or SEQ ID NO. 23) with a corresponding transcript (SEQ ID NO. 16 or SEQ ID NO. 24), an enhancer region (SEQ ID NO. 25) and the promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18). Additionally (not depicted), the vectors pCL-UCOE and pCL-EF1 have been constructed. Both vectors are identical to pCT-UCOE-EF1, with the difference that pCL-UCOE comprises the coding sequence only under control of UCOE and pCL-EF1 comprises the coding sequence only under control of the promoter EF1-alpha.

(232) FIG. 5E shows a schematic representation of the vector pEPI_F8-SM-S. The vector contains a coding sequence for a fusion protein of eGFP and factor FVIII with deleted B-domain (nucleic acid sequence for factor FVIII with deleted B-domain according to SEQ ID NO. 2 or SEQ ID NO. 19). Downstream of the coding sequence, the vector comprises the shortened variant of the S/MAR element according to SEQ ID NO. 11. Upstream of the coding sequence, the vector comprises a promoter derived from Cytomegalovirus (CMV promoter, SEQ ID NO. 17).

(233) FIG. 5F shows a schematic representation of the vector pEFi1-GFP-FIX. The respective vector contains a coding sequence for a fusion protein of eGFP and the padua variant of factor FIX (nucleic acid sequence for factor FIX padua according to SEQ ID NO. 5).

(234) Upstream of the coding sequence, the vector comprises a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18).

(235) FIG. 5G shows a schematic representation of the vector pEFi1-GFP-FIX-ALB. The respective vector contains a coding sequence for a fusion protein of eGFP, the padua variant of factor FIX (nucleic acid sequence for factor FIX padua according to SEQ ID NO. 5) and albumin (nucleic acid sequence for albumin according to SEQ ID NO. 8). Upstream of the coding sequence, the vector comprises a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18). Downstream of the coding sequence, the vector comprises a S/MAR element derived from the human gene coding for Interferon-beta, in particular with a nucleic acid according to SEQ ID NO. 11.

(236) FIG. 6 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in liver cancer cell line HLE, wherein the effect of the presence of S/MAR-elements on the long-term expression level of the reporter gene coding for eGFP has been analyzed. In this context, the expression of eGFP on the basis of the vector pEPI-SM-L (cf. FIG. 5A) has been compared with the expression of eGFP on the basis of the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B). In this context, 10 μg of DNA per 6-well with 300.000 cells was introduced by mixing with 30 μl of FuGENE6 as transfection reagent. The cells were splitted twice a week and the eGFP expression levels have been assessed once per week by flow cytometry. Since liver cancer cell lines are fast dividing cells, in order to ensure the stability of the vector DNA in the cells, geneticin (G418) has been used for selection.

(237) FIG. 6A shows the results of the GFP expression in a test series, where a short-term selection with G418 for about 10 days was applied.

(238) FIG. 6B contains the result of the test series where a long-term selection over the whole observation time of 12 weeks with G418 has been applied. In this context, it can be seen that both variants of the S/MAR-element, i.e. the long as well as the shortened variant, lead to a long-term expression of eGFP in the transfected cells. Furthermore, the long-term expression of GFP can be even improved on the basis of the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element. Both variants of the S/MAR-element ensure an episomal persistence of the transferred nucleic acid molecules in the target cells, as can be deduced from the expression of eGFP over the whole observation time of 12 weeks. Furthermore, the shortened variant leads to a higher percentage of GFP positive cells, indicating an improved episomal persistence of the transferred nucleic acid molecules in the cells.

(239) FIG. 7 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the effect of the presence of S/MAR-elements on a long-term expression of eGFP has been analyzed. For this purpose, HLF cells have been transfected with the vector pEPI1-SM-L on the one hand, and pEPI1-SM-S, on the other hand. In this context, 10 μg of DNA per 6-well with 300.000 cells was introduced by mixing with 30 μl FuGENE6 as the transfection reagent. Cells were splitted twice a week and the eGFP expression levels were assessed once per week by flow cytometry. Since HLF cells are fast dividing cells, a selection on the basis of geneticin (G418) has been applied in order to prevent a loss of the transferred DNA.

(240) FIG. 7A contains the results of a test series under short-term selection with G418, wherein the selection has been performed during the first 10 days of cultivation. After 10 days, the cultivation with G418 was stopped for the rest of the observation time of further 10 weeks. As can be seen from FIG. 7A, both variants of the S/MAR-element lead to a long-term expression of eGFP in the transfected cells after short-term selection. A higher percentage of eGFP positive cells can surprisingly be achieved with the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element.

(241) FIG. 7B contains the results of the test series where a long-term selection with G418 has been performed during the whole observation time of 10 weeks. As can be seen from FIG. 7B, both variants of the S/MAR-element lead to a long-term expression of eGFP in the transfected cells under long-term selection with G418. Surprisingly, the long-term expression can be improved on the basis of the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element, independent from the selection conditions.

(242) FIG. 8 shows the graphic representation of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the effect of the presence of S/MAR-elements on the long-term expression levels of eGFP has been analyzed. Thereby, polyethylenimine has been used as transfection reagent. In this context, the cells have been transfected either with the vector pEPI1-SM-L or pEPI1-SM-S, respectively. For this purpose, 6 μg of DNA per 6-well with 300.000 cells was introduced by mixing with 18 μg branched polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa. The cells were splitted twice a week and the eGFP expression levels were assessed once per week by flow cytometry. A first test series has been performed under a short-term selection with geneticin (G418) for two weeks (FIG. 8A). In this context, after the first week of growing, the cells were selected for two weeks with 0.9 mg/ml G418. Afterwards, the cells were grown for additional eight weeks. The expression level of eGFP has been measured once a week. The second test series was performed under continuous G418 selection over seven weeks (FIG. 8B). As can be seen from FIG. 8A, cells transfected with branched polyethylenimine with the plasmids pEPI1-SM-S and pEPI1-SM-L show a stable long-term expression level of eGFP. The expression level under the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element is slightly superior. The same applies for the second test series, performed under long-term selection with G418 with the results depicted in FIG. 8B. Also under long-term selection, 60 to 80% of the cells could be detected as eGFP positive. The long-term expression under the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element is slightly superior compared to the full or long version of the S/MAR-element, independent from selection conditions.

(243) FIG. 9 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the impact of different weight related ratios of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules on the expression level of the transgene has been analyzed. For this purpose, cells of the liver cancer cell line HLF were transfected with the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B), wherein different amounts of polyethylenimine and nucleic acid molecules have been used. In this context, the indicated amounts of DNA (μg) per well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells were introduced by mixing the DNA amounts with 9 μg of branched or linear polyethylenimine, both with a molecular weight of 25 kDa. Cells were analyzed for eGFP expression three days after transfection by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the cell viability, i.e. the percentage of non-apoptotic cells, has been determined.

(244) FIG. 9A shows the results of the analysis of the eGFP expression of test series with 10 μg DNA, 3 μg DNA, 9 μg DNA and 0.7 μg DNA, wherein in each case 9 μg of the respective polyethylenimine have been used. In this context, it can be seen from FIG. 9A that all tested weight related ratios of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules are suitable to achieve an expression of the coding sequence, which is eGFP in the present case, in the transfected cells. Furthermore, the best results were achieved with a weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules of 3:1. Furthermore, linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa is superior in comparison to branched polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa.

(245) FIG. 9B contains the results of the determination of the cell viability on the basis of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells. As can be seen from FIG. 9B, the cell viability in all test series with all tested weight related ratios and both variants of polyethylenimine was satisfying. The best results are achieved with a weight-related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules of 9:10 or 3:1.

