Fault current limiter

Abstract

A fault current limiter of the type having at least one elongated core biased magnetically towards saturation by means of a surrounding magnetic field, and an AC coil surrounding the core, the fault current limiter including: an elongated core having a variable cross section along the axis of the core in the vicinity of the AC coil, providing increased saturation of the core and enhanced fault current limiting for a lower DC bias.

Claims

1. A fault current limiter having a plurality of cores each one comprising an elongated portion biased magnetically towards saturation by means of a surrounding magnetic field created by at least one DC coil surrounding the cores, and a plurality of AC coils each surrounding the elongated portion of a respective core, the fault current limiter further including: the elongated portion of the core having a variable cross section along the axis of the elongated portion of the core, in the vicinity of the AC coil, wherein the intensity of the magnetic field varies axially along the elongated portion of the core and said axially variable cross section is larger in the vicinity of the larger intensity of the magnetic field, the elongated portion of the core including an enlarged cross sectional area in a first region adjacent the DC coil, a reduced cross sectional area in a second region spaced apart from the DC coil and an enlarged cross sectional area in a third region at the ends of the elongated portion of the core, said variation in cross section aiding the operational characteristics of the fault current limiter and being optimized to reduce the surrounding magnetic field strength around the core required to induce saturation of the core.

2. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 1 wherein said variable cross section provides for increased saturation of the core or reduces the magnetizing flux required to saturate or de-saturate the core.

3. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 1 wherein two spaced apart DC coils surround the core, and the core includes a reduced cross sectional area in the region between the two spaced apart DC coils.

4. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the limiter has two elongated cores per power phase, with each core spaced apart from one another and having a DC coil surrounding both cores of each phase.

5. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 4 wherein the cores have substantially a D shaped cross section.

6. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 4 wherein the number of phases is three and the number of cores is six, with the cores arranged in a substantially circular manner.

7. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the enlarged cross section of the third region is formed from a separate core mass placed at the ends of the elongated cores.

8. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the cores are formed from laminated material having a high magnetic permeability.

9. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 8 wherein the high magnetic permeability material comprises substantially transformer steel.

10. A fault current limiter as claimed in claim 4 wherein a conductive shield is placed around the cores and the AC coil.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic sectional view through a first single phase fault current limiter;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic sectional view through a second fault current limiter;

(4) FIG. 3 is a side perspective view of a multiphase fault current limiter similar to that depicted in FIG. 2.

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates a side perspective view of an alternative core of a single phase fault current limiter;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a side plan view of the core of FIG. 4 illustrating various core measurements;

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates a side perspective view of a further alternative single phase fault current limiter having D shaped cores; arrangement;

(8) FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the arrangement of FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 is a side perspective view of a further alternative single phase FCL arrangement;

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates an outline view of the core of FIG. 8;

(11) FIG. 10 is a side perspective view of the core and wound AC coil of the arrangement of FIG. 8;

(12) FIG. 11 is a side perspective view of a further alternative single phase FCL arrangement;

(13) FIG. 12 is a side perspective view of an arrangement similar to FIG. 11 but with an additional shield;

(14) FIG. 13 is a side perspective view of a further alternative arrangement having two DC saturating coils;

(15) FIG. 14 illustrates a side perspective view of a further alternative FCL arrangement;

(16) FIG. 15 illustrates a side perspective view of a further alternative FCL arrangement;

(17) FIG. 16 illustrates a side perspective view of a further alternative FCL arrangement, similar to FIG. 15;

(18) FIG. 17 illustrates a sectional view through the arrangement of FIG. 14;

(19) FIG. 18 is a graph comparing the impedance relative to ampere turns comparing two FCL devices;

(20) FIG. 19 shows the voltage across the devices of FIG. 18 in the un-faulted steady state condition;

(21) FIG. 20 illustrates a graph of the results of fault current tests;

(22) FIG. 21 is a graph illustrating the voltage across the FCL devices tested during the fault current condition;

(23) FIG. 22 illustrates a fault current across a second set of two tested FCL devices;

(24) FIG. 23 illustrates the back EMF generated across the second set of two test FCL devices during the fault current state;

(25) FIG. 24 illustrates the steady state voltage across a third set of tested FCL devices in the un-faulted steady state condition;

(26) FIG. 25 illustrates a prospective fault current and limited fault current as a function of time for the third set of tested FCL devices; and

(27) FIG. 26 illustrates the back EMF generated by the third set of tested FCL's during a fault.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(28) In the preferred embodiment, the cross section of the steel core along the length of the Fault Current Limiter is optimised to provide improved fault current limiting effects. Through experimentation it has been found that the magnetic field intensity required is substantially lowered. This applies to both three phase devices or to single phase devices. It has been further found that through optimising the core cross sectional area, the core can be shorter than required by the traditional design approach of using a core with a constant cross sectional area.

