Cutting Apparatus

Abstract

A rotary cutter apparatus uses an improved geometrical arrangement of parts to optimize cutter speed versus evenness and straightness of cut, increase operating life and quietness of operation, and reduce dust formation and energy consumption.

Claims

1. A cutting apparatus, comprising: an elongate straight blade, having a forward facing, left-to-right horizontal cutting edge; the horizontal cutting edge lying in a vertical first plane; a circular blade having a circular cutting edge rotatable in a second plane; and having an axis of rotation perpendicular to the second plane; the axis moveable from left to right and back in a vertical third plane parallel to the first plane; the third plane being a first horizontal distance forwardly from the first plane; the circular cutting edge having a radius greater than the first horizontal distance; the second plane intersecting the horizontal cutting edge at an angle in the first plane; the horizontal cutting edge having a first point along it which coincides with a second point on the circular cutting edge, at which point sheet material is sheared; and a means for rotating the circular blade about the axis to produce a tangential speed of the circular cutting edge and a linear speed of the axis in the third plane; the motion of the first point relative to the second point in the left-right direction being within about 3% of the linear speed of the axis in the third plane.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, in which: said means for rotating said circular blade is a carousel wherein said means for rotating the circular blade is driven coaxially about said axis by motion of said carousel left-to-right.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein: said means for rotating the circular blade is either: (a) a resilient edge in frictional contact with a left-to-right elongate surface; or (b) a shaped, rigid edge in contact with a shaped, left-to-right elongate surface; or (c) both.

4. A cutting apparatus, comprising: a first blade mounted horizontally left to right with a linear cutting edge; a second blade with a circular cutting edge mounted in a carousel; the plane of the circular cutting edge tilted at an angle to the horizontal so that the first and second blades come into contact at a single point, at which point sheet material is sheared; and a means for moving the second blade along the first blade and rotating the second blade so that the relative motion of the linear cutting edge and the circular cutting edge at the point has substantially no horizontal component.

5. The cutting apparatus of claim 4, comprising: a case having X, Y, and Z mutually-perpendicular axes in which said first blade is fixed to the case along the X axis; a motor for moving said carousel along the X axis at a first speed; said means for moving said second blade comprises: an axle to which said second blade is fixed at its center to rotate perpendicularly about the axle; and a linkage between the case and said carousel, constructed so that the tangential speed of said second blade is proportional to the first speed.

6. The cutting apparatus of claim 5, in which: said linkage is a wheel fixed at its center to said axle, the rim of which positively engages a part of said case parallel to said first blade; said angle is between about 2 and about 7 degrees; and said first speed is no greater than about 2.0 feet per second.

7. The cutting apparatus of claim 6, in which: the ratio of the radius of said wheel to the radius of said second blade is between about 0.60 and about 0.64.

8. The cutting apparatus of claim 7, in which: the angle between the tangent of said circular cutting edge in said plane of said circular cutting edge and said linear cutting edge at said point is no less than about 45 degrees.

9. The cutting apparatus of claim 8, wherein: said linear cutting edge has a Rockwell C hardness of at least about 52; and said circular cutting edge has a Rockwell C hardness of no greater than about 48.

10: The cutting apparatus of claim 9, wherein: said wheel is a resilient material for which the ratio of rolling friction factor to sliding friction factor against smooth polymeric material is no less than about 11 millimeters.

11. The cutting apparatus of claim 9, wherein: said wheel is a pinion and said part of said case is a rack.

12. The cutting apparatus of claim 9, in which: said linear cutting edge has a right angle cross-section that is tilted about 5 degrees clockwise as viewed from the left end.

13. A cutting apparatus, comprising: an elongate stationary horizontal cutting edge lying in a first vertical plane; having a right end and a left end; and a Rockwell C hardness of at least about 48; and an axle for turning a circular cutting edge; the axle lying in a second plane which is parallel to, and separated perpendicularly from, the first vertical plane by between about 11.2 mm and 11.6 mm; means for moving the axle right and left in the second plane; the rightward velocity being between about 400 and 600 mm/second; a circular cutting edge of Rockwell C hardness of at least about 52; lying in a third plane perpendicular to the second plane; having a center; being fixed at its center to the axle; having a radius from the centerline of the axle of no greater than about 18.5 mm; and the axle being tilted within the second plane to raise the rightward edge of the circular blade to establish an axle tilt angle between the third plane and a horizontal plane; the tilt angle being at least 2 degrees and no greater than 7 degrees; establishing a point of contact with the horizontal cutting edge; and the axle comprising means for rotating the circular edge at a peripheral velocity proportional to the rightward velocity so that the leftward component of peripheral velocity at the point of contact is substantially the same as the rightward peripheral velocity.