(246) FIG. 10 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the influence of different variants of polyethylenimine at a defined weight or volume related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules of 3:1 for transfection have been used. In this context, the expression of eGFP transgene expression has been analyzed or determined. For this purpose, cells of the liver cancer cell line HLF have been transfected with the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B), wherein different variants of polyethylenimine have been used at two different concentrations in order to introduce the vector DNA into the HLF target cells. As transfection reagents, the following variants of polyethylenimine have been used: glucose-conjugated polyethylenimine (Hep PEI), commercially available from Polyplus Inc., Illkirch, FR under the trade name jetPEI®-hepatocyte, branched polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (bPEI), linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 24 kDa (liPEI) and JetPEI a commercially available polyethylenimine from Polyplus Inc., Illkirch, FR. Furthermore, as the positive control, the transfection has been also performed with FuGENE6 as a well-known and established transfection reagent. All test series have been performed with a fixed weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to DNA of 3:1. For each transfection reagent, a first approach using 18 μl or 18 μg transfection reagent in combination with 6 μg DNA and a second approach with 9 μl or 9 μg of the transfection reagent in combination with 3 μg DNA have been performed. For the purpose of transfection, the mixtures of polyethylenimine and nucleic acid molecules were incubated with 200.000 cells in a well of 6-well plate. The expression of eGFP has been analyzed three days after transfection by flow cytometry. FIG. 10A contains the results concerning the percentage of GFP positive cells in the different approaches. In this context, it can be seen that all variants of polyethylenimine in all concentrations lead to a sufficient transfection of the liver cancer cells with the vector. The results are further confirmed by the results of the determination of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of eGFP in the cells, which are depicted in FIG. 10B. Furthermore, the cell viability on the basis of the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells has been analyzed three days after transfection. As can be seen from FIG. 10C, the transfection with all variants of polyethylenimine is linked with a sufficient cell viability. Furthermore, the use of 9 μg or 9 μl of the transfection reagent and 3 μg of DNA leads to a further improvement of the cell viability.

(247) FIG. 11 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the influence of an optimized intermediate promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha on the expression level of eGFP has been analyzed. For this purpose, cells of the liver cancer cell line HLF have been transfected with the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B), on the hand, and pEFi1_EGSMs (cf. FIG. 5C), on the other hand. For this purpose, 3 μg of DNA per well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells was mixed with 9 μg of linear PEI having a molecular weight of 25 kDa and then transfected. The cells were splitted twice a week and the eGFP expression levels were assessed once per week by a flow cytometry. The test series has been performed under a short-term selection with G418 for two weeks with a subsequent cultivation for additional eight weeks without any selection (FIG. 11A). Furthermore, the approach was performed under long-term selection with G418 over an observation time of ten weeks (FIG. 11B). As can be seen from FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, the promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha leads to a stable expression of the transgene, in this case the cDNA coding for eGFP, in the cells. A promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) is suitable to direct a stable and long-term expression of coding sequences in liver cells.

(248) FIG. 12 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the transfection efficacy of gold nanoparticles comprising variants of polyethylenimine covalently bound as vehicle for the transfer of the episomal expression vector pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) into the target cells has been analyzed. In this context, for each variant of polyethylenimine, several approaches with different amounts of DNA (50 ng, 1 μg, 3 μg, 6 μg, 9 μg and 20 μg) have been performed. In this context, linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 10 kDa, linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa and branched polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa have been used. For the purpose of transfection, the indicated amounts of DNA (μg) were mixed with 30 μg gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5 nm for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then the mix was added to one well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells. The cells were harvested and analyzed for GFP expression three days after transfection by flow cytometry.

(249) FIG. 12A shows the percentage of GFP positive cells three days after transfection. It can be seen that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA are sufficient in order to achieve a transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells. Furthermore, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the GFP in the cells has been determined (FIG. 12B). The determination of the mean fluorescence intensity also confirms that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA, which have been tested, lead to a transfection of the cells with the nucleic acid molecules on the basis of the vector pEPI1-SM-S into the target cells.

(250) FIG. 12C shows the results of an analysis of the cell viability on the basis of the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells three days after transfection. As can be seen from FIG. 12C, all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA used for transfection lead to a sufficient viability of the transfected cells. The best viability can be achieved by the use of linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa.

(251) FIG. 13 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF with a lentiviral-based system, wherein the influence of the UCOE on the expression of eGFP in liver cancer cells has been analyzed. For this purpose, liver cancer cells of cell line HLF have been transfected with the vector pCL-UCOE-EF1 (cf. FIG. 5D). Furthermore, for comparative purposes, HLF cells have been transfected with a vector pCL-EF1, which is identical with pCL-UCOE-EF1, except with respect to the presence of a UCOE. In other words, the expression of the coding sequence in pCL-EF1 is only directed by the EF1 promoter. In addition, HLF cells have been transfected with a vector pCL-UCOE, which is identical with pCL-UCOE-EF1, except with respect to the presence of the EF1 promoter. In other words, the expression of the coding sequence in pCL1-EF1 is only directed by the UCOE, in particular the nucleic acid sequences forming the UCOE. The transfection of the cells has been performed with 10.sup.−3 to 10.sup.−1 diluted nucleic acid molecules on the basis of the vectors. The expression of eGFP has been analyzed three days after transfection on the basis of measuring the percentage of cells expression eGFP and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the GFP in the cells via FACS analysis. As can be seen from FIG. 13, the vector, which additionally comprises the UCOE leads to a significantly higher percentage of cells expressing eGFP compared to the vectors containing the coding sequence under control of UCOE and the EF1-promoter alone, respectively. The significant enhancement of the expression of the coding sequence directed by a combined use of the EF1-alpha promoter, on the one hand, and the UCOE, on the other hand, is a clear indication for the presence of a synergistic effect.

(252) FIG. 14 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in liver cancer cell line HLF, wherein the factor level in cells transfected with pEPI_F8-SM-S and pEFi1-GFP-FIX has been analyzed. For this purpose, cells of the liver cancer cell line HLF have been transfected with the vector pEPI_F8-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5E), on the hand, and pEFi1-GFP-FIX (cf. FIG. 5F), on the other hand. For this purpose, 6 μg of DNA per well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells was mixed with 18 μl FuGENE6 as transfection reagent and then transfected. On the second day after transfection, cell culture medium was removed and cells were incubated for another 24 hours with 1 ml medium per 6-well. Afterwards, the medium was removed and immediately frozen. Cell culture supernatant was analyzed by a functional factor level measurement with ACL Top 500 (Werfen GmbH, Kirchheim near Munich, DE). Additionally, on the same day, cells were harvested and GFP expression was measured via FACS. As can be seen from FIG. 14, HLF cells transfected with either vector pEPI_F8-SM-S or pEFi1-GFP-FIX show a production of fusion proteins comprising either factor FVIII or factor FIX. On this basis it can be concluded that the expression system according to the present invention—in particular on the basis of the promoter EF1-alpha, a coding sequence with a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, especially a factor involved in hemostasis, and a S/MAR element—mediates an episomal expression of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins in target cells, which is sufficient to compensate loss-of-function mutations of monogenetic disorders, in particular hemophilia A and/or B.

(253) FIG. 15 shows the schematic representation of a preferred design of a UCOE for the expression cassettes and/or vectors according to the present invention. The UCOE comprises a SV40 terminator and a polyadenylation signal. Furthermore, the UCOE comprises the HNRNPA2 promoter, preferably according to SEQ ID NO. 15 or SEQ ID NO. 23, with the respective transcript, preferably according to SEQ ID NO. 16 or SEQ ID NO. 24, as well as the CBX3 promoter, preferably according to SEQ ID NO. 13 or SEQ ID NO. 21, with the respective transcript, preferably according to SEQ ID NO. 14 or SEQ ID NO. 22. In addition, the UCOE comprises an enhancer region, preferably according to SEQ ID NO. 25. According to a preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid expression cassettes and/or vectors according to the present invention, the UCOE is located upstream to the promoter.

