Abstract
Kits or sub-systems that include sensors to measure a projectile's condition at muzzle exit. The kits or sub-systems are coupled to ballistic calculators or fire control systems that calculate aiming and programming solutions to improve shot placement, reduced dispersion and improve terminal performance. Where airburst munitions are used, the projectile is programmed when reaching a programming station beyond the barrel and the projectile is programmed with a solution that adjusts the burst location based on the measured muzzle velocity. Sub-systems, processes and sub-routines optimize post-shot programming using certain non-linear methods that are incorporated into fire control systems and ballistic calculators. These non-linear sub-routines are useful in establishing the optimum terminal effect of such airburst projectiles. The sub-systems are used separately or are incorporated into the weapons, to reduce dispersion and improve the terminal effects of the projectiles.
Claims
1. A projectile configured to be fired from a gun barrel of a weapon, said projectile having a cylindrical body defining a central longitudinal axis, the improvement comprising a plurality of marks on said projectile arranged in at least one circular row around said body, with said row extending perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, said marks being of such character as to be seen by an optical detector while exiting from the barrel.
2. The projectile recited in claim 1, wherein at least some of the marks have distinctive patterns, such that the optical detector can discriminate between marks with different patterns.
3. The projectile recited in claim 1, wherein at least some of the marks have distinctive colors, such that the optical detector can discriminate between marks with different colors.
4. The projectile recited in claim 1, wherein at least some of the marks are luminescent.
5. The projectile recited in claim 1, wherein at least some of the marks are of a different shape than others.
6. The projectile recited in claim 1, wherein all of the marks have the same shape.
7. The projectile recited in claim 6, wherein at least some of the marks are in the shape of a cross.
8. The projectile recited in claim 1, further comprising an explosive charge and a programmable device for detonating said explosive charge while said projectile is in flight.
9. Projectile flight parameter measurement apparatus for a weapon having a gun barrel defining a central longitudinal axis extending between a breech end and an opposite, muzzle end, said weapon being operative to launch a projectile through said gun barrel, said flight parameter measurement apparatus comprising: (a) a tubular housing configured to be attached to the weapon to receive a launched projectile as it leaves the muzzle end of the gun barrel, said tubular housing having a longitudinal axis aligned with the central longitudinal axis of the gun barrel; (b) at least one beam emitter disposed in the housing for illuminating the projectile as it passes through the housing; (c) at least one electronic imager disposed in the housing for viewing the projectiles that are illuminated by the emitter and for producing electronic signals representing images of the projectile; (d) an electronic computational logic device, coupled to said at least one electronic imager, for processing said signals to determine at least one flight parameter of the projectile that has passed through the housing, said projectile flight parameters being selected from the group consisting of: (1) projectile yaw; (2) projectile spin; (3) projectile muzzle velocity.
10. The apparatus recited in claim 8, wherein said logic device is further operative to determine projectile flight parameters selected from the group consisting of: (5) projectile rate of change of yaw; (6) projectile rate of change of spin; and (7) projectile rate of change of muzzle velocity.
11. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said at least one emitter provides strobe illumination and said at least one imager captures stop-action views of the projectile.
12. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said at least one emitter strobes the illumination and said at least one imager captures views of the projectile at the instants of the illumination as the projectile passes through the housing.
13. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said at least one imager captures at least two successive views of the projectile as it passes through the housing.
14. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said at least one imager captures views at different angles around a circumference of the projectile as it passes through the housing.
15. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein the projectile has a cylindrical body defining a central longitudinal axis and a plurality of markings arranged in a circular row around the body, with said row extending perpendicular to said longitudinal axis.
16. The apparatus recited in claim 15, wherein at least some of the projectile markings are colored.
17. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein the projectile comprises an explosive charge and a programmable device for detonating said explosive charge while projectile is in flight.
18. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said at least one emitter emits a radiation beam, in particular at least one of IR, visible light and UV light.
19. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said at least one emitter emits an ion beam.
20. The apparatus recited in claim 9, wherein said weapon includes an aiming device for the gun barrel, and wherein said logic device is coupled with said aiming device for adjusting the aim of the barrel in dependence upon said at least one flight parameter.
21. A system for use with a weapon having a barrel with a muzzle for firing a programmable, airburst ammunition projectile toward a target, said system comprising a measurement and programming device for measuring the velocity of the projectile as it transits and exits the muzzle and a programming device to transmit a TOF or DTB signal to an airburst projectile at a programming station after exiting the muzzle, said device including: (1) a velocity measurement device configured to be disposed adjacent the muzzle of the weapon for measuring the muzzle velocity of said programmable projectile when fired from said barrel and for producing a signal representing said muzzle velocity; (2) a ranging device for determining the range to the target and for producing a signal representing said target range; (3) a ballistic calculator including a processor, coupled to receive said target range and muzzle velocity signals, for calculating an optimum flight duration to airburst for said projectile in dependence upon the measured muzzle velocity, and for producing a programming signal representing at least one of: a. projectile time-of-flight to airburst; b. distance of travel to burst of said airburst projectile; and (4) a transmitter, coupled to said ballistic calculator, for transmitting the programming signal to said airburst projectile after the projectile leaves the muzzle and is in flight toward the target.