14. The cutting apparatus of claim 13, in which: said means for moving said axle right and left and said means for rotating said circular edge are driven by a common motor.

15. The cutting apparatus of claim 13, in which: said means for rotating said circular edge is either: (a) an o-ring mounted on said axle, having a radius in the range of about 11.2 mm to 11.4 mm, in frictional contact with a left-to-right elongate surface; or (b) a pinion mounted on said axle, having an effective radius in the range of about 11.2 mm to 11.4 mm, in contact with a mating left-to-right elongate rack; or (c) both.

16. The cutting apparatus of claim 15, in which: said elongate stationary horizontal cutting edge has a right angle cross-section that is tilted about 5 degrees clockwise as viewed from the left end.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] FIG. 1 is an oblique view from the upper left front of a product roll cutter containing the present invention as it operates during the leftward pass of the cutting sequence.

[0017] FIG. 2 is a simplified oblique view of the key parts of the present invention operating in the same orientation as depicted in FIG. 1.

[0018] FIG. 3 is a top view of the key parts shown in FIG. 2.

[0019] FIG. 4 is a diagram of the geometry of the key parts shown in FIG. 3.

[0020] FIG. 5 is a left end view of the key parts shown in FIG. 2.

[0021] FIG. 6 is a front view of the key parts shown in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] Referring now to the attached drawings, in which like features are represented by like reference characters in each of the drawings, FIG. 1 is an oblique view from the upper left front of the product roll cutter as described in copending PCT Application No. PCT/US10/55792 by the same inventor. A product roll of paper 1 has been advanced by drive roller 2 to the position shown. A cutter carousel 4 is shown in the process of cutting paper 1 from right to left in this drawing. Its case 5 is cut away to show a circular paper cutting blade 6, an optional pinion 91, and a rubber o-ring 7 mounted on a cutter dowel pin 8. Hereafter in the present application, the term carousel, unless otherwise specified, minimally consists of circular paper cutting blade 6, either pinion 91, rubber o-ring 7 or both, all rotatably mounted on a cutter dowel pin 8, and all held at a fixed orientation with respect to X, Y, and Z axes but movable along the X axis.

[0023] The features and description of this patent application are also to be understood to include the mirror image of what is described, that is, what enables building the invention from the instant description is also intended to enable building its mirror image. For example, carousel motion from right to left causing clockwise circular blade rotation as viewed from above expressly includes carousel motion from left to right causing counterclockwise circular blade rotation as viewed from above.

[0024] An upper pinch plate 20 in a substantially vertical plane, an optional rack 92 fixed to upper pinch plate 20, and an upper backing plate 10 are also shown. Upper pinch plate 20 and upper backing plate 10 function to grip paper 1 above a stationary horizontal straight cutting blade 9. A lower backing plate 11 and a lower pinch plate 12 function likewise to grip paper 1 below straight blade 9.

[0025] Carousel 4 is moved horizontally left and right by a belt (not shown) driven by an electric cut motor (not shown) as described in PCT Application No. PCT/US10/55792. As carousel 4 moves to the left, the rubber o-ring 7 contacts the upper pinch plate 20. Upper pinch plate 20 is pushed rearward by the rubber o-ring 7, pinching the paper 1 against the upper backing plate 10. Friction of the o-ring 7 against the upper pinch plate 20 drives the circular paper cutting blade 6 clockwise (as viewed from above) about the cutter dowel pin 8. Optionally, a pinion 91 may be installed upon the cutter dowel pin 8, for the purpose of engaging an optional rack 92 fixed to the front side of the upper pinch plate 20 to provide positive forced rotation of the circular blade 6 about the cutter dowel pin 8.

