External Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system

Abstract

An external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/devices which is a an application of magnetic energies and the respective energies of a magnetizing coil and measurement system for the efficient production of coils for automotive and other industries and a system for evaluating the quality of the cores and magnetic charge after magnetization. This is an air core meter with gauges driven by a dedicated circuit. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the testing of coils with an air core separate from the magnetization step to eliminate errors and other distracting signals inherent to the measurement device when combined with the core magnetizing step.

Claims

1. An external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device (30) for a production magnetizing systems (40) comprising: a. an instrumentation air coil (31) of a set of various materials for flux measurement, the instrumentation air coil (31) being separate from a magnetizing coil (50) in a production magnetizing systems (40); b. a magnetizing flux gauge (32) combined with a fixture (32A) to hold a rotor coil (51) to be measured; c. a set of instrumentation (39) for providing test data to a set of several quality tests; d. a fixturing structure (32A) made of durable materials that holds the instrumentation coil (31) and the set of instrumentation (39); e. a connection to a power source (38) for the magnetizing flux gauge (32) and the set of instrumentation (39); f. a control wiring to a set of instrumentation (39); g. the power source (38); and h. the set of instrumentation (39) wherein the external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device (30) provides Flux Measurement Capability data that demonstrated a GR&R correlation to Motor Back EMF and Defect detection linked to realistic Process Failure Modes; Minimize or eliminate an effect of Temperature resulting from the Charge/Discharge of high current through the Magnetizing Coils; Minimizes an effect of Residual Flux bias resulting from a Magnetization cycle; Minimizes an effect of Sensitivity to a slight Mechanical Fixture Misalignment; and provides an air core with very low inductance such that a small series of air gaps and existing iron do not impact the measurement of the coil (31) as a significant contributor to measurement variation.

2. The external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device (30) according to claim 1 wherein the set of various materials for flux measurement are selected from the group consisting of air with stiff coil wires, plastic cores and ceramic coils.

3. The external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device (30) according to claim 1 wherein the fixturing structure (32A) made of durable materials is a set of various materials selected from the group consisting of non-ferromagnetic material stainless steel, composite materials, high strength and high temperature resistant plastic, copper, and bronze.

4. The external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device (30) according to claim 1 wherein the power source (38) for the magnetizing flux gauge is selected from the group consisting of high (240 v plus) voltage AC, Low voltage AC (<240 V) AC or DC voltage.

5. The external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device (30) wherein the set of several quality tests are selected from the group consisting of Defect detection; Motor Back EMF; Flux Measurement Capability; Gage R&R; reluctance R (resistance losses); and Variation Analysis (VSA).

6. The external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device which uses a process comprised of: Step 1the rotor (51) is advanced into the magnetizing fixture (53); Step 2Meanwhile the capacitive discharge magnetizing supply 52 builds up power for charging the rotor (51); Step 3The electronic switch (55) is closed and Step 3.1the magnetizing current surges through the magnetizing coil (50). Step 3.2The rotor (51) accepts the EMF and the coil is charged. Step 4Next the rotor is withdrawn from the Magnetizing coil. Step 5Then the magnetized/charged rotor is exposed to the magnetic flux gauge (32); Step 5.1The flux gage (32) has an instrumentation coil (31) to indicate the magnetic flux of the magnetized rotor (51). Depending on the system, the instrumentation and flux gauge is in-station (prior art) or is fixture and built as a separated air coil (30) (new art presented herein) as provided in the new invention, with the accompanying advantages.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figures

[0030] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/device that is preferred. The drawings together with the summary description given above and a detailed description given below serve to explain the principles of the production magnetizing system with the external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/devices. It is understood, however, that the system is not limited to only the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

[0031] FIGS. 1 A through 1 E are sketches of the general production magnetizing system with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/Process; schematic of the combined magnetizing and measurement system; isometric of the manufacturing equipment; schematic of the separated magnetizing and measurement system; and the equivalent magnetic circuits for the rotor flux measurement system.

[0032] FIG. 2 is a sketch of the production magnetizing system with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/Process with components and features noted.