(254) FIG. 16 shows the graphic representation of the results of an episomal DNA extraction conducted with liver cancer cell line HLE, confirming the episomal persistence of the transfected vectors. For this purpose, the vectors pEPI1-SM-L (FIG. 5A) and pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) have been used for transfection. In order to confirm episomal persistence of the vectors, 300.000 HLE cells were seeded in 6-well plates. After 24 hours, cells were transfected with 10 μg of vector DNA (either pEPI1-SM-L or pEPI1-SM-S) and 30 μl FuGENE6 as transfection reagent. Cells were splitted twice a week and cultivated for a total of 10 weeks, with an initial 2-week selection by adding G418 to the medium. After the cultivation period, cells were harvested and episomal DNA extraction was performed. As a control, episomal DNA extraction was also conducted with cells that were not transfected with DNA or cells that were transduced with a lentivirus that stably integrated into the genome of the cells. Afterwards, the extracted DNA was run on a 1 wt.-% agarose gel. As can be seen from FIG. 16, cells that were transfected with pEPI1-SM-L (lane 1 and 2) or pEPI1-SM-S (lanes 3 to 6) with a vector containing a S/MAR element show visible DNA bands. In contrast to this, no episomal DNA was harvested from HLE cells that were not transfected with a vector (lane 7) or with a lentivirus (lane 8). The results indicate the episomal persistence and/or the stable episomal replication in transfected cells mediated through nucleic expression cassettes and/or vectors containing a S/MAR element.

(255) Furthermore, the above described studies have been performed in fibrosarcoma (synonymously fibroblastic sarcoma) cells. Fibrosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by the presence of immature proliferating fibroblasts. Analyses and studies in fibrosarcoma cells are revealing with respect to an expression in cell types other than liver cells, in particular fibroblasts. In this context, fibrosarcoma cells of cell line HT1080 have been used:

(256) FIG. 17 shows a graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the effect of the presence of S/MAR-elements on the long-term expression level of the reporter gene coding for eGFP has been analyzed. In this context, the expression of eGFP on the basis of the vector pEPI-SM-L (cf. FIG. 5A) has been compared with the expression of eGFP on the basis of the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B). In this context, 10 μg of DNA per 6-well with 300.000 cells was introduced by mixing with 30 μl of FuGENE6 as transfection reagent. The cells were splitted twice a week and the eGFP expression levels have been assessed once per week by flow cytometry. Since fibrosarcoma cells are fast dividing cells, in order to ensure the stability of the vector DNA in the cells, geneticin (G418) has been used for selection.

(257) FIG. 17A shows the results of the GFP expression in a test series, where a short-term selection with G418 for about 10 days was applied. FIG. 17B contains the result of the test series where a long-term selection over the whole observation time of 12 weeks with G418 has been applied. In this context, it can be seen that both variants of the S/MAR-element, i.e. the long as well as the shortened variant, lead to a long-term expression of eGFP in the transfected cells. Furthermore, the long-term expression of GFP can be even improved on the basis of the shortened variant of the S/MAR-element Both variants of the S/MAR-element ensure an episomal persistence of the transferred nucleic acid molecules in the target cells, as can be deduced from the expression of eGFP over the whole observation time of 12 weeks. Furthermore, the shortened variant leads to a higher percentage of GFP positive cells, indicating an improved episomal persistence of the transferred nucleic acid molecules in the cells. Overall, the S/MAR element is also suitable to improve the gene expression in non-liver cells, in particular cells derived from fibrous and/or connective tissues.

(258) FIG. 18 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the influence of different variants of polyethylenimine at a defined weight or volume related ratio of polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules of 3:1 for transfection have been used. In this context, the expression of eGFP transgene expression has been analyzed or determined. For this purpose, cells of the fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 have been transfected with the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B), wherein different variants of polyethylenimine have been used at two different concentrations in order to introduce the vector DNA into the fibrosarcoma target cells. As transfection reagents, the following variants of polyethylenimine have been used: glucose-conjugated polyethylenimine (Hep PEI), commercially available from Polyplus Inc., Illkirch, FR under the trade name jetPEI®-hepatocyte, branched polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (bPEI), linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 24 kDa (liPEI) and JetPEI a commercially available polyethylenimine from Polyplus Inc., Illkirch, FR. Furthermore, as the positive control, the transfection has been also performed with FuGENE6 as a well-known and established transfection reagent. All test series have been performed with a fixed weight related ratio of polyethylenimine to DNA of 3:1. For each transfection reagent, a first approach using 18 μl or 18 μg transfection reagent in combination with 6 μg DNA and a second approach with 9 μl or 9 μg of the transfection reagent in combination with 3 μg DNA have been performed. For the purpose of transfection, the mixtures of polyethylenimine and nucleic acid molecules were incubated with 200.000 cells in a well of 6-well plate. The expression of eGFP has been analyzed three days after transfection by flow cytometry.

(259) FIG. 18A contains the results concerning the percentage of GFP positive cells in the different approaches. In this context, it can be seen that all variants of polyethylenimine in all concentrations lead to a sufficient transfection of the fibrosarcoma cells with the vector. The results are further confirmed by the results of the determination of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of eGFP in the cells, which are depicted in FIG. 18B. Furthermore, the cell viability on the basis of the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells has been analyzed three days after transfection. As can be seen from FIG. 18C, the transfection with all variants of polyethylenimine is linked with a sufficient cell viability. Furthermore, the use of 9 μg or 9 μl of the transfection reagent and 3 μg of DNA leads to a further improvement of the cell viability.

(260) FIG. 19 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies performed in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the influence of an optimized intermediate promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha on the expression level of eGFP has been analyzed. For this purpose, cells of the fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 have been transfected with the vector pEPI1-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5B), on the hand, and pEFi1_EGSMs (cf. FIG. 5C), on the other hand. For this purpose, 3 μg of DNA per well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells was mixed with 9 μg of linear PEI having a molecular weight of 25 kDa and then transfected. The cells were splitted twice a week and the eGFP expression levels were assessed once per week by a flow cytometry. The test series has been performed under a short-term selection with G418 for two weeks with a subsequent cultivation for additional eight weeks without any selection (FIG. 19A). Furthermore, the approach was performed under long-term selection with G418 over an observation time of ten weeks (FIG. 19B). As can be seen from FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B, the promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha leads to a stable expression of the transgene, in this case the cDNA coding for eGFP, in the fibrosarcoma cells. Overall, a promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1a) is suitable to direct a stable and long-term expression of coding sequences not only in liver cells, but also in non-liver cells (cf. FIG. 10), in particular cells derived from fibrous tissue.

(261) FIG. 20 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the transfection efficacy of gold nanoparticles comprising variants of polyethylenimine covalently bound as vehicle for the transfer of the episomal expression vector pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) into the target cells has been analyzed. In this context, for each variant of polyethylenimine, several approaches with different amounts of DNA (50 ng, 1 μg, 3 μg, 6 μg, 9 μg and 20 μg) have been performed. In this context, linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 10 kDa, linear polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa and branched polyethylenimine with a molecular weight of 25 kDa have been used. For the purpose of transfection, the indicated amounts of DNA (μg) were mixed with 30 μg gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5 nm for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then the mix was added to one well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells. The cells were harvested and analyzed for GFP expression three days after transfection by flow cytometry.

(262) FIG. 20A shows the percentage of GFP positive cells three days after transfection. It can be seen that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA are sufficient in order to achieve a transfer of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells. Furthermore, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the GFP in the cells has been determined (FIG. 20B). The determination of the mean fluorescence intensity also confirms that all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA, which have been tested, lead to a transfection of the cells with the nucleic acid molecules on the basis of the vector pEPI1-SM-S.

(263) FIG. 20C shows the results of an analysis of the cell viability on the basis of the determination of the percentage of non-apoptotic cells three days after transfection. As can be seen from FIG. 20C, all variants of polyethylenimine as well as all amounts of DNA used for transfection lead to a sufficient viability of the transfected cells. The best viability can be achieved by the use of linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa.