[0026] FIG. 2 is a simplified oblique view of the key parts of the present invention operating in the same orientation as depicted in FIG. 1. The key parts are: circular blade 6, o-ring 7, and cutter dowel pin 8 about which they rotate (the carousel); upper pinch plate 20; and straight blade 9. Circular blade 6 has a circular cutting edge 71, and straight blade 9 has a straight cutting edge 72. The point where the cutting edges meet, the cutting point 40, is of course where the paper is cut. FIG. 2 shows circular blade 6 rotating clockwise in path A, contacting straight blade 9 from below and moving from right to left in direction B. It is within the scope of this invention for circular blade 6 to contact straight blade 9 from above, rotate counterclockwise, and move from left to right.

[0027] Important Characteristics of the Present Invention:

[0028] I. The Net Velocity of the Point of Contact of the Circular Blade with the Straight Blade in the Horizontal Direction Must be Approximately Zero.

[0029] FIG. 3 is a top view of the parts shown in FIG. 2. Pinch plate 20 needs to be approximately vertical to allow for slight variations in the path of contact between it and o-ring 7. Although pinch plate 20 need not be precisely vertical, it is shown that way in this and the remaining drawings for better visualization and explanation of the relative orientation of the parts. In FIG. 3, the vertical direction is pointing out of the page, and the carousel, namely circular blade 6, o-ring 7, and cutter dowel pin 8 are all being driven from left to right in the horizontal direction by a drive belt (not shown). Because o-ring 7 is being pressed against stationary pinch plate 20, the rotational speed (in rpm) of dowel pin 8 is the same as that of o-ring 7. PCT Application No. PCT/US10/55792 by the present inventor states that because the rubber o-ring 7 is of smaller diameter than circular blade 6, the edge of the circular blade 6 is forced to move relative to straight blade 9 (leftward in FIG. 3) adding a (leftward) shear component to what would otherwise be a purely downward (in FIG. 3) shear component against the paper, and that these two effects produce a clean cut and minimize the creation of paper dust. However, the fact that o-ring 7 is of smaller diameter than circular blade 6 does not necessarily result in a slicing action parallel to straight blade 9. Further experimentation has shown that a leftward (or rightward) component of motion at the point of contact 40 can cause the sheet product to bunch, tearing the sheet or producing an uneven cut, and/or can cause the blades to separate and jam because of product being forced in between them. As it happens, the left and right components of velocity of contact point 40 in the present invention approximately cancel each other (so that the blades approach each other along a vertical line in this view) only if the sum of the o-ring radius plus the length of the normal from the stationary blade to the circular blade edge equals the radius of the circular blade. This is proven by the following calculations.

[0030] FIG. 4 is a diagram of the geometry of the blades of FIG. 3 under the simplifying assumption that the circular blade 6 and the o-ring 7 are both coplanar with straight blade edge 72, in which case the left and right components exactly cancel, as follows: [0031] Forward (rightward) horizontal velocity of dowel pin 8 and point 40=v.sub.f=V; [0032] peripheral velocity of point 40=v.sub.p=VR/r; and [0033] reverse horizontal velocity of point 40=v.sub.r=v.sub.p(Rs)/R=(VR/r)(Rs)/R=V(Rs)/r. [0034] For v.sub.f=v.sub.r, V=V(Rs)/r; [0035] therefore R=r+s.

[0036] This means that point 40 will move exclusively downwardly (in this view) across straight blade edge 72 only if blade edge 72 coincides with front surface of upper pinch plate 20. This fact, in combination with test results to arrive at the optimal circular blade and o-ring radii (see item II. following) further define the optimum geometry represented by the present invention. (In some models of this invention, the upper pinch plate 20, which o-ring 7 rides on, is closer to the axle 8 than the horizontal blade 72 by a small distance as shown in FIG. 3 to allow for the sheet product to hang between the back of the pinch plate and the horizontal blade. Unless the pinch plate is shaped to allow a larger o-ring radius, this small distance will cause a small net leftward component in the motion of the circular blade edge 71 at point 40.

[0037] II. Other Cutter Parameters are Necessary to Produce a High-Quality Cut and Protect Cutter Durability.