[0033] FIG. 3 is a sketch/schematic of the combined magnetizing and measurement system with components and features noted.

[0034] FIG. 4 A is a sketch/schematic of the separated magnetizing and measurement system with components and features noted and FIG. 4 B is an isometric sketch of the manufacturing equipment with components and features noted.

[0035] FIGS. 5 A and 5 B are enlarged sketches of the equivalent magnetic circuits for the rotor flux measurement system.

[0036] FIGS. 6 A and 6 B are the physical magnetic circuit and the circuit with the reluctance elements shown.

[0037] FIGS. 7 A through 7 F are sketches of the physical magnetic circuit and rotor core in place from various perspectives.

[0038] FIGS. 8 A and 8 B are the initial Flux Measurement Results with Embedded Coil shown.

[0039] FIG. 9 is a Gage R&R Results for Total Flux across all Poles shown.

[0040] FIG. 10 is a Gage R&R Result for Individual Flux at each Pole shown.

[0041] FIG. 11 is Defect Detection Studies and Initial results with the Embedded magnetizer and measuring coils shown.

[0042] FIG. 12 Defect Detection Studies and the separate new Air Core measuring coil results shown.

[0043] FIGS. 13 A and 13 B are top and side views of the Air Core design.

[0044] FIG. 14 is the overall design for the new separate air core measurement system shown.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference Numerals

[0045] The following list refers to the drawings:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE B Reference numbers Ref # Description 30 the external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device for a production magnetizing systems 40 30A Embedded coil 30A Flux Measurement System/device for a production magnetizing systems 40 31 Instrumentation coil 31 32 Magnetizing flux gauge 32 and fixture 32A (holds the instrumentation coil 31 and instrumentation controls and output devices.) 32A Fixture and structure 32A holding the instrumentation coil 31 and instrumentation controls and output devices. Durable and Non-ferromagnetic material such as stainless steel, composite materials, high strength and high temperature resistant plastic, copper, bronze or the like. 37 Connection to power source 38 and instrumentation 39 37A Connection to power source 38 37B Connection to instrumentation 39 38 power source 38 high (greater than 240 v) voltage AC, Low voltage AC (less than 240 V) AC or DC voltage 39 instrumentation 39 40 production magnetizing system with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/Process 40 41 Schematic 41 of the combined magnetizing 50 and measurement coil 31 system 42 isometric of the manufacturing equipment 42 43 Schematic 43 of the separated magnetizing 50 and measurement coils 31 44 equivalent magnetic circuits 44 for the rotor flux measurement system for combined 41 and separate 42 magnetizing and measuring systems 50 Magnetizing coil 50 of the magnetizing manufacturing system 40 51 Rotor 51 to be magnetized 52 Capacitive discharge magnetizing supply 52 53 Magnetizing fixture 53 (holds the magnetizing coil 50 54 Chiller system 54 55 Electronic switch 55 56 Fixture sub-plate 56 61 Initial Flux Measurement Results with Embedded Coil 61 62 Total Flux across all Poles 62 63 Gage R&R Results 63 Total Poles 62 64 Individual Flux at each Pole 64 65 Gage R&R Results 65 Individual Pole 64 66 Defect Detection Studies and Initial results 66 67 Defect Detection study 67 with air core 30 70 Design detail sheet mmf magnetomotive forces mmf magnet flux R magnetic reluctance R-R1, R2, R3, etc. PM Permanent Magnet magnetomotive force PM1, PM2 etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0046] The present development is an external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/device. The present invention relates to an external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to the application of magnetic energies and to the application of the respective energies of a magnetizing coil and measurement system for the efficient production of coils for the automotive and vehicle industry plus the manner, method and system for evaluating the quality of the cores and magnetic charge after magnetization. This invention relates generally to electrical indicators, and more particularly to an air core meter. This invention further relates to an electrical measuring device for measuring a condition of coil windings through which currents are measured and controlled to check and evaluate the force within the magnetic field. Herein the air core gauges are driven by a dedicated circuit which energizes the coils to develop predetermined current levels and compare to a predetermined value. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the testing of coils with an air core separate from the magnetization step to eliminate errors and other distracting signals inherent to the measurement device when combined with the core magnetizing step.