22. The weapon system recited in claim 21, wherein said ballistic calculator calculates at least one of the time-of-flight and distance to burst of said airburst projectile to the target and the desired, optimum time to detonate said projectile.
23. The weapon system recited in claim 21, wherein said transmitter transmits a signal to the projectile.
24. The weaponry system recited in claim 23, wherein said transmitter transmits said signal to the projectile at a radiation frequency selected from the group consisting of radio frequency, UHF, microwave, MWIR, IR visual and UV.
25. The weapon system recited in claim 21, wherein said transmitter transmits an extended range magnetic induction signal to the projectile.
26. The weapon system recited in claim 21, wherein said transmitter transmits a 1-40 GHz microwave signal to a projectile.
27. The weapon system recited in claim 21, further including an input device, coupled to said ballistic calculator, for producing a signal representing a desired variation in the optimum time-of-flight or distance to burst of the projectile, whereby the calculator adjusts the programming signal in accordance with the variation.
28. The weapon system recited in claim 27, wherein said programming signal is encoded by a programming algorithm in said ballistic calculator that computes the variation producing an optimized burst location based on at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of an expected projectile trajectory, projectile muzzle velocity, expected projectile fragmentation throw, and expected projectile angle of fall.
29. The weapon system recited in claim 28, programming device includes an optical, wireless RF, Extended Range Magnetic or 3-40 GHz emitter that transmits said programming signal to the airburst projectile.
30. The weapon system recited in claim 28, for high apogee programmable trajectory projectiles said programming algorithm uses a non-linear computational methodology to determine at least one of an optimized time-of-flight and distance-to-travel, with an effective height of burst at extended ranges.
31. The weapon system recited in claim 27, wherein said input device allows a user to extend the desired time of flight by adding milliseconds to the duration of a projectile's flight before bursting, allowing the projectile to travel at least a meter past the target range, as determined by the ranging device, in a case where the ranged reference point differs from the target and a projectile's fragmentation throw is optimized rearward, and where such variation in airburst time or distance-to-burst would optimize an effect on the target.
32. The weapon system recited in claim 27, wherein said input device allows a user to reduce the desired time of flight by subtracting milliseconds from the duration of a projectile's flight before bursting, causing the projectile to detonate at least a meter before the target range, as determined by the ranging device, in a case where the projectile's fragmentation throw is optimized for forward travel, and where such variation in airburst time or distance to burst would optimize an effect on the target.
33. A kit or sub-system adapted to be added to, or incorporated into, a weapon system for a weapon that has a barrel and fires projectiles toward a target, said projectile having metallic characteristics upon which a magnetic force can be applied in a barrel or muzzle to slow or accelerate the projectile to a target velocity, said weapon system comprising a measurement and regulating device for measuring and regulating the velocity of a projectile as it transits and exits the barrel, said device including: (1) a velocity measurement device configured to be disposed adjacent the muzzle of the barrel for measuring the muzzle velocity of said projectile; (2) a ballistic calculator for calculating an electrical force to be applied to a projectile transiting coils in dependence upon the type of ammunition projectile; (3) at least one magnetic coil configured to surround the projectile as it transits and exits the barrel for applying a magnetic force to slow or accelerate the projectile to a desired target velocity; (4) a source of electrical energy, coupled to said magnetic coil, for applying a current to said magnetic coil; and (5) a controller, coupled to said calculator and to said source of energy, for controlling the amount of current applied to said magnetic coil in dependence upon the magnetic force required to slow or accelerate the projectile to the desired target velocity.
34. The measurement and regulating device defined in claim 33, wherein said ballistic calculator transmits information to an external fire control system.
35. The measurement and regulating device defined in claim 33, wherein said calculator includes a memory for storing said metallic characteristics of a plurality of projectiles, and input means, coupled to the calculator, for selecting the metallic characteristics of a projectile to be fired.
36. The measurement and regulating device defined in claim 33, further comprising an electrical storage device; wherein the magnetic coil transforms mechanical energy of the projectile into an electrical energy, thereby reducing the velocity of, and robbing mechanical energy from, the projectile, and wherein said electrical energy so generated is supplied to the storage device.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0065] FIG. 1 is a Cartesian coordinate diagram showing various angles of yaw.
[0066] FIG. 2 is a time sequence diagram showing a projectile, provided with markings according to the invention, leaving the barrel of a weapon.
[0067] FIG. 3 is a top and side view of the projectile of FIG. 2 showing rotational axis changes.
[0068] FIG. 4 is a side view of the projectile of FIG. 2 showing successive angles of yaw.
[0069] FIGS. 5 and 6 are front and side views of a flash suppressor for RWS and 40 mm AGLs incorporating an emitter (FIG. 5) and an optical detector (FIG. 6) according to the invention.
[0070] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the system according to the invention incorporated into a flash suppressor for a 40 mm AGL.
[0071] FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a flash suppresser showing gas wash, powder burn and debris that obscures observation of the fired projectile.
[0072] FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a flash suppresser showing the flash illumination of a projectile in first position.
[0073] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the flash suppresser of FIG. 11 showing the image capture of markings on the projectile in the first position.
[0074] FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a flash suppresser showing the flash illumination of a projectile in a second position.
[0075] FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the flash suppresser of FIG. 13 showing the image capture of markings on the projectile in the second position.