(264) FIG. 21 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 with a lentiviral-based system, wherein the influence of the UCOE on the expression of eGFP in fibrosarcoma cells has been analyzed. For this purpose, fibrosarcoma cells of cell line HT1080 have been transfected with the vector pCL-UCOE-EF1 (cf. FIG. 5D). Furthermore, for comparative purposes, HT1080 cells have been transfected with a vector pCL-EF1, which is identical with pCL-UCOE-EF1, except with respect to the presence of a UCOE. In other words, the expression of the coding sequence in pCL-EF1 is only directed by the EF1 promoter. In addition, HT1080 cells have been transfected with a vector pCL-UCOE, which is identical with pCL-UCOE-EF1, except with respect to the presence of the EF1 promoter. In other words, the expression of the coding sequence in pCL1-EF1 is only directed by the UCOE, in particular the nucleic acid sequences forming the UCOE. The transfection of the cells has been performed with 10.sup.−3 to 10.sup.−1 diluted nucleic acid molecules on the basis of the vectors. The expression of eGFP has been analyzed three days after transfection on the basis of measuring the percentage of cells expression eGFP and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the GFP in the cells via FACS analysis. As can be seen from FIG. 21, the vector, which additionally comprises the UCOE leads to a significantly higher percentage of cells expressing eGFP compared to the vectors containing the coding sequence under control of UCOE and the EF1-promoter alone, respectively. The significant enhancement of the expression of the coding sequence directed by a combined use of the EF1-alpha promoter, on the one hand, and the UCOE, on the other hand, is a clear indication for the presence of a synergistic effect.

(265) FIG. 22 shows the graphic representation of the results of in vivo studies in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, wherein the factor level in cells transfected with pEPI_F8-SM-S and pEFi1-GFP-FIX has been analyzed. For this purpose, cells of the fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 have been transfected with the vector pEPI_F8-SM-S (cf. FIG. 5E), on the hand, and pEFi1-GFP-FIX (cf. FIG. 5F), on the other hand. For this purpose, 6 μg of DNA per well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells was mixed with 18 μl FuGENE6 as transfection reagent and then transfected. On the second day after transfection, cell culture medium was removed and cells were incubated for another 24 hours with 1 ml medium per 6-well. Afterwards, the medium was removed and immediately frozen. Cell culture supernatant was analyzed by a functional factor level measurement with ACL Top 500 (Werfen GmbH, Kirchheim near Munich, DE). Additionally, on the same day, cells were harvested and GFP expression was measured via FACS. As can be seen from FIG. 22, HT1080 cells transfected with either vector pEPI_F8-SM-S or pEFi1-GFP-FIX show a production of fusion proteins comprising either factor FVIII or factor FIX. On this basis it can be concluded that the expression system according to the present invention—in particular on the basis of the promoter EF1-alpha, a coding sequence with a nucleic acid sequence coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, especially a factor involved in hemostasis, and a S/MAR element—mediates an episomal expression of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins not only in liver cells, but also in non-liver cells, in particular cells derived from fibrous and/or connective tissue, for example fibroblasts, which is sufficient to compensate loss-of-function mutations of monogenetic disorders, in particular hemophilia A and/or B.

(266) The following working examples better illustrate the subject-matter of the present invention, and they should not be considered limiting the application.

WORKING EXAMPLES

(267) In order to illustrate the present invention, in particular the underlying principles and advantages, various in vivo studies with malignant liver cells and malignant fibroblasts have been performed. Furthermore, delivery systems according to the present invention for the use in the treatment of hemophilia A and B have been exemplarily prepared.

(268) 1. In Vivo Studies in Malignant Liver Cells

(269) (a) Vectors Designed for In Vivo Studies The vectors were generated using standard cloning techniques. In particular, preparation of purified plasmid DNA in high quantities was performed with the NucleoBond® Xtra Maxi Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany) according to manufacturer's instructions after transformation of chemically competent One Shot® TOP10 E. coli (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA). For in vivo studies with cell cultures on the basis of various cell types, the following vectors containing a nucleotide sequence coding for an enhanced variant the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as reporter gene or protein, respectively, have been prepared: The vectors, hereinafter also referred to as plasmids, were generated on the basis of the commercially available plasmid pEGFP-C1 (available from Clontech, Mountain View, Calif., USA). The plasmid pEGFP-C1 contains a promoter derived from Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a cDNA coding for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a multiple cloning site located between the coding sequence for EGFP and the terminator on the basis of SV40 poly A. Furthermore, the vector contains a neomycin/kanamycin resistance cassette in the plasmid backbone. The vector pEGFP-C1 was used as starting point for the generation of the vectors pEPI-1-SM-L (FIG. 5A)), pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B)) and pEFi1_EGSMs (FIG. 5C)). For plasmid pEPI1-SM-L, the 1.995 bp long nucleotide sequence of a scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) from the 5′ region of the gene coding for human Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene was amplified (cf. SEQ ID NO. 12). Restriction sites have been added. At the 5′ region, restriction sites for StuI, AvrII, XbaI and EcoRI have been added. At the 3′ region, restriction sites for MfeI and BgIII have been added. The DNA was synthesized by GeneArt (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc., Regensburg, Germany) and then cloned into the pEGFP-C1 vector using BgIII and MfeI. For the generation of pEPI-1_SM-S, a shortened variant of the nucleotide sequence of the S/MAR element from human Interferon-beta (IFNbeta) (cf. SEQ ID NO. 11) with appropriate restriction sites was designed and synthesized by GeneArt (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc., Regensburg, Germany), cut with the restriction enzymes BgIII and EcoRI (NEB, Ipswich, Mass., USA) and cloned into pEGFP-C1 using restriction sites MfeI and BamHI. Sanger sequencing has verified the nucleotide sequences of both variants of scaffold/matrix attachment regions. For the preparation of pEFi1_EGSMs, the vector pEPI-SM-S was used as the starting point. The viral CMV promoter has been exchanged for a promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha, having a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18. The vector pCL-UCOE (FIG. 5D) is constructed as a lentiviral vector, which contains a nucleic acid sequence coding for a fusion protein on the basis of eGFP and a protein providing neomycin resistance protein under the control of a UCOE on the basis of the promoter CBX3 (SEQ ID NO. 13 or SEQ ID NO. 21) with a corresponding transcript (SEQ ID NO. 14 or SEQ ID NO. 22) and the promoter HNRNPA2 (SEQ ID NO. 15 or SEQ ID NO. 23) with a corresponding transcript (SEQ ID NO. 16 or SEQ ID NO. 24) and the promoter derived from the human gene coding for Elongation Factor-1 alpha (SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18).

(270) (b) General Experimental Procedures

(271) Cell Cultures For transfection analyses, the liver cancer cell lines HLF and HLE have been used. Both cell lines originate from human hepatocellular carcinoma. The HLF and HLE cells derived from the same patient have been obtained form the Riken Tissue bank in Japan. Furthermore, the cell line HT1080 has been used in order to analyze the transfection and expression in non-liver tissue, in particular fibroblasts. The cell line HT1080 is a human fibrosarcoma cell line (DMSZ, Braunschweig, Germany). The cells were grown in Dulbecco's Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with 4.6 mM glucose and 2 mM GlutaMAX™ supplement with 10 wt.-% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. For antibiotic selection with the neomycin analogue geneticin (G418), the medium was supplemented with 1 mg/ml geneticin (commercially available from Gibco BRL, Thermo Fisher Scientific). All cells are adherent and form monolayers in culture; they have been split two to three times a week. For splitting, the cultures were washed with a solution on the basis of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, commercially available from Gibco BRL, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and incubated with Trypsin-EDTA until the monolayer dissociated. Cells were then transferred into new cell culture dishes based to their proliferation rate. Cells were grown at 37° C. in an atmosphere with 5 vol.-% CO.sub.2.