[0047] The advantages for the device are listed above in the introduction. Succinctly the benefits are that the device: [0048] A. Provides Flux Measurement Capability data that demonstrated GR&R correlation to Motor Back EMF and Defect detection linked to realistic Process Failure Modes [0049] B. Minimize or eliminate the effect of Temperature resulting from the Charge/Discharge of high current through the Magnetizing Coils [0050] C. Minimize or eliminate the effect of Residual Flux bias resulting from the Magnetization cycle [0051] D. Minimize or eliminate the effect of Sensitivity to slight Mechanical Fixture Misalignment

[0052] The preferred embodiment of the external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 for a production magnetizing systems 40 comprising: An Instrumentation coil 31 for flux measurement, the instrumentation coil 31 being separate from a magnetizing coil 50 in a production magnetizing systems 40; a Magnetizing flux gauge 32 combined with a fixture to hold a rotor (coil) 51 to be measured and the instrumentation; a power connection to power source 38 and control wiring to the instrumentation 39; the power source 38; and the instrumentation 39.

[0053] There is shown in FIGS. 1-14 a complete description and operative embodiment of the external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 for a production magnetizing system. In the drawings and illustrations, one notes well that the FIGS. 1-14 demonstrate the general configuration and use of this product. The various example uses are in the operation and use section, below.

[0054] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the production magnetizing system with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 that is preferred. The drawings together with the summary description given above and a detailed description given below serve to explain the principles of the colostomy bag cleaning system and combination device. It is understood, however, that the Air Core system/device 30 is not limited to only the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. Other examples of dynamic, external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system are still understood by one skilled in the art of magnetizing and measurement systems to be within the scope and spirit shown here.

[0055] FIGS. 1 A through 1 E are sketches of the general production magnetizing system with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/Process 40 (FIG. 1 A); schematic 41 of the combined magnetizing and measurement system (FIG. 1 B); isometric 42 of the manufacturing equipment (FIG. 1 C); schematic 43 (FIG. 1 D) of the separated magnetizing and measurement system; and the equivalent magnetic circuits 44 (FIG. 1 E) for the rotor flux measurement system.

[0056] FIG. 2 is a sketch of the production magnetizing system 40 with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/Process 30 with components and features noted. Note the magnetizing coil 50 of the magnetizing manufacturing system 40; rotor 51 to be magnetized; a capacitive discharge magnetizing supply 52; magnetizing fixture 53 (holds the magnetizing coil 50; chiller system 54; electronic switch 55; and the magnetizing flux gauge 32 (holds the instrumentation coil 31). Operation of the production system is described in the below section on operations.

[0057] FIG. 3 is a sketch/schematic 41 of the combined magnetizing coil 50 and measurement coil 31 with components and features noted. Here the Embedded Design 41 has both instrumentation coil 31 and magnetizing coil 50 in the same general flux path. The goal for the magnetizing circuit is to maximize flux in order to saturate the magnetic material (of the rotor 51). Small air gaps between the rotor 51 and magnetizer 50 and high permeability iron in the magnetic circuit are favorable for maximizing flux for a given amount of energy put into the coils that generate the field. However, small air gaps and iron are not favorable for the measurement coil 31 since there are significant contributors to measurement variation caused by slight differences in air gap. The air gap is the dominating reluctance (magnetic equivalent to resistance) component to the measurement flux when the magnetized rotor is lowered. Small gap differences between poles or across parts due to slight misalignment directly contribute to the measurement. VSA studies indicated that the air gap variation was approximately 40% of the nominal gap required for clearance. Corresponding measurement variation was seen in the results with the embedded coil. [Variation Analysis (VSA) is a powerful dimensional analysis tool used to simulate manufacturing and assembly processes and predict the amounts and causes of variation. A digital prototype is used to create a comprehensive representation of geometry, product variation (tolerances), assembly process variation (sequence, assembly attachment definition, tooling) and measurements. This model is used to predict if there will be any assembly build problems, before any physical parts are made or tooling is cut.]

