UV shielding bio-derived furanic polymers

Abstract

UV shielding bio-derived furanic polymers (BFP) and UV-shielding composite films containing BFP having another polymer of natural or synthetic origin at varying concentration with high thermal stability, mechanical stability and elasticity are prepared through solvent evaporation casting. A process for preparing BFP having varying physicochemical properties can be carried out via dehydration of various biomass saccharides in different solvents employing various catalysts. The resulting brown-colored films show excellent UV shielding in the region 200 nm to 400 nm and exhibit high optical transparency. The UV shielding efficiency of the film increases with an increase in its treatment temperature. The films are stable and durable in terms of mechanical stability and elasticity even after exposing to harsh conditions without affecting their UV-shielding efficiency.

Claims

1. A UV shielding composite thin film having a thickness in a range of 0.06 to 0.08 mm, the UV shielding composite thin film consisting of by wt % in the UV shielding composite thin film: i) 0.5 to 2.0 wt % of a furanic polymer; and ii) 99.5 to 98.0 wt % of a synthetic polymer or a polymer selected from the group consisting of agar, agarose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, κ-carrageenan and potassium alginate.

2. The UV shielding composite thin film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the furanic polymer is a biomass saccharide derived furanic polymer (BFP) obtained by a process comprising the steps of: a) catalytically dehydrating a biomass saccharide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 1-butyl,3-methylimidazolium chloride to obtain BFP; b) separating the BFP from a reaction mixture obtained in step a) by precipitation using a precipitation solvent selected from the group consisting of water and MeOH; c) washing the precipitated BFP with water, MeOH, or both; and d) drying BFP using a set of conditions selected from the group consisting of: ambient condition at temperature in a range of 24-28° C., in vacuum at 25° C. to 70° C., and at a temperature in a range of 80 to 105° C.

3. The UV shielding composite thin film as claimed in claim 2, wherein the biomass saccharide is selected from the group consisting of agarose chitosan, carrageenan, cellulose, seaweed cellulose (Ulva), potassium alginate, starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose and xylose and the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of A1C1.sub.3, CrC1.sub.3, CuCl.sub.2 +alumina, ion-exchange resins and HCl.

4. The UV shielding composite thin film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the synthetic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethyl methacrylate.

5. The UV shielding composite thin film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV shielding composite thin film has a UV-shielding efficiency, determined using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, of 375 nm, on exposure to UV-radiation for 90 min, or in sunlight for 30 days, and wherein the UV-shielding efficiency of the UV shielding composite thin film is in a range of 375-490 nm upon a thermal treatment in a range of −20 to 210° C.

6. A process for preparing the UV shielding composite thin film of claim 1, the process consisting of: i. catalytically dehydrating a biomass saccharide in DMSO, or 1-butyl,3-methylimidazolium chloride to obtain a biomass saccharide derived furanic polymer (BFP) in a reaction mixture; ii. separating the BFP from the reaction mixture by precipitation using a precipitation solvent selected from the group consisting of water and MeOH; iii. washing the precipitated BFP with water, MeOH or both; iv. drying BFP using ambient condition at temperature in the range of 24-28° C., or vacuum at 25° C. to 70° C., or temperature in the range of 80 to 105°C.; v. dissolving a synthetic or polymer selected from the group consisting of agar, agarose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, κ-carrageenan and potassium alginate and the BFP prepared in step i) in a solvent at a temperature in a range of 60 to 120° C. under stirring in a range of 350-450 rpm to form a homogenous solution; vi. drying the homogenous solution obtained in step (v) at a temperature in a range of 60 to 120° C. for 2 to 4 days to obtain the composite thin film; vii. cooling the composite thin film to a temperature in a range of 24-28° C., and viii. peeling out the composite thin film.

7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the solvent used in step (v) is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide and tetrahydrofuran.

8. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein a color of the composite thin film is modified by treating with hydrogen peroxide, or by UV irradiation in THF (tetrahydrofuran).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 Illustrates the routes for the formation of BFP in the process of furans production from sugars

(2) FIG. 2 UV-vis transmittance spectra of (a) BFP-G (5 mg to 8 g/L) in DMSO, (b) BFP-G, lignin, furfural (1 g/L) in DMSO.

(3) FIG. 3 UV-vis transmittance spectra of PVA/BFP-G composite films.

(4) FIG. 4 UV-vis transmittance spectra of PVA/BFP-G composite film (a) Effect of UV irradiation, (b) Effect of sunlight and (c) Effect of temperature.

(5) FIG. 5 UV-vis transmittance spectra of PVA/BFP composite film a) prepared using different catalysts b) prepared from different sugar sources using HCl as a catalyst.

(6) FIG. 6 UV-vis transmittance spectra of PVA composite films using a) BFP-G, lignin, benzopheneone, HMBA and furfural b) metal oxides.

(7) FIG. 7 UV-vis transmittance comparison spectra of BFP-G film a) organophilic composite b) hydrophilic bio-polymers composites. c) CMC (3.75, 7.5 g), LDH (75 mg) loaded.

(8) FIG. 8 UV-vis transmittance spectra of PVA/BFP composite film a) composite films prepared in different solvents b) mixing at different temperature c) evaporation at different temperature d) prepared on one meter scale.