[0076] FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a flash suppresser showing the flash illumination of a projectile in a third position.
[0077] FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a flash suppresser of FIG. 15 showing the image capture of markings on the projectile in the third position.
[0078] FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C and 15D are cutaway views of a flash suppressor at successive instants of time as a projectile is launched and imaged as it passes through the device.
[0079] FIGS. 16A and 16B comprise a flow chart showing the operation of the system according to the present invention.
[0080] FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating key components that can, in various configurations, be incorporated into kits according to the invention.
[0081] FIGS. 18A and 18B are detailed diagrams of the weapon system of FIG. 17 showing optical and RF transmission, respectively, to the projectile during flight.
[0082] FIG. 18C illustrates the use of the system of FIG. 17 by a gunnery crew.
[0083] FIG. 18D depicts a kit with an extended magnetic induction (eXMI) programmer.
[0084] FIG. 18E depicts a kit with a Doppler radar measurement antenna and an antenna transmitting a programming signal to the projectile.
[0085] FIG. 18F depicts the various programming stations for each programming methodology.
[0086] FIG. 18G shows additional detail of the methodology to measure muzzle velocity in bore and program a projectile post shot with an eXMI programmer.
[0087] FIG. 18H shows a microwave 1-40 GHz programmer mounted on a turret and aligned with the gun where a Doppler radar first measures muzzle velocity and then transmits a programming signal to a projectile.
[0088] FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating steps and methodology used in the system of FIG. 17 and incorporated into kits of FIG. 18A-H.
[0089] FIGS. 20A and 20B depict a kit for implementing the system of FIG. 17 using optical and RF signals, respectively, to transmit programming to the projectile.
[0090] FIG. 20C depicts a methodology to measure muzzle velocity (MV) of a projectile and emit a post shot eXMI programming signal to an airburst projectile.
[0091] FIG. 20D depicts a methodology to measure muzzle velocity (MV) of a projectile with a Doppler radar and produce a post-shot programming signal to an airburst projectile. The method uses a Doppler radar, calculates a corrected time of flight (TOF), then encodes and transmits a 1-40 GHz signal to a projectile.
[0092] airburst FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21C are representational diagrams showing the airburst detonation of a projectile in relation to targets.
[0093] FIG. 22 is a graph showing a typical distribution of muzzle velocities for projectiles fired from a weapon.
[0094] FIG. 23 is a representational diagram showing the measurement of muzzle velocity using magnetic coils.
[0095] FIG. 24 is a graph showing a typical distribution of muzzle velocities for projectiles upon reaching a target.
[0096] FIG. 25 is a representational diagram showing the use of magnetic coils to retard the speed of a projectile.
[0097] FIG. 26 is a representational diagram showing the use of magnetic coils to convert mechanical energy from a speeding projectile into electrical energy for capacitive storage.
[0098] FIG. 27 is a representational diagram showing the use of magnetic coils to minimize the shot-to-shot variation of muzzle velocity.
[0099] FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate how detonation ejects or throws fragments into a beaten zone.
[0100] FIG. 29A depicts the Trajectory Plot (range versus altitude) for a 40 mm53 projectile fire to 500 meters.
[0101] FIG. 29B depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 40 mm53 projectiles fired to 500 meters without muzzle velocity measurement and post shot programming.
[0102] FIG. 29C depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 40 mm53 projectiles fired to 500 meters with muzzle velocity measurement and post shot programming.
[0103] FIG. 29D depicts the trajectory and defilade Fragment Plot of a 40 mm53 projectile fired to 500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0104] FIG. 29E depicts the trajectory and Defilade Fragment Plot of a 40 mm53 projectile fired to 500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0105] FIG. 30A depicts the Trajectory Plot (range versus altitude) for a 30 mm173 projectile fire to 500 meters.
[0106] FIG. 30B depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 30 mm173 projectiles fired to 500 meters without muzzle velocity measurement and post shot programming.
[0107] FIG. 30C depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 30 mm173 projectiles fired to 500 meters with muzzle velocity measurement and post shot programming.
[0108] FIG. 30D depicts the trajectory and defilade Fragment Plot of a 30 mm173 projectile fired to 500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0109] FIG. 30E depicts the trajectory and Defilade Fragment Plot of a 30 mm173 projectile fired to 500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0110] FIG. 31A depicts the Trajectory Plot (range versus altitude) for a 40 mm53 projectile fire to 1000 meters.
[0111] FIG. 31B depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 40 mm53 projectiles fired to 1000 meters without muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0112] FIG. 31C depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 40 mm53 projectiles fired to 1000 meters with muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0113] FIG. 31D depicts the trajectory and defilade Fragment Plot of a 40 mm53 projectile fired to 1000 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0114] FIG. 31E depicts the trajectory and Defilade Fragment Plot of a 40 mm53 projectile fired to 1000 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0115] FIG. 32A depicts the Trajectory Plot (range versus altitude) for a 30 mm173 projectile fire to 1000 meters.
