Method for reducing dilution effects in fluid treatment vessels

Abstract

A fluid treatment apparatus comprising a tank containing a bed of at least one fluid treatment medium, a distributor plate separating the bed from an end portion of the tank, and an inert medium comprising amorphous particles having a harmonic mean diameter from 2.5 to 250 mm and a density from 0.57 to 0.998 cm.sup.3/g. The volume of the end portion containing inert medium is from 25 to 95% of the total volume of the end portion.

Claims

1. A fluid treatment apparatus comprising: (a) a tank comprising a bed of at least one fluid treatment medium, (b) a distributor plate separating the bed from an end portion of the tank, and (c) at least one inert medium comprising amorphous particles having a harmonic mean diameter from 2.5 to 250 mm and a density from 0.57 to 0.998 cm.sup.3/g; wherein the end portion has a total volume; and the volume of the end portion containing inert medium is from 25 to 95% of the total volume of the end portion; and wherein the amorphous particles have an average sphericity from 0.7 to 1 and an average roundness from 0.4 to 1.

2. The fluid treatment apparatus of claim 1 in which volume of the end portion containing inert medium is from 30 to 90% of the total volume of the end portion.

3. The fluid treatment apparatus of claim 2 in which the harmonic mean diameter is from 2.5 to 100 mm.

4. The fluid treatment apparatus of claim 3 in which the amorphous particles have an average sphericity from 0.7 to 0.95 and an average roundness from 0.45 to 0.95.

5. The fluid treatment apparatus of claim 4 in which the fluid treatment medium is an ion exchange resin.

6. The fluid treatment apparatus of claim 5 in which volume of a lower end portion containing inert medium is from 40 to 90% of the total volume of the lower end portion.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(1) All percentages are weight percentages (wt %), and all temperatures are in C., unless otherwise indicated. Averages are arithmetic averages unless indicated otherwise. All operations are performed at room temperature (18 and 25 C.) unless specified otherwise. Weight average molecular weights, Mw, are measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polyacrylic acid standards, as is known in the art. The techniques of GPC are discussed in detail in Modern Size Exclusion Chromatography, W. W. Yau, J. J. Kirkland, D. D. Bly; Wiley-Interscience, 1979, and in A Guide to Materials Characterization and Chemical Analysis, J. P. Sibilia; VCH, 1988, p. 81-84. The molecular weights reported herein are in units of daltons. Percentages of monomer units in a polymer are based on total polymer weight (dry weight). The harmonic mean diameter (HMD) is defined by the following equation:

(2) $\mathrm{HMD}=\frac{N}{{.Math.}_{i=1}^N\left(\frac{1}{d_i}\right)}$ where i is an index over the individual beads; di is the diameter of each individual particle; and N is the total number of beads. A particle that is not spherical is considered to have a diameter equal to the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the particle. Sphericity () is the degree to which a particle is spherical and is characterized by using two of the three principal orthogonal axes of the object, a (longest), b (intermediate), and c (shortest), as follows: =c/a. Roundness (R) is defined as the ratio of the average radius of curvature of the corners and edges of an object's silhouette to the radius of the largest circle which can be inscribed within the silhouette. Sphericity and roundness are described in more detail in H. Waddell, The Journal of Geology, vol. 41, pp. 310-331 (1933).

(3) The volume of the end portion containing inert medium is defined by the upper boundary of the inert medium when at rest. For example, if one defines a plane touching all of the uppermost particles of inert medium, i.e., a plane defining an upper surface of the inert medium, then the volume of the end portion below this plane is the volume of the end portion containing inert medium. For clarity, this is not the total volume of the particles themselves. Preferably, the volume of the lower end portion containing inert medium is at least 30% of the volume of the lower end portion, preferably at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 45%, preferably at least 50%; preferably no more than 90%, preferably no more than 85%.

(4) Preferably, the amorphous particles have an average sphericity from 0.7 to 1.0 and an average roundness from 0.4 to 1.0. Preferably, average sphericity is at least 0.75, preferably at least 0.80; preferably no more than 0.95, preferably no more than 0.92, preferably no more than 0.90. Preferably, average roundness is at least 0.45, preferably at least 0.50, preferably at least 0.55; preferably no more than 0.95, preferably no more than 0.90, preferably no more than 0.85, preferably no more than 0.80, preferably no more than 0.75, preferably no more than 0.70. Preferably, the average sphericity and the average roundness are not both greater than 0.95, preferably 0.90.