(9) FIG. 9 Thermal stability of PVA/BFP-G composite films a) TGA b) DSC.

(10) FIG. 10 Mechanical stability of PVA/BFP-G composite films a) UTM b) DMA.

(11) FIG. 11 Illustrates the pictorial flow diagram of process for the separation of BFP from reaction mixture

(12) FIG. 12 Illustrates the pictorial flow diagram of process for the decolorisation of BFP.

(13) FIG. 13 UV-vis transmittance spectra of decolorized BFP composite film compared with BFP-G.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(14) The present invention discloses a UV shielding bio-derived furanic polymer (BFP) having excellent UV shielding efficiency (defined here as shielding of >99.5% of the UV light up to a given wavelength, i.e., measured at 0.5% transmittance), demonstrating processing, application, and efficiency.

(15) In present invention, the UV shielding efficiency of BFP was checked by dissolving BFP in solvent with varying concentration of BFP (FIG. 2).

(16) The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of PVA/BFP-G composite thin films by solvent evaporation method having a various concentration of BFP-G. The UV shielding efficiency of the composite film varied with varying concentration of BFP loading (225-401 nm) and an optimum value showed maximum UV shielding efficiency (FIG. 3).

(17) The BFP based composites thin films used in this invention were characterized by using various analytical techniques in particular by using UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), universal testing machine (UTM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

(18) Referring now to the invention in more detail to FIG. 11, for the processing of BFP, the product mixture was made by contacting the substrate with a catalyst in organic solvent under thermal condition. With or without catalyst, the product mixture is taken and aqueous medium was added to it to precipitate the BFP. After separation of BFP, water may be removed to get the HMF mixture which may be used for other applications or reused for BFP precipitation.

(19) The method of processing BFP is in following three steps:

(20) Step 1 demonstrates the preparation of BFP from various substrates at different concentrations in various solvents over various catalysts

(21) Step 2 demonstrates the precipitation of BFP. Normally, BFP are soluble in many organic solvents, and thus are difficult to get them precipitated. In this field of invention, we discovered, that water and methanol as suitable solvents for precipitation in which the polymers are insoluble. Further, to remove the absorbed sugars or other products formed in the reaction from the precipitated BFP, washing with solvent is necessary. This invention demonstrates the method of separation of soluble BFP using the solvents as precipitating agents at different ratios.

(22) Step 3 demonstrates the drying method for BFP. After step 2, where separated BFP are washed with different solvents and dried by different methods at different temperatures to vary the properties of BFP (includes vacuum drying, oven drying, and evaluating the changes in the properties of the BFP). By simple vacuum drying, we obtained original BFP which are soluble again in reaction solvent if added. By drying at high temperatures to remove the absorbed water from wet BFP, they lose their solubility in solvents that would be detrimental for commercial applicability. To overcome this problem, we washed precipitated wet polymer with methanol initially to remove adhered water, after which BFP could be easily dried under ambient conditions without the necessity of heating and with retention of their high solubility. In other words, the choice of solvent and sequence of washing is critical in ascertaining the quality of the end product.

(23) By drying at higher temperatures, we get compact (thermosetting) BFP which are insoluble or sparingly soluble in reaction solvent.

(24) From the miscibility assessment of DMSO, HMF, water and furanic polymers with different solvents, the following solvents are chosen (from the solubility chart) and experimentally validated as suitable for different requirements

(25) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE List of solvents suitable for the requirements Requirement Suitable solvents For separation of [DMSO + water + Water, MeOH HMF] and [BFP] For removal of [DMSO] from [BFP] Water, MeOH, Dichloromethane, Ethylacetate, Toluene For the removal of [water] from [BFP] MeOH

(26) Solubility of BFP was checked by adding certain amount of BFP in 0.5 ml of solvent taken in a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. After vigorous shaking, the mixture was centrifuged at 8500 rpm for 10 min, then supernatant was removed and the solid remained was dried in vacuum for 1 day at room temperature (R. T., 25° C.) and weighed. Then it was dried in oven at 90° C. for 12 h and then weighed. The solubility was calculated based on amount of solid remained.

(27) TABLE-US-00003 Solubility of polymer (g/100 g solvent) Wet polymer, calculated on dry Polymer dried in Solvent polymer basis oven (90° C. for 1 day) Water Nil Nil Dimethylsulphoxide 6.0 0.3 Dimethylformamide 5.2 0.3 Acetone 6.1 Nil Acetonitrile 4.3 Nil Hexane 0.2 Nil Tetrahydrofuran 9.8  0.02 2-Propanol 2.5 Nil Aniline 4.0  0.05 0.1M NaOH 3.0 1   0.1M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Nil Nil 1M NH.sub.4OH 1.9 0.3 Trimethylamine(30% 6   3   in water) .sup.aIt is approximate amount observed by eyes after cenrtifugation.

(28) .sup.aIt is approximate amount observed by eyes after centrifugation.