[0116] FIG. 32B depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 30 mm173 projectiles fired to 1000 meters without muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0117] FIG. 32C depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 30 mm173 projectiles fired to 1000 meters with muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0118] FIG. 32D depicts the trajectory and defilade Fragment Plot of a 30 mm173 projectile fired to 1000 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0119] FIG. 32E depicts the trajectory and Defilade Fragment Plot of a 30 mm173 projectile fired to 1000 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0120] FIG. 33A depicts the Trajectory Plot (Range versus Altitude) for a 40 mm53 projectile fire to 1500 meters.
[0121] FIG. 33B depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 40 mm53 projectiles fired to 1500 meters without muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0122] FIG. 33C depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 40 mm53 projectiles fired to 1500 meters with muzzle velocity measurement and post shot programming.
[0123] FIG. 33D depicts the trajectory and defilade Fragment Plot of a 40 mm53 projectile fired to 1500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0124] FIG. 33E depicts the trajectory and Defilade Fragment Plot of a 40 mm53 projectile fired to 1500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0125] FIG. 34A depicts the Trajectory Plot (Range versus Altitude) for a 30 mm173 projectile fire to 1500 meters.
[0126] FIG. 34B depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 30 mm173 projectiles fired to 1500 meters without muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0127] FIG. 34C depicts a Monte Carlo Simulation of the burst location of 30 mm173 projectiles fired to 1500 meters with muzzle velocity measurement and post-shot programming.
[0128] FIG. 34D depicts the trajectory and defilade Fragment Plot of a 30 mm173 projectile fired to 1500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
[0129] FIG. 34E depicts the trajectory and Defilade Fragment Plot of a 30 mm173 projectile fired to 1500 meters with an uncorrected TOF or DTB.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0130] The preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1-34E of the drawings. Identical elements in the various figures have been designated with the same reference numerals.
[0131] The system according to the invention utilizes the following components:
[0132] Projectiles provided with high contrast markings (e.g. color dyed) which may include luminescent characteristics.
[0133] An emitter, such as an IR, optical or UV radiation strobe, or an ion beam emitter, illuminates of the projectiles as they exit the barrel of a gun and pass through a flash suppressor or muzzle break.
[0134] Imagers that capture positions of the projectile markings. Three measurement points are desired so that the rates of change of the parameters can be measured. The measurements are captured and recorded, preferably from multiple angles to confirm the rotation axis.
[0135] A computer with a signal processor, coupled to the imagers, that determines the locations of the projectile markings at successive instants of time and computes and records the yaw, spin and muzzle velocity and the rates of change in these parameters.
[0136] Generally, for integration into a weapon system it is advantageous to incorporate the illumination and image detection into a flash suppressor or muzzle break. By incorporation of these elements into a robust housing, additional spill-light is not transmitted. The illumination of the projectile coincides with the light resulting from propellant burn, commonly known as muzzle flash. By incorporating the illuminators and electronic imagers into a common robust housing it is possible to utilize the flow of un-burnt powder in a manner that optimizes recording of the projectile yaw, spin and muzzle velocity. Integration of the system into a flash suppressor or muzzle break provides for simple upgrading or retrofitting of operational weapons.
[0137] FIG. 1 shows two Cartesian coordinate systems, x,y,z and X,Y,Z, arranged along the barrel axis N of a weapon. The two systems have are angularly displaced with respect to each other by angles , and . The figure demonstrates the many degrees of freedom of a projectile in space which result in variations in ballistic flight.
[0138] FIG. 2 shows a projectile 10 provided with markings 12 according to the present invention. The projectile is shown leaving the barrel 14 of a weapon and progressing along the path of the barrel axis 16 where it is viewed at three successive moments in time.
[0139] The marks 12 on the projectile are arranged in a circular row around projectile body transverse to the projectile axis. In this case, the marks are cross-shaped, making identification easier by character (pattern) recognition. The marks can also have other various distinctive patterns and shapes so that the system can discriminate between the different marks.
[0140] In the projectile of FIG. 2 some of the marks have distinctive colors such that an optical detector can discriminate between the marks of different color.
[0141] For better visibility amid the muzzle flash, the marks may be imprinted with a dye that is luminescent when illuminated by radiation of a particular frequency.
[0142] As may be seen in the diagram, three measurements are made by viewing the projectile at successive instants of time. By viewing angular positions of the colored markings it is possible to determine the projectile spin. By determining the successive distances from the barrel it is possible to determine the muzzle velocity.
[0143] FIG. 3 is a diagram, similar to FIG. 2, which shows the projectile from two vantage points that are angularly spaced by 90; that is, a top view and a side view. By means of this additional point of view it is possible to more completely determine the projectile yaw at the successive instants of time.
[0144] By determining the yaw, spin and muzzle velocity at successive instants of time it is possible to determine the rate of change of these parameters.
[0145] FIG. 4 is still another diagram showing the projectile 10 with markings 12 viewed in three successive instants of time. The spin of the projectile may be seen by observing the marks 12 which rotate, as indicated by the dashed line 18, which intersects a common mark in the three images, and 20 which intersects another. In addition, the yaw may be observed by comparing the positions of a line intersecting all the marks on each projectile with a line transverse to the central axis 16. In FIG. 4, the angle of yaw is seen to be increasing from the first image (no angle of yaw), to the second (small angle 22) and to the third (larger angle 24).
[0146] A system for measuring the three projectile parametersyaw, spin and muzzle velocityas well as the rates of change of these parameters, is represented in FIGS. 5-7.