(5) Preferably, the amorphous particles have a harmonic mean diameter no greater than 150 mm, preferably no greater than 100 mm, preferably no greater than 50 mm, preferably no greater than 25 mm, preferably no greater than 10 mm, preferably no greater than 6 mm.

(6) Preferably, the amorphous particles have a density of at least 0.60 cm.sup.3/g, preferably at least 0.65 cm.sup.3/g, preferably at least 0.70 cm.sup.3/g, preferably at least 0.75 cm.sup.3/g, preferably at least 0.80 cm.sup.3/g, preferably at least 0.85 cm.sup.3/g. Preferably, the amorphous particles have a density no greater than 0.997 cm.sup.3/g, preferably no greater than 0.996 cm.sup.3/g.

(7) Typical end portions (also known as dish heads) of tanks used for fluid treatment include, e.g., Klpper heads, elliptical heads and spheroid heads. Typically, dish head water volume is 15-35% of the installed resin volume in the main portion of the tank and dish head water volume is 40-100% of the resin void water in the main compartment. Preferably, the main portion of the tank is cylindrical.

(8) Reduction of void water due to the presence of inert material in the end portions is calculated as follows for a spheroid end portion. V.sub.s=spheroid compartment volume V.sub.sx=the spheroid remaining free water after (partial) filling of X ml IF62 (ml) S.sub.x=the solid fill of the spheroid volume due to the X ml filling with IF62 (ml) X=inert filling (ml) F.sub.w=free water (%)
V.sub.sx=V.sub.s(X*F.sub.w)
S.sub.x=V.sub.sV.sub.sx

(9) Preferably, the fluid treatment medium in the main (center) compartment of the tank is an ion exchange resin, activated carbon, an adsorbent, a non functionalized co polymer or a zeolite. Preferably, the fluid treatment medium is an ion exchange resin, preferably in the form of spherical beads. Preferably, the beads are crosslinked polymer beads.

(10) Depending in the Technology Applied:

(11) Co-flow systems have 10-60% filling
Countercurrent Systems: Packed beds: 85%-97.5% filling Blocked beds 25-60% filling Mixed beds 25-60% filling

(12) Inert filling in the main compartment (cylinder) depends on the system technology and is either a fixed value ranging from 10-12 cm in an Amberpack/Schwebebett or a range of heights depending on the vessel diameter. Typically <1000 mm: 150 mm; <2500:200 mm and all other over 2500:300 mm

(13) Or 15-25 cm as block layer in a blocked bed system with air hold down.

EXAMPLES

(14) The equipment used in the present examples was as follows: 2 PVC columns in parallel for the comparison; Outer diameter 6 cm and column height 1000 mm Top and bottom compartments 160 mm wall height equipped with nozzle plates. The compartment represent the vessel spheroid dish head net volume V.sub.s=350 ml; the compartment is physically separated from the resin column by a nozzle plates to retain the filling. Instrumentation: 8 rotameters,
2 manometers Other equipment: 2 water tanks (1m3),
2 chemical tanks (NaOH 30% HCl 37%),
4 pumps (2 feed, 2 dosing)
2 conductivity meters

(15) TABLE-US-00001 IWAKI Electromagnetic EWN- Metering pumps Model B16VCER Capacity 65 mL/min .Math. 3.9 Power 100-240 VAC L/h .Math. 0.09-0.18 supply mL/stroke Disch. Press. 7 bar Frequency 50/60 Hz Pressure 8 bar Current 0.8 A Max. (Input) Stroke 50-100% (0.5-1.0 mm) Power 20 W Length (Input) Stroke Rate 0.1-100 (1-360 spm) Materials PVC (head) PTFE + EPDM (diaphragm)