(29) In one of the studies, PVA and BFP of appropriate amounts were taken in 25 ml DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at room temperature. The homogeneous solution was heated at 90° C. and stirred at 400 rpm for 30 min. The solution was transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for DMSO removal) and cooled to room temperature. Thin films were peeled out and analyzed for UV shielding efficiency. Neat PVA film was also prepared using the same protocol without adding BFP. In the absence of BFP (neat PVA), thin film shows UV shielding efficiency up to 190-220 nm while the composite films showed UV shielding up to 401 nm. The values reported here are at 0.5% transmittance level. In addition optical transmittance of the film were assessed and are reported here as percentage as at 700 nm.

(30) The BFP based composites thin films used in this invention were characterized by using various analytical techniques in particular by using UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), universal testing machine (UTM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

(31) The durability studies were investigated for PVA/BFP-G composites thin film under (a) UV irradiation for 90 min (b) sunlight exposure for 30 days and (c) thermal treatment in the range of −20 to 210° C. for 90 min. The UV shielding efficiency was 375 nm for (a), and (b) and 375-490 nm for (c) depending on the treatment temperature (FIG. 4a, b & c).

(32) The UV shielding efficiency PVA/BFP-G composite thin films was compared with BFP obtained using different catalysts such as AlCl.sub.3, CrCl.sub.3, CuCl.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3, FeCl.sub.3/Al.sub.2O.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and HCl using glucose as the sugar source. Among them, CrCl.sub.3 catalyst derived PVA/BFP-G composite film showed (FIG. 5a) better shielding efficiency (406 nm) than other catalysts AlCl.sub.3 (225 nm), CuCl.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 (401 nm), FeCl.sub.3/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 (221 nm) water-H.sub.2SO.sub.4 system (229 nm) and HCl system (398 nm).

(33) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP composite thin films was compared with BFP derived from various sugar sources such as agrose chitosan, κ-carrageenan, cellulose, seaweed cellulose (Ulva), potassium alginate, starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and xylose using HCl as a catalyst.These films were also prepared by adopting similar process conditions. Among the sources, xylose derived PVA/BFP composite film showed (FIG. 5b) better shielding efficiency (435 nm) than other sources agrose (431 nm), chitosan (220 nm), κ-carrageenan (309 nm), cellulose (345 nm), seaweed cellulose (Ulva) (349 nm), potassium alginate (220 nm), starch (390 nm), glucose (398 nm), fructose (424 nm), and sucrose (410 nm).

(34) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G was compared with conventional UV shielding material such as lignin furfural, benzophenone and 5-bezoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonic acid (HMBA) as PVA/lignin, PVA/furfural, PVA/benzophenone and PVA/HMBA composite thin films. These films were prepared by the similar process adopted earlier. PVA/BFP-G composite film showed (FIG. 6a) better shielding efficiency (401 nm) than PVA/lignin (288 nm) PVA/furfural (225 nm), PVA/benzophenone (267 nm) and PVA/HMBA (349 nm).

(35) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G was also compared with PVA/metal oxides (CeO.sub.2, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, TiO.sub.2, ZnO and ZrO.sub.2) composites thin film. These films were prepared by the similar process. PVA/BFP-G composite film showed (FIG. 6b) better shielding efficiency (401 nm) than conventional metal oxide composites—PVA/CeO.sub.2 (226 nm), PVA/Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 (225 nm), PVA/TiO.sub.2 (425 nm at 10% transmittance level), PVA/ZnO (218 nm), and PVA/ZrO.sub.2 (220 nm).

(36) The UV shielding efficiency of organophilic/BFP-G composites thin films was tested using various hydrophobic polymers such as PVC, PVDF, and PMMA. These films were prepared by the similar process as adopted for PVA. Among them, PVA/BFP-G composite film showed (FIG. 7a) better shielding efficiency (401 nm) than other polymers—PVC/BFP-G (370 nm), PVDF (300 nm at 10% transference level), and PMMA (240 nm).

(37) The UV shielding efficiency of bio-polymers/BFP-G composites thin films was tested using different hydrophilic bio-based polymers such as KCA, K-alg, HMPC, CMC, agarose, and agar. These films were prepared by the similar process, however, using water as a solvent and by adjusting the pH to 8 using 0.1 M NaHCO.sub.3. Among them, CMC/BFP-G composite film showed (FIG. 7b) better shielding efficiency (425 nm) than other polymers—HMPC (312 nm), agarose (419 nm), agar (379 nm), K-alg (335 nm) and KCA (266 nm).

(38) The UV shielding efficiency of bio-polymers/BFP-G composites thin films was tested by using various concentrations of CMC and BFP-G. These films were prepared by the similar process, however, using water as a solvent and by adjusting the pH to 8 using 0.1 M NaHCO.sub.3 or solid base MgAl-LDH. Among them, CMC2-BFP-G1.0 and CMC5-BFP-G0.5 composite film showed (FIG. 7c) better shielding efficiency (425 nm) than CMC2-BFP-G0.5 (300 nm), CMC2-BFP-G0.5-LDH-2 (239 nm).

(39) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G composite thin films prepared using different solvent medium namely DMSO, DMF and NMP was assessed. PVA/BFP-G composite film using DMSO system showed (FIG. 8a) better shielding efficiency (409 nm) than other solvents DMF (356 nm) and NMP (404 nm).

(40) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G composite solution is mixed at various temperatures (60, 90 and 120° C.). PVA/BFP-G composite film preparation using mixing temperature at 90° C. system showed (FIG. 8b) better shielding efficiency (409 nm) than others temperature at 60° C. (386 nm) and 120° C. (393 nm).