[0147] FIGS. 5 and 6 are representational diagrams of a flash suppressor 26 for a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher (AGL) showing both front and side views in cross-section.
[0148] In FIG. 5 an emitter 28 emits a momentary flash illumination 30 as the projectile passes through, electronically triggered by the firing mechanism of the weapon. The emitter repeats the flash illumination one or more times (preferably resulting in three flashes altogether) thus freezing the projectile at successive instants of time.
[0149] In FIG. 6 one or more optical detectors 32 capture an image of the projectile at the successive instants of time. The optical detector is preferably a COD camera which is triggered to view the projectile during successive windows of time that overlap with the instants of flash illumination. Advantageously, three separate cameras may be aligned in spaced positions along the central axis to capture images as shown in FIG. 2, but a single camera may suffice to capture all three images.
[0150] Advantageously one or more additional cameras 32 may be aligned along the central axis to view the projectile from a different vantage point and capture images of a different side of the projectile as shown in FIG. 3.
[0151] FIG. 7 illustrates a complete system comprising a flash suppressor 26 incorporating one or more emitters 28 and one or more optical detectors 32, coupled via a cable connector 34 to a computer 36 with an associated memory 38. By way of example, positions of the emitters 28 and detectors 32 are shown by arrows 40 in both the front view and side view of the suppressor.
[0152] In operation, signals representing the digital images captured by the detectors 32 are passed to the computer for processing. The computer performs character recognition on the markings of each projectile and calculates the yaw, spin and muzzle velocity of the projectile. The results are recorded in the memory 38 for use by the fire control system which then calculates the expected ballistic path of the next projectile to be launched.
[0153] The operation of the system according to the invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 8-14. These figures are all representative diagrams of a flash suppressor at different stages while a projectile passes through.
[0154] FIG. 8 shows a flash suppressor 26 attached to the barrel 14 of a gun at the moment a projectile 10 emerges from the muzzle. When this occurs, gas wash, burned powder and other debris emerge with it, obscuring visibility in the suppressor chamber.
[0155] FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate capturing an image of the projectile using the stop-action flash photography. The image capture occurs a short time after the initial launch, illustrated in FIG. 9, when the blast of debris has passed by the projectile 10, leaving the projectile visible to an electronic imager 32 when illuminated by an emitter 28.
[0156] FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate the capture of a second image of the projectile at a second, successive instant of time. Similarly, FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate the capture of a third image at a third successive instant of time. The markings on the projectile are recognized and their positions from one instant to the next are compared in the computer to determine the projectile's yaw, spin and muzzle velocity.
[0157] FIGS. 15A through 15D show the flash suppressor 26 incorporating the system of the present invention at successive instants of time as a projectile 10 passes through it along a central axis 40. In FIG. 15A the projectile is seen leaving the barrel 14 of the gun and being imaged in a first strobe flash. The positions of markings 41 and 42 near the front and the rear, respectively, of the projectile are captured and identified as indicated by the arrow 43. In FIG. 15B markings 44 and 45 are identified as indicated by arrow 46 and in FIG. 15C markings and 48 are identified as indicated by arrow 49. FIG. 15D shows the projectile 10 with a slight yaw as it leaves the flash suppressor 26.
[0158] The computer 36, controlled by software, operates according to an algorithm as represented by the flow chart of FIGS. 16A and 16B. The program starts at block 50 upon receipt of a trigger signal that fires the projectile 10 at time T0. Three successive images of the projectile are captured by flash photography and stored in the memory 38 at times T1, T2 and T3, respectively (block 52). The computer processes the signals defining each image in turn (blocks 54, 56 and 58) to recognize the markings on the projectile and determine and store the coordinates of these markings as they appeared at times T1, T2 and T3. Once the locations of the markings are available, the computer calculates and stores the projectile's yaw, spin and muzzle velocity (MV), respectively, by determining changes in the marking locations, first between times T1 and T2 and then between times T2 and T3 (blocks 60-70). Once all these parameters are available (outputs A, B, C, D, E and F) the computer calculates the changes in yaw, spin and MV and determines their respective rates of change (block 72).
[0159] Kit for Programmable Airburst Ammunition:
[0160] A kit, added to or incorporated into a weapon, provides an apparatus and methodology to (1) measure a projectile in transit within the barrel or transiting a muzzle break, (2) where the apparatus receives electronically transmitted information from an external device with range information that is passed to (3) a ballistic calculator that calculates an optimum time-of-flight (TOF)time or distance to burst (DTB)for a projectile with that measured velocity which, in turn, (4) exits the muzzle break and reaches a programming station, where (5) an encoded time of flight instruction is transmitted to the projectile and the projectile follows its ballistic path and detonates at the prescribed flight time.
[0161] FIG. 17 is a diagram depicting key inter-relationships among sub-systems that measure muzzle exit conditions and use a ballistic calculator to improve the horizontal (y) and vertical (x) range aiming, alternatively or in combination with sub-systems that use two different techniques to affect (1) conventional projectiles with a ferrous nature to control their speed, and/or (2) airbursting programmable projectiles to reduce shot-to-shot range (z) errors.