(272) General Transfection Protocol The transfection as such has been performed according to standard protocols. In particular, for transfection 200.000 cells were seeded in 6-well tissue-culture plates. Cell counting of the different cell lines has been performed by using a Neubauer counting chamber. At the next day, cells were transfected with vector DNA using different transfection reagents. In this context, cells were cultured in 1 ml standard culture medium with the transfection reagent 6 hours after transfection, standard medium was added to the cell culture wells. 24 hours after transfection, the medium was exchanged. After two days, GFP-expression was determined via Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis.

(273) Preparation of Branched and Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) Branched PEI (Sigma Aldrich, 25 kDa) is a highly viscous solution. It was weighed, dissolved in PBS and adjusted to a 100 mg/ml stock solution. For use, stock solution was diluted to 1 mg/ml, filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane and stored at 4° C. The 10 kDa and 25 kDa linear PEIs (Polysciences Inc., Warrington, Pa., USA) were bought as powder and dissolved in water before using. To this end, the PEI was mixed with UltraPure distilled water at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and then heated to 80° C. until the solution was clear. The PEI solution was then cooled to room temperature and the pH value was adjusted to 7.0 using HCl. The PEI solution was then sterile filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane filter and stored at 4° C. The molecular weight of PEI has been determined by means of gel permeation chromatography or according to DIN 55672-3: 2016-03, respectively.

(274) Transfection with Polyethylenimine For transfection with PEI as transfection reagent, DNA and PEI were separately diluted in 100 μl 150 mM NaCl. The PEI solution was then added to the DNA solution. The PEI/DNA solution was mixed, incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and then added to the cells.

(275) Transfection with FuGENE6 FuGENE6 (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) was prewarmed to room temperature and the specific amount of transfection reagent was mixed with also pre-warmed 500 μL standard culture medium. Different amounts of DNA were then added to the FuGENE6/medium and mixed immediately according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The transfection reagent/DNA mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and then added to the cells.

(276) Transfection with AuNP with Covalently Bound PEI HLF cells and HT1080 cells were transfected with AuNPs covalently bound to three different PEI-variants. All particles were of the same size (5 nm), determined by, analytical disc centrifugation and transmission electron microscopy, and were tested with 25 kDa branched PEI (nanoComposix Europe, Prague, CZ) and two different sizes (25 kDa and 10 kDa) of linear PEI (Nanopartz Inc, Loveland, Calif.). Due to the high concentration, the gold nanoparticles were diluted with ddH.sub.2O to a concentration of 160 μg/ml before using. Afterwards, the nanoparticles were mixed with the DNA and incubated for 2 to 5 minutes before adding to the cells.

(277) Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) FACS analyses were conducted to determine the number of GFP-expressing cells, as well as the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) and the amount of non-apoptotic cells three days after transfection. In this context, cells were washed once with 2 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Afterwards the cells were trypsinized with 0.5 ml Trypsin-EDTA (0.05 wt.-% Trypsin, 0.02 wt.-% EDTA) and the reaction was stopped by adding cell culture medium. The detached cells were transferred into a FACS tube and centrifuged for 5 min at 1.200 rpm. The supernatant was then removed and the cell pellet dissolved using PBS containing 2 wt.-% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). For every FACS analysis a sample without DAPI-staining was furthermore analyzed. Data analysis was conducted using BD FACSDiva™ as software.

(278) Factor Level Measurement In order to determine the factor level, 24 hours after transfection, the cell culture medium was removed and the cells were cultured in 1 ml medium. After another 24 hours, the cell culture supernatant was collected and immediately frozen at −80° C. until factor level measurement was performed. During factor level measurement the amount of time, which is required for a plasma sample to clot, is recorded. Coagulation endpoints have been assessed by measuring changes in optical density with a turbidimetric method. All measurements were conducted using an ACL Top 500 (Werfen GmbH, Kirchheim near Munich, DE).

(279) (c) Transfection Experiments and In Vivo Studies With respect to the establishment of a nanoparticle-based delivery system for a coding sequence suitable for the use in gene-therapy of patients suffering from a monogenetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein, in particular proteins involved in hemostasis, in vivo studies with malignant liver carcinoma cells and fibrosarcoma cells have been performed. The in vivo studies serve as basis for the development of an expression cassette and/or expression vector to be used for the preparation of the delivery system according to the present invention.

(280) Influence of the S/MAR Element on Episomal Persistence In order to establish an optimal S/MAR variant with respect to a long-term expression—i. e. episomal persistence—of the coding sequence in the target cells, in particular the liver or fibrous tissue, the long-term expression of GFP under different S/MAR variants in various cell types transfected with the afore described test vectors pEPI1-SM-L and pEPI1-SM-S was recorded.

(281) Transfection of Cell Lines In order to test the influence of different S/MAR variants on the episomal persistence of nucleic acid molecules, liver cancer cells of the human hepatoma cell lines HLE and HLF have been transfected with the afore described vectors pEPI1-SM-S (shortened S/MAR variant) and pEPI1-SM-L (full S/MAR variant). Furthermore, fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 has been transfected with the afore described vectors. Transfection has been carried out by using FuGENE 6 as transfection reagent and 10 μg vector DNA. Additionally, liver cancer cells of type HLF have been transfected with pEPI1-SM-S and pEPI1-SM-L, using branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa as the transfection reagent.

(282) Test Procedure The expression of GFP in the transfected cells was measured as the indicator for episomal persistence 24 hours after transfection. Afterwards, GFP expression in the cells was measured weekly. Since the malignant cell lines used for the test series are—in contrast to healthy liver cells, in particular hepatocytes, and healthy fibrous tissue cells—fast dividing cells, the test series were performed under short-term selection conditions on the basis of geneticin (G418) present for 2 weeks and long-term selection conditions on the basis of geneticin (G418) present over the whole observation period. In order to measure the expression of GFP, cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. In this context, the percentage of cells expressing GFP was determined. Furthermore, the MFI has been determined.

(283) Results The results of the transfection experiments regarding the influence of different variants of the S/MAR elements on episomal persistence are graphically depicted in FIG. 6 to FIG. 8 as well as FIG. 17. In this context, FIG. 6 shows the results of HLE cells transfected with FuGENE 6 as transfection reagent, FIG. 7 shows the results of HLF cells transfected with FuGENE 6 as transfection reagent and FIG. 8 shows the results of cell line HLF transfected with branched PEI as the transfection reagent FIG. 17 shows the results of HT1080 cells transfected with FuGENE 6 as transfection reagent. As can be seen from FIGS. 6 to 8 as well as FIG. 17, independently from cell type and transfection reagent, cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S, comprising the shortened variant of the S/MAR element, show the most stable expression of GFP, determined on the basis of the percentage of cells expressing GFP. This applies for cells cultured under short-term selection with geneticin as well as for cells cultured with long-term selection with geneticin. With concern in particular to HLE cells transfected with FuGENE 6 (FIG. 6), the cells expressed pEPI1-SM-S relatively stable, even under short-term selection conditions. The episomal stability of pEPI1-SM-L was inferior under short-term selection as well as under long-term selection, but still sufficient. Under short-term selection, 40 to 50% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP, wherein 20 to 30% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-L showed an expression of GFP over 10 weeks (FIG. 6A). Under long-term selection, 40 to 60% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP over 12 weeks, wherein 10 to 40% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-L showed an expression of GFP (FIG. 6B). Similar results have been observed in HLF cells transfected with FuGENE 6 as transfection reagent (FIG. 7). Under short-term selection (FIG. 7A), 50 to 80% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP, wherein 40 to 60% of the cells transfected with pEPI-SM-L showed an expression of GFP over 10 weeks. Under long-term selection (FIG. 7B), 50 to 85% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP over 12 weeks, wherein 45 to 75% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-L showed an expression of GFP. Also in HLF cells transfected with branched PEI having a molecular weight of 25 kDa, the shortened variant of the S/MAR element led to a higher episomal persistence of the vector (FIG. 8). Under short-term selection (FIG. 8A), 60 to 70% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP, wherein 50 to 60% of the cells transfected with pEPI-SM-L showed an expression of GFP over 8 weeks. Under long-term selection (FIG. 8B), 70 to 80% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP over 10 weeks, wherein 50 to 60% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-L showed an expression of GFP. Finally, with respect to HT1080 cells transfected with FuGENE 6 (FIG. 17), the cells expressed pEPI1-SM-S relatively stable, even under short-term selection conditions. The episomal stability of pEPI1-SM-L was inferior under short-term selection as well as under long-term selection, but still sufficient. Under short-term selection, 20 to 40% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP, wherein 5 to 25% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-L showed an expression of GFP over 10 weeks (FIG. 17A). Under long-term selection, 25 to 45% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S showed an expression of GFP over 12 weeks, wherein 5 to 25% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-L showed an expression of GFP (FIG. 17B). Overall, it can be concluded that both variants of the S/MAR element lead to a sufficient episomal persistence of the transferred nucleic acid molecules in different types of malignant liver cells. Surprisingly, on the basis of the shortened variant of the S/MAR element, the episomal persistence can be further improved. Furthermore, it was shown that the same effect can be achieved in non-liver cells, in particular fibrosarcoma cells or cells derived from fibrous and/or connective tissue.

