Structurally integrated parabolic trough concentrator with combined PV and thermal receiver

Abstract

The invention includes a parabolic solar concentrator typified by a highly integrated structure whereby, mirror, aerodynamic elements, a shell structure, cooling elements and other elements have been integrated to form a unibody structure, which is both stiffer and lighter than traditional trough structures. The invention includes; aerodynamic features that greatly limit lift forces induced by high speed winds, a receiver with liquid cooling for better control of PV cell temperatures and which allows for the collection of the heat for beneficial use, accommodations for a solar tracker, and improvements in the focusing and distribution of light using secondary mirrors. The receiver incorporates specific details to improve heat transfer and reduce parasitic pumping loads and incorporates secondary mirrors to increase light acceptance angles. Automated mirror washing is addressed. In applications where the heat is un-utilized the integrated radiator is employed to dissipate the heat using both convection and radiation heat transfer.

Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising: a single-body parabolic trough concentrator having a mirrored surface; two receiver supports located at each end of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator; and a receiver connected to the two receiver supports such that the receiver is positioned centrally and above the single-body parabolic trough concentrator, the receiver comprising: one or more receiver fluid channels, extending internally along a length of the receiver; a solar alignment channel which extends along a length of the receiver and is disposed on a sun-facing side of the receiver; two side mirrors disposed below the one or more receiver fluid channels, each side mirror disposed opposite the other side mirror and configured to re-direct impacting light rays from a portion of the mirrored surface to a photovoltaic array disposed on an underside of the on or more receiver fluid channels; and an apex mirror disposed below the one or more receiver fluid channels and disposed between the one or more receiver fluid channels and the mirrored surface, the apex mirror having a triangular shape formed by two mirrored sides that converge to physically contact at a first end and having an opening at a second end opposite to the first end, wherein the first end is between the two side mirrors, and the second end is below the two side mirrors, wherein the apex mirror is configured to re-direct the impacting light rays directed from a portion of the mirrored surface to the photovoltaic array on the underside of the one or more receiver fluid channels to disperse the impacting light rays over a surface of the photovoltaic array; and wherein the single-body parabolic trough concentrator is configured to have a dual-focus arrangement.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, the single-body parabolic trough concentrator further comprising: a back shell sheet stretched across a plurality of back shell ribs, wherein the mirrored surface is disposed on a front face of the back shell sheet; and a side rail disposed on each longitudinal edge of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator such that each side rail caps the back shell sheet and the plurality of back shell ribs.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, the single-body parabolic trough concentrator further comprising a radiator including a plurality of radiator tubes, a first radiator plenum, and a second radiator plenum, where the first and second radiator plenums are disposed along opposite curved ends of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator, wherein a heat transfer fluid from the one or more receiver fluid channels is passed to the first radiator plenum, which supplies the heat transfer fluid to the radiator tubes, where the heat transfer fluid is then collected b the second radiator plenum.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, the receiver further comprising: an electrical wire channel; wherein the two side mirrors are disposed below the photovoltaic array and configured to hide one or more photovoltaic array bus bars.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more receiver fluid channels comprise an internal flow mixer to swirl and mix fluid as the fluid moves along the length of the one or more receiver fluid channels.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the single-body parabolic trough concentrator is configured to provide nesting of a plurality of single-body parabolic trough concentrators with minimum spacing.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the mirrored surface is configured to provide a dual focus such that the dual focus interacts with the two side mirrors and apex mirror to provide an even distribution of solar rays.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the two receiver supports are fluid channels to convey a fluid to the receiver as well as provide structural support to the apparatus.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, the single-body parabolic trough concentrator further comprising: an aerodynamic spoiler disposed on a rim of each longitudinal edge of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator; and an anti-lift aero balance tube comprising a circular tube extending along a length of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator; wherein the anti-lift aero balance tube is mounted to the single-body parabolic trough concentrator using one or more tube mounts disposed on the underside of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, the aerodynamic spoiler comprising: a lower lip of the aerodynamic spoiler forming a protrusion extending downwardly from the underside of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator; and an upper lip extending above the rim of the longitudinal edge.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the upper lip comprises a washing tube disposed within a groove formed by a bend along an edge of the upper lip, the washing tube having a plurality of holes spaced along a length of the washing tube.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the washing tube is disposed only on one longitudinal edge of the single-body parabolic trough concentrator.