[0162] FIG. 18A depicts a kit where range information is provided to a ballistic calculator and, upon firing a projectile, is measured using prior art techniques 28A or an optical measurement as disclosed hereinabove (not depicted in FIG. 18A). The figure also depicts an optical programmer 46A affixed to a muzzle break 26 attached to a barrel 14. The ballistic calculator is protected in a housing 52 fixed to the flash suppressor 26. An emitter or programmer 46A transmits and optical signal 48A to the projectile to program an optically programmed airburst projectile 10A.
[0163] FIG. 18B depicts a kit where range information is provided to a ballistic calculator and, at firing, a projectile is measured using prior art techniques 28A or an optical measurement as disclosed hereinabove (not depicted in FIG. 18B). The drawing also depicts an RF programmer or transmitter 46A affixed to a muzzle break 26 attached to a barrel 10. The ballistic calculator is protected in a housing 52 affixed to the flash suppressor 26. An emitter or programmer 46B transmits an RF signal 48B to the projectile to program a programmed airburst projectile configured for RF programming 10B.
[0164] FIG. 18C depicts a weapon crew consisting of a gunner 56 and an assistant gunner 58 with a hand-held laser range finder 44B. In this configuration, the laser range finder transmits range-to-target information 44 via wireless or tethered galvanic contact to the ballistic calculator connected to or incorporated into a flash hider, flash suppressor or muzzle break 26.
[0165] FIG. 18D illustrates a muzzle velocity measurement 28 or 28A and transmitter (programming device) 46 where the measurement device is mounted on the flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break 26 and where the eXMI programmer 46C is fitted to the side of a barrel allowing for transmission of a signal to the projectile. This diagram also illustrates a key sequential step 52 where the device sequentially measures muzzle velocity 28 or 28A, a ballistic calculator 36 calculates the requisite time to target and, upon reaching a programming station 48, the ballistic calculator instructs an eXMI transmitter 46C to transmit a signal 48C to the projectile at the programming station 48.
[0166] FIG. 18E illustrates a muzzle velocity measurement 28 or 28A and transmitter (programming device) 46 where the measurement device is mounted on the flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break 26 and where the 1-40 GHz microwave programmer 46D is fitted to the side of a barrel allowing for transmission of a signal to the projectile. This diagram also illustrates a key sequential step 52 where the device sequentially measures muzzle velocity 28 or 28A, a ballistic calculator 36 calculates the requisite time to target and, upon reaching a programming station 48, the ballistic calculator instructs 1-40 GHz microwave transmitter 46D to transmit a signal 48D to the projectile at the programming station 48.
[0167] FIG. 18F depicts the transit stations (with time delay not depicted) incorporated into the devices 46A-D where a programmable projectile 10A, 10B, 10D or 10E transits from the flash suppressor 26 on the barrel 14 to an optimized post-shot programming station 48 outside of the weapon. The optimized programming station for eXMI programming is depicted as 48C, the optimized programming station for RF is depicted as 48B, the optimized programming station for optical programming is depicted as 48A and the optimum programming position for microwave 1-40 GHz transmission is 48D. In all cases, The programming station 48 is in an area forward of the muzzle, flash hider or suppressor where the airburst projectile has an optimized reception of a programming signal. Upon flying into the programming station 48, the ballistic calculator 36 initiates transmission of either a programming signal in the direction of the programmable ammunition 10A, 10B, 10D or 10E such that the ammunition receives a programming signal with the requisite time-of-flight or distance to burst.
[0168] FIG. 18G depicts a eXMI programmer 46C fitted to an in-bore muzzle safety and measurement device as disclosed in US Patent Publication 2015/0330732 A1 is fitted with an eXMI programmer. The eXMI programmer 46C transmits a post-shot programming signal 48C to a projectile (not shown).
[0169] FIG. 18H depicts a cannon and turret fitted with Doppler radar emitting a 1-40 GHz radar emission 48D intersecting with a projectile programmable with able to receive programming signals in the 1-40 GHz band.
[0170] FIG. 19 depicts the methodology 52 to first measure a projectile transiting a barrel, muzzle break or exiting a barrel using either an optical programming technique 28 disclosed hereinabove or a technique using a prior art device such as a Doppler radar 28A. A ballistic calculator 36, then calculates a revised TOF or DTB 62, which is then formatted into a data protocol 64 which may be further encoded 66 and converted to a wave form 44D for transmission by a transmitter 46A-D and a signal (not shown) focused towards a programming station 48A-D and transmitted to a programmable projectile 10H.
[0171] FIG. 20A illustrates a muzzle velocity measurement 28 or 28A and transmitter (programming device) 46 where the measurement device is mounted on the flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break 26 and where the optical programmer 46A is fitted to the side of a barrel allowing for transmission of a signal to the projectile. This diagram also illustrates a key sequential step 52 where the device sequentially measures muzzle velocity 28 or 28A, a ballistic calculator 36 calculates the requisite time to target and, upon reaching a programming station 48, the ballistic calculator instructs an optical transmitter 46B to transmit a signal 48A to the projectile at the programming station 48.
[0172] FIG. 20B illustrates a muzzle velocity measurement 28 or 28A, and transmitter 46A where the measurement device is mounted on the muzzle break and where the RF programmer 48B is fitted to the flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break 26. The diagram also illustrates the key sequential step 52 where the device sequentially measures muzzle velocity 28 or 28A, a ballistic calculator 36 calculates the requisite time to target and a optical transmitter 46B transmits and signal 48A to a projectile at the programming station 48.