(41) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G composite thin films are evaporated at various temperatures (60, 90 and 120° C.). PVA/BFP-G composite film preparation using evaporation temperature at 90° C. system showed (FIG. 8c) better shielding efficiency (409 nm) than others temperature at 60° C. (356 nm) and 120° C. (389 nm).

(42) The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G (15 mm dia) is compared with one meter scale composite thin film. PVA/BFP-G composite film prepared at one meter scale showed (FIG. 8d) similar shielding efficiency (406 nm) as that of 15 mm dia scale (401 nm).

(43) Thermal stability of PVA/BFP-G composite thin films prepared by solvent evaporation method showed a decomposition temperature (T.sub.d) deduced from TGA is in the range 273 -335° C. while the glass transition temperature (T.sub.g) deduced from DSC is in the range 92-104° C. depending on the loading of BFP-G in the film (FIG. 9a & b). Mechanical stability and elasticity for PVA/BFP-G composite thin films showed (FIGS. 10a & b) 29918-11807 Mpa as deduced from DMA-storage modulus with tan δ (T.sub.g−49−39.4° C.) and strength in the range 45-71 Mpa with a strain in the range 232-335% through UTM measurements (FIG. 10c).

(44) Decolorisation of BFP:

(45) The color of BFP obtained (dark brown) may limit their applications. Thus, a pre-treatment process was employed (FIG. 12) to decolorize from dark brown to whitish/creamish by chemical oxidation treatment. The UV shielding efficiency of PVA/BFP-G was compared with light coloured bio-derived furanic polymer. Synthesis of light colored BFP-G was obtained by (i) adding H.sub.2O.sub.2 during the synthesis of BFP-G (ii) by UV-irradiation of synthesized BFP-G in THF and correspondingly named as PVA/BFP-G-H.sub.2O.sub.2 and PVA/LCBFP composite thin films. These films were prepared by the similar process adopted earlier. PVA/BFP-G composite film showed (FIG. 13) better shielding efficiency (401 nm) than PVA/BFP-G-H.sub.2O.sub.2 (358 nm) and PVA/LCBFP (343 nm).

EXAMPLES

(46) Example: 1a Assessment of UV Shielding Properties at Minimum Loading of BFP-G in DMSO (5 mg/l)

(47) For preparation of BFF-G, 0.9 g of glucose and 0.1 mmol HCl (1 N aqueous) catalyst were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.112 g. Then BFP-G was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration 5 mg/l at 25° C. The homogenous BFP solution was tested for UV shielding efficiency analyzed in the range of 200-800 nm by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 2a. The UV shielding was observed up to 258 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 99.2% at 700 nm.

(48) Example: 1b Assessment of UV Shielding Properties at Maximum Loading of BFP-G in DMSO (8 g/l)

(49) BFP-G was prepared as in Example: 1a. BFP-G was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration 8 g/l at 25° C. The homogenous BFP solution was tested for UV shielding efficiency analyzed in the range of 200-800 nm by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 2a. The UV shielding was observed up to 661 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 6.3% at 700 nm.

(50) Example: 1c Assessment of UV Shielding Properties of Lignin in DMSO (1 g/l) for Comparison

(51) Lignin (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration 1 g/l at 25° C. The homogenous lignin solution was tested for UV shielding efficiency analyzed in the range of 200-800 nm by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 2b. The UV shielding was observed up to 390 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 68.6% at 700 nm.

(52) Example: 1d Assessment of UV Shielding Properties of Furfural in DMSO (1 g/l) for Comparison

(53) Furfural (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration 1 g/l at 25° C. The homogenous furfural solution was tested for UV shielding efficiency analyzed in the range of 200-800 nm by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 2b. The UV shielding was observed up to 388 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 97.6% at 700 nm.

(54) Example: 1e Assessment of UV Shielding Properties of BFP-G in DMSO (1 g/l)

(55) BFP-G was prepared as in Example: 1a. BFP-G was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration 1 g/l at 25° C. The homogenous BFP solution was tested for UV shielding efficiency analyzed in the range of 200-800 nm by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 2b. The UV shielding was observed up to 511 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 68.6% at 700 nm.

(56) Example: 2 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G composite at minimum loading of BFP-G (0.5 wt %)

(57) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 2.5 mg of BFP-G prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 3. The UV shielding was observed up to 225 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 96.6% at 700 nm.

(58) Example: 3 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite at Maximum Loading of BFP-G (2.0 wt %)

(59) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 3. The UV shielding was observed up to 401 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 82.6% at 700 nm. BFP composite film was thermally stable up to 335° C. whereas neat PVA composite shows 273° C. (T.sub.d value increased by 62° C.). Mechanical strength of BFP composite film was 71 Mpa whereas neat PVA composite shows 25 Mpa (an increase by 46 Mpa). Strain of BFP composite film was 334% whereas PVA shows 176% (Strain value increased by 158%). Storage modulus of BFP composite film was 29918 Mpa whereas PVA shows 2808 Mpa (Storage modulus increased by 27110 Mpa).