13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the aerodynamic spoiler is comprised of steel, aluminum, or a composite material.

14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the anti-lift aero balance tube is comprised of steel, aluminum, a composite material, or other metal.

15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the anti-lift aero balance tube is comprised of plastic.

16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein cooling lines are disposed inside or on the outside of the anti-lift aero balance tube.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when considered in conjunction with the subsequent, detailed description, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a basic parabolic trough concentrator 10 without improvements, primary trough components are: mirror 11; and generic receiver supports 5; generic receiver 3; mounting and pivot points 12; and back shell 100; which is composed of back shell ribs 120 connected by back shell sheet 110.

(3) FIG. 2 is an exploded view of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of some main elements of an improved parabolic trough to be added to basic trough 10. Radiator plenum 430 A&B at either end of the radiator 40, anti-lift aero balance tube 20, anti lift tube mount 210, anti lift tube bracket 220, 15 A&B are both aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener, mounting and pivot block 12, back shell sheet 110 and back shell ribs 120 form the primary structural elements of the back shell 100, generic receiver 3 and generic support 5 of FIG. 1 have been replace by elements of this invention 30 & 50 respectively, 30 an improved CPV receiver, 50 A&B are fluid riser and receiver supports located at opposite ends of the receiver.

(5) FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of an improved parabolic trough concentrator. 10 is the overall basic body of a parabolic trough, 11 is a mirror, 51 A&B are simple receiver supports space in the midsection of the receiver, 18 are stabilizer wires for the receiver, a multitude of vent holes 105 can be seen spaced along a side rail 140.

(6) FIG. 5 is a bottom perspective view of an improved parabolic trough. This fully shows the coverage of radiator 40, and anti-lift aero balance tube 20.

(7) FIG. 6 is an end view of an improved trough assembly.

(8) FIG. 7 is detail A view from FIG. 6, of a cross section of the aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15. Shown are aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15 has two primary parts, lower lip 152, which extends below the rim of the parabola and upper lip 151 which extents above the rim of the parabola, a side rail 140, and mirror wash tube 16.

(9) FIG. 8 is a close up perspective view of a section of the radiator 40, rows of louvers 410 and rows of parallel tubes 420 interspaced between louvers, which extend generally the length of the trough.

(10) FIG. 8A is a perspective view of an alternative configuration for radiator 40, rows of parallel tubes 420A spaced periodically, which extend generally the length of the trough. The tubes 420A spaced by means of spacers 450. Tubes 420A are terminated in the radiator plenum 430 at both ends of the trough.

(11) FIG. 9 is a longitudinal cross section view of an improved trough showing cooling channels 130 bounded by back shell ribs 120 on two sides, a back sheet 110, and a radiator 40. Mirror 11 is shown for reference.

(12) FIG. 10 is a section view of a fluid riser 50 attached to receiver by means of a fitting 520, which is threaded onto nipple 522, which is attached to receiver 30, and sealed by means of an o-ring 521, wire attachment ring 530 is provided for attachment of stabilizing wires 18 of FIG. 6.

(13) FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a CPV receiver 30. Coolant fluid flow mixers 80 A&B, which are located in the internal receiver fluid channels, are revealed.

(14) FIG. 12 is a section view of a concentrated photovoltaic receiver 30, a general rounded aerodynamic shape of receiver can be seen. 60 is an encapsulated solar array mounted on the heat transfer wall of the receiver (aka receiver face), receiver fluid channels 310 A&B opposite solar array mounting face, chambers 320 A&B along either side of the solar array are passages for wires, 630 A&B are PV cell buss bars hidden from sunlight by small side mirrors 330 A&B. 340 is solar alignment channel for locating solar tracking device. 350 is the Apex mirror for secondary concentration.

(15) FIG. 13 is a detail view B from FIG. 12. It shows solar cell 620 with interconnect 611 attached to PV cell buss bar 630A. 601 A&B are front and back encapsulation layers respectively.

