Magnetoelectric effect material and method for manufacturing same

Abstract

The invention provides the Magnetoelectric Effect Material consisted of a single isotope, the alloy of isotopes, or the compound of isotopes. The invention applies enrichment and purification to increase the isotope abundance, to create the density of nuclear exciton by irradiation, and therefore increase the magnetoelectric effect of the crystal of single isotope, the alloy crystal of isotopes and the compound crystal of isotopes. The invention provides the manufacturing method including the selection rules of isotopes, the fabrication processes and the structure of composite materials. The invention belongs to the area of the nuclear science and the improvement of material character. The invention using the transition of entangled multiple photons to achieve the delocalized nuclear exciton. The mix of selected isotopes adjusts the decay lifetime of nuclear exciton and the irradiation efficiency to generate the nuclear exciton.

Claims

1. A magnetoelectric material, wherein the said material is made by isotope crystals, isotope alloy crystals or the compound crystals of particular isotope, which is enriched and/or purified to increase the purity of the said isotope, such that the crystal of the isotope, of the alloy isotopes, or of the chemical compound of isotopes to achieve the delocalized nuclear exciton for the magnetoelectric effects.

2. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the enrichment of isotope in the magnetoelectric material applies the centrifugal process.

3. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the purification of isotope in the magnetoelectric material applies the floating zone method to drive the impurities from inside to the edge of a sample by moving the local melting zone.

4. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the isotope to generate the delocalized nuclear exciton in the magnetoelectric material has the transition from the first low-lying excited state to the ground state containing the quantum number change of angular momentum unequal to 1, i.e. greater than 2 or equal to 0.

5. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the abundance of each isotope in the isotope crystal or the isotope-compound crystal of the magnetoelectric material is 90%-100%.

6. The magnetoelectric material of claim 5, wherein the abundance of each isotope in the isotope crystal or the isotope-compound crystal of the magnetoelectric material is 99%-100%.

7. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the oxygen isotope in the oxide compound crystal of the magnetoelectric material is .sup.16O, the abundance of which is 99.76%-100%.

8. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the carbon isotope in the carbide compound crystal of the magnetoelectric material is .sup.12C, the abundance of which is 98.89%-100%.

9. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the sulfur isotope in the sulfide compound crystal of the magnetoelectric material is .sup.32S, the abundance of which is 95.02%-100%.

10. The magnetoelectric material of claim 1, wherein the isotopes in the crystal of the magnetoelectric material are selected from .sup.12C, .sup.16O, .sup.19F, .sup.27Al, .sup.28Si, .sup.32S, .sup.40Ca, .sup.45Sc, .sup.52Cr, .sup.56Fe, .sup.59Co, .sup.89Y, .sup.93Nb, .sup.103Rh,.sup.115In, .sup.232Th and .sup.238U.

11. A manufacturing process of the magnetoelectric material, comprising the step to generate the nuclear exciton in the magnetoelectric material consisting of a single isotope, multiple isotopes or an isotope compound.

12. The manufacturing process of claim 11, wherein the manufacturing means to generate the nuclear exciton in the magnetoelectric material include irradiation by the radiation sources, radioactive nuclides, and natural sources.

13. The manufacturing process of claim 12, wherein the radiation sources in the manufacturing processes include the electron beam, x-rays, neutron, or proton, the radiation energy of which is greater than the energy of nuclear exciton.

14. The manufacturing process of claim 12, wherein the internal irradiation by the radioactive nuclides in the manufacturing processes implants the particular radioactive nuclides into the crystal consisting of a single isotope, multiple isotopes, or the isotope compound; the long-lived radioactive isotope contain the multipolar gamma transition via entangled multiple photons.

15. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the radioactive nuclides are selected from .sup.178mHf,.sup.93mNb, or .sup.113mCd.

16. The manufacturing process of claim 12, wherein the natural methods are the excitation by the vacuum fluctuation or background radiation.

17. The manufacturing process of claim 11, further comprising the step of the enrichment or/and the purification of isotope for the crystal of one isotope, multiple isotopes or isotope compound before the creation of nuclear exciton.

18. The manufacturing process of claim 14, wherein the insert or removal or certain isotope impurities can adjust the decay lifetime of nuclear exciton.

19. The manufacturing process of claim 11, wherein the abundance of isotope in the isotope crystal or compound crystal is 90%-100%.

20. The manufacturing process of claim 19, wherein the abundance of isotope in the isotope crystal or in each element of compound crystal is 99%-100%.