(60) Example: 4 Durability of PVA/BFP-G Composite for UV Shielding Performance Under UV Irradiation for 5 min

(61) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 7.5 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and UV irradiated at 25° C. for 5 min and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 4a. The UV shielding was observed up to 353 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 88.4% at 700 nm.

(62) Example: 5 Durability of PVA/BFP-G Composite for UV Shielding Performance Under UV Irradiation for 90 min

(63) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 7.5 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and UV irradiated at 25° C. for 90 min and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 4a. The UV shielding was observed up to 359 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 88.3% at 700 nm.

(64) Example: 6 Durability of PVA/BFP-G Composite for UV Shielding Performance Under Sunlight Exposure for 1 Day

(65) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 7.5 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and sunlight exposed to at 30° C. for 1 day and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 4b. The UV shielding was observed up to 310 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 90.7% at 700 nm.

(66) Example: 7 Durability of PVA/BFP-G Composite for UV Shielding Performance Under Sunlight Exposure for 30 Days

(67) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 7.5 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and sunlight exposed to at 30° C. for 30 days and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 4b. The UV shielding was observed up to 316 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 90.4% at 700 nm.

(68) Example: 8 Durability of PVA/BFP-G Composite for UV Shielding Performance Under Thermal Treated at −20° C.

(69) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 7.5 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and thermal treated at -20° C. for 90 min and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 4c. The UV shielding was observed up to 350 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 88.4% at 700 nm.

(70) Example: 9 Durability of PVA/BFP-G Composite for UV Shielding Performance Under Thermal Treated at 210° C.

(71) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 7.5 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and thermal treated at 210° C. for 90 min and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 4c. The UV shielding was observed up to 481 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 72.5% at 700 nm.

(72) Example: 10 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite, (BFP-G Derived from Glucose, CuCl.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 as a Catalyst)

(73) 5 g of glucose, 0.3 mmol CuCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O and 1 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.), centrifuged to remove catalyst, and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.674 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (derived from glucose, CuCl.sub.2+Al.sub.2O.sub.3 as catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5a. The UV shielding was observed up to 401 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 82.7% at 700 nm.

(74) Example: 11 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite, (BFP-G Derived from Glucose, AlCl.sub.3 as a Catalyst)

(75) 5 g of glucose and 0.3 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.812 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (derived from glucose, AlCl.sub.3 as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5a. The UV shielding was observed up to 225 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 95.4% at 700 nm.f

(76) Example: 12 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite, (BFP-G Derived from Glucose, CrCl.sub.3 as a Catalyst)

(77) 5 g of glucose, and 0.3 mmol CrCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.336 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (derived from glucose, CrCl.sub.3 as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5a. The UV shielding was observed up to 406 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 85.1% at 700 nm.

(78) Example: 13 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite, (BFP-G Derived from Glucose, FeCl.sub.3/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 as a Catalyst)

(79) 5 g of glucose, 0.3 mmol FeCl.sub.3 and 1 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.), centrifuged to remove catalyst, and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 hat 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 1.11 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (derived from glucose, FeCl.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3 as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5a. The UV shielding was observed up to 221 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 96.3% at 700 nm.

(80) Example: 14 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G composite, (BFP-G Derived from Glucose, Water-H.sub.2SO.sub.4 as a Catalyst)

(81) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (derived from glucose, water-H.sub.2SO.sub.4 as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5a. The UV shielding was observed up to 229 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 99.9% at 700 nm.

(82) Example: 15 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G composite, (BFP-G Derived from Glucose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(83) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5a & b. The UV shielding was observed up to 398 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 81.8% at 700 nm.

(84) Example: 16 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Agarose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(85) 0.3 g of agarose and 0.1 mmol HCl (1N aqueous) catalyst were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.053 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-agarose (derived from agarose, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 431 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 68.2% at 700 nm.

(86) Example: 17 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Chitosan, HCl as a Catalyst)

(87) 0.3 g of chitosan and 0.1 mmol HCl catalyst (1 N aqueous) were added to 3 g BMImCl solvent which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-chitosan (derived from chitosan, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 220 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 94.2% at 700 nm.

(88) Example: 18 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP composite, (BFP Derived from KCA, HCl as a Catalyst)

(89) 0.3 g of κ-carrageenan and 0.1 mmol HCl catalyst (1N aqueous) were added to 3 g BMImCl solvent which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-KCA (derived from κ-carrageenan, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 309 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 86.1% at 700 nm.

(90) Example: 19 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Cellulose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(91) 0.3 g of cellulose and 0.1 mmol HCl catalyst (1N aqueous) were added to 3 g BMImCl solvent which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.120 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-cellulose (derived from cellulose, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 345 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 87.4% at 700 nm.

(92) Example: 20 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Sea Weed Ulva Cellulose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(93) 0.3 g of Ulva cellulose and 0.1 mmol HCl catalyst (1N aqueous) were added to 3 g BMImCl solvent which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate

(94) BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-ulva (derived from sea weed Ulva cellulose, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 349 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 88.9% at 700 nm.

(95) Example: 21 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from K-alg, HCl as a Catalyst)

(96) 0.3 g of potassium alginate and 0.1 mmol HCl catalyst (1N aqueous) were added to 3 g BMImCl solvent which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-K-alg (derived from potassium alginate, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 220 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 94.3% at 700 nm.