(16) FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a PV cell interconnects 611 and 612 connecting cells, anode to cathode of PV cells 620 in a string, PV cell 620 back side (non-sun facing side) is shown in this view, PV cell buss bars are not visible.

(17) FIG. 15 is a top view of a PV cell interconnects 611 and 612 connecting cells, anode to cathode of PV cells 620, PV cell 620 back side (non-sun facing side) is shown in this view, PV cell buss bars are not visible.

(18) FIG. 16 is a section view along line c-c from FIG. 15.

(19) FIG. 17 is a detail view of D from FIG. 16. This shows a close up of a cross section of an interconnect 611 as connected to a cell 620 with buss bar 630A.

(20) FIG. 18 is perspective views of a cell interconnects, oppositely folded 611 & 612 and unfolded 610 (i.e. as stamped blank) interconnect device. 606 A&B are tabs that are to be soldered to the PV cell anode and cathode. 608 is a small through hole stamped in interconnect for location of cell isolation rod.

(21) FIG. 19 is an end view of overall general light concentration pattern for a cross section of the trough, with idealized parallel rays and perfect specular reflection from the main mirror 11.

(22) FIG. 19A is an end view of overall general light concentration pattern for a cross section of the trough, with non-parallel solar rays and imperfect specular reflection from the main mirror 11.

(23) FIG. 20 is a cross section close up, at the receiver, of the pattern of light concentration shown in FIG. 19, it also shows a portion of the rays reflected by the side mirrors and the apex mirror. This is the concentration pattern of idealized parallel rays and perfect specular reflection.

(24) FIG. 20A is also a cross section close up, at the receiver, of the pattern of light concentration shown in FIG. 19A, it also shows a portion of the rays reflected by the side mirrors and the apex mirror. This is the concentration patter of real solar rays and imperfect specular reflection.

(25) FIG. 21 is a cross section close up, at the receiver, of the concentration pattern of parallel incoming rays with perfect specular reflection, when the trough is 0.075 degrees off center i.e. during solar tracking.

(26) FIG. 21A is a cross section close up, at the receiver, of the concentration pattern of real incoming solar rays with imperfect specular reflection, when the trough is 0.075 degrees off center i.e. during solar tracking, i.e. the same as FIG. 21 but with non-idealized rays and imperfect reflection.

(27) FIG. 22 is a cross section view of an alternative method of distributing and maintaining even distribution of concentrated light over the cell(s) using a single focal point pattern, the side mirror faces are perpendicular to the cell face.

(28) FIG. 23 is a end view of a trough module with the air flow pattern for 60 m/s (134 mph).

(29) FIG. 24 is a plan view of a nested stack of troughs for shipping.

(30) For purposes of clarity and brevity, like elements and components will bear the same designations and numbering throughout the Figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(31) Whereas it is desirable to use parabolic troughs for concentrated solar for CPV and CPVT applications to reduce cost and increase efficiency, in general as compared to non-concentrated. It is necessary to improve on the cost and performance of the state of the art parabolic trough concentrator for both thermal and CPV applications.

(32) This invention provides for improvements in the structure of parabolic troughs and the integration of components to increase strength and performance while reducing weight. This invention also provides for improvements in the focusing of light and the distribution of concentrated light over the face of the PV cells. The improvements of the present invention may be applied to many configurations of basic trough designs such as the those proposed in: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/365,549 Solar Trough and Receiver; U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,493 Parabolic Trough Solar Energy Collector Assembly; or WIPO publication number WO 2007/076578 A1.

(33) Realization of the potential to capitalize on PV cell cost savings requires integrating the trough and ancillary structures in to a unibody structure, which reduces mass while maintaining and/or improving other performance attributes.

(34) FIG. 1 shows a basic parabolic trough concentrator 10. The primary structure is composed of: back shell sheet 110 stretching between back shell ribs 120, which all together form a back shell 100; mounting and pivot block 12 at both ends; a mirror 11 (of glass, metal or other); general receiver support 5 at both ends of the trough; and a general receiver 3. This is a basic functional parabolic trough concentrator 10 showing only some of the elements of the present invention. Many parabolic troughs with an analogous structure have been proposed, a few examples are cited in the aforementioned patent references. An essential advantage of this invention is the integrated nature of those elements along with the addition of new elements and features to reduce cost and improve structural performance.