21. The manufacturing process of claim 11, wherein the isotope compound is oxide, the oxygen isotope of which is .sup.16O with abundance of 99.76%-100%.

22. The manufacturing process of claim 11, wherein the isotope compound is carbide, the carbon isotope of which is .sup.12C with abundance of 98.89%-100%.

23. The manufacturing process of claim 11, wherein the isotope compound is sulfide, the sulfur isotope of which is .sup.32S with abundance of 95.02%-100%.

24. The manufacturing process of claim 11, wherein the isotopes are selected from .sup.12C, .sup.16O, .sup.19F, .sup.27Al, .sup.28Si, .sup.32S, .sup.40Ca, .sup.45Sc, .sup.52Cr, .sup.56Fe, .sup.59Co, .sup.89Y, .sup.93Nb, .sup.103Rh, .sup.115In, .sup.232Th and .sup.238U.

25. A method to manufacture the Magnetoelectric Effect Material, comprising: irradiation by the radiation sources to generate the metastable nuclear excitation; manufacturing the irradiated isotopes to be the crystal of single isotope or multiple isotopes or the isotope compound; wherein the radiation sources are electron, x-rays, neutron, or proton, the energy of which is higher than the energy of nuclear exciton.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising mixing the excitation of metastable state into the incubating materials before the irradiation to form alloy or compound crystals; the said incubating materials are those isotopes have the quantum change of angular momentum for the transition from the first low-lying state to the ground state not equal to 1, i.e. >2 or =0.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of the crystal of a single isotope, multiple isotopes, or the isotope compound being fabricated into crystal of particular size, of different dimensionality, of different topological structure to achieve different magnetoelectric effect.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the particular size of the crystal means two dimensional layer with a thickness about the size of nuclear exciton, and with the length and the width to be much greater than the size of nuclear exciton.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the said particular size of the crystal means one dimensional line with a diameter about the size of nuclear exciton, and with the length to be much greater than the size of nuclear exciton.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein the said particular size of the crystal means two dimensional tube with a thickness about the size of nuclear exciton, and with the length and diameter to be much greater than the size of nuclear exciton.

31. The method of claim 27, wherein the said particular size of the crystal means one dimensional circle with a diameter about the size of nuclear exciton, and with the circumference to be much greater than the size of nuclear exciton.

32. The method of claim 27, wherein the said composition of different dimensionality and topological structures means the interface between different three-dimensional materials, multilayer of different materials, and the junction between different materials of one-dimensional rods.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the said composite structure of different materials include dielectric, magnetic, magnetoelectric, multiferroics to provide the required electric field and/or magnetic field.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein the said composite structure of different materials has different magnetoelectric effects at different temperature.

35. The method of claim 32, wherein the composite structure of different materials includes two superconductors, which have different magnetic flux quanta.

36. The method of claim 32, wherein the composite structure of different materials includes the photoelectric material and the magnetoelectric material.

37. The method of claim 32, wherein the composite structure of different materials includes the piezoelectric material and the magnetoelectric material.

38. The method of claim 32, wherein the composite structure of different materials includes the semiconductor material and the magnetoelectric material.

39. The method of claim 32, wherein the composite structure of different materials includes the material of the topological insulator and the magnetoelectric material.

40. The method of claim 32, wherein the composite structure of different materials includes the metallic material and the magnetoelectric material.

Description

FIGURES DESCRIPTION

(1) FIG. 1 is an example of this invention. The photon spectrum emitted from the Mssbauer state of Nb, which is carried out by the neutron irradiation in a reactor, where the abscissa axis is the x-ray energy of detected photon and the ordinate axis is the count number.

(2) FIG. 2 is the electric resistant measured by the four point method. The normal critical temperature of the Nb superconductivity appears at 9.3 K. The abnormal superconducting state appears only with 6-Hz drive.

(3) FIG. 3 shows the impedance depending on the temperature and the applied magnetic field measured by the four-point method.

DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(4) An example of the invention carried out by the excitation of niobium.

(5) The following is the detailed description of one example, which is not the restriction of this invention.

(6) The inventor carried out the nuclear excitation of two niobium samples in form of single crystal and poly-crystal in the Hsinchu reactor by the neutron beam. When the density of nuclear excitation exceeds 10.sup.12 cm.sup.3, the nuclear exciton enters a different state. The isotope of .sup.93Nb, documented with the ground state of |9/2.sup.+>, the Mssbauer state of |1/2.sup.>, a transition energy of 30.8 keV carrying 4 quanta of angular momentum, and a half-life of 16.13 years, has the natural abundance of 100%.