(97) Example: 22 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Starch, HCl as a Catalyst) 0.9 g of starch and 0.1 mmol HCl (1N aqueous) catalyst were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.107 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-starch (derived from starch, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 390 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 76.9% at 700 nm.
Example: 23 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Fructose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(98) 0.9 g of fructose and 0.1 mmol HCl (1N aqueous) catalyst were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.072 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-fructose (derived from fructose, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 424 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 80.5% at 700 nm.

(99) Example: 24 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP composite, (BFP Derived from Sucrose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(100) 0.9 g of sucrose and 0.1 mmol HCl (1N aqueous) catalyst were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.102 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-sucrose (derived from sucrose, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 410 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 80.9% at 700 nm.

(101) Example: 25 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP Composite, (BFP Derived from Xylose, HCl as a Catalyst)

(102) 0.9 g of xylose and 0.1 mmol HCl (1N aqueous) catalyst were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 6 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 6 g of water, and 2 times with 6 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.094 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-xylose (derived from xylose, HCl as a catalyst) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 5b. The UV shielding was observed up to 435 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 72.9% at 700 nm.

(103) Example: 26 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/Lignin Composite for Comparison

(104) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of lignin was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6a. The UV shielding was observed up to 288 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 97.2% at 700 nm.

(105) Example: 27 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/Furfural Composite for Comparison

(106) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of furfural was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.06 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6a. The UV shielding was observed up to 225 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 95.8% at 700 nm.

(107) Example: 28 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/Benzopheneone Composite for Comparison

(108) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of benzopheneone was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.06 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6a. The UV shielding was observed up to 267 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 95.2% at 700 nm.

(109) Example: 29 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/HMBA Composite for Comparison

(110) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of HIVIBA was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6a. The UV shielding was observed up to 349 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 95.2% at 700 nm.

(111) Example: 30 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/CeO.sub.2 Composite for Comparison

(112) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of CeO.sub.2 was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and ultrasonication at 30° C. for 30 min. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6b. The UV shielding was observed up to 226 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 96.5% at 700 nm.

(113) Example: 31 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 Composite for Comparison

(114) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and ultrasonication at 30° C. for 30 min. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6b. The UV shielding was observed up to 225 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 90.7% at 700 nm.

(115) Example: 32 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/TiO.sub.2 Composite for Comparison

(116) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of TiO.sub.2 was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and ultrasonication at 30° C. for 30 min. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6b. The UV shielding was observed up to 425 nm at 10% transference level and optical transparency was 40.8% at 700 nm.

(117) Example: 33 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/ZnO Composite for Comparison

(118) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of ZnO was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and ultrasonication at 30° C. for 30 min. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6b. The UV shielding was observed up to 218 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 83.9% at 700 nm.

(119) Example: 34 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/ZrO.sub.2 Composite for Comparison

(120) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of ZrO.sub.2 was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and ultrasonication at 30° C. for 30 min. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 6b. The UV shielding was observed up to 220 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 96.5% at 700 nm.

(121) Example: 35 UV Shielding Performance of PVC/BFP-G Composite

(122) 500 mg of PVC was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7a. The UV shielding was observed up to 370 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 80.3% at 700 nm.

(123) Example: 36 UV Shielding Performance of PVDF/BFP-G Composite

(124) 500 mg of PVDF was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.06 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7a. The UV shielding was observed up to 300 nm at 10% transference level and optical transparency was 79.5% at 700 nm.

(125) Example: 37 UV Shielding Performance of PMMA/BFP-G Composite

(126) 500 mg of PMMA was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7a. The UV shielding was observed up to 240 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 98.2% at 700 nm.

(127) Example: 38 UV Shielding Performance of Agar/BFP-G Composite

(128) 3750 mg of agar was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7b. The UV shielding was observed up to 379 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 92.6% at 700 nm.

(129) Example: 39 UV Shielding Performance of Agarose/BFP-G Composite

(130) 3750 mg of agarose was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7b. The UV shielding was observed up to 419 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 87.4% at 700 nm.

(131) Example: 40 UV Shielding Performance of HMPC/BFP-G Composite

(132) 3750 mg of HMPC was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7b. The UV shielding was observed up to 312 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 84.5% at 700 nm.

(133) Example: 41 UV Shielding Performance of KCA/BFP-G Composite

(134) 3750 mg of KCA was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7b. The UV shielding was observed up to 266 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 94.4% at 700 nm.

(135) Example: 42 UV Shielding Performance of K-alg/BFP-G Composite

(136) 3750 mg of K-alg was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7b. The UV shielding was observed up to 339 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 94.3% at 700 nm.

(137) Example: 43 UV Shielding Performance of CMC/BFP-G Composite (0.5 wt % Loading of BFP-G in CMC)

(138) 3750 mg of CMC was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 21.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIGS. 7b and 7c. The UV shielding was observed up to 300 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 95.1% at 700 nm.

(139) Example: 44 UV Shielding Performance of CMC/BFP-G Composite (1.0 wt % Loading of BFP-G in CMC)

(140) 3750 mg of CMC was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7c. The UV shielding was observed up to 425 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 85.2% at 700 nm.