[0058] FIG. 4 A is a sketch/schematic 42 of the separated magnetizing and air core measurement system 30 with components and features noted. This provides an In Station Flux Measurement Method to Minimize Measurement Variation and Maximize Defect Detection. Air Core Design 30 has the instrumentation coil 31 separated from the magnetizing coil 50. Since the small air gap and iron are not required for the measurement coil 31, the majority of the flux circuit is air. The variation across poles and parts between the rotor 51 and the magnetizer 50 do not contribute to the measurement. The signal is further amplified by increasing the number (#) of turns in the winding given the additional space. Also, by removing the measurement coil 31 from the proximity of the magnetizing coil 50, sources of variation from heat transfer and residual magnetism in the iron are eliminated. [Air coredefined as a coil not containing a magnetic core is called an air core coil. This includes coils wound on a plastic or ceramic form in addition to those made of stiff wire that are self-supporting and have air inside them. Air core coils generally have a much lower inductance than similarly sized ferromagnetic core coils, but are used in radio frequency circuits to prevent energy losses called core losses that occur in magnetic cores. The absence of normal core losses permits a higher Q factor, so air core coils are used in high frequency resonant circuits, such as up to a few megahertz. However, losses such as proximity effect and dielectric losses are still present. Having no magnetically active core material (an air core) provides very low inductance in most situations, so a wide range of high-permeability materials are used to concentrate the field. Most high-permeability material are ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic.]

[0059] FIG. 4 B is an isometric sketch 43 of the manufacturing equipment with components and features noted. Shown with the equipment is the magnetizing fixture 53 (holds the magnetizing coil 50 and the fixture sub-plate 56. Internal to the magnetizing fixture 53 are various tooling improvements including improved pins engage and orient Rotor 51 and overhead tooling spears on the rotor shaft. The fixturing and machine design part holding improvements are not part of the instant invention.

[0060] FIGS. 5 A and 5 B are enlarged sketches of the equivalent magnetic circuits 44 for the rotor flux measurement system. Here the embedded and Air Core 30 designs are compared. The magnetomotive forces mmf, magnet flux , and magnetic reluctance R are related as mmf=*R where reluctance R is the cumulative reluctance circuit elements R1, R2, R3 etc. With the air core system 30, several of the reluctance (magnetic equivalent to electrical circuit resistance) are eliminated and hence variation removed. The variation minimization provides the measurement significant improvements to the results as will be shown in FIGS. 8 through 12.

[0061] FIGS. 6 A and 6 B are the physical magnetic circuit and the circuit with the reluctance elements shown. The analytical explanation to the elimination of the effect of misalignment with the New Air Core design is outlined by the drawings. The reluctance R (resistance losses) from FIGS. 5 A and 5 B are also physically shown. FIG. 6 A is the physical magnetic circuit and FIG. 6 B portrays the reluctance elements R1, R2, R3, etc.

[0062] FIGS. 7 A through 7 F are sketches of the physical magnetic circuit/magnetizing coils 50 and rotor core 51 in place from various perspective views. Note the poles of the magnetizing coils 50 provide the field orientation of the flux to the rotor coils 51.

[0063] FIGS. 8 A and 8 B are the initial Flux Measurement Results with Embedded Coil shown. FIG. 9 is a Gage R&R Results for Total Flux across all Poles shown. FIG. 10 is a Gage R&R Result for Individual Flux at each Pole shown. FIG. 11 is Defect Detection Studies and Initial results with the embedded magnetizer and measuring coils shown. FIG. 12 Defect Detection Studies and the separate new Air Core measuring coil results shown. These are all discussed in the operations section, below.

[0064] FIGS. 13 A and 13 B are top and side views of the Air Core design 30. This is not an In Station Flux Measurement Method but a separate measurement coil removed from the general area of the magnetizing coil 50. This removal is to Minimize Measurement Variation and Maximize Defect Detection. Both a top and side view of the magnetizing fixture 32 and coil 31 are shown. The magnetizing flux gauge 32 and fixture holds the instrumentation coil 31 and instrumentation controls and output devices.

