Imaging Device

Abstract

An imaging device is disclosed for projecting individually controllable laser beams onto an imaging surface that is movable relative thereto in X-direction. The device includes a plurality of semiconductor chips comprising a plurality of individually controllable laser emitting elements arranged in a two dimensional array of M rows and N columns. The chips are mounted on a support in at least one pair of rows, such that each pair of adjacent chips in Y-direction are offset from one another in the X-direction, and the laser beams are substantially uniformly spaced in the Y-direction. The chips are arranged such that corresponding elements in any group of three adjacent chips in the X and Y-directions lie at the apices of congruent equilateral triangles. A plurality of GRIN rod based lens systems focuses the beams for each of the chips onto the imaging surface.

Claims

1. An imaging device for projecting individually controllable laser beams onto an imaging surface that is movable relative thereto in a reference X-direction, the device comprising: a support; a plurality of semiconductor chips coupled to the support, each of the chips comprising a plurality of individually controllable laser beam emitting elements arranged in a two dimensional main array of M rows and N columns, the emitting elements in each row having a uniform spacing A.sub.r and the emitting elements in each column having a uniform spacing a.sub.c; the chips being arranged in at least one pair of rows such that the main array of each pair of chips that are adjacent one another in a reference Y-direction, transverse to the X-direction, are offset from one another in the X-direction, and such that the center of each two Y-direction adjacent laser beam emitting elements in the main arrays of both chips in the pair be uniformly spaced from one another in the Y-direction by a nominal distance A.sub.r/M, and wherein the centers of laser beams emitting elements of both chips do not overlap in the Y-direction; the chips within the two rows of the pair being aligned such that corresponding elements in any group of three adjacent chips in the X and Y-directions lie at the apices of congruent equilateral triangles and the distance in the Y-direction between corresponding elements equals nominally to N.Math.A.sub.r, where A.sub.r is the nominal distance between the centers of any two adjacent laser beam emitting elements in each row; and, a plurality of lens systems, each serving to focus the laser beams of all the laser elements of a respective one of the chips onto the imaging surface, each lens system comprising at least one gradient index (GRIN) rod.

2. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each lens system comprises a plurality of GRIN rods arranged in series with one another.

3. An imaging device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the GRIN rods of each lens system are inclined relative to one another to form a folded light path, light from each GRIN rod being directed to the next GRIN rod in the series by a reflecting element.

4. An imaging device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the GRIN rods have a cylindrical surface and corresponding GRIN rods of different lens systems associated with different chips are arranged in an array of at least one pair of rows, and wherein the cylindrical surfaces of the GRIN rods in each row of any pair of rods contact one another and the cylindrical surface of each rod in each row additionally contacts the cylindrical surfaces of the two adjacent GRIN rods in the other row, the nominal distance between any two adjacent GRIN rods centers being 2.Math.N.Math.A.sub.r.

5. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each chip has an equal number of rows and columns of laser beam emitting elements in the main array.

6. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the support is fluid cooled.

7. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the support is constructed of a rigid metallic or ceramic structure.

8. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface of the support is formed of, or coated with, and electrical insulator and thin film conductors are formed on the electrically insulating surface to supply electrical signals and power to the chips.

9. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of lens systems has a magnification of absolute value of 1.

10. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of lens systems has a magnification of +1.

11. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of lens systems has a magnification of absolute value greater than 1.

12. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein in addition to the N columns of elements of the main array, each chip further comprises at least one additional column, arranged at a side of the array in the Y-direction, the additional column containing at least one selectively operable laser beam emitting element having a center that lies between the respective two sets of M.Math.N lines of the pair of chips, for compensating for misalignment in the Y-direction in the relative positioning of the respective adjacent pair of chips on the support.

13. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each individually controllable laser beam element can emit a laser beam having a plurality of selectable energy levels.

14. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the laser beam emitting elements are vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) elements.

15. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the GRIN rods have a cylindrical surface and corresponding GRIN rods of different lens systems associated with different chips are arranged in an array of at least one pair of rows, the cylindrical surfaces of the GRIN rods in each row of any pair of rods contact one another and the cylindrical surface of each rod in each row additionally contacts the cylindrical surfaces of the two adjacent GRIN rods in the other row, the GRIN rods having a diameter equal to 2.Math.N.Math.A.sub.r.