(29) Altering the cross sectional area of the steel core along the core's length in a defined manner allows the steel core to be biased with less ampere turns (for example, 500 kAT compared to 710 kAT for one design) and it can be de-biased with less available fault ampere-turns. This is especially useful in designs where the field specification has very little prospective fault current.

(30) Turning initially to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a sectional view through the operative portions of a single phase fault current limiter 10. The fault current limiter includes two cores 11, 12 formed from laminated steel. The cores 11, 12 are shaped to maximise the magnetic saturation of the cores provided by a surrounding DC coil 13. The cores 11, 12 also support surrounding AC coils 15, 16 which are interconnected (not shown) and electrically connected in an opposite sense so as to provide fault coverage of alternate half cycles of a fault.

(31) The utilisation of a single DC coil 13 suggests the corresponding symmetric core structure. In this instance the core structure is made up of top tapered portions 18, 19, portions 20, 21, further portions 22, 23, middle portions 24, 25 and lower portions 26-31 which are symmetrical with the upper portions. FIG. 1 also illustrates various measurement sizes.

(32) FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view through an alternative tapered core arrangement. In this example, there is provided two DC coils 41, 42 and 43, 44 for biasing the cores 47, 48. The positioning of the DC coils results in the cores having a thinner waist then the extremities. Around each core 47, 48, is wound a corresponding AC coil 45, 46. The coils are formed within a tank 50 which is filled with transformer oil 49 and is able to handle high voltages without breakdown.

(33) FIG. 3 illustrates a side perspective view in section of the arrangement of FIG. 2 illustrating more clearly half of a symmetric three phase arrangement 40. The sectioned half is symmetric. The three cores 52, 53 are each of a tapered form symmetric around a thinner waist portion e.g. 54 and thicker end portions e.g. 52, 56. Two DC coils 42, 44 surround the external surface of tank 50 for saturating the cores. Further each core as an AC coil wrapped around it (shown in phantom). The arrangement 40 is formed in a tank filled with transformer fluid 49. The cores can be formed from laminated steel sheets cut as required and bonded together.

(34) FIG. 4 illustrates a further more complex profiled core of a dual core arrangement. In this core, the cross section is generally of a D shape with two thinned portions 61, 62. The central portion 63 is thicker, having a full D shaped cross section. The core is formed from laminated, specially cut steel strips. FIG. 5 illustrates a side plan view of the core 60, illustrating core measurements.

(35) FIG. 5 illustrates the incorporation of the cores of FIG. 4 into a single phase arrangement 70 having two D shaped cores 71, 72. The cores have AC coils wrapped around them e.g. 73 and two DC coils 74, 75 are provided for saturating the cores. The cores include scalloped portions 77, 76 which break's the axial symmetry of the cores in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

(36) FIG. 7 illustrates a top plan view of the arrangement 70 of FIG. 5, with the two D shaped cores being formed on the perimeter of circle 78. Around each core is formed an AC coil e.g. 73, with the DC coils 74, 75 providing saturation.

(37) Other core arrangements are possible and will be specification design driven. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates a prototype arrangement 80 where only one DC coil is provided. In this arrangement 80, the cores 81, 82 have an expanded waist portion around which the DC coil 83 is provided for enhanced saturation. The cores 81, 82 also include thicker top and bottom ends. FIG. 9 illustrates an overall outline plan of the cores 81, 82, with FIG. 10 illustrating the AC winding around a core.