(141) Example: 45 UV Shielding Performance of CMC/BFP-G Ccomposite (at Higher Amount of CMC While with 0.5 wt % Loading of BFP-G)

(142) 7500 mg of CMC was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 42.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and pH was adjusted to 8 (0.1M, NaHCO.sub.3). The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7c. The UV shielding was observed up to 425 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 82.5% at 700 nm.

(143) Example: 46 UV Shielding Performance of CMC/BFP-G Composite (Delaminated Mg.sub.2Al-LDH was Used for pH Adjustment Iinstead of NaHCO.sub.3)

(144) 3750 mg of CMC was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 21.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm and 75 mg delaminated Mg.sub.2Al-LDH as a solid base instead of NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (1250×20 mm) and dried in an air oven at 65° C. for 3 days (for the removal of water) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 7c. The UV shielding was observed up to 239 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 93.7% at 700 nm.

(145) Example: 47 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Mixture Prepared in DMSO)

(146) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8a. The UV shielding was observed up to 409 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 81.8% at 700 nm.

(147) Example: 48 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Mixture Prepared in DMF)

(148) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMF in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMF) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8a. The UV shielding was observed up to 356 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 87.9% at 700 nm.

(149) Example: 49 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Mixture Prepared in NMP)

(150) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of NMP in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of NMP) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8a. The UV shielding was observed up to 404 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 86.1% at 700 nm.

(151) Example: 50 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Mixture Prepared in DMSO at 60° C.)

(152) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 60° C. for 30 min at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8b. The UV shielding was observed up to 386 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 84.5% at 700 nm.

(153) Example: 51 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Mixture Prepared in DMSO at 120° C.)

(154) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 120° C. for 30 min at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8b. The UV shielding was observed up to 393 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 83.2% at 700 nm.

(155) Example: 52 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Composite Film made at 60° C.)

(156) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 60° C. for 4 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8c. The UV shielding was observed up to 356 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 87.9% at 700 nm.

(157) Example: 53 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (Composite Film Made at 120° C.) 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of

(158) DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 120° C. for 1.5 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8c. The UV shielding was observed up to 389 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 83.2% at 700 nm.

(159) Example: 54 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite at 2.0 wt. % Loading of BFP-G on One Meter Scale

(160) 30 g of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 1.5 L of DMSO in a 2.0 L round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 600 mg of BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a one meter glass plate (1000 cm×35 cm) and dried under incandescent light for 30 h (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 8d. The UV shielding was observed up to 406 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 82.2% at 700 nm.

(161) Example: 55 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/LCBFP Composite (BFP-G Decolorized with UV Treatment in THF Medium)

(162) 500 mg purified BFP-G (prepared as in Example:1a) was dissolved in 250 ml THF. The solution was irradiated with 200-400 nm ultraviolet radiation, which was provided by a 200 W tungsten UV lamp. After 5 hours of irradiation, the solution was added into 200 ml water, and THF was removed by rotary evaporation to obtain clear product mixture, which was freeze-dried for 24 hours. Light coloured bio-derived furanic polymer (LCBFP) which was obtained. 10 mg of LCBFP was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 500 mg of PVA was added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.07 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 13. The UV shielding was observed up to 343 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 99.8% at 700 nm.

(163) Example: 56 UV Shielding Performance of PVA/BFP-G Composite (BFP-G Decolorized with H.sub.2O.sub.2)

(164) 0.9 g of glucose, 0.1 mmol CuCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O and 0.3 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 were added to 3 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.), 2 g 30%H.sub.2O.sub.2 was added and stirred for 6 h, centrifuged to remove catalyst, and added to 10 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP was separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 5 g of water, and 1 time with 5 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h. The amount of wet BFP obtained is 0.674 g. 500 mg of PVA (Molecular weight=1,30,000, Sigma-Aldrich) was taken in 25 ml of DMSO in a 100 ml round-bottomed (RB) flask at 27° C. To that 10.0 mg of BFP-G Derived from glucose, CuCl.sub.2+Al.sub.2O.sub.3 as catalyst, and H.sub.2O.sub.2 as a oxidant) were added. The flask was heated and stirred at 90° C. for 30 min. at 400 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a petri dish (950×12 mm) and dried in an air oven at 90° C. for 3 days (for the removal of DMSO) and cooled to room temperature. The thin film (0.08 mm) was peeled out and analyzed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy given in FIG. 13. The UV shielding was observed up to 358 nm at 0.5% transmittance level and optical transparency was 93.1% at 700 nm.

(165) Example: 57 UV Shielding BFP (Prepared from 5wt % Glucose Substrate)

(166) 0.5 g of glucose and 0.3 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.060 g.

(167) Example: 58 UV Shielding BFP (Prepared from 70 wt % Glucose Substrate)

(168) 7 g of glucose and 0.3 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 1.653 g.

(169) Example: 59 UV Shielding BFP (Prepared in BMImCl Solvent)

(170) 1.5 g of glucose, and 0.3 mmol CrCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O were added to 5 g of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl) which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.789 g.

(171) Example: 60 UV Shielding BFP (Prepared Using Ion-Exchange Resin Amberlyst-15 Catalyst)

(172) 5 g of fructose and 0.5 g Amberlyst-15 catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.), centrifuged to remove catalyst, and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.156 g.