(35) FIG. 2 is an exploded view of FIG. 1 showing some basic elements of a parabolic trough concentrator 10.

(36) FIG. 3 shows a basic parabolic trough concentrator 10 with the addition of some of the major elements of this invention visible in an exploded view. Elements of this invention shown, with the basic parabolic trough concentrator 10, include: combined aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15 A&B (A&B are identical); anti-lift aero balance tube 20, which is mounted to anti lift tube mount 210 at the ends and center minimally, then clamped in place with anti lift tube bracket 220 at each mount; the cooling elements (detailed later) which are collectively a radiator 40, with radiator plenum 430 A&B (A&B are identical), otherwise known as a header, at either end; integrated fluid riser and receiver support 50 A&B (A&B are identical); receiver central support 51 A&B (A&B are identical) are simple receiver supports space in the midsection of a receiver; receiver stabilizing wire 18 at each support; and CPV receiver 30 is a concentrated light receiver where the solar rays are intercepted for conversion alternatively a pure thermal receiver can be substituted without change to the trough structure.

(37) FIG. 4 shows an improved parabolic trough concentrator with some of the aforementioned improvements of this invention integrated. Additionally, each longitudinal edge has a side rail 140, which serves to strength and to cap back shell ribs 120 and back shell sheet 110. Side rails 140 A&B (A&B are identical) can be seen in FIG. 4 & FIG. 6. In CPV application where cooling is required side rail 140 also contains a multitude of vent holes 105.

(38) There are two variants for the heat gathered from cooling the PV cells. Variant one: the heat is dissipated in the radiator on the backside of the trough. The coolant fluid is then circulated to the next trough in a continuous loop of cooling PV cells then dumping the heat in the radiator. Variant two: the heated fluid from cooling the PV cells is gathered via a piping system, for beneficial use elsewhere. Thus in variant two the radiator, if installed, is not utilized or is utilized to dump only excess heat that could not be used for beneficial purposes.

(39) FIG. 5 shows the back side of the improved parabolic trough concentrator, which reveals fully the coverage of radiator 40 and placement of anti-lift aero balance tube 20. Radiator 40 has been structurally integrating as one element of a Unibody structure, which adds strength to an integrated trough and reduces overall weight by being able to make other structural elements lighter. Radiator 40 is fixed to back shell ribs 120 on the backside of a back shell 100 by means of spot welding or other bonding technique.

(40) Air flow channels 130, shown in FIG. 9, are formed by an area bounded between back shell sheet 110 on one side, a radiator 40 on the opposite side and finally by back shell ribs 120 forming a basic cell in the cross section of FIG. 9. These form multiple air flow channels 130, which follow the curve of the back shell, for air to flow, which aids in cooling. Air flow is facilitated in air flow channels 130 by a multitude of vent holes 105 along both side rails 140 of a trough, providing an exit and/or entrance, depending on trough orientation, to facilitate airflow. In one embodiment, a radiator 40 is constructed from flat sheets of aluminum or steel with rows of louvers 410 stamped in and rows of parallel radiator tubes 420 interspaced between the louvers 410, which can be seen in the detailed view of FIG. 8. In an alternative embodiment, a radiator 40 is constructed from rows of parallel radiator tubes 420A spaced (without a louvered sheet), which can be seen in FIG. 8A. By utilizing a radiator 40 so located, spread out over a large area on the back generally non-sun facing side of the trough, the cooling is enhanced by taking advantage of a large surface area which is exposed to the background environment, which will enhance thermal radiation heat transfer for cooling. Depending on the conditions, radiation heat transfer can account for up to 50% of the cooling capacity. This radiation heat transfer, in combination with natural convection from louver 410 and/or tubes 420(A), greatly improves cooling performance compared to a passive heat transfer arrangement.

(41) Fluid riser and receiver support 50A, 50B are each intended as both the receiver support structure and fluid supplies tubes to the receiver. Thus, two functions are combined into one physical element saving weight and cost as well as reducing the area of potential light blockage compared to two components. This approach applies to both CPV and thermal concentration applications. FIG. 10 is a cross section detailing a connection to a receiver 30. The fluid riser is attached to a receiver by means of a threaded fitting 520, which is threaded onto threaded nipple 522, which is bonded to a receiver, and sealed by means of an o-ring 521. Receiver wire attachment ring 530 is provided for attachment of receiver stabilizing wire 18. Fluid riser and receiver support 50A, 50B is preferably made of Aluminum but can be any metal, plastic or composite material.