[0065] FIG. 14 is the overall design for the new separate air core measurement system shown which is not an In Station Flux Measurement Method to Minimize Measurement Variation and Maximize Defect Detection. Again, a top and side view of the magnetizing fixture 32 and coil 31 are shown. The magnetizing flux gauge 32 and fixture holds the instrumentation coil 31 and instrumentation controls and output devices. Benchmarking revealed the following Industry standard methods and shortfalls with those methods: Employing an Embedded Flux Measuring Coil design that provided an all in one package for Magnetizing and Measuring in a single Casing; Gross overall Flux Measurement across all poles was the primary discriminant for Quality and Correlation to Motor Back EMF and Torque Output and Flux Measurement Capability data was not readily available that demonstrated Gauge R&R, correlation to Motor Back EMF and Defect detection linked to realistic Process Failure Modes. The separate Air coil 30 Measuring concept addressed all these concerns by: A Separate Air Core Flux Measuring design that separates the Measuring Coil from the Magnetizing Coil casing; in depth studies validated that the main sources of variation from the Industry standard Embedded design were: [0066] Temperature resulting from the Charge/Discharge of high current through the Magnetizing Coils [0067] Residual Flux bias resulting from the Magnetization cycle [0068] Sensitivity to slight Mechanical Fixture Misalignment
These sources of variation were all minimized or eliminated in the new Air Core design 30.

[0069] The details mentioned here are exemplary and not limiting. Other specific components and manners specific to describing a dynamic, multi-impact golf club assist device may be added as a person having ordinary skill in the field of golfing and golf driver assist devices and systems and their uses well appreciates.

OPERATION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0070] The external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 for a production magnetizing system has been described in the above embodiment. The manner of how the device operates is described below. One notes well that the description above and the operation described here must be taken together to fully illustrate the concept of the instant device described herein.

[0071] The preferred embodiment of the external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 for a production magnetizing systems 40 comprising: An Instrumentation coil 31 for flux measurement, the instrumentation coil 31 being separate from a magnetizing coil 50 in a production magnetizing systems 40; a Magnetizing flux gauge 32 combined with a fixture to hold a rotor (coil) 51 to be measured and the instrumentation; a power connection to power source 38 and control wiring to the instrumentation 39; the power source 38 [high (greater than 240 v) voltage AC, Low voltage AC (less than 240 V) AC or DC voltage]; and the instrumentation 39.

[0072] FIG. 2 is a sketch of the production magnetizing system 40 with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/Process 30 with components and features noted. Note here the process: Step 1the rotor 51 is advanced into the magnetizing fixture 53; Step 2Meanwhile the capacitive discharge magnetizing supply 52 builds up power for charging the rotor 51; Step 3The electronic switch 55 is closed and Step 3.1the magnetizing current surges through the magnetizing coil 50. Step 3.2The rotor 51 accepts the EMF and the coil is charged. Step 4Next the rotor is withdrawn from the Magnetizing coil. Step 5Then the magnetized/charged rotor is exposed to the magnetic flux gauge 32; Step 5.1The flux gage 32 has an instrumentation coil 31 to indicate the magnetic flux of the magnetized rotor 51. Depending on the system, the instrumentation and flux gauge is in-station (prior art) or is fixture and built as a separated air coil 30 (new art presented herein) as provided in the new invention, with the accompanying advantages.

[0073] FIGS. 8 A and 8 B are the initial Flux Measurement Results 61 with Embedded Coil 30A shown. Initial results revealed clear bias on individual pole readings directly corresponding to slight misalignment between the rotor and magnetizing fixture.

[0074] FIG. 9 is a Gage R&R Results 62 for Total Flux across all Poles 62 and the air coil system 30 shown. A significant improvement in Gage R&R was demonstrated for the Total Flux measurement with the new Air Core design.

[0075] FIG. 10 is a Gage R&R Result 63 for Individual Flux at each Pole 64 shown. A significant improvement in Gage R&R was demonstrated for the individual pole Flux measurements. This was later determined to be an important measurement for reversed polarity detection. The results for the embedded design were not acceptable.