(173) Example: 61 UV Shielding BFP (Prepared Using Ion-Exchange Resin INDION-190 Catalyst)

(174) 5 g of fructose and 0.5 g INDION-190 catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.), centrifuged to remove catalyst, and added to 20 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.782 g.

(175) Example: 62 UV Shielding BFP (BFP is Precipitated Using 75 g Water)

(176) 5 g of glucose and 0.3 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 75 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.831 g.

(177) Example: 63 UV Shielding BFP (BFP is Precipitated Using 20 g MeOH)

(178) 5 g of glucose and 0.3 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 10 g DMSO which was preheated to 120° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 8 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and added to 20 g MeOH to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 2 times each with 20 g of water, and 1 time with 20 g MeOH and then dried in vacuum at room temperature (25° C.) for 6 h and in air oven for 12 h at 105° C. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.72 g.

(179) Example: 64 UV Shielding BFP (BFP Obtained in Wet Form Without Drying)

(180) 125 g of glucose and 1 g AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 250 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 250 rpm with mechanical stirring for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature and added to 1000 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by filtration through Buckner funnel and washed by adding large amount of water (1 L), then dried in vacuum at 25° C. for 3 days. The amount of wet BFP obtained is 106 g. This BFP is coded as BFP-W.

(181) Example: 65 UV Shielding BFP (BFP Dried in Vacuum Followed by Oven at 90° C.)

(182) 125 g of glucose and 1 g AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 250 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 250 rpm with mechanical stirring for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature and added to 1000 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by filtration through Buckner funnel and washed by adding large amount of water (1 L), then dried in vacuum for 12 h and in air oven at 90° C. for one day. The amount of dried BFP formed is 14 g. This BFP is coded as BFP-O.

(183) Example: 66 UV Shielding BFP (BFP Washed with MeOH and Dried in Open Atmosphere at 25° C.)

(184) 125 g of glucose and 1 g AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 250 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 250 rpm with mechanical stirring for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature and added to 1000 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by filtration through Buckner funnel and washed by adding large amount of water (1 L), and then the polymer was washed two times with 200 g MeOH, centrifuged and dried in open atmosphere at 25° C. for 5 h. The solid was completely dried and weight of BFP obtained is 14 g. This BFP is coded as BFP-M.

(185) Example: 67 UV Shielding BFP (BFP Separated by Centrifugation)

(186) 125 g of glucose and 1 g AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 250 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 250 rpm with mechanical stirring for 4 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature and added to 1000 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, washed 3 times with each of 250 ml water followed by centrifugation, then dried in vacuum for 12 h and in air oven at 90° C. for one day. The amount of dried BFP formed is 14 g.

(187) Example: 68 UV Shielding BFP (BFP Washed with Water and Dried in Vacuum at 70° C.)

(188) 25 g of glucose and 1.5 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 50 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 3 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and 10 g of this mixture was added to 40 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 3 times each with 30 g of water and then dried in vacuum at 70° C. for 1 day. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.86 g.

(189) Example: 69 UV Shielding BFP (BFP Washed with Water and Dried in Air Oven at 80° C.)

(190) 25 g of glucose and 1.5 mmol AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O catalyst were added to 50 g DMSO which was preheated to 140° C., and then stirred at 800 rpm for 3 h. Then this mixture was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and 10 g of this mixture was added to 40 g water to precipitate BFP. BFP were separated by centrifugation, and washed 3 times each with 30 g of water and then dried in air oven at 80° C. for 12 h. The amount of BFP obtained is 0.905 g.

ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

(191) Efficient performance of bio-derived furanic polymer (BFP) in shielding of complete UV region even at a very low concentration level of BFP. Similar performance of decolorized BFP for UV shielding invoking better commercial applicability. Ease of making BFP from wide variety of biomass saccharides in high concentrations by using various types of solvents and catalytic systems. Reproducible physicochemical properties of BFP irrespective of the source, catalyst, and medium. High compatibility of BFP with many commercial and bio-polymers to make UV-shielding composite thin films by an easy and simple solvent casting process. Ability to tune UV-shielding region (UVA, UVB, UVC and visible region) by modifying the film with process variables such as BFP concentration. UV-shielding efficiency of the PVA/BFP thin composite film can be tuned by varying the treatment temperature (−20 to 210° C.). Excellent thermal and mechanical stability with elasticity of PVA/BFP composites thin film. PVA/BFP thin composite film are durable even at extended UV-irradiation (90 min), sunlight (30 days) Green method of processing BFP, as water is used for precipitation and washing of BFP. Ease of further processing the supernatant HMF solution (probably having metal salts, mineral acids) obtained after BFP removal.

(192) Throughout this specification the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps. Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.

(193) The numerical values mentioned for the various physical parameters, dimensions or quantities are only approximations and it is envisaged that the values higher/lower than the numerical values assigned to the parameters, dimensions or quantities fall within the scope of the disclosure, unless there is a statement in the specification specific to the contrary. Any embodiment that can be made and that changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without departing from the principles of the disclosure is to be considered within the scope of this disclosure. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment as well as other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the disclosure and not as a limitation.