Dual-Purpose Pat/Ultrasound Contrast Agent Bound with Nanoparticles Containing Drug and Method for Preparing Same

Abstract

The present invention provides a dual-purpose photoacoustic tomography (PAT)/ultrasound contrast agent comprising: (a) a micro-bubble containing gas and porphyrin therein; and (b) nanoparticles bound on a surface of the micro-bubble and containing a drug. The contrast agent of the present invention can be used in both the ultrasound diagnosis and the photoacoustic image diagnosis, and can significantly increase the accuracy of photoacoustic images.

Claims

1. A dual-purpose photoacoustic tomography (PAT)/ultrasound contrast agent comprising: (a) a microbubble containing gas and porphyrin therein; and (b) nanoparticles bound on a surface of the microbubble and containing a drug.

2. The contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles comprise albumin to form self-aggregates.

3. The contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have a diameter of 100 to 300 nm.

4. The contrast agent of claim 2, wherein the albumin is a human serum albumin or a fragment thereof.

5. The contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of docetaxel, cisplatin, camptothecin, paclitaxel, tamoxifen, anasterozole, gleevec, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), floxuridine, leuprolide, flutamide, zoledronate, doxorubicin, vincristine, gemcitabine, streptozocin, carboplatin, topotecan, belotecan, irinotecan, vinorelbine, hydroxyurea, valrubicin, retinoic acid-series, methotrexate, meclorethamine, chlorambucil, busulfan, doxifluridine, vinblastin, mitomycin, prednisone, testosterone, mitoxantron, aspirin, salicylates, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, indomethacin, phenyltazone, cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, dexamethasone, prednisolone, celecoxib, valdecoxib, nimesulide, cortisone, and corticosteroid.

6. The contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the microbubble comprises porphyrin, and is a gas-filled microsphere, a gas-filled liposome or a gas-forming emulsion.

7. The dual-purpose photoacoustic tomography (PAT)/ultrasound contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is bound on the microbubble by a thiol group, an amine group, and biotin-avidin.

8. The dual-purpose photoacoustic tomography (PAT)/ultrasound contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the bond between the microbubble and the nanoparticle is an amide bond at a surface of the contrast agent with the nanoparticle.

9. The dual-purpose photoacoustic tomography (PAT)/ultrasound contrast agent of claim 1, wherein the microbubble has a diameter of 0.1 to 10 nm.

10. A method for preparing a dual-purpose photoacoustic tomography (PAT)/ultrasound contrast agent, the method comprising: (a) preparing each of a microbubble comprising porphyrin and a nanoparticle containing a drug; and (b) mixing the nanoparticle and the microbubble at a predetermined ratio in water to be reacted.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the preparing of the microbubble comprises: mixing an emulsifier, porphyrin-lipid, lipid, and lipid comprising NHS with an organic solvent to form a lipid thin film; and putting the lipid thin film into water to hydrate the lipid thin film, and performing an ultrasound treatment thereon while injecting gas thereinto and maintaining high pressure.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein in the forming of the lipid thin film, the emulsifier:porphyrin-lipid:lipid:lipid comprising NHS are added at a molar ratio of 5 to 10:15 to 30:60 to 75:15 to 30.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the preparing of the nanoparticle containing a drug comprises dissolving albumin in water, and then injecting a drug thereinto to prepare a mixture; and adjusting a pH of the mixture to 7 to 9, and then adding alcohol dropwise thereto, and the albumin forms self-aggregates by the steps.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the reacting is a step of hydrolyzing NHS present on a surface of the microbubble in water, and amide-boding a remaining carboxyl group on the surface of the microbubble and an amine group present in the nanoparticle.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein a ratio of mixing the nanoparticle and the microbubble is a molar ratio of bonding reactive groups of 1:0.5 to 2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0051] FIG. 1 illustrates data meaning that human serum albumin nanoparticles (PTX-NPs) containing an anticancer agent (paclitaxel: PTX) are bound on porphyrin microbubbles (porphyrin-MB s).

[0052] FIG. 2 illustrates the result of analyzing the presence and absence of bonding of porphyrin-MBs-NPs through UV-vis spectroscopy.

[0053] FIG. 3 illustrates a result of verifying ultrasound and photoacoustic images of porphyrin-MBs-NPs and porphyrin MBs developed in the present invention.

[0054] The lower drawing in FIG. 4 illustrates data indicating that photoacoustic signals are amplified in porphyrin MBs-NPs compared to porphysome.

[0055] FIG. 5 illustrates an experimental result of analyzing the intensity of detected signals according to the frequency band of a transducer used in detecting acoustic signals in the present experiment.