16. An imaging device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the GRIN rods of each lens system are inclined relative to one another to form a folded light path, light from each GRIN rod being directed to the next GRIN rod of the same lens system by a reflecting element.

17. An imaging device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each individually controllable laser beam element can emit a laser beam having a controllable plurality of energy levels.

18. An imaging device for projecting individually controllable laser beams onto an imaging surface that is movable relative thereto in a reference X-direction, the device comprising: a support; a plurality of semiconductor chips coupled to the support, each of the chips comprises a plurality of individually controllable laser beam emitting elements arranged in a two dimensional main array of M rows and N columns, the elements in each row having a uniform spacing A.sub.r and the elements in each column having a uniform spacing a.sub.c, each individually controllable laser beam element can emit a laser beam of a controllable plurality of energy levels; wherein the chips are mounted on the support such that the main arrays of each pair of chips that are adjacent one another in a reference Y-direction, transverse to the X-direction, are offset from one another in the X-direction, wherein when the chips are nominally placed, were all the laser emitting elements to be activated continuously and the imaging surface and the imaging device to be relatively moved in the X-direction, the emitted laser beams of the respective main arrays of the two chips of the pair would trace on the imaging surface 2.Math.M.Math.N parallel lines that extend in the X-direction and are uniformly spaced from one another in the Y-direction by a nominal distance A.sub.r/M, whereby the laser beams of each chip trace a set of M.Math.N lines without overlapping the set of lines of the other chip; the alignment of the chips within the at least one pair of rows is such that corresponding elements in any group of three adjacent chips in the X and Y-directions lie nominally at the apices of congruent equilateral triangles; and, a plurality of lens systems, each serving to focus the laser beams of all the laser elements of a respective one of the chips onto the imaging surface, each lens system comprising at least one gradient index (GRIN) rod; wherein corresponding GRIN rods of different lens systems associated with different chips are arranged in an array of at least one pair of rows, the GRIN rods having cylindrical surface and the cylindrical surfaces of the GRIN rods in each row of any pair of rods contact one another and the cylindrical surface of each rod in each row additionally contacts the cylindrical surfaces of the two adjacent GRIN rods in the other row, the GRIN rods having a diameter equal to 2.Math.N.Math.A.sub.r.

19. An imaging device as claimed in claim 18, wherein each lens system comprises a plurality of GRIN rods arranged in series with one another.

20. An imaging device as claimed in claim 18, wherein in addition to the N columns of elements of the main array, each chip comprises at least two additional columns, arranged at least one at each side of the array, each additional column containing at least one selectively operable laser beam emitting element capable of tracing at least one additional line that lies between the two sets of M.Math.N lines, for compensating for misalignment in the Y-direction in the relative positioning of the respective adjacent pair of chips on the support.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Some embodiments of the imaging device are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. The description, together with the figures, makes apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art how the teachings of the disclosure may be practiced, by way of non-limiting examples. The figures are for the purpose of illustrative discussion and no attempt is made to show structural details of an embodiment in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental and enabling understanding of the disclosure. For the sake of clarity and simplicity, some objects depicted in the figures are not to scale.

[0030] In the Figures:

[0031] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a digital printing system utilizing an imaging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0032] FIG. 2 shows part of an imaging device comprising a set of VCSEL chips mounted on a support;

[0033] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the laser emitting elements of two VCSEL chips and the lines that they can trace on a relatively moving imaging surface;

[0034] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation that demonstrates in one pair of rows the alignment between the VCSEL chips and the GRIN rods used as lenses to focus the emitted laser beams onto the imaging surface;

[0035] FIG. 5A shows prior art proposals for correction of chip misalignment;

[0036] FIG. 5B shows the manner in which an embodiment of the invention compensates for chip misalignment;

[0037] FIG. 6 shows the energy profiles produced by the laser elements at the ends of two adjacent arrays, to illustrate how a single line can be traced using two laterally positioned laser elements, there being shown for each array three elements of the main array and one of the additional elements;

[0038] FIG. 7A is a similar energy diagram to FIG. 6 to show how the energies of two adjacent laser elements of the main array can be combined on the imaging surface to produce an additional dot that does not fall on the center line of either of the laser elements;

[0039] FIG. 7B shows the dot pattern on the imaging surface produced by activating four laser elements of the main array in the manner shown in FIG. 7A;

[0040] FIG. 8A shows how the dot pattern of FIG. 7B assists in anti-aliasing;

[0041] FIG. 8B shows for comparison with FIG. 8A the jagged edge that normally occurs when printing an oblique line; and

[0042] FIG. 9 shows an alternative lens system to that shown in FIG. 1 that has a folded light path to permit more compact packaging in a printing system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] The imaging device will be described herein mainly by reference to its application in digital printing systems however its use is not limited to this application, and different aspects of the invention may be implemented to controllably project image forming light beams onto any surface with relative motion between the surface and the chips.