[0173] FIG. 20C illustrates a muzzle velocity measurement 28 or 28A, and transmitter 46A where the measurement device is mounted on the muzzle break and where the RF programmer 48B is fitted to the flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break 26. The diagram also illustrates the key sequential step 52 where the device sequentially measures muzzle velocity 28 or 28A, a ballistic calculator 36 calculates the requisite time to target and an eXMI transmitter 46C transmits and signal 48C to a projectile at the programming station 48.
[0174] FIG. 20D illustrates a muzzle velocity measurement 28 or 28A, and transmitter 46A where the measurement device is mounted on the muzzle break and where the microwave 1-40 GHz programmer 48E is fitted to the flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break 26, breach or turret (not depicted). The diagram also illustrates the key sequential step 52 where the device sequentially measures muzzle velocity 28 or 28A, a ballistic calculator 36 calculates the requisite time to target and a microwave transmitter 46D transmits and signal 48D to a projectile at the programming station 48.
[0175] Effective Airburst Non Linear Programming Algorithms:
[0176] It is useful to adjust the burst location relative to the target such that fragments are ejected from the airburst projectile to the target. It is especially useful to eject fragments in defilade above targets in protective positions. It is useful to consider FIGS. 21A-C and 28A and B to appreciate how precision adjustments of an airburst projectile's terminal burst location can optimize effectiveness in incapacitating targets. This can be especially useful when firing high apogee projectiles such as a 40 mm53 high velocity projectile, where it is especially useful to utilize non-linear algorithms at targets at ranges past 850 meters.
[0177] FIG. 21A depicts a programmable projectile 10H that is fired from a ground platform where the projectile detonates after passing a target 70 and where the fragments 74 spread rearward at a high velocity to impact the target. In this case a kit's ballistic algorithm prescribes a post shot TOF to DTB 160A the results in an effective airburst 106 at a HOB 106B such that fragments are ejected 106C to a target 70.
[0178] FIG. 21B depicts a programmable projectile 10H that is fired from a ground platform where the projectile detonates short of the target 70 and where the fragments 74 spread forward at a high velocity to impact the target 70. In this case a kit's ballistic algorithm prescribes a post shot TOF to DTB 160A with an effective airburst 106 at a HOB 106B such that fragments are ejected 106C to a target 70.
[0179] FIG. 21C depicts a programmable projectile 10H that is fired from a ground platform where the projectile detonates short of the target 70 and where the fragments 74 spread forward at a high velocity to impact the target 70. In this case a kit's ballistic algorithm prescribes a post shot TOF to DTB 160A with an effective airburst 106 at a HOB 106B such that fragments are ejected 106C to a target 70.
[0180] For weapons firing high apogee projectiles like the 40 mm53 projectile reference to FIGS. 31D and 33D illustrate how a linear adjustment in TOF or DTB does not optimize performance as a large percentage of 40 mm53 projectiles fired at ranges past 850 meter either impact short of the target with a sub-optimal ground burst 118 or, at longer range, an increasing percentage of 40 mm53 volleys burst above targets 116 without effect. Accordingly, ballistic calculators should incorporate algorithms to further adjust the programmed TOF or DTB such that the projectile 10H detonates with an effect that ejects fragments 74 towards a target 70. In case of a 40 mm projectile with a nose fuze, it is useful to program a projectile 10H to burst above or past a target 70 as depicted in FIG. 21 A. In case of certain 30 mm projectiles 10H it is useful to initiate detonation short of the target allowing the resulting fragments to spread downward and forward from the bust point as depicted in FIG. 21 B.
[0181] Muzzle Velocity Measurement and Regulation Kit:
[0182] The system utilizes a methodology to (1) measure a projectile in transit within the barrel or transiting a muzzle break, (2) where an external source allows for selection of a type of ammunition with a corresponding magnetic profile, and (3) where a calculator identifies and controls a force profile that is applied to a projectile to slow the projectile, such that (4) the projectile exits a muzzle at a repeatable, consistent muzzle velocity.
[0183] The device may harvest energy from the slowing projectiles to charge a capacitor and thus recycle electrical power in the device.
[0184] FIG. 22 depicts a normal distribution 82 of muzzle velocities that corresponded to a projectile's normally identified muzzle velocity variation normally expressed in feet per second.
[0185] FIG. 23 depicts a ferrous projectile 10C traversing in a barrel a flash suppressor, muzzle break, flash hider where the muzzle velocity is measured at 28 or 28A and the muzzle velocity measurement is transmitted to a ballistic calculator.
[0186] FIG. 24 depicts a target muzzle velocity set to slow or to accelerate projectiles so as to leave the muzzle at a precise velocity. This illustration depicts a system designer's selection of a target velocity 84 at the lower end of the normal distribution where the device will slow all exiting projectiles so that the projectiles have a consistent velocity.
[0187] FIG. 25 depicts a ballistic calculator 36 that controls a generator 92 which applies a force 96 to a ferrous projectile 10C.
[0188] FIG. 26 depicts the coils reducing the exit velocity of a ferrous projectile 10C, where the slowing projectile generates magnetic force 99 and an electrical current that is stored in a capacitor 98 to recycle the energy for electronic devices associated with the weapon.