[0056] FIG. 6 illustrates data of analyzing the effects of infiltrating the prepared agent into MDA-MB-231 cells.

[0057] FIG. 7 illustrates data of analyzing the anticancer effects on cells over time.

[0058] FIG. 8 illustrates data of producing photoacoustic images from cancer tissues in a disease animal model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Best Mode

[0059] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail through the Examples. These Examples are provided only for more specifically describing the present invention, and it will be obvious to a person with ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains that the scope of the present invention is not limited by these Examples according to the gist of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

[0060] Throughout the present specification, unless otherwise specifically stated, for % used in order to indicate the concentration of a specific material, the solid/solid is (wt/wt) %, the solid/liquid is (wt/vol) %, and the liquid/liquid is (vol/vol) %.

Preparation Examples

Preparation Example 1

Preparation of Lipid-Containing Porphyrin

[0061] A preparation was made by an acylation reaction of porphyrin-lipidsms lysophosphatidylcholine which is a subunit of a porphyrin microbubble with pyrophephorbide. First, 100 nmol of 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 50 nmol of pyropheophorbide, 50 nmol of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, 25 nmol of 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine, and 50 L of N,N-diisopropylethylamine were dissolved in 10 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane, and then reacted under an argon environment for 48 hours in a state where light was blocked at normal temperature. Thereafter, the residue left by evaporating all the solvents was purified by thin layer chromatography (2020 cm pre-coated silica gel plate with fluorescent indicator, a thickness of 1.5 mm), and in this case, the residue was purified by extraction when the retardation factor (Rf) of the thin layer chromatography was 0.4 as a main band. For the purification method, the chromatography was performed by using diol modified silica, and then impurities were removed by using dichloromethane containing 2% and 5% methanols, and purification was performed by using dichloromethane containing 8% methanol. The purified pyropheophrobide-lipid was aliquoted at a concentration of 1 mol, dried by flowing nitrogen gas, and stored at 20 C. under the argon environment. The purity of the extracted porphyrin-lipid was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (conditions: Phenomenex Jupiter C4 column, 0.4 mL/min flow from 25% to 95% acetonitrile followed by holding 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, compound eluted at 32 min, observed mass: 1013.1).

Preparation Example 2

Preparation of Microbubbles Including Porphyrin

[0062] 1,2-disteraoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), DSPE-PEG2000-NHS (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[poly(ethyleneglycol)] 2000-N-hydroxysuccinimide), and a lipid containing porphyrin (porphyrin-lipid) as the lipids, and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate (POE40s) as an emulsifier were mixed at a molar ratio of 50:15:15:1 and dissolved in chloroform, and then the chloroform was completely evaporated by using a rotary evaporator to form a lipid thin film. Subsequently, distilled water, propylene glycol, and glycerin were mixed at a ratio of 8:1:1, and then the resulting mixture was added to the lipid thin film. The lipid was dissolved while the temperature was maintained at 55 to 60 C. SF6 or C3F8 gas was put into a container containing the mixed solution, the container was filled with the gas at 200 kPa, and then microbubbles (porphyrin-MBs) were prepared through sonication and mechanical agitation.

Preparation Example 3

Preparation of Nanoparticles (HSA-NPs)

[0063] 40 mg of a human serum albumin (HSA) was dissolved in 1 mL of distilled water, and then 100 to 200 L t of paclitaxel (5 mg/mL) was mixed in a vial in which HSA was dissolved. The pH of the mixed solution was titrated to 8.0 to 8.5 by using KOH or NaOH, and then 3 to 6 mL of ethanol was titrated to the mixed solution at a rate of 1 mL/min. 8%-glutaraldehyde, which is a crosslinking agent, was put thereinto and the reaction was performed until the HSA was aggregated and the mixed solution became turbid. Subsequently, the solution left by completely evaporating ethanol was centrifuged under the conditions of 12,000 rpm, 4 C., and 10 minutes. The other aliquots were removed except for the settled pellet, and HSA and paclitaxel, which had not been particularized, were removed, and then washed with distilled water. Centrifugation was performed under the conditions of 3,000 rpm, 4 C., and 5 min to remove micro-sized particles and extract HSA nanoparticles (HSA-NPs) loaded with paclitaxel having a size of 100 to 200 nm.

Preparation Example 4

Binding of Microbubbles and Nanoparticles

[0064] HSA nanoparticles and microbubbles including porphyrin were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.5 to 2 in a combined reactor at normal temperature for 2 hours to bind nanoparticles to microbubbles through amide bonds. The unbound HSA nanoparticles were removed by centrifugation to completely prepare the contrast agent (porphyrin-MBs-NPs) in Example 1. For reference, when in order to complement the lost NHS during the preparation of microbubbles, EDC and NHS were sufficiently added in advance to perform a reaction, and the residual EDC and NHS were washed by a centrifuge, the binding efficiency may be further enhanced.