Overall Description of an Exemplary Printing System

[0044] FIG. 1 shows a drum 10 having an outer surface 12 that serves as an imaging surface. As the drum rotates clockwise, as represented by an arrow, it passes beneath a coating station 14 where it acquires a monolayer coating of fine particles. After exiting the coating station 14, the imaging surface 12 passes beneath an imaging device 15 of the present disclosure where selected regions of the imaging surface 12 are exposed to laser radiation which renders the particle coating on the selected regions of the surface 12 tacky. Next, the imaging surface passes through an impression station 19 where a substrate 20 is compressed between the drum 10 and an impression cylinder 22. The pressure applied at the impression station causes the selected regions of the coating on the imaging surface 12 that have been rendered tacky by exposure to laser radiation by the imaging device 15 in the correspondingly termed imaging station to transfer from the imaging surface 12 to the substrate 20.

[0045] The term tacky as used herein is intended to mean that the irradiated particle coating is not necessarily tacky to the touch but only that it is softened sufficiently to be able to adhere to the surface of a substrate when pressed against it in the impression station 19.

[0046] The regions on the imaging surface 12 corresponding to the selected tacky areas transferred to the substrate 20 consequently become exposed, being depleted by the transfer of particles. The imaging surface 12 can then complete its cycle by returning to the coating station 14 where a fresh monolayer particle coating is applied only to the exposed regions from which the previously applied particles were transferred to the substrate 20 in the impression station 19.

[0047] Advantageously, a monolayer of particles facilitates the targeted delivery of radiation as emitted by the laser elements of an imaging device according to present teachings. This may ease the control of the imaging device and process, as the selectively irradiated particles reside on a single defined layer. When considered for use in a printing system, an imaging device targeting a monolayer can preferably focus the laser radiation to form upon transfer to a substrate a dot of approximately even thickness and/or relatively defined contour.

[0048] Reverting to the coating station 14, it may comprise a plurality of spray heads 1401 that are aligned with each other along the axis of the drum 10 and only one is therefore seen in the section of FIG. 1. The sprays 1402 of the spray heads are confined within a bell housing 1403, of which the lower rim 1404 is shaped to conform closely to the imaging surface leaving only a narrow gap between the bell housing 1403 and the drum 10. The spray heads 1401 are connected to a common supply rail 1405 which supplies to the spray heads 1401 a pressurized fluid carrier (gaseous or liquid) having suspended within it the fine particles to be used in coating the imaging surface 12.

[0049] The imaging device 15 in FIG. 1 is composed of a support 16 carrying an array of chips each having an arrangement of individually controlled laser sources capable of emitting laser beams. In some embodiments, the laser beam emitting elements can coherently emit light in a range of wavelengths from about 400 nm to about 12 m, or up to about 10 m, or up to about 8 m, or up to about 3 m, or up to about 1.4 m. Such ranges includes regions generally known as Near Infra Red (NIR, 0.75-1.4 m), Short-Wavelength Infra Red (SWIR, 1.4-3 m), Mid-Wavelength Infra Red (MWIR), also called Intermediate Infra Red (IIR, 3-8 m), and Long-Wavelength Infra Red (LWIR, 8-15 m), also known as Thermal Infra Red (TIR). In a particular embodiment, the laser beam emitting elements are NIR lasers. The laser sources may by way of example, be of VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) type, however other types may be utilized. By way of example, semiconductor lasers commercially available as laser diodes are capable of emitting at wavelengths from 375 nm to 3,500 nm, covering most of NIR and SWIR regions of the spectrum. Gas lasers can emit over various area of the spectrum, depending on the elected gas and some optical design. Commercial carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) lasers, for instance, can emit hundreds of watts in the thermal infrared region at 10.6 m. While for brevity the term VCSEL is predominantly used herein, it should be construed as encompassing any such laser sources which may be better suited for certain embodiments. Each chip has individually controllable laser beam emitting elements arranged in a two dimensional main array of M rows and N columns (M.Math.N), the elements in each row having a uniform spacing A.sub.r and the elements in each column having a uniform spacing a.sub.c. As disclosed below, at least one additional column may be provided. Preferably, the chips can be individually or collectively associated with an array of corresponding lenses 18 that focus the laser beams on the imaging surface 12 is also used. FIGS. 2 to 4 provide more details of the chips 30 according to some embodiments of the invention and on the manner in which they can be mounted on the support and aligned with the lenses 18.