[0189] FIG. 27 depicts a ferrous projectile 10C departing the device at a precise muzzle velocity.
[0190] Programming h a Precise, Non-Linear TOF or DTB Signal:
[0191] A number of post-shot programming technologies are now available to militaries. A system that reduces range dispersion enhances the terminal effect of airburst munitions will prove useful. While wind will still degrade the performance and terminal effect of ammunition, FIGS. 28B-34B illustrate the current nominal performance of weapon systems using airburst munitions. FIGS. 29B-34B illustrate Monte Carlo analysis for 40 mm53 and 30 mm173 airburst function where muzzle velocity is not corrected. FIGS. 29C-34C illustrate Monte Carlo analysis for airburst function where muzzle velocity for both 40 mm53 and 30 mm173 is corrected. FIGS. 29D-34D illustrate the burst location (side view) where muzzle velocity is not measured and the programmed TOF or DTB is not corrected. FIGS. 29E-34E illustrate the burst location where muzzle velocity is known and the programmed TOF or DTB is corrected. FIGS. 31E and 33E also depict adjusted burst points 106, where the fire control adjusted the TOF or DTB using a non-linear algorithm. The dispersion of burst locations is reduced 104 and the ejection of effective fragments to defilade 108 is improved.
[0192] There has thus been shown and described a novel system for measuring the exit conditions of projectiles and kits of various configurations to update aiming ballistics and program, post shot, different airburst projectiles with increased precision and optimized terminal effect. The system with various sub-systems and configurations fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose the preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention, which is to be limited only by the claims which follow.
REFERENCE NUMBERS
[0193] 10 Projectile [0194] 10A Optically programmable airburst projectile [0195] 10B RF programmable airburst projectile [0196] 10C Projectile with ferrous material [0197] 10D eXMI programmable airburst projectile [0198] 10E Programmable airburst projectile Transmission 1-40 GHz (L, S, C, X or K Band) [0199] 10H Programmed Air Burst (AB) Projectile (10A, 10B, 10D or 10E) [0200] 12 Marking on a projectile [0201] 14 Barrel [0202] 16 Direction of fire [0203] 18 Indexed projectile in spin [0204] 20 Indexed projectile in spin [0205] 22 Yaw measurement [0206] 24 Yaw measurement [0207] 26 Flash suppressor [0208] 28 In muzzle emitter (MV measurement) [0209] 28A Other in muzzle velocity measurement technique (Prior Art) [0210] 30 Light from in-muzzle break emitter [0211] 32 In-muzzle break optical detector [0212] 32 Projectile image [0213] 34 Connection to computer [0214] 36 Ballistic calculator or computer [0215] 38 Memory [0216] 40 Optical detectors (in muzzle break, flash hider or flash suppressor) [0217] 42 Mortar muzzle break [0218] 44 Range information [0219] 44A Fire control with a range finder [0220] 44B Hand-held laser range finder [0221] 44C Dial a range [0222] 44D Wave form with an encoded TOF or DTB (Air Burst Detonation) [0223] 46 Programming unit [0224] 46A Optical transmitter (or programmer) [0225] 46B RF transmitter (or programmer) [0226] 46C eXMI programmer [0227] 46D Narrow beam Doppler Radar modified to incorporate a post measurement data transmission [0228] 48 Programming station [0229] 48A Optical programming signal [0230] 48B RF programming signal [0231] 48C eXMI Programming Signal [0232] 48D Doppler Radar and subsequent Programming Signal (1-40 GHz) [0233] 48E TOF or DTB Encoded Signal (in a wave form) [0234] 50 MV measurement device [0235] 52 Ballistic calculator or computer (housed in a flash suppressor, flash hider or muzzle break) [0236] 54 Ballistic Calculator (muzzle velocity measurement and correction) housed in a Fire Control [0237] 56 Gunner (operator) of a crew served weapon [0238] 58 Assistant (Operator) or gunner of a crew served weapon [0239] 62 Revised TOF or DTB (re-calculated TOF with measured MV) [0240] 64 Revised TOF or DTB information is formatted to a data protocol [0241] 66 An encoded TOF or DTB formatted into a wave form [0242] 70 Target [0243] 72 LRF reflection [0244] 74 Fragmentation from a detonating projectile [0245] 82 Normal dispersion of muzzle velocity [0246] 84 Target velocity within normal distribution [0247] 86 Effected impact dispersion (beaten zone) [0248] 90 System diagram [0249] 92 Generator [0250] 94 Coil generating a magnetic force [0251] 96 Force applied to slow projectile [0252] 98 Capacitor storing residual energy produced by Coil [0253] 102 Range dispersion [0254] 104 1 sigma range dispersion [0255] 106 Bust Point [0256] 106A Height of Burst (HOB) [0257] 106B Time of Flight (TOF)/Distance to Burst (TED) [0258] 108 Effective Defilade Fragmentation [0259] 110 Angle of Fall [0260] 112 Ground Impacts [0261] 114 Inadequate Height of Burst [0262] 116 In-effective High Altitude Burst [0263] 118 Ground Impact (Sub Optimal Fragmentation) [0264] 120 Effective Fragmentation (Defilade Impacts)