(42) The heat transfer fluid passes into CPV receiver 30 from a fluid riser and receiver support 50, then having passed through receiver and picked up heat, fluid then passes out of the receiver down another fluid riser and receiver support 50 on the other end. The thus heated fluid leaving the fluid riser and receiver support 50 is passed via a tube to a radiator plenum 430, which traverses one end of the parabola along its curve. A radiator plenum 430 supplies fluid to radiator tubes 420, which extend the entire length of the parabola and distribute a heat across the surface of a radiator 40, cooled fluid is then collected by another identical radiator plenum 430 located on the opposite end of radiator 40. The thus cooled fluid is then passed to the next trough in the string. Fluid flows at a generally equal rate through all radiator tubes 420 by means of employing equal and opposite pressure drops in the opposing radiator plenums 430. This is accomplished by having the fluid enter the inlet plenum on one corner and exit the opposing plenum on the opposite corner. In so doing the fluid path and resistance along that path are the same for all paths. Therefore, flow is generally the same for each tube 420. In an alternative configuration, a radiator 40 is not integrated into the main structure but is discretely attached to the backside of a trough structure. In another alternative, a radiator 40 is displaced from a trough structure and place close to the ground below the trough in a stationary position. In yet another alternative, a radiator 40 is not present and all fluid is collect to a central system where it can be used for beneficial purposes.

(43) A parabolic trough would normally act as a wing in high speed wind conditions. However, the combination of aerodynamic elements, anti-lift aero balance tube 20, and combined aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15, work together to dramatically reduce lift and torque forces in very high wind conditions (e.g., hurricane/tornado). Such combination results in induced lift and torsion forces from high speed winds that are a small fraction of what they would be without the aerodynamic alterations. FIG. 23 shows a cross section of the module with the air flow pattern for 60 m/s (134 mph). In FIG. 23, it can be observed how the air flow patterns are disrupted. The resultant lift forces on the trough are reduced by roughly 90% compared to the trough without balanced aerodynamic control elements.

(44) Combined aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15 generally extends the length of a trough longitudinally on the outer edge on each side, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6. It has two primary functions: one is to work in combination with the anti-lift aero balance tube 20 to change the pattern of the wind flowing over the trough. The second is to further serve the purpose of adding stiffness to the trough, in another example of structural integration of traditionally non-structural elements.

(45) Combined aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15 has two spoiler sub-elements: lower lip 152, which extends below the rim of the parabola; and upper lip 151, which extents above the rim of the parabola. In another minor purpose, upper lip 151 also serves to attach and hold a wash tube 16, as shown in FIG. 7. A further function is to provide a surface to stand the trough on its side during shipping. Aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener element 15 is preferably fabricated from steel, but may be of Aluminum or composite material. A roll forming process is the preferred fabrication technique but, alternatively, bending on a metal brake is possible.

(46) Another aerodynamic control element, anti-lift aero balance tube 20, is a generally circular tube that extends the length of a trough on the backside, below the vertex of the parabola. By sizing and correctly spacing anti-lift aero balance tube 20 away from the surface of the back shell 100 and/or radiator 40, whichever is present, the anti-lift aero balance tube works in conjunction with the aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener element 15 to control lift and torque due to high winds. Anti-lift aero balance tube 20 is attached to and supported by the trough, preferably at three points but other supports may be acceptable. Preferably made of steel but can be Aluminum or other metal, plastic or composite material. Alternatively, the tube may have another cross section other than generally circular. Element 20 can also be used to increase cooling capacity by adding cooling lines, interiorly or exteriorly, to distribute heat over the surface, thereby dissipating additional heat. A general tubular structure in this general location has sometimes been used in past trough designs purely for structural reasons but not for aerodynamic reasons; such tube was often referred to as a torque tube. In this invention, tube 20 does not serve as a torque tube. In yet another alternative embodiment, the tube can have the additional purpose of integrated structural member to increase the flexural stiffness of the trough if needed.