(38) Other prototype designs having irregular cross sections have been constructed and tested. FIG. 11 illustrates a further single phase dual core design 90. The dual core design includes one DC coil 91 for saturating the cores 92, 93. AC coils 100, 101 are wound around the steel cores and interconnected (not shown). Each core includes substantial end blocks of laminated steel 95-98 at each end. The arrangement of the laminated steel blocks is designed to approximate the design of FIG. 1.

(39) FIG. 12 illustrates a further alternative arrangement 110. In this single phase arrangement, two profiled cores 111, 112 are again provided. A DC coil 113 acts to saturate the cores. AC coils 114, 115 are wound around the cores in the usual manner. Additionally a magnetic shield 116 is formed around the AC coils and the cores from an electrically conductive material. The magnetic shield 116 can also be of stainless steel or electrical grade copper and acts to advantageously modify the fault current behaviour and reduce the back EMF and current ripple into any DC biasing circuit employed. In some cases the shield can include a slot 117 to eliminate any transformer induced currents in the shield. In other embodiments, no cut is provided and the shield forms a complete electric circuit.

(40) FIG. 13 illustrates a further alternative arrangement 120. In this arrangement, two profiled cores are provided 121, 122, having AC coils wound around each core. Two DC coils 123, 124 are also provided for saturating the cores.

(41) In FIG. 14, a further arrangement is provided 130. This arrangement is similar to that shown in FIG. 12, having two cores 131, 132 sounded by a DC saturating coil 135. Additionally, a set of flared magnetic shields made form an electrically conductive material 133, 134 are provided and act to advantageously modify the fault current behaviour and reduce the back EMF and current ripple into any DC biasing circuit employed during the fault current condition.

(42) FIG. 15 shows a further alternative arrangement 140. In this single phase arrangement, the two cores 141, 142 are surrounded by AC coils 144, 145 and DC coil 143. In this arrangement a series of enlarged elongated laminated blocks constructed from a material with a high magnetic permeability are provided 146-149. The blocks 146-149 are more separated than those of FIG. 11 and act to advantageously modify the DC biasing characteristics and the fault current behaviour and to reduce the back EMF and current ripple induced into any DC biasing circuit employed during the fault current condition.

(43) FIG. 16 illustrates a further alternative embodiment 150, having cores 151, 152 around which coils 153, 154 are wound. DC coil 155 is provided to saturate the core. Further, end blocks of laminated material with a high magnetic permeability 156-159 are also provided to optimise the saturation characteristics.

(44) FIG. 17 illustrates a sectional view thorough the arrangement 130 of FIG. 14. The core 131 includes two portions, one portion being centrally located and one portion located near the end of the cores and which are constructed from an alternative material, preferably a material with a high magnetic permeability or an air gap.

(45) Experimental Results

(46) By way of testing for the improved effectiveness of the profiled cores, three sets of different FCL pairs were examined. In each pair, one FCL was constructed using profiled cores and the other FCL was constructed using cores of uniform cross sectional area.

(47) In a first experiment, two FCL's were built for the purpose of testing them side by side and comparing the fault current limiting functionality and DC biasing characteristics. The two FCL's were built with identical steel core material laminations, material type, and steel core heights. One FCL was built with tapered and flared steel cores of the type shown in FIG. 1, and one was built straight cores of uniform cross sectional area along the height. The details o these two FCL's are set out in the table below:

(48) TABLE-US-00001 FCL design parameter using FCL design standard cores without parameter using tapering and flaring the tapered and (employing steel cores flared core with a constant Parameter art cross sectional area) Steel core material M4 M4 Steel core material 0.30 mm 0.30 mm lamination thickness core_d1 80 mm 80 mm core_d2 72 mm Not applicable core_d3 65 mm Not applicable core_d4 104 mm Not applicable core_h 600 mm 600 mm core_h1 90 mm Not applicable core_h2 75 mm Not applicable core_h3 75 mm Not applicable core_h4 60 mm Not applicable DC_h 233 mm 233 Number of DC coil 196 196 turns in total Number of DC coils 1 1 Location of DC coil Central Central Inner DC coil 380 mm 255 mm 380 mm 255 mm dimensions Outer DC coil 580 mm 455 mm 580 mm 455 mm dimensions AC turns on each AC 60 60 coil Height of the AC coils 390 mm 390 mm Test voltage 312 V AC rms 312 V AC rms line to gnd line to gnd

(49) FIG. 18 shows the measured results which compare the DC bias required for each of the FCL's tested. The DC bias required for the FCL with the uniform cross sectional area steel cores 170 was found to be 110 kAT while for the tapered core device 171 it was found to be 70 kAT. This represents a substantial saving in DC bias conductor for the tapered core device.