Comparative Example 1

[0065] Microbubbles (porphyrin-MBs) including porphyrin prepared by the method in the Preparation Examples were used as Comparative Example 1 (nanoparticles were not bonded to microbubbles).

Experimental Examples

Experimental Methods

Experimental Method 1

Ultrasound Scanning

[0066] For the ultrasound imaging, 0.5 mg/mL of porphyrin MBs prepared and porphyrin MBs-NPs were diluted at 1/50, the dilution was put into a phantom manufactured with an agarose gel, and then images were produced by a commercially available ultrasound diagnostic system using a transducer of 2 to 5 MHz. In this case, the diagnostic mode used was a harmonic mode, components from the ultrasound contrast agent were detected and the diagnosis was conducted by setting the intensity of the emitted ultrasound waves to 0.1 mechanical index.

Experimental Method 2

Photoacoustic Image Scanning

[0067] For the photoacoustic imaging, porphyrin MBs and porphyrin MBs-NPs at the same concentration as in the ultrasound imaging experiment were put into a tube and data were obtained by irradiating laser with a wavelength of 700 nm, and images were reconstructed by using a matlab program.

Experimental Method 3

Analysis Method of Anticancer Effects in Cells

[0068] About 20,000 cells were seeded onto a 96-well plate, and then 400 nM, which is the same amount based on paclitaxel, was added thereto, and then the cells were divided into a group which was contrasted with ultrasound waves and a group which was not contrasted with ultrasound waves, and a control which was not subjected to any treatment, free-MBs to which PTX-NPs were not bound, nanoparticles (PTX-NPs) containing 400 nM of PTX, and nanoparticles to which PTX-NPs containing 400 nM of PTX were bound were used to verify the apoptotic effects over time for each group. The degree of apoptosis was quantitatively analyzed by using an MTT assay.

Experimental Method 4

Analysis Method of Infiltration Effects in Cancer Cells

[0069] An experiment was performed under the same conditions as in the photoacoustic image experiment by using Balb/C nude mice xenografted with MDA-MB-231 cells. First, the tumor before the injection was visualized, 200 L of porphyrin MBs at 0.5 mg/mL was injected through the tail vein injection, and then images were obtained.

Experimental Example 1

Confirmation of Bonding State of Microbubbles and Nanoparticles

[0070] FIG. 1 illustrates data meaning that human serum albumin nanoparticles (PTX-NPs) containing an anticancer agent (paclitaxel: PTX) are bound on porphyrin microbubbles (porphyrin-MBs). Referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the data exhibit the change in size before and after PTX-NPs were bound to porphyrin-MBs-NPs, and as a result of binding PTX-NPs showing a size of 190.152.6 nm to porphyrin-MBs showing a size distribution of 1.11.2 m, a size distribution of 1.62.5 m was exhibited, and the peak was moved. FIG. 2 is a result of analyzing whether porphyrin-MBs-NPs were bound by UV-vis spectroscopy, and the data on the left side indicate the measurement of porphyrin-MBs and porphyrin-MBs-NPs. It can be seen that in the case of porphyrin-MBs, only a porphyrin peak exhibiting a wavelength of 700 nm was detected, but in the case of bonding of PTX-NPs, PTX-NPs with a wavelength of 227 nm were together detected, and thus, nanoparticles (PTX-NPs) containing an anticancer agent for treatment were bound. The data on the right side in FIG. 2 indicate data verifying whether the anticancer agent (paclitaxel) was load into the inside of nanoparticles, and it can be seen that the UV absorption peak (227 nm) of pure paclitaxel was detected at the PTX-NPs, and thus the anticancer agent (paclitaxel) was effectively loaded into nanoparticles.

Experimental Example 2

Verification of Ultrasound Waves and PAT Images

[0071] FIG. 3 illustrates a result of verifying ultrasound and photoacoustic images of porphyrin-MBs-NPs and porphyrin MBs developed in the present invention, and it was found that the effects of images had not be reduced by bonding to PTX-NPs. The ultrasound image on the left side in FIG. 3 is a result obtained by detecting ultrasound images by using a transducer of 2 to 5 MHz for each agent diluted at 1/50 (concentration of porphyrin MBsNPs and porphysome: 10 g/mL) with a phantom manufactured with Agarose and using a commercially available ultrasound diagnostic system to detect ultrasound images, and detecting harmonic components from porphyrin MBs-NPs when the diagnostic mode used in this case was a harmonic mode. For the photoacoustic image on the right side in FIG. 3, each agent diluted at 1/50 (concentration of porphyrin MBs-Nps and porphysome: 10 g/mL) was injected into the tube, and then the image was detected by using laser with a wavelength of 700 nm. It was confirmed that for the ultrasound and photoacoustic images, images were not detected without any agent by using a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a control.