Example 1: Tests with Upper and/or Lower Compartments Filled

(16) TABLE-US-00002 OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR THE TESTS Configuration 1 column Regen. technology UPCORE Resins DOWEX MARATHON 1200H New commercial name Amberlite HPR1200 H DOWEX UPCORE IF-62 New commercial name Amberlite 62i Setups None compartment filled Bottom compartment filled Bottom + Top compartment filled Feed water Raw water after sand filter treatment Regenerant HCl 4.5% Cycles monitoring Conductivity measurement DOWEX MARATHON 1200 - UPCORE Floating inert DOWEX UPCORE IF-62 Floating inert height.sup.(1) (mm) 85 Freeboard (mm) 50 Filling inert DOWEX UPCORE IF-62 Volume of filling inert.sup.(2) (L) 0.350 Volume of resin in 1.89 swollen form (L) Resin height (mm) 865 COMPACTION Direction UPFLOW Influent Demineralized water Flow rate (L/h) 60 Linear velocity (m/h) 30.6 REGENERANT INJECTION Direction UPFLOW Regenerant HCl 35% w/w % Quantity (g/L.sub.R) 120 Regenerant solution 4.5 concentration (w/w %) Flow rate (L/h) 15.0 Specific flow rate (BV/h) 8.6 Duration (min) 18 Linear velocity (m/h) 7.6 Volume (L) 4.5 REGENERANT DISPLACEMENT (SLOW RINSE) Direction UPFLOW Effluent Demineralized water Flow rate (L/h) 15.0 same as during regenerant injection Specific flow rate (BV/h) 8.6 End point Conductivity < 1000 S/cm SETTLING Duration (min) 10 FAST RINSE (RINSE TO QUALITY) Direction DOWNFLOW Influent Demineralized water Flow rate (L/h) 55.0 same as loading cycle Specific flow rate (BV/h) 29.1 same as loading cycle End point Conductivity after SBA < 10 S/cm LOADING CYCLE Direction DOWNFLOW Influent Water after sand filters Flow rate (L/h) 55.0 Specific flow rate (BV/h) 29.1 Linear velocity (m/h) 28 End point Conductivity after SBA > 2 S/cm

(17) TABLE-US-00003 Regeneration cycles AVG BV for fast Loading cycles BV for rinse to reach Op. Cap. (eq/L.sub.R) displacement 10 S/cm No compartment 1.34 0.01 5.9 0.2 2.06 Fr = 0% filled Bottom 1.47 0.07 6.2 0.3 1.58 Fr = 66.5% compartment filled Bottom and Top 1.58 0.03 6.2 0.6 1.41 Fr = 66.5% compartment filled [Cations] (eq/liter) = Total cation concentration obtained from the feed water analysis. VT = Throughput (liter): Total amount of water treated at the resin breakthrough point. VR = The volume of resin loaded (liter)

(18) $\mathrm{Op}.\mathrm{Capacity}=\frac{\mathrm{VT}\left[\mathrm{Cations}\right]}{\mathrm{VR}}\left(\mathrm{Eq}/1_{\mathrm{resin}}\right)$

(19) Compared to F.sub.wr=0% (no filling), the resin operating capacity improves at 100% filling of V.sub.s at F.sub.wr=66.5% F.sub.wr=free water reduction in compartment V.sub.s=spheroid compartment volume

(20) The fast rinse volume to reach 10 S/cm is improved from 2.06 to 1.41 bed volumes.

Example 2: Tests with Gradual Filling of Lower Compartment

(21) The operating conditions and fill in the main compartment were the same as in Example 1.

(22) Results

(23) TABLE-US-00004 Operating Capacity % of Compartment Op. Cap. Standard Cycles Containing Filling (eq/L.sub.R) deviation inert filling 0 ml 0 1.31 0.06 inert filling 100 ml 28.6 1.44 0.06 Inert filling 200 ml 57.1 1.48 0.02 Inert filling 300 ml 85.7 1.48 0.01 Inert filling 350 ml 100 1.47 0.07

(24) TABLE-US-00005 Displacement (BV) % of Compartment Displacement Cycles Containing Filling (BV) St. Dev. Regen_0 0 5.8 0.3 Regen_100 28.6 6.2 0.4 Regen_200 57.1 6.9 0.3 Regen_300 85.7 6.3 0.2 Regen_350 100 6.2 0.3

(25) Displacement performance is substantially independent of the percent of the compartment which contains fill.