(284) Establishment of an Optimal Ratio of DNA to Transfection Reagent In order to establish an optimal weight-related ratio of DNA to transfection reagent, the GFP expression in liver cancer cell line HLF transfected with pEPI1-SM-S was measured. As transfection reagents, two different PEI variants, namely linear and branched PEI both with a molecular weight of 25 kDa, were used. The percentage of cells expressing eGFP was counted with flow cytometry.

(285) Transfection of Cells To establish an optimal ratio of DNA and PEI as a transfection reagent, four different amounts of DNA, namely 10 μg, 3 μg, 1 μg and 0.7 μg, were transfected with a stable amount of 9 μg PEI in HLF cells. Transfections were carried out using a linear PEI with a number average molecular weight of 25 kDa and branched PEI also with a number average molecular weight of 25 kDa.

(286) Results The results are graphically depicted in FIG. 9. As can be seen from FIG. 9A, for both PEI variants the best GFP expression levels were observed with a weight related ratio of PEI to DNA of 3:1 (9 μg PEI and 3 μg DNA). Furthermore, higher expression levels of GFP were obtained with linear PEI (39%) compared to the branched PEI variant (20%). The toxicities were comparable for all conditions and not influenced by the DNA amount (cf. FIG. 9B). Overall, it can be concluded that a weight related ratio of PEI to DNA of about 3:1 leads to the highest percentage of cells expressing GFP. Even though both variants of PEI led to a sufficient transfection of the cells with a resulting GFP expression, by using linear PEI the expression of the coding sequence could be even further improved.

(287) Influence of Different Transfection Reagents on Transfection Efficiency Furthermore, the influence of different transfection reagents on the transfection efficiency and the resulting GFP expression was analyzed. In this context, different PEI variants, namely galactose-conjugated PEI (HepPEI), branched PEI (bPEI), linear (liPEI) PEI and jetPEI®, which is a linear PEI commercially available from Polyplus Inc. (Illkirch, FR), have been used as transfection reagents. Furthermore, FuGENE 6 as an established transfection reagent has been used as control. The transfection reagents and the DNA were used in a weight related ratio of 3:1 for the transfection of liver cancer cell line HLF as well as fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080. A first test series was conducted by using 18 μg or ill of the transfection reagent and 6 μg DNA. A second test series was conducted by using 9 μg or μl of the transfection reagent and 3 μg DNA. The percentage of cells expressing GFP was readout in flow cytometry.

(288) Results The results regarding the influence of different transfection reagents on transfection efficiency are graphically depicted in FIG. 10 and FIG. 18: As can be seen from FIG. 10A, the percentage of GFP positive cells is similar for both DNA concentrations of 3 μg and 6 μg DNA per well, except for branched PEI, where the double amount of DNA led to almost the double percentage of GPF positive cells. Furthermore, there is no major difference in the results achieved by measuring the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in the cells (cf. FIG. 10B) compared to the percentage of GFP positive cells (cf. FIG. 10A). As can be seen from FIG. 10C, the higher amount of DNA and transfection reagent is linked with a higher toxicity. Similar results have been achieved with the transfected HT1080 cells. As can be seen from FIG. 18A, the percentage of GFP positive cells is similar for both DNA concentrations of 3 μg and 6 μg DNA per well, except for branched PEI, where the double amount of DNA led to a significantly higher percentage of GPF positive cells. Furthermore, there is no major difference in the results achieved by measuring the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in the cells (cf. FIG. 18B) compared to the percentage of GFP positive cells (cf. FIG. 18A), except for branched PEI. As can be seen from FIG. 18C, the higher amount of DNA and transfection reagent is linked with a higher toxicity. Overall, all tested variants of PEI lead to a sufficient transfection efficiency and are therefore suitable for the applications according to the present invention. The best results taking into account, GFP expression, on the one hand, and toxicity, on the other hand, were achieved with galactose-conjugated PEI. Furthermore, in HLF cells linear PEI leads at lower concentrations of transfection reagent and DNA to superior transfection results compared to branched PEI.

(289) Expression Level of GFP Under Human Promoter EF1-Alpha Since the viral CMV promoter is not ideal for the application in humans, the expression level of GFP under the control of a promoter derived from the promoter of the gene coding for human EF1-alpha has been analyzed. The constitutively active promoter fragment of human origin contained furthermore an optimized first intron, which was considerably shortened. Additionally, a cryptic splice site was deleted (sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18).

(290) Transfection of Cells Liver cancer cells from cell line HLF and fibrosarcoma cells from cell line HT1080 were transfected with the vector pEFi1_EGSMs (FIG. 5C). For this purpose, 3 μg of DNA per well of a 6-well with 200.000 cells were mixed with 9 μg of linear PEI having a number average molecular weight of 25 kDa and then transfected.

(291) Test Procedure The test series were performed under short-term selection conditions on the basis of geneticin (G418) present for 2 weeks and long-term selection conditions on the basis of geneticin (G418) present over the whole observation period of 10 weeks. In order to measure the expression of GFP, cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. The GFP expression of HLF cells transfected with pEFG1-SM-S was compared to the GFP expression in HLF cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S as described before. Likewise, the GFP expression of HT1080 cells transfected with pEFG1-SM-S was compared to the GFP expression in HT1080 cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S.

(292) Results The results concerning the activity of a promoter derived from the gene coding for human EF1-alpha in liver cancer cells of cell line HLF are graphically depicted in FIG. 11. The results concerning the activity of a promoter derived from the gene coding for human EF1-alpha in fibrosarcoma cells of cell line HT1080 are graphically depicted in FIG. 19. As can be seen from FIG. 11A, under short-term selection 50 to 70% of the liver cancer cells show an expression of GFP. This applies for cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S as well as cells transfected with pEFi1_EGSMs. Under long-term selection (FIG. 11B), about 70% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S expressed GFP over the observation time of 10 weeks wherein 40 to 60% of the cells transfected with pEPFi1_EGSMs expressed GFP. As can be seen from FIG. 19A, under short-term selection 25 to 45% of the fibrosarcoma cells transfected with pEFi1_EGSMs show an expression of GFP. With respect to cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S, 18 to 30% of the cells show an expression of GFP. Under long-term selection (FIG. 19B), about 30 to 50% of the cells transfected with pEFi1_EGSMs expressed GFP over the observation time of 10 weeks wherein 5 to 25% of the cells transfected with pEPI1-SM-S expressed GFP. Overall, it can be summarized that the promoter derived from the gene coding for human EF1-alpha directs a sufficient expression level of the transgene in liver cancer cells as well as fibrosarcoma cells. On this basis, a sufficient expression level directed by a promoter derived from the gene coding for EF1-alpha in hepatocytes in clinical application can be assumed. Furthermore, a sufficient expression level in non-liver cells, for example fibroblasts, in clinical applications can be expected.