[0050] FIG. 2 shows a support 16 on which are mounted a plurality of VCSEL chips 30 arranged in two rows in accurately predetermined positions relative to one another, as will be described in more detail by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.

[0051] The support 16 is a rigid, and in some embodiments at least partially hollow elongate body fitted with connectors 34 to allow a cooling fluid to flow through its internal cavity. In some embodiments, the body of the support may be made of an electrically insulating material, such as a suitable ceramic, or it may be made of a metal and at least its surface 36 on which the chips 30 are mounted may be coated with an electrical insulator. This enables a circuit board made of thin film conductors (partial and symbolic depiction of the conductors is schematically shown to the lower-right chip at FIG. 2) to be formed on the surface 36. The chips 30 are soldered to contact pads on this circuit board and a connector 32 projecting from the lower edge of the support 16 allows control and power signals to be applied to the chips 30. The laser emitting elements 40 of each chip 30 are individually addressable and are spaced apart sufficiently widely to minimize thermal interference with one another.

[0052] In some embodiments, the individually controllable laser elements of a chip can emit laser beams having variable energy that is preferably digitally controllable in discrete steps, allowing the laser intensity to be set at discrete levels such as 2, 4, 8, 16. . . and the like, and in some embodiments individual laser beam sources may be controllably set to emit up to 4096 levels or more. The lowermost level of energy is defined as 0, where the individual laser element is not activated, the uppermost level of energy can be defined as 1. The distinct intermediate levels therebetween may be considered analogous in the field of printing to grey levels, each level providing for a gradually distinct intensity (e.g., shade when considering a colored output). Taking for instance, a laser beam emitting element having 16 levels of activation, level 0 would result in lack of impression (e.g., leaving a substrate bare or white if originally so) and level 1 would result in transfer of a tacky film formed by a particle irradiated at maximum energy (e.g., forming a full black dot in the event the particles are so colored). In previous illustrative example, levels 1/16, 2/16, 3/16 and so on would correspond to increasingly stronger shades of grey, comprised between white (0) and black (1). Typically, the energy levels are evenly spaced.

[0053] In an alternative embodiment, the individually controllable laser elements of a chip can emit laser beams having variable energy that can be modulated in a continuous analogue manner.

[0054] Once a region of the imaging surface has reached a temperature at which the particles become tacky, any further increase in temperature will not have any effect on the transfer to the substrate. However, it should also be noted that as the intensity of the laser is increased the size of the dot that is rendered tacky also increases.

[0055] The energy profile of each dot resembles the plots shown in FIG. 6, that is to say that it is symmetrical with tapering sides. The exact profile is not important as the distribution may be Gaussian, sinusoidal or even an inverted V. In any such profile, as the peak intensity increases, the base widens and the area of intersection of the profile with a threshold at which the particle coating is rendered tacky also increases in diameter. A consequence of this energy distribution is that points of the imaging surface that are not in alignment with the centerline of any one laser emitting element will receive energy from adjacent elements. It is possible for two nearby elements to be energized to below the level needed to render coating particles on the centerline of the elements tacky, yet for the cumulative energy in the region of overlap between the two centerlines to rise above the level necessary to render the coating particles tacky. In this way, it is possible to create potential raster lines between the centerlines of the laser lines in addition to, or as an alternative to, the raster lines coinciding with the centerlines of the laser elements. This ability to combine the energies from adjacent elements is used to achieve different effects. These effects are dependent upon the ability of the imaging surface to combine energies received from different laser elements, even if there is a slight difference between the times of irradiation.