(47) Mirror wash tube 16, shown in FIG. 7, is provided for automated cleaning of the mirror 11 surface. Mirror wash tube 16 is preferably mounted to upper lip 151 of combined aerodynamic spoiler and stiffener 15. Mirror wash tube 16, which extends the general length of a trough, has a plurality of small holes evenly space along the length. These holes are oriented such that water or cleaning fluid jetted out under pressure will be directed onto the surface of a mirror 11. When a trough is placed at some angle, the fluid jetted from mirror wash tube 16 will traverse across the width of mirror 11 and exit the other side of the trough, thus cleaning the entire surface of mirror 11. Mirror wash tube 16 may be located along one or both sides of the trough. The tubes are preferably fabricated from aluminum or plastic.

(48) This invention incorporates a CPV receiver 30 design for liquid cooling. The general cross section of CPV receiver 30 is shown in FIG. 12. A primary objective of the liquid cooled CPV receiver 30 is to provide superior heat absorption into the coolant fluid (or heat transfer fluid) from the solar cells (i.e. for PV cell cooling). Coolant fluid is pumped through receiver fluid channels 310 A&B, which extend along the entire length of a receiver, shown in FIG. 12 as two channels joined but may be any number of channels. The fluid channels are collocated opposite a common wall, where the encapsulated PV array 60 is bonded on one side with the fluid channels 310 on the other side. A receiver also includes electrical wire channels 320 A&B, which extend the entire length of the receiver. Wire channels 320 A&B provide space for the solar cell interconnect, bypass diodes, wires and sensor leads, which may be needed for a PV array. CPV receiver 30 is preferably made of extruded Aluminum but can be any metal and formed by alternative process, such as roll forming or some combination of processes.

(49) FIG. 13 illustrates detail B from FIG. 12, showing PV cell 620 with PV cell interconnect 611 attached to PV cell buss bar 630A. Not shown is 630B on the opposite longitudinal edge of PV cell 620, which has an identical configuration but with mirror interconnect 612. 601 A&B are front and back array encapsulation layers, respectively.

(50) This invention includes two small side mirrors 330 A&B (A&B are identical), located in a CPV receiver 30 shown in FIG. 12. These small side mirrors 330 A&B serve to redirect a portion of the concentrated light onto the solar cells (i.e. increase the concentration factor and affect distribution of the concentrated light), producing a generally even light distribution as the trough tracks from side to side due to the relative motion between the sun's direct rays and the trough (distribution pattern detailed later).

(51) FIG. 12 also shows an apex mirror 350. The apex mirror 350 serves essentially the same purpose as side mirrors 330, but for a different portion of the concentrated light. Further, in combination side mirrors 330 and apex mirror 350 concentrate the light further than is possible from the single focus of the main mirror. This in affect allows the utilization of smaller PV cells and consequently lower cost. With the addition of side mirrors 330 and apex mirror 350 the receiver has a much great acceptance angle for incoming light.

(52) Additionally, in order to maximize the light which strikes a solar cell(s) and thus maximize electric and/or thermal power output, this invention utilizes the small side mirrors 330 A&B as a feature which hides a PV cell buss bar 630 A&B and associated interconnect 611 & 612 from the concentrated light, thus improving effective efficiency. The small side mirrors 330 A&B serve this second purpose of shading or hiding by redirecting concentrated light away from the PV cell buss bars 630 A&B. Thus creating hidden buss bars and preventing the light, which would have impacted the buss bars, from being lost. PV cell buss bars 630 and associated interconnects 611 & 612 extend longitudinally along the sides of the PV cell 620, as illustrated in FIG. 14 & FIG. 15. When a cell or an array of cells is mounted in the receiver, as shown in FIG. 12 and detail FIG. 13, small side mirrors 330 cover PV cell buss bars 630, minimizing the loss from light normally reflected by/from the buss bars and thus not absorbed by a PV cell 620. Small side mirrors 330 A&B are intended to be attached to CPV receiver 30 after an encapsulated PV array 60 is bonded in place, this makes solar cell string mounting easier. Alternatively, small side mirrors 330 may be integral to the main body of a receiver and a PV cell array inserted from the end. The preferred method of fabrication is to extrude the small side mirrors 330 from aluminum, steel, plastic or composite material and then to laminate or deposit a mirror surface on the face. Alternatively, it is possible to manufacture small side mirrors 330 by machining process of milling the profile required from a solid piece of material of the same selection.