(7) As described above, the energy distribution of single photon is too sharp to be absorbed by the other neighboring .sup.93Nb nuclei at ground state. However, the evidence of entangled multiphoton shows up in the x-ray spectrum in FIG. 1, where the four peaks between 7 and 12 keV are the L-line x-rays from W, two peaks at 15.7 keV and 17.7 keV are the K-line x-rays from Zr, two peaks at 16.6 keV and 18.6 keV are the K-line x-rays from Nb, which are the internal conversion from the Mssbauer transition from .sup.93mNb. The low-lying state of the stable isotopes .sup.182W, .sup.90Zr, .sup.91Zr, .sup.92Zr, .sup.94Zr, .sup.96Zr can decay via entangled multiple photons to support the nuclear exciton.

(8) The inventors wish to modify the description of FIG. 1, which was not clearly documented. The L-lines of .sup.182W were mainly contributed by the decay from .sup.182Ta, which was generated by the impurity of .sup.181Ta in Nb crystal to absorb one neutron during the neutron irradiation in the Hinchu reactor. The K-lines of Zr were mainly contributed by the .sup.92Zr emitted from the electron capture of .sup.92mNb, which was generated by the process of .sup.93Nb absorbing one neutron but emitting two neutrons. The anomalous decay time of these x-rays, which led to the conclusion that the partial x-rays are generated by the nuclear exciton, are not clearly documented. Now, after three-year monitoring, we have now another important evidence of abnormal lifetimes from .sup.93mNb, which is more obvious than the abnormal lifetime of .sup.182Ta and .sup.92mNb, while the argument of abnormal decay time to prove the nuclear exciton is still reserved.

(9) The lattice of the single-crystal sample of Nb was destroyed by the neutron bombardment such that no superconductivity could be achieved. After the anneal process, the superconductivity was recovered, as shown in FIG. 2. It shows an abnormal step of resistance around 8 K, which is driven by the ac current of 6-Hz and 50 mA. The method of four-point measurement is detailed in the reference [15]. There should be no dissipation of drive current when the sample was cooled below the superconducting temperature without any applied magnetic field except the earth field of 0.4 Gauss. The resistance in FIG. 2 reveals several facts. It is impossible to have the response from the nuclear magnetic resonance by the drive current from the four-point measuring method without an alternative driving field. Unless the drive voltage between two leads of measurement can create the magnetic field by the magnetoelectric effect, the dissipative nuclear magnetic resonance of exciton can be achieved.

(10) The assumed magnetoelectric became pronounced, when the strong magnetic field was applied. FIG. 3 shows the field- and temperature-dependent impedance from a measurement done by the four-point method with the ac drive current of 4 Hz and 130 mA. The phase between the read voltage and the drive current shows that the impedance moves from resistive to inductive by increasing the field. Increasing the drive frequency, the induction increases, that proves the energy stored in a magnetic field. The induction is proportional to the square of the applied field, where the strong storing magnetic field comes from the magnetoelectric effect. The estimation show the magnetoelectric effect is proportional to the square of applied field and reached a value around 10.sup.8 [e.sup.2/h] at 9 T.

(11) The magnetoelectric effect is not attributed to the spin-orbit interaction and is not induced by the multiferroics, instead, it is induced by the nuclear exciton, the pseudoscalar filed of which is very large.

(12) According to the feature of magnetoelectric effect, the applications of this invention include:

(13) (1) The advanced thermal conductivity of the edge state can be applied to enhance the thermal conduction, such as heat pipe.

(14) (2) The invention can be applied to the write head of the hard disk to replace the coil for generating the magnetic field that can reduce the production cost.

(15) (3) The Majorana state of this invention can be applied to the quantum computer.

(16) (4) The invention can be applied to the photoelectric conversion.

(17) (5) The invention can be applied to detect the electromagnetic field, such as the earth field.

(18) (6) The invention can be applied to detect the gravitational waves.

(19) (7) The invention can be applied to detect the dark matter.

(20) The above descriptions are some good example, which cannot be treated as the restriction of this invention. The experts, who are familiar with the technology about this invention, can carry out the example by certain modification on the procedure. Accordingly, the minor modification of the procedure is treated to be the same reported invention.

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