[0056] FIG. 3 shows schematically, and to a much enlarged scale, the relative positioning of two laser emitting element arrays 130a and 130b of chips 30 that are adjacent one another in the Y-direction but are located in different rows. Each of the chips has a main array of M by N laser emitting elements 40, as previously described, which are represented by circular dots. In the example illustrated, M and N are equal, there being nine rows and nine columns. The spacing between the elements in a row, designated A.sub.r, and the spacing between the elements in a column, designate a.sub.c, are shown as being different from one another but they may be the same. The array is shown as being slightly skewed so that the columns and rows are not perpendicular to one another. Instead, the rows lie parallel to the Y-direction while the columns are at a slight angle to the X-direction. This enables lines, such as the lines 44, traced by the elements 40 on the imaging surface, if energized continuously, to be sufficiently close together to allow high resolution images to be printed. FIG. 3 shows that the element at the end of each row traces a line that is a distance A.sub.r/M away from the line traced by the corresponding element of each adjacent row, the separation between these lines being the image resolution I.sub.r. Thus, assuming a magnification of |1|, A.sub.r and M are selected in dependence upon the desired image resolution, based on the equation A.sub.r=M.Math.I.sub.r.

[0057] It should be mentioned that it is possible for the elements to lie in a square array where the columns are perpendicular to the rows. In this case, the chips would need to be mounted askew on their support and compensation would need to be applied to the timing of the control signals used to energize the individual elements.

[0058] As is clear from FIG. 3, and also FIG. 5B which shows the traced lines to a larger scale, the positioning of the array 130b is such that the line traced by its bottom left element 40 should ideally also be spaced from the line traced by the top right element of the array 130a by a distance equal to A.sub.r/M. Therefore when all the elements 40 of both arrays 130a and 130b are energized, they will trace 2.Math.M.Math.N lines that will all be evenly spaced apart by a distance A.sub.r/M between adjacent lines, without any gaps.

[0059] If one wishes to provide compensation for defective elements, the array could include additional rows of laser emitting elements 40, but it is alternatively possible to compensate for a defective element by increasing the intensity of the laser beams generated by the laser emitting elements that trace the two adjacent parallel lines.

[0060] Optionally, in addition to the M by N array of elements 40, each chip has at least one additional column that is arranged along the Y-direction on the side of the main array, the additional column containing at least one laser beam emitting element 42. These further elements 42 are represented in FIG. 3 by stars, to distinguish them from the main array elements 40. As seen in FIG. 4, in some embodiments at least two such additional columns each of one element 42 are provided, at least one column disposed in Y-direction on each side of the main N by M array. The additional laser elements of the additional columns on one or both sides of each main array can be respectively positioned at a distance of or the spacing between traced lines that can be imaged by the lenses onto the imaging surface. Furthermore additional elements could be placed in the gap between two arrays that nominally spans a distance of A.sub.r/M so that higher sensitivity is achieved in correcting the spacing errors between adjacent arrays.

[0061] Any additional element 42 of an additional column can be positioned in the column at any desired distance from the edge element of the main array, the distance in the Y-direction depending on the total numbers of additional elements/additional columns each two sets of main arrays of a pair of chips to be aligned would bound. Assuming n additional elements 42 between a first and second main array, n being a positive integer number, each additional element can be spaced from the edge element of the main arrays or from one another in the Y-direction by a distance equal to A.sub.r/(n+1), namely the spacing of the adjacent elements in each row divided by one more than the number of additional elements in the gap. Considering now the X-direction, the additional elements can either be aligned with a row of elements of their respective main arrays or positioned at any desired intermediate position above or below such rows. Preferably the positioning of an additional element 42 with respect to adjacent elements of the main array shall minimize thermal interference. Notably, the additional element or elements may be disposed at any position along the X-direction of the chip.

[0062] In practice n elements 42 positioned in any of the additional columns on one or both sides of the main array, can correct for alignment errors of up to about a 1/(n+1) of the nominal spacing between the edge elements of two adjacent chips. If, by way of example, the edge elements of the two chips are at a distance of 20 um (micrometers) in the Y-direction, and there is a single additional laser emitting element on adjacent sides of each array, such elements may correct a spacing error of up to about one third of the nominal spacing, in the exemplified case approximately 7 m. Any positional deviation from the desired position on the chip (e.g., with respect to its edges) or nominal distance between elements not exceeding 10%, is considered within tolerances, however in most cases due to the high precision of the semiconductor manufacturing methods, such errors are unlikely.

[0063] As can be seen from FIG. 3 and FIG. 5B, when activated, these elements 42 trace two additional lines 46 between the two sets of evenly spaces parallel lines 44a and 44b traced by the elements 40 of the two arrays 130a and 130b, respectively.