(53) In order to get the best heat conduction into the fluid it is desirable that the fluid should be turbulent which breaks up the boundary layer, but it is also desirable to minimize the pumping power and pressure losses. Low pressure drop, and thus low relative pumping power, are generally inconsistent with producing turbulent flow. Therefore, this design incorporates flow mixers 80 A&B (A&B are identical), which are located in the receiver fluid channels 310 A&B. Flow mixers 80 cause the flow to swirl and mix, thereby generally eliminating the boundary layer, which improves heat transfer to the fluid. These flow mixers 80 cause relatively low pressure loss compared with high a Reynolds number associated with turbulent flow. FIG. 11 shows and perspective view of the receiver with internal flow mixers 80 revealed.

(54) Further, this CPV receiver 30 design incorporates an aerodynamic shape for low coefficient of drag, where generally rounded sidewalls slope in at the top and at the bottom, which can be seen in cross section FIG. 12. During high wind conditions, the drag force exerted on a receiver due to such winds can be significant. These forces would be transferred to a trough causing a torque on a trough and its tracking drive, potentially damaging other components. By designing a receiver with a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag, the forces can be greatly reduced.

(55) All parabolic trough concentrators need to be aligned with the sun at least along the long axis of the trough. This invention includes an external longitudinal channel, called the receiver solar alignment channel 340 in FIG. 12, which extends along the length of a receiver on the general sun facing side, opposite and parallel to the surface where an encapsulated solar array 60 is to be mounted. Receiver solar alignment channel 340 is to be used to align the trough with the sun. More precisely, receiver solar alignment channel 340 is for locating a solar alignment sensor and or solar tracking device.

(56) In an alternative embodiment the features represented here for a CPV receivers, side mirrors, flow channels, flow mixers, aerodynamic shape, and alignment channel, can also be applied to thermal receivers for high temperature thermal applications, i.e. a receiver without PV cells for heat only.

(57) In order to minimize losses, the cells in CPV applications need to be as closely connected as possible. This invention includes a device for interconnecting the solar cells by means of a PV cell interconnect 611 and mirror image PV cell interconnect 612, which extend along the sides of a solar cell on opposite edges. This eliminates the need to use the traditional flexible tabs that usually extend between the cells, requiring a larger gap than desired here. Close spacing of solar cells 620 requires a different method from traditional interconnecting of cells in a string or array. PV cell interconnect 611 and mirror image PV cell interconnect 612 are intended to facilitate close spacing of solar cells 620 when connected in an array. Since a parabolic trough is a linear focus concentrator, the solar cells extend one next to the other in a line or linear array at or near the focal point, or more accurately along the focal line, as illustrated in FIG. 19 through FIG. 22 for PV array placement near the focal point. Installed PV cell interconnects are illustrated in FIG. 13 through FIG. 17. FIG. 17 detail D of section C-C is essentially the same view as detail B in FIG. 13, but only of a bare cell and interconnect without encapsulate and not mounted in a receiver. PV cell interconnects 611 & 612 have two tabs 606 A&B, which are generally symmetrical. These tabs are to be connected to the solar cell anode and cathode generally by means of soldering one tab is soldered to a solar cell buss bar 630 and the other is solder to the back of an adjacent cell. Interconnects are preferably made of Copper but they can be of any high conductive metal. Interconnects are preferably fabricated by means of first stamping from flat strips to produce the interconnect blank 610, then folding a blank 610 in one direction to produce PV cell interconnect 611 and folding another blank 610 in the opposite direction to produce mirror image PV cell interconnect 612. FIG. 18 illustrates the stamped blank 610 and the two oppositely folded interconnects 611 & 612. Folding of interconnect blank 610 is preferably accomplish by roll forming but can also be by other process such as stamping etc. Interconnect blank 610 is folded so that connecting tabs 606A & 606B are on parallel planes but displaced by the thickness of the cell as shown in FIG. 17 detail D. A small hole 608, shown in interconnect blank 610, remains in interconnect 611 & 612 and is to provide means of inserting and holding a generally circular insulator intended to prevent adjacent cells from touching and thus electrically shorting. Interconnects have the added benefit that their overall resistance is lower than traditional tabs, because it can be made with a much greater cross section area than the traditional tabs used for connecting PV cells thus the resistive losses are reduced. FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 show how PV cells 620 are to be interconnected in a string using PV cell interconnects 611 & 612. Additionally the PV cell interconnects 611 & 612 provide a convenient means of attaching wires and bypass diodes, either surface mount or axial lead, should they be required. There are many alternative configurations of the PV cell interconnect 611 & 612 but the base elements are that the device should connect the bus bar anode on one face of a cell to the cathode on the opposite face of and adjacent cell and so forth in series. In addition, it should not intercede between the cells but instead pass along the side to allow for minimum cell spacing.