(50) FIG. 19 shows the voltage 180 across the tapered and flared core device in the steady un-faulted state. The rms value of this voltage waveform is 2.2 V rms which is consistent with the expected voltage of a fully saturated device of this design.

(51) FIG. 20 shows the results of the fault current tests. The prospective fault current 190 of 1350 Amps rms was found to be reduced to 652 Amps rms 191 by the straight core standard FCL and to 457 Amp rms 192 by the tapered and flared core FCL.

(52) FIG. 21 shows the back EMF developed across the two FCL's during the fault current event as a function of time. The voltage waveform developed across the tapered flared core FCL 200 has a greater magnitude in the interval of interest compared to the waveform developed from the standard straight core FCL 201 with a uniform cross sectional area. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the tapering and flaring of the steel cores has made more effective use of the steel cores by enhancing the back EMF developed across the FCL during the fault event which has in turn lead to a greater degree of fault current limiting at a lower DC bias.

(53) In a second pair of devices, an FCL with laminated tapered and flared steel cores of the type shown in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 was analysed, and an FCL without flared and tapered cores and employing steel cores of uniform cross sectional area was also designed with the same fault current limiting performance. The Table below sets out the dimensions of these two fault current limiters.

(54) TABLE-US-00002 Value for straight core Value for FCL with uniform tapered and cross sectional area flared of steel core along core FCL the entire Parameter as per FIG. 6 length of cores Steel core material M4 M4 Steel core material 0.30 mm 0.30 mm lamination thickness Number of steel cores 2 2 Number of AC coils 2 2 Number of DC coils 2 2 core_h 3000 4000 core_h1 2000 Not applicable core_h2 600 Not applicable core_h3 400 Not applicable Acore 0.25 0.22 Ataper 0.18 0.22 Aflare 0.26 0.22 DC_h 410 mm 410 mm DC coil Centre to 2250 mm 3000 mm Centre separation Number of DC coil 4000 4000 turns in total Inner DC coil 1668 mm 1668 mm diameter Outer DC coil 1700 mm 1700 mm diameter Number of AC turns 94 122 on each AC coil Height of the AC coils 2600 mm 3100 mm Test voltage (line to 80 kV AC rms 80 kV AC rms ground) DC bias required 710 kAT 850 kAT Prospective steady 13,800 A rms 13,800 A rms state fault current Limited steady state 7,920 A rms 7,920 A rms fault current

(55) The two fault current limiters were designed so that they would each produce identical fault current limiting performances. It was found through this design exercise that the new art of tapering and flaring of the steel cores allows an FCL to be designed with significantly less steel and with a significantly shorter core. For this example, it was found that the height of the device could be reduced from 4000 mm to 3000 mm while not sacrificing any of the fault current limiting attributes. In addition, the number of AC turns on each steel core limb could be reduced from 122 turns to 94 turns which is a significant saving in the cost, mass, and electrical energy losses due to this part of the device. An additional benefit found was that the DC bias required to achieve this performance could be reduced from 850 kAT for the conventional device to 710 kAT when employing the new core tapering and flaring art disclosed here.

(56) FIG. 22 illustrates the prospective fault current 210 and the limited fault current for the standard straight, uniform steel core design 211 and the new art presented here with a tapered and flared core design 212. FIG. 23 details the back EMF generated across the tapered and flared core device 220 and the standard uniform core device 221. It was found through this investigation that the tapered and flared core device was more effective at generating the required back EMF for fault current limiting and hence more efficient at reducing the fault current. This design required less steel and less AC turns to accomplish the same degree of fault current limiting as the FCL designed with steel cores of a uniform cross sectional area.

(57) In a third pair of FCL devices, an FCL with laminated tapered and flared steel cores of the type shown in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 was analysed with the cross sectional area of the flared portion significantly larger than the cross sectional area of the central steel core portion, and an FCL without flared and tapered cores and employing steel cores of uniform cross sectional area was also designed with the same performance as that of the flared and tapered FCL. The Table below discloses the dimensions of these two fault current limiters.