[0064] While the two additional elements 42 in the present embodiment are shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5B as tracing two separate lines 46, the energies of these two elements can be combined on the imaging surface, as earlier described, to form a single line of which the position is controllable by appropriate setting of the energies emitted by each of the additional elements 42. This is shown in FIG. 6 in which the energy profiles of the lines 44a and 44b are designated 94a and 94b, respectively and the energy profiles of the additional lines 46 are designated 96a and 96b. In FIG. 6, neither of the profiles 96a and 96b (shown in dotted lines) has sufficient energy to render the coating particles tacky but at the centerline between the two arrays the cumulative energy, shown as a solid dark line 96, is sufficient to soften the particles coating and to create a trace line filling the gap between the trace lines 44a and 44b of the two main arrays. While in FIG. 6 the energy profiles of the two additional elements are matched, it is possible by varying the relative intensity of the two beams emitted by the additional laser sources to position the centerline of the combined energy at a different distance from the traces of the main arrays.

[0065] FIG. 7A shows how the ability to create dots that do not fall on the centerlines of the energy profiles of the laser elements can be used to advantage to achieve anti-aliasing. FIG. 7A shows the energy profiles of four adjacent elements of the main array. The first two profiles a and b are set at a desired level, say 8 (out of sixteen), corresponding to mid-grey. The energy profiles c and d, on the other hand are set to say 12 and 4, respectively. The resulting dot pattern produced on the imaging surface is shown in FIG. 7B. This can be seen to comprise two regular sized dots A and B aligned with the line of symmetry of the profiles a and b in FIG. 7A, a larger sized dot C aligned with the centerline of energy profile c, and a smaller dot D that lies somewhere between the centerlines of the profiles c and d.

[0066] The result of repeating such a dot pattern diagonally is shown in FIG. 8A. When this image is compared with FIG. 8B, where no anti-aliasing steps have been taken, it will be seen that the small dots in between regular raster line yield oblique edges that have reduced jaggedness and produce an image that is comparable with one achievable by a printing system having a greater image resolution.

[0067] The interaction of energies from nearby laser elements can also be used to compensate for missing or inoperative elements in that the elements producing the two adjacent raster lines can be used to combined in the same manner as previously explained to fill in a gap between them.

[0068] For the arrays 130a and 130b in FIG. 3 to function correctly as described above, their relative position in the Y-direction is very important. In order to simplify the construction of the lens system serving to focus the emitted laser beams on the imaging surface it is advantageous to adopt a configuration shown in FIG. 4 which enables the two rows of lenses corresponding to a pair of chip rows to be self-aligning.

[0069] FIG. 4 shows arrays of seven adjacent chips 130 each shown lined up with a respective lens 18. Additional laser elements 42, on each side of the main array of each chip, are also schematically illustrated in the figure. Each lens 18 is constructed as a GRIN (Gradient-Index) rod, this being a known type of lens that is shaped as a cylinder having a radially graduated refractive index. In the case of the geometry shown in FIG. 4, the respective centers of corresponding elements of any three bi-directionally adjacent chip arrays 130 lie nominally on the apices of an equilateral triangle, three such triangles designated 50 being shown in the drawing. It will be noted that all the triangles 50 are congruent. As a result, if the diameter of the GRIN rods is now selected to be equal to 2.Math.N.Math.A.sub.r, which is the length of the sides of the equilateral triangles 50, or the distance between corresponding laser emitting elements of adjacent VCSEL chips 30 in the same row, then when stacked in their most compact configurations, after aligning the lens array to the Y-direction over the chips, the lenses 18 will automatically align correctly with their respective chip. For such construction, the relationship between the rod lens diameter D, the image resolution I, and the size of the matrix of laser elements is: D=2I.sub.r.Math.M.Math.N where I, is the spacing in the Y-direction between adjacent lines traceable in the X-direction and M is the number of rows and N the number of columns in the main M.Math.N array, assuming absolute magnification value of |1|.

[0070] Though the lens 18 has been schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 (side view) and FIG. 4 (cross section view) as being an individual GRIN rod, in alternative embodiments the laser beams of each chip can be transmitted by a series of lenses. In the simplified embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the single GRIN rod 18 is replaced by two mutually inclined GRIN rods 18a and 18b and the light from one is directed to the other by a reflecting member which in the example of FIG. 9 is embodied by a prism 87 of high refractive index glass, so that the light follows a folded path. It is noted that other reflecting members such as mirrors and the like may be utilized. Such a configuration enables coating stations in a colour printing system to be arranged closer to one another in a more compact configuration. Such a folded light path can adopt different configurations while fulfilling all the requirements of magnification and light transmission. To enable the light path to be split in this manner, the length of the GRIN rods is preferably selected such that light beams are individually collimated on leaving the rods 18a and entering the rods 18b as shown by the light rays drawn in FIG. 9.