[0038] A high transverse speed of the cutter carousel is desirable for a fast cut, but it must be limited to control impact forces and noise. Experimentation by the inventor has shown that for these reasons, the optimum left-to-right speed V of the cutter (as shown in FIG. 4) should not exceed about 0.6 m/s. A circular blade radius R of 18.5 mm was chosen as the maximum for a reasonably compact assembly. Experimentation showed that unexpectedly superior cut quality, machine durability, reduced noise and minimal dust production were produced by using an o-ring radius r of 11.4 mm (61.6% of the circular blade radius) and observing the geometry described in item I. above. The corresponding calculations are given in Table 1 below:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Cutter Forward Travel T (Chosen by experiment) 475 Time, ms Cutter Travel Distance, D (Measured on machine) 286 mm Maximum Horizontal V = D/1000T 602 Cutter Velocity, mm/s Maximum Circular Blade R (Chosen by experiment) 18.5 Radius, mm Maximum O-Ring r (Chosen by Experiment) 11.4 Radius, mm Optimum Ratio of O- r/R 0.616 Ring Radius to Circular Blade Radius Cutter Assembly S = 60 V/2r 504 Rotation Speed, rpm Cut Angle (Angle of = 180cos.sup.1(r/R)/ 52 Tangent to Circular Blade (see FIG. 4) at Cut Point relative to Straight Blade), Degrees Velocity of Cut Point on V.sub.v = V(sin())/180) 474 Circular Blade (see FIG. 4) Perpendicular to Straight Blade, mm/s

[0039] III. The O-Ring Diameter Must be Large Enough Not to Skid Against Upper Pinch Plate.

[0040] As shown in FIG. 1, circular blade 6 could be driven by a pinion 91 engaging a rack 92 rather than, or in addition to, an o-ring 7 frictionally engaging upper pinch plate 20. Even though the rack-and-pinion is an embodiment of the present invention, the o-ring drive option is the preferred embodiment. Two of the reasons the inventor chose to drive circular blade 6 with a resilient o-ring 7 rather than a pinion is (i) less noise and (ii) less potential damage in the event the blades seize. If a rubber o-ring alone is used to drive circular blade 6 (as it is in the preferred embodiment) the rolling friction between the rubber and the pinch plate must be less than the sliding friction to assure that the o-ring dependably rolls rather than skids along the pinch plate.

[0041] For a given force W of the o-ring against the plate, the sliding or dynamic frictional force F.sub.d necessary to initiate skidding is F.sub.d=f.sub.dW, where f.sub.d is the dynamic friction factor for rubber against the upper pinch plate material. The dynamic friction factor is used instead of the static friction factor because (as described in copending PCT Application No. PCT/US 10/55792) o-ring 7 begins spinning upon first contact with the right-hand edge of upper pinch plate 20, before it presses the pinch plate rearwardly in the machine, and it is therefore already rotating as it begins rolling along the vertical surface of the pinch plate 20. Estimates of the dynamic friction factor range from 0.5 (see http://www.tribology-abc.com/abc/cof.htm) to 3-4 (see http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/28/jresv28n4p439_Alb.pdf), an average of 2.0 (dimensionless). The rolling frictional force F.sub.r necessary to initiate rolling is F.sub.r=f.sub.rW/r, where r is the radius of the o-ring and f.sub.r is the rolling friction factor for the o-ring against the pinch plate (expressed in length units). An estimate of this is 0.0077 meters, or 7.7 mm (see www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Tribology/co_of_frict.htm#coef). To assure that rolling will occur instead of skidding, F.sub.r<F.sub.d, or f.sub.rW/r<f.sub.dW Interestingly, the force W of the o-ring against the plate cancels out. Rearranging, r>f.sub.r/f.sub.d>7.7 mm/2.0=3.8 mm. Thus, by this measure, the radius of the o-ring r must be greater than about 4 mm to prevent skidding. The optimal o-ring radius selected by experiment as given in Table 1 is 11.4 mm, so the minimum radius of the o-ring is not limiting in the design of the cutter.

[0042] IV. The Shape of the Cutting Edges Should be Right Angles.

[0043] In FIG. 5 it can be seen that the cross-sections of cutting edges 71 and 72 are the vertices of right angles. The reason for this is that an acute angle on either blade is more prone to chipping, spalling, and earlier dulling. An obtuse angle is undesirable simply because it is less sharp and tends to pinch and tear the sheet rather than cutting it. This creates an uneven cut and dust.

[0044] V. Other Criteria are Necessary to Enable Self-Sharpening.