[0076] FIG. 11 is Defect Detection Studies and Initial results 66 with the embedded magnetizer and measuring coils 30A shown. Initial results with the Embedded design 30A was capable of detecting several partially saturated conditions but fell short of reliably detecting a 95% condition which was also determined to be equivalent to a single magnet missing condition. This also permits identifying a missing magnet.

[0077] FIG. 12 Defect Detection Studies 67 with air core 30 and the separate new Air Core measuring coil results shown. Subsequent results with the New Air Core design 30 along with tooling improvements demonstrated excellent defect detection capability for all conditions including the 95% partially saturated rotor and missing magnet condition.

[0078] With this description it is to be understood that the external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 for a production magnetizing system is not to be limited to only the disclosed embodiment of product. The features of the system of the production magnetizing system with an external Air Core Flux Measurement System/device 30 are intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the description.

[0079] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which these inventions belong. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present inventions, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All patents and publications mentioned herein, including those cited in the background of the application, are hereby incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.

[0080] The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present inventions are not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

[0081] Other embodiments of the invention are possible. Although the description above contains much specificity, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments can be made and still fall within the scope of the inventions. It should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed inventions. Thus, it is intended that the scope of at least some of the present inventions herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.

[0082] Thus the scope of this invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless explicitly so stated, but rather one or more. All structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims.

[0083] The terms recited in the claims should be given their ordinary and customary meaning as determined by reference to relevant entries (e.g., definition of plane as a carpenter's tool would not be relevant to the use of the term plane when used to refer to an airplane, etc.) in dictionaries (e.g., widely used general reference dictionaries and/or relevant technical dictionaries), commonly understood meanings by those in the art, etc., with the understanding that the broadest meaning imparted by any one or combination of these sources should be given to the claim terms (e.g., two or more relevant dictionary entries should be combined to provide the broadest meaning of the combination of entries, etc.) subject only to the following exceptions: (a) if a term is used herein in a manner more expansive than its ordinary and customary meaning, the term should be given its ordinary and customary meaning plus the additional expansive meaning, or (b) if a term has been explicitly defined to have a different meaning by reciting the term followed by the phrase as used herein shall mean or similar language (e.g., herein this term means, as defined herein, for the purposes of this disclosure [the term] shall mean, etc.). References to specific examples, use of i.e., use of the word invention, etc., are not meant to invoke exception (b) or otherwise restrict the scope of the recited claim terms. Other than situations where exception (b) applies, nothing contained herein should be considered a disclaimer or disavowal of claim scope. Accordingly, the subject matter recited in the claims is not coextensive with and should not be interpreted to be coextensive with any particular embodiment, feature, or combination of features shown herein. This is true even if only a single embodiment of the particular feature or combination of features is illustrated and described herein. Thus, the appended claims should be read to be given their broadest interpretation in view of the prior art and the ordinary meaning of the claim terms.

[0084] As used herein, spatial or directional terms, such as left, right, front, back, and the like, relate to the subject matter as it is shown in the drawing FIGS. However, it is to be understood that the subject matter described herein may assume various alternative orientations and, accordingly, such terms are not to be considered as limiting. Furthermore, as used herein (i.e., in the claims and the specification), articles such as the, a, and an can connote the singular or plural. Also, as used herein, the word or when used without a preceding either (or other similar language indicating that or is unequivocally meant to be exclusivee.g., only one of x or y, etc.) shall be interpreted to be inclusive (e.g., x or y means one or both x or y). Likewise, as used herein, the term and/or shall also be interpreted to be inclusive (e.g., x and/or y means one or both x or y). In situations where and/or or or are used as a conjunction for a group of three or more items, the group should be interpreted to include one item alone, all of the items together, or any combination or number of the items. Moreover, terms used in the specification and claims such as have, having, include, and including should be construed to be synonymous with the terms comprise and comprising.

[0085] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers or expressions, such as those expressing dimensions, physical characteristics, etc. used in the specification (other than the claims) are understood as modified in all instances by the term approximately. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the claims, each numerical parameter recited in the specification or claims which is modified by the term approximately should at least be construed in light of the number of recited significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.