[0071] The radiation guided by GRIN rod 18a, the proximal end of which is arranged at a distance WD.sub.o from the chip, may be captured by the corresponding GRIN rod 18b which can collect the collimated light emerging from rod 18a on the same light path and focus it at a distance WD.sub.r from the distal end of the second GRIN rod 18b. When the two GRIN rods are made of the same material and the same radial gradient profile and WD.sub.o=WD.sub.i a magnification of M.sub.o=+1 or 1 can be obtained.

[0072] Laser elements that are away from the longitudinal axis of the GRIN rod 18a will leave the distal end of the GRIN lens collimated but at an angle to the axis. In certain cases, it is necessary for the distance between the two rods 18a and 18b to be large, causing the off axis collimated beams exiting the first rod segment to miss partially or entirely the second segment. Some embodiments the invention take advantage of Snell's law by causing the beam exiting the first rod to travel through a material with a high refractive index, thus causing the angle the collimated beam makes with the optical axis to decrease and enabling a larger separation between the rods 18a and 18b before the collimated beams leaving the first rod miss the entrance to the second rod.

[0073] Notably, with straight or folded path light paths, the magnification should be considered substantially equal to its nominal value if within 0.5% or even 1% or 2%.

[0074] Laser elements that are away from the longitudinal axis of the GRIN rod 18a will leave the distal end of the GRIN lens collimated but at an angle to the axis. In certain cases, it is necessary for the distance between the two rods 18a and 18b to be large, causing the off axis collimated beams exiting the first rod segment to miss partially or entirely the second segment. It is possible to take advantage of Snell's law and cause the beam exiting the first rod to travel through a glass with a high refractive index, thus causing the angle the collimated beam makes with the optical axis to decrease and enabling a larger separation between the rods before the collimated beams leaving the first rod miss the entrance to the second rod.

[0075] In the description and claims of the present disclosure, each of the verbs, comprise include and have, and conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements, steps or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb.

[0076] As used herein, the singular form a, an and the include plural references and mean at least one or one or more unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0077] Positional or motional terms such as upper, lower, right, left, bottom, below, lowered, low, top, above, elevated, high, vertical, horizontal, backward, forward, upstream and downstream, as well as grammatical variations thereof, may be used herein for exemplary purposes only, to illustrate the relative positioning, placement or displacement of certain components, to indicate a first and a second component in present illustrations or to do both. Such terms do not necessarily indicate that, for example, a bottom component is below a top component, as such directions, components or both may be flipped, rotated, moved in space, placed in a diagonal orientation or position, placed horizontally or vertically, or similarly modified.

[0078] Unless otherwise stated, the use of the expression and/or between the last two members of a list of options for selection indicates that a selection of one or more of the listed options is appropriate and may be made.

[0079] In the disclosure, unless otherwise stated, adjectives such as substantially and about that modify a condition or relationship characteristic of a feature or features of an embodiment of the present technology, are to be understood to mean that the condition or characteristic is defined to within tolerances that are acceptable for operation of the embodiment for an application for which it is intended. For instance, each two adjacent elements of the group of elements under consideration (such as by way of example of a chip row, of a chip column, or of adjacent chip arrays, when applicable) are considered substantially uniformly spaced if the deviation of each pair of adjacent elements from a desired nominal distance does not exceed 10% of this predetermined spacing. Pairs of adjacent elements deviating from the nominal distance by less than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% are further considered substantially uniformly spaced or having a substantially uniform spacing. By way of example, assuming a desired A.sub.r=20 micrometers, and the desired nominal spacing in the Y-direction between corresponding main array laser emitting elements in two adjacent chips equals A.sub.r.Math.N, spacing deviations resulting from manufacturing tolerance of no more than 2 m, are considered to fall within the nominal spacing. Clearly, smaller or no deviations are desired.

[0080] While this disclosure has been described in terms of certain embodiments and generally associated methods, alterations and permutations of the embodiments and methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present disclosure is to be understood as not limited by the specific embodiments described herein.