(293) Transfection Efficiency of Gold Nanoparticles with Covalently Bound PEI Furthermore, the transfection efficiency of gold nanoparticles with various covalently bound PEI variants in liver cancer cells of cell line HLF as well as fibrosarcoma cells of cell line HT1080 has been evaluated. In this context, linear PEI with a molecular weight 10 kDa, linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa and branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa at different DNA concentrations of 350 ng, 1 μg, 3 μg, 6 μg, 9 μg and 20 μg have been used.

(294) Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles with Covalently Bound PEI Gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI have been prepared according to the above-described manufacturing procedure.

(295) Transfection of Cells and Test Procedure For the purpose of transfection, the indicated amount of DNA (μg) was mixed with 30 μg gold nanoparticles comprising covalently bound PEI for five minutes at room temperature. Then, the mix was added to one well of a 6-well plate with 200.000 cells. Cells were harvested and analyzed for GFP expression three days after transfection by flow cytometry.

(296) Results The results with respect to the transfection efficiency of gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI in HLF cells are graphically depicted in FIG. 12. The results with respect to the transfection efficiency of gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI in HT1080 cells are graphically depicted in FIG. 20. As can be seen from FIG. 12A, which shows the percentage of GFP positive cells, gold nanoparticles are a suitable carrier for the transfer of transgenes into malignant liver cells. Furthermore, also FIG. 12B shows that HLF cells can be sufficiently transfected with carrier system on the basis of gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI. FIG. 12B indicates the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of GFP in the cells. On the basis of the results shown in FIG. 12C, it can be assumed that gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI are associated with only a minor toxicity, in particular gold nanoparticles comprising linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa. A high percentage of 78 to 86% of the cells transfected with gold nanoparticles comprising linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa were non-apoptotic. The use of PEI with a molecular weight of 10 kDa was associated with a higher toxicity. The percentage of non-apoptotic cells varied between 55 and 65%, depending on the DNA concentration. As can be seen from FIG. 20A, which shows the percentage of GFP positive cells, gold nanoparticles are a suitable carrier for the transfer of transgenes not only into malignant liver cells, but also into fibrosarcoma cells. Furthermore, also FIG. 20B shows that HT1080 cells can be sufficiently transfected with carrier system on the basis of gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI. FIG. 20B indicates the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of GFP in the cells. On the basis of the results shown in FIG. 20C, it can be assumed that gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI are associated with only a minor toxicity in fibrosarcoma cells, in particular gold nanoparticles comprising linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa. A high percentage of 74 to 95% of the cells transfected with gold nanoparticles comprising linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa were non-apoptotic. The use of PEI with a molecular weight of 10 kDa was associated with a higher toxicity. The percentage of non-apoptotic cells was around 50%. There were no major differences at different DNA concentrations. It can be summarized that gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI variants are suitable for the transfection of liver cells as well as non-liver cells, for example fibroblasts. Furthermore, the use of linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa or branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa is associated with a reduced toxicity compared to linear PEI with a molecular weight of only 10 kDa. The reduced toxicity of 25 kDa linear PEI and 25 kDa branched in comparison to 10 kDa linear PEI applies to both tested cells types.

(297) Influence of UCOE Sequences on the Expression Level In order to analyze the influence of a UCOE on the basis of CBX3 promoter and the respective transcript as well as the HNRNPA2 promoter and the respective transcript on the expression of a coding sequence in liver cells as well as non-liver tissue, liver cancer cells of cell line HLF and fibrosarcoma cells of cell line HT1080 were transduced with the lentiviral vectors pCL-UCOE-EF1 (FIG. 5D), pCL-UCOE (not depicted) and pCL-EF1 (not depicted). Lentiviral transduction of the cells was performed at limiting dilutions since limiting the number of positive or transduced cells is important to ensure that only one integration of the vector occurred per target cell genome. For this purpose, viral particles were produced in 293T cells (commercially available via Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Dreieich, DE), diluted with a medium from 10.sup.−3 to 10.sup.−1 and then added to the cells overnight. The percentage of cells expressing GFP and the mean fluorescent intensity value (MFI) were measured three days after transfection via FACS analysis.

(298) Results The results with respect to the HLF cells are depicted in FIG. 13. As can be seen from FIG. 13, the highest MFI value throughout all tested dilutions was achieved with the vector pCL-UCOE-EF1, which comprises the coding sequence under control of UCOE and the EF1-alpha promoter. The lowest MFI value was achieved with cells transfected with pCL-UCOE. The results with respect to the HT1080 cells are depicted in FIG. 21. As can be seen from FIG. 21, the highest MFI value throughout all tested dilutions was also achieved with the vector pCL-UCOE-EF1. The lowest MFI value was achieved with cells transfected with pCL-UCOE. The results show that the combined use of the EF1-alpha promoter and a UCOE on the basis of the CBX3 promoter and the HNRNPA2 promoter lead to a further enhancement of the expression of the coding sequence in the target cells. The enhancement of the expression applies to both tested cell types.

(299) Factor Production in Liver Cancer Cell Line HLF Furthermore, the factor synthesis or production in cells transfected with an episomal expressing vector comprising the coding sequence for fusion proteins of GFP and factor FVIII (with deleted B-domain) or FIX (padua variant), respectively, has been analyzed.

(300) Transfection of Cells and Test Procedure For this purpose, cells of liver cancer cell line HLF as well as fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 have been transfected with the vector pEPI_F8-SM-S (FIG. 5E) or pEFi1-GFP-FIX (FIG. 5F), respectively. As transfection reagent, FuGENE6 was used. For the purpose of transfection, 6 μg of nucleic acid molecules per 6-well with 200.000 cells were introduced by mixing with 18 μl FuGENE6. On the second day after transfection, cell culture medium was removed and the cells were cultured in 1 ml medium. After another 24 hours, the cell culture supernatant was collected and stored at 80° C. until factor level measurement. The factor measurement was conducted using an ACL Top 500 (Werfen GmbH, Kirchheim near Munich, DE). Further information concerning the factor measurement is evident from the respective text passage in section 1 (b) of the working examples. Furthermore, at the same point of time, cells were harvested and the percentage of cells expressing GFP was analyzed via FACS.

(301) Results The results of the measurement of factor production in HLF cells are depicted in FIG. 14. The results of the measurement of factor production in HT1080 cells are depicted in FIG. 22. FIG. 14 shows that cells transfected with both vectors produce a quantifiable amount of factor FVIII and FIX, respectively. With fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, an even higher factor level with respect to the amount of factor FVIII and FIX, respectively, was achieved (cf. FIG. 22). For the purpose of evidence and detection, the factor level measurement has been performed on the basis of a nucleic acid sequence, which codes for a fusion protein on the basis of GFP and the respective factor. However, due to a shortened sequence, it can be expected that the production of factors will be enhanced on the basis of a coding sequence coding only for the respective liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein and/or domains and/or fragments thereof without GFP.

(302) Analysis of S/MAR Directed Episomal Persistence in Liver Cancer Cell Line HLE The episomal persistence of vectors containing a S/MAR element in transfected cells has been analyzed. For this purpose, the vectors pEPI1-SM-L (FIG. 5A) and pEPI1-SM-S (FIG. 5B) have been used for transfection.

(303) Transfection of Cells and Test Procedure In order to confirm episomal persistence of the vectors, 300.000 HLE cells were seeded in 6-well plates. After 24 hours, cells were transfected with 10 μg of vector DNA (either pEPI1-SM-L or pEPI1-SM-S) and 30 μl FuGENE6 as transfection reagent Cells were splitted twice a week and cultivated for a total of 10 weeks, with an initial 2-week selection by adding G418 to the medium. After the cultivation period, cells were harvested and episomal DNA extraction was performed. Episomal DNA extraction was performed using the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, DE). As a control, episomal DNA extraction was also conducted with cells that were not transfected with DNA or cells that were transduced with a lentivirus that stably integrated into the genome of the cells. Afterwards, the extracted DNA was run on a 1 wt.-% agarose gel.