Experimental Example 3

Confirmation of Amplified State of Photoacoustic Signals

[0072] FIG. 4 illustrates data indicating that photoacoustic signals are amplified in porphyrin MBs-NPs compared to porphysome. When images were detected at each dilution of 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, and 1/100 times (concentration of original solutions: 0.5 mg/mL), it was exhibited that signals of porphyrin MBs were increased as microbubbles were formed, and in the images at 1/50-time dilution, a clear difference in intensity was also exhibited. Images were obtained by the same method as when the photoacoustic images in Experimental Method 2 were scanned, and then the intensity of the images was detected by using a matlab program.

Experimental Example 4

Analysis of Intensity of Signals According to Frequency Band

[0073] FIG. 5 illustrates an experiment of analyzing the intensity of signals detected according to the frequency band of a transducer used when acoustic signals are detected, and the graph on the left side illustrates data comparing porphyrin MBS with porphysome. When the intensity of signals of the porphyrin MBs was compared with signals of porphysome at low wavelengths, the intensity was increased by about 100 times in a transducer of 5 to 12 MHz and increased by about 60 times in a transducer of 2 to 5 MHz. In the present experiment, signals were detected by using a transducer having each frequency band using porphysome, porphyrin MBs and free MBs (microbubbles containing no porphyrin) diluted at 1/50 times in the same manner as in the photoacoustic image experiment in Experimental Method 2. For the obtained signals, the intensity each obtained was verified by using a matlab program.

Experimental Example 5

Analysis of Infiltration Effects of Contrast Agent into Cells

[0074] FIG. 6 illustrate data of analyzing the effects of infiltrating the prepared agent into MDA-MB-231 cells, the fluorescence of the green color was detected by preparing particles using a bovine serum albumin in which FITC was bound to PTX-NPs, and the fluorescence was detected by loading the microbubbles with DiI-c18 (red) which is a lipophilic fluorescent material Here, as compared with a group contrasted with ultrasound waves, the infiltration effects into cells were increased due to the cavitation effects resulting from the resonance of ultrasound waves and microbubbles as the ultrasound wave was applied. The scanning of cell images was performed by using a confocal microscopy.

Experimental Example 6

Analysis of Anticancer Effects

[0075] FIG. 7 illustrates data that anticancer effect in cells was analyzed over time, and the experiments were conducted in the groups in which free porphyrin MBs, PTX-NPs, and porphyrin MBs-NPs (PTX-NPs-MBs) were contrasted and not contrasted with ultrasound (US) waves by using no-treatment group as a control. PTX-NPs and PTX-NPs-MBs, which are groups containing PTX, exhibited anticancer effects of 60% or more after 72 hours, and in particular, the group contrasted with US (US+) exhibited that anticancer effects were increased due to the cavitation effects of microbubbles and ultrasound waves in the PTX-NPs-MBs group containing microbubbles (see Experimental Method 3).

[0076] The results of the present experiment are as follows.

[0077] (6 h: control; 100.0011.11%, 97.1512.43% (US+), free-microbubble; 109.4012.28%, 94.6415.11% (US+), PTX-NPs; 98.519.69%, 93.317.16% (US+), PTX-NPs-MBs; 96.908.93%, 92.327.16% (US+),

[0078] 24 h control; 1009.99%, 97.8110.08% (US+), free-microbubble; 116.5119.82%, 101.803.56 (US+), PTX-NPs; 85.048.60%, 83.806.83% (US+), PTX-NPs-MBs; 80.992.35%, 75.701.64% (US+), and

[0079] 72 h: control; 100.0016.66%, 80.702.75% (US+), free-microbubble; 62.893.12%, 92.106.04% (US+), PTX-NPs; 38.277.86%, 34.572.96% (US+), PTX-NPs-MBs; 41.4212.24%, 26.690.69% (US+)

Experimental Example 7

Analysis of Infiltration Effects in Cancer Cells

[0080] FIG. 8 illustrates data that cancer tissues were photoacoustic imaged in a disease animal model. It was confirmed that as the porphyrin MBs-NPs circulated in the blood vessels before and after the injection, the photoacoustic intensity was increased in the blood vessels.