[0045] FIG. 3 is a top view of the parts shown in FIG. 2. Although pinch plate 20 need not be precisely vertical, it is shown that way in this illustration and in FIGS. 5 and 6 for better visualization and explanation of the relative orientation of the parts. As mentioned in PCT Application No. PCT/US10/55792, the experimentation done by the inventor at that time found that cutting action is enhanced by tilting the stationary paper cutting blade 9 downward toward the front of the invention (toward the right in FIG. 5) by about 5 degrees (angle ) and by inclining circular blade 6 clockwise (angle in FIG. 6) in a range of about 3 to 7 degrees. More recent testing has expanded this range to between 2 and 7 degrees.

[0046] Further experimentation has borne this out, but shows that the hardness of straight blade 9 is critical and must be set to 52 Rockwell C minimum. (Harder materials may be used but are more expensive.) Moreover, if straight blade 9 is harder than circular blade 6 by at least 4 Rockwell C points, it becomes self-sharpening. The vertex of the right angle at straight cutting edge 72 at cutting point 40 (like any real-world knife edge) is not a geometric point but a rounded edge, that is, a quarter circle of an extremely small radius. The softer metal of circular blade 6 actually maintains the rounded edge of straight cutting edge 72 at the expense of metal loss at circular cutting edge 71 provided the contact angle is no greater than about 5 degrees, and angle is no greater than about 7 degrees. An angle greater than 5 degrees increases the incidence of galling on the circular cutting edge 71 (that is, the softer metal forming small lumps that adhere to and distort the edge rather than dissipating as an aerosol). An angle greater than 7 degrees significantly increases the carousel drive motor power requirement. (Note that these angles are low and do not materially affect the calculations in items I-III above.) From the standpoint of cut quality and dust production, it is more important that the straight cutting edge 72 remain perfectly straight than that the circular cutting edge 71 be perfectly round. The round blade will cut paper even if it is slightly uneven in radius provided cutting edge 71 remains planar.

[0047] VI. The Tilt of the Cutter Carousel Must be Within a Certain Range to Control the Shear Pressure Between the Blades and Minimize the Power Consumption.

[0048] It is important to maintain adequate upward pressure between circular blade 6 and straight blade 9 to prevent the blades from separating and becoming jammed because of uncut product being forced in between them. PCT Application No. PCT/US10/55792 teaches placing two springs at the end of a carousel track to bias the cutter carousel rearwardly and upwardly. FIG. 5 in the present application shows a force diagram in which the springs (represented here by spring 44 anchored within support structure 15) exert a horizontal force F.sub.a against the carousel which not only drives o-ring 7 but also produces upward force F.sub.b on circular blade 71 by virtue of lever arms D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 acting about the fulcrum of o-ring contact point 50. This upward force F.sub.b is reduced by the ratio of the o-ring radius r to circular blade radius R. (Specifically, F.sub.b=F.sub.a(D.sub.1r)/R(D.sub.1-D.sub.2)). The upward force F.sub.b created by the springs is augmented by an upward pull F.sub.a on circular blade 6 caused by the tilt of the o-ring drive mechanism, better shown in FIG. 6. Upward pull F.sub.a is also a function of the force F.sub.a pressing o-ring 7 against upper pinch plate 20 and the clockwise inclination (see angle in FIG. 6) of o-ring 7. Angle makes o-ring 7 walk upwardly against upper pinch plate 20 as it travels from right to left across it, and the greater the angle, the greater the upward pull. The upward pull at cutting point 40 is the same force F.sub.a because cutter dowel pin 8 is constrained by its bearings within the carousel housing.

[0049] The spring bias F.sub.a in FIG. 5 has been set by experiment so that the combination of spring upward force F.sub.b and o-ring upward force F.sub.a produces the best cut if angle is about 5 degrees. Angle can be below this range if the bias of spring 44 is increased, but experimentation has shown that it must not be less than 2 degrees. A lesser angle causes fouling between circular blade 6 and straight blade 9. An angle over 7 degrees requires too much power, the excess of which is more than necessary to roll the o-ring and merely grinds the circular blade against the straight blade after the sheet product is cut.

[0050] The same principles apply if, in embodiments, a rack-and-pinion mechanism is used with, or instead of, the o-ring system. However, the more dependence is placed on the rack-and-pinion, the greater the bias of the springs 44 needs to be above that of the preferred embodiment to achieve the necessary pressure between the blades. If the o-ring is eliminated, the effective diameter of the pinion teeth must be equal to the diameter of the o-ring in accordance with Table 1, and the upper pinch plate must be moved rearwardly in the unit to allow for the thickness of the rack.