(304) Results The results are depicted in FIG. 16. As can be seen from FIG. 16, cells that were transfected with pEPI1-SM-L (lane 1 and 2) or pEPI1-SM-S (lanes 3 to 6) with a vector containing a S/MAR element show visible DNA bands. In contrast to this, no episomal DNA was harvested from HLE cells that were not transfected with a vector (lane 7) or with a lentivirus (lane 8). The results verify the episomal persistence and/or the stable episomal replication in transfected cells mediated through nucleic expression cassettes and/or vectors containing a S/MAR element.

(305) Overall, on the basis of the in vivo studies, the applicant found out that the episomal persistence of the coding sequences, in particular on the basis of vectors, in the target cells can be significantly improved when the vector additionally contains a scaffold/matrix attachment region. In this context, the shortened variant of the S/MAR element according to SEQ ID No. 11 is superior in comparison the full length S/MAR element according to SEQ ID No. 12, even though both variants are suitable for the use in expression cassettes and/or vectors according to the present invention. The respective results apply for liver tissue, in particular liver cells, as well as non-liver tissue, in particular fibrous tissue and/or fibroblasts.

(306) Furthermore, the ratio of DNA to transfection agent has a significant impact on transfection efficiency. On the basis of the transfection experiments applicant found out that a wide range of a weight-related ratio of DNA to transfection reagent is suitable for the transfection of liver cells and non-liver cells, in particular fibroblasts or cells originating from fibrous tissue. Especially good results are achieved with a weight-related ratio of transfection reagent on the basis polyethylenimine to nucleic acid molecules, in particular DNA, is 3:1.

(307) Additionally, it was found out that all variants of polyethylenimine, namely galactose-conjugated PEI, branched PEI, linear PEI and jetPEI®, are suitable for the transfection of liver cells and non-liver cells.

(308) With respect to a promoter in order to direct the expression of the coding sequence in liver cells and non-liver cells, in particular cells derived from fibrous tissue, which is particularly suitable for the use in humans, a promoter sequence derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha, in particular with a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 18, was found to be appropriate for expression in liver cells and non-liver cells. Furthermore, the transfection experiments performed by the applicant showed that gold nanoparticles comprising different variants of PEI, in particular linear PEI with a molecular weight of 10 kDa, linear PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa and branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa, are suitable for the transfection of liver cells and non-liver cells with nucleic acid molecules. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles with covalently bound PEI variants are associated with only a minor toxicity when it used for transfection.

(309) Furthermore, it was surprisingly found that the expression of the coding sequence in the target cells, in particular liver cells and non-liver cells, for example cells originating from fibrous and/or connective tissue, can be further improved when the nucleic expression cassette and/or the vector comprises upstream of the promoter a UCOE.

(310) Finally, on the basis of the in vivo studies, it was shown that target cells which have been transfected with a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a coding sequence for liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins, in particular the factors of hemostasis FVIII and FIX, produce the proteins in measurable amounts. It can be expected that such nucleic acid expression cassettes or vectors comprising such nucleic acid expression cassettes are a suitable genetic approach for the treatment of patients suffering from monogenetic disorders on the basis of loss-of-function-mutations in genes coding for liver-specific and/or liver-expressed proteins. On this basis, an intact copy of the mutated gene coding for the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein can be introduced into the target cells, in particular liver cells or non-liver cells, for example cells from fibrous tissue, mediating the expression of a physiologically functional variant of the liver-specific and/or liver-expressed protein.

(311) 2. Preparation of a Delivery System According to the Present Invention

(312) Furthermore, an exemplary delivery system according to the present invention suitable for the transfer of coding sequence for coagulation factors FVIII or FIX, respectively, into a patient suffering from hemophilia A or B, respectively, has been prepared.

(313) Preparation of Non-Viral Minicircle Vectors

(314) Nucleic acid molecules suitable for the nanoparticle-based delivery system of the present invention, in particular vectors and/or expression cassettes according to the present invention, can be generated by standard cloning and/or synthesizing techniques.

(315) For the preparation of a nanoparticle-based delivery system of the present invention, a first non-viral minicircle vector according to FIG. 2A containing an expression cassette for the expression of coagulation factor FVIII has been prepared. The vector comprises an expression cassette containing a constitutively active promoter derived from the gene coding for human Elongation Factor-1 alpha (EF1-alpha). The promoter further contains an optimized first intron, which has been considerably shortened. In addition, a cryptic splice site has been deleted. Downstream of the promoter, the vector contains as coding sequence the cDNA sequence coding for factor FVIII with a deleted B-domain and a 14 amino acid linker, wherein the linker is to replace the B-domain of FVIII. Downstream of the coding sequence a shortened nucleic acid sequence of a scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) is located.

(316) Additionally, a non-viral minicircle vector according to FIG. 2B containing an expression cassette for the expression of coagulation factor FIX has been prepared. The minicircle vector for the expression of coagulation factor FIX in fusion with albumin complies with respect to the assembly the afore described vector for the expression of factor FVIII, with the difference that the coding sequence is the cDNA sequence coding for a fusion protein of factor FIX and albumin.

(317) The vectors as shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, preferably having coding sequences according to SEQ ID NO. 2 or SEQ ID NO. 19 (FIG. 2A) and SEQ ID NO. 5 (FIG. 2B), respectively, are suitable for the preparation of a nanoparticle-based delivery system for the coding sequences of coagulation factors FVIII, in particular with a deletion of the B-domain, and FIX. Likewise, vectors comprising the coding sequences for any protein predominantly expressed in the liver, in particular factors for coagulation and/or blood clotting, can be produced for the preparation of nanoparticle-based delivery system suitable for the expression of the respective coding sequence in the liver in order to treat monogenetic disorders resulting from a mutation in the corresponding gene.

(318) Polyethylenimine-Coated Gold Nanoparticles

(319) Gold nanoparticles suitable for a delivery system according to the present invention are commercially available for example from Nanopartz™ Inc., Loveland, US, or from nanoComposix Inc., San Diego, US. The nanoparticles comprise an average diameter of 5 nm, determined by means of UV/Vis spectra and transmission electron microscopy.

(320) Preparation of the Delivery System

(321) For the preparation of a delivery system suitable for the transfection of target cells, in particular liver cells, the gold nanoparticles are diluted with ddH.sub.2O to a concentration between 50 and 250 μg/ml, in particular between 100 and 200 μg/ml. After dilution of the gold nanoparticles, nucleic acid molecules are added to the diluted gold nanoparticles. The weight-based amount of nucleic acid molecules is variable and depends on the amount of gold nanoparticles used for transfection. For an amount of 30 μg coated gold nanoparticles, particularly good transfection results have been achieved with an amount of nucleic acid molecules in the range from 350 ng and 20 μg. Gold nanoparticles and nucleic acid sequences are incubated at a temperature in the range from 10° C. to 35° C., preferably room temperature, for 1 to 15 minutes, in particular to ensure a binding of the nucleic acid molecules to the gold nanoparticles, especially the polyethylenimine. The delivery system can be used for transfection of cells.

(322) Transfection with the Delivery System

(323) For transfection, the delivery system as described before is mixed with the target cells, for example target cells on a well-plate with a defined number of cells per well. Furthermore, for transfection of target cells, in particular liver cells of a patient, the delivery system can be integrated into a pharmaceutically composition, preferably for intravenous application, for the use in the treatment of a patient suffering from a monogenetic disorder.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

(324) 1 delivery system 2 gold nanoparticle 3 polyethylenimine 4 nucleic acid molecules 5 targeting unit 6 cell surface receptor 7 hepatocyte (membrane) 8 endosome 9 importin 10 nuclear pore 11 nucleus