(58) TABLE-US-00003 Value for straight core FCL with uniform cross sectional area Value for of steel core tapered and flared along the entire core FCL as per length of cores Parameter FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 (prior art) Steel core material M4 M4 Steel core material 0.30 mm 0.30 mm lamination thickness Number of steel cores 2 2 Number of AC coils 2 2 Number of DC coils 2 2 core_h 1400 1800 core_h1 350 Not applicable core_h2 210 Not applicable core_h3 140 Not applicable Acore 0.038 0.038 Ataper 0.0275 0.038 Aflare 0.0413 0.038 DC_h 220 mm 220 mm Number of DC coil 784 784 turns in total Inner DC coil diameter 700 mm 700 mm Outer DC coil diameter 941 mm 941 mm Number of AC turns 20 23 on each AC coil Height of the AC coils 1117 mm 1457 mm Test voltage (line to 1500 V AC rms 1500 V AC rms ground) DC bias required 195 kAT 250 kAT Steady state 15,000 A rms 15,000 A rms prospective fault current Limited fault current 8,200 A rms 8,200 A rms

(59) The two FCL's were designed so that they would produce identical fault current limiting of a 15 kA steady state prospective fault current. It was found through this design exercise that the tapering and flaring of the steel cores allows an FCL to be designed with significantly less steel and a significantly shorter core. For this example, it was found that the steel core height of the device could be reduced from 1800 mm to 1400 mm while not sacrificing any of the fault current limiting attributes. In addition, the number of AC turns on each steel core limb could be reduced from 23 turns to 20 turns and the DC bias could be reduced from 250 kAT to 195 kAT. These three main benefits represent a significant saving in the cost, mass, and electrical energy losses compared to the FCL designed with the uniform steel core cross sectional area.

(60) FIG. 24 shows the measured steady state voltage across both FCL's in this third pair as a function of time without a fault current and with 195 kAT of total ampere-turns biasing on the device with tapered and flared cores 230 and with 250 kAT of total biasing on the standard device 231. This illustrates that the tapered and flared steel core can be biased to the same impedance with 55 kAT fewer DC ampere-turns.

(61) FIG. 25 details the prospective fault current as a function of time 240 and the limited steady state fault current for the standard straight, uniform steel core design 241 and the limited steady state fault current for the tapered and flared core design 242. This data illustrates that the same degree of fault current limiting can be achieved in the design with the tapered and flared core and at a lower DC bias value.

(62) FIG. 26 details the back EMF generated across the FCL's during the fault across the standard uniform core device 250 and the device with the tapered and flared cores 251. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, approximately the same back EMF is generated with the tapered and flared core device even though it has a lower number of AC turns and is shorter than the straight core equivalent.

(63) It can therefore be seen that though optimization of the elongated core cross sectional structure, substantial benefits can be achieved. Tradeoff can include a reduction in saturation current, a reduction in size and a reduction in AC turns required.

(64) Interpretation

(65) The following description and figures make use of reference numerals to assist the addressee to understand the structure and function of the embodiments. Like reference numerals are used in different embodiments to designate features having the same or similar function and/or structure.

(66) The drawings need to be viewed as a whole and together with the associated text in this specification. In particular, some of the drawings selectively omit including all features in all instances to provide greater clarity about the specific features being described. While this is done to assist the reader, it should not be taken that those features are not disclosed or are not required for the operation of the relevant embodiment.

(67) Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases in one embodiment or in an embodiment in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments.

(68) Similarly it should be appreciated that in the above description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.

(69) Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

(70) In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

(71) The term wound as used herein relative to an element, unless otherwise specified, should not be interpreted as requiring the action of winding that element about an object. For example, when describing that a coil is wound about a core, the coil need not necessarily be formed about the core in a literal sense. That is, the term wound may be interpreted to literally require a coil to be physically wound around the core during the manufacturing process, or to be separately wound into a formed state and then placed about the core. It is more common for coils to be wound on a former to create a wound coil, and then have the wound coil placed around the core. Accordingly, the term wound as used herein should be interpreted as being analogous with the term surrounding or extending about.

(72) Thus, while there has been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention. For example, any formulas given above are merely representative of procedures that may be used.