(58) To achieve the highest possible efficiency from the solar cell, light distribution should be maintained as near even as possible across the cell face. An aspect of this invention includes a method of evenly distributing concentrated light over the surface of the encapsulated PV array 60. FIG. 19 shows the overall concentration pattern in neutral position for the full cross section of an improved parabolic trough with ideal parallel rays and perfect reflection. FIG. 19A shows the same except with non-ideal solar rays and imperfect specular reflection. As can be seen in FIG. 20, close up of FIG. 19, the concentration pattern in neutral position, rays from each half of a parabola, left and right, do not significantly cross each other before impacting a secondary mirror or PV array 60, thus concentrated rays have a dual focus pattern and not a single focal point as in state of the art parabolic concentrators. Again FIG. 20A is the same as 20 but with non-idealize rays and imperfect reflection. This dual focus pattern generally leaves an area below a receiver 30, and with the approximate width of the solar cell, open between a mirror 11 and a receiver 30. This area is intended to accommodate the apex mirror and/or fluid riser and receiver support 50 A&B, which will have minimal light interference so located.

(59) Further, this method includes maintaining generally even distribution of concentrated light over the surface of the encapsulated PV array 60 while tracking the sun, i.e. changes in relative position of the sun with regard to perfect alignment with the trough. FIG. 21 shows concentration pattern of idealize parallel rays and perfect specular reflection from the main mirror 11, with a shifted alignment, specifically in the solar tracking position of 0.1 degrees off center. FIG. 21A is the same as FIG. 21 but the solar rays are non-parallel and with imperfect specular reflection from the main mirror 11.

(60) This invention includes alternative method of distributing and maintaining distribution of concentrated light over the cell(s) as shown in FIG. 22, an alternative concentration pattern neutral position, whereby a higher percent of light is reflected from the sidewalls also achieving a generally even distribution pattern. This alternative has a more classic focal pattern with a single focal point where concentrated rays from the left and right halves cross. Rays crossing at a central point is both an advantage and disadvantage of this focusing method. This can be advantageous because it is a simpler pattern to produce and may be beneficial for thermal concentrators, which may benefit from a tight focus or require light to pass through a narrow aperture or smaller receiver tube. It also allows for greater acceptance angles while providing a generally even light distribution. The disadvantage is for CPV applications the central crossing of the rays can create a long shadow from supports, wires and hoses, (depending on sun angle), for a significant portion of the year. This shadow is highly disadvantageous for PV arrays, shadowing can severely limit or block output from an entire array. Bypass diodes can be used to address this problem somewhat but the net array output will be significantly lower. In this alternative, side mirrors are generally perpendicular to the cell face and receives a generally greater proportion of the concentrated rays on first impact.

(61) For shipping efficiency, improved parabolic troughs of this invention are designed to be nested with a minimum of spacing to improve the efficiency of packaging multiple units, as illustrated in FIG. 24. It is intended that troughs be shipped standing vertically, resting on one of the longitudinal ends by means of either a standard ISO container or box trailer. Efficient shipping allows trough units to be factory assembled with minimum field assembly required. Further, due to the reduced mass of a unibody construction and tight packing, shipping cost will be reduced.

(62) Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements, and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention.

(63) Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims.