SPORTS HELMET WITH COLLAPSIBLE MODULAR ELEMENTS

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a helmet for a user's head, comprising a shell configured to at least partially surrounds the user's head, an energy-absorbing layer, and a plurality of collapsible modular elements that are individually removably attached to and detached from the helmet. Collapsible modular elements, as used herein, are elements attached to the helmet that collapse or otherwise crush and permanently deform or to temporarily deform upon receiving an impact force of a particular pre-determined amount. By collapsing, energy from the impact is more effectively absorbed instead of being transferred to the user of the helmet.

Claims

1. A helmet for a user's head, comprising: a shell configured to at least partially surrounds the user's head, an energy-absorbing layer, a plurality of collapsible modular elements, wherein the collapsible modular elements are each individually removably attached to and detached from the helmet.

2. A helmet according to claim 1, wherein the collapsible modular elements are adhered to an outer surface of the shell.

3. A helmet according to claim 1, further comprising a compliant layer, and wherein the collapsible modular elements are adhered to an outer surface of the compliant layer.

4. A helmet according to claim 1, wherein the shell has a plurality of apertures for receiving and releasably holding the collapsible modular elements.

5. A helmet according to claim 4, wherein the collapsible modular elements further comprise a neck for engaging the shell and attaching the collapsible modular elements to the shell.

6. A helmet according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the collapsible modular elements is comprised of a thin wall surface surrounding a volume.

7. A helmet according to claim 6, wherein the volume is empty.

8. A helmet according to claim 6, wherein the volume is at least partially filled with a first energy absorption material.

9. A helmet according to claim 8, wherein the volume is at least partially filled with a second energy absorption material.

10. A helmet according to claim 9, wherein the first and second energy absorption materials are layered.

11. A helmet according to claim 1, the collapsible modular elements create a stand-off height relative to the helmet.

12. A helmet according to claim 11, the collapsible modular elements absorb energy in a region between the shell and the stand-off height.

13. A helmet according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of a contiguous layer of foam and air pads on an inner surface of the shell.

14. A helmet for a user's head, comprising: a compliant layer configured to at least partially surrounds the user's head, a plurality of collapsible modular elements, wherein the collapsible modular elements are each individually removably attached to and detached from the compliant layer.

15. A helmet according to claim 14, wherein at least one of the collapsible modular elements is comprised of a thin wall surface surrounding a volume.

16. A helmet according to claim 15, wherein the volume is empty.

17. A helmet according to claim 15, wherein the volume is at least partially filled with a first energy absorption material.

18. A helmet according to claim 17, wherein the volume is at least partially filled with a second energy absorption material.

19. A helmet according to claim 18, wherein the first and second energy absorption materials are layered.

20. A helmet according to claim 14, the collapsible modular elements create a stand-off height relative to the helmet and the collapsible modular elements absorb energy in a region between the compliant layer and the stand-off height.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG. 1a is a side view of a modular football helmet in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 1b is a perspective view of a modular football helmet in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure and illustrating the removable panels when released from the apertures.

[0022] FIG. 2 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a helmet with a depression and aperture, and a modular panel attached to the helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a helmet with a depression, a modular panel, and an attachment mechanism, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 4 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a helmet shell with an aperture, a modular panel, and an attachment mechanism located on the perimeter edge of the panel and aperture in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 5 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a helmet shell with an aperture and a depression, a modular panel, and an attachment mechanism located in the depression in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 6a is a rear view of a football helmet with apertures for removably receiving collapsible modular elements in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 6b is a side view of a football helmet with apertures for removably receiving collapsible modular elements in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of a football helmet with apertures for removably receiving collapsible modular elements showing the collapsible modular elements in some of the apertures in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 8a is a side view of a collapsible modular element in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 8b is a cross-sectional side view of a collapsible modular element in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 8c is a perspective view of a collapsible modular element in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of a collapsible modular element with layers of energy absorbing materials shown therein in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 10a is a cross-sectional side view of two collapsible modular elements inserted in corresponding apertures in a shell of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 10b is a cross-sectional side view of two collapsible modular elements adhered to the shell of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 11a is a cross-sectional side view of a collapsible modular element adhered to the surface of a shell of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 11b is a cross-sectional side view of a collapsible modular element adhered to the surface of a compliant layer of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional side view of a collapsible modular element adhered to a compliant layer on the surface of a shell of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0038] FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating a stress-strain curve of an elastic material.

[0039] FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating a stress-strain curve of a visco-elastic material.

[0040] FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating a stress-strain curve of an in-elastic material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] The following description is of an exemplary embodiment of the invention only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure in any way. Rather, the following description is intended to provide a convenient illustration for implementing various embodiments of the disclosure. As will become apparent, various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of the elements described in these embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.

[0042] For example, in the context of the present disclosure, the apparatus hereof finds particular use in connection with sports helmets such as football helmets, baseball helmets, hockey helmets, and the like. Additionally, the specific characteristics of each embodiment of the present disclosure are adapted to be optimized for performance in a particular sport. However, generally speaking, numerous applications of the present disclosure may be realized.

[0043] For example, although sports helmets are primarily used in conjunction with participation in an athletic activity, their general purpose is to protect the user's head from impact related trauma. Accordingly, as used herein, the term helmet means any head-protective apparatus which at least partially surrounds the user's head. Briefly, by way of non-limiting example, other helmets for motorcycle, automobile, recreational vehicles, military and the like, as well as other protective gear, such as elbow pads, knee pads, thigh pads, shin guards, shoulder pads, chest and back protectors and the like, may likewise benefit from the present disclosure, and use of the term helmet is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure in any way.

[0044] Likewise, numerous materials may be used to achieve each element of the apparatus disclosed herein. Generally speaking, elements of the disclosure may be made of various materials and composites, including polyethylene, polycarbonate plastic, ABS plastic, carbon fiber, metals, ceramics, polystyrene foam, vinyl nitrile foam, and thermoplastic urethane foam. That being said, although an exhaustive list of materials is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various conventional plastics and energy-absorbing materials may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0045] Additionally, various materials may be combined to obtain the most attractive characteristics of existing (or as yet unknown) plastics, energy-absorbing materials, and composite materials, and may be incorporated into the helmet elements disclosed herein, whose combined performance characteristics may potentially increase impact energy absorption or cost efficiency.

[0046] As noted above, in conventional sports helmets, impact energy is dissipated in two stages, as accomplished by a hard, outer shell and an inner, energy-absorbing layer. In accordance with the present disclosure, additional stages of impact energy absorption can be achieved through incorporation of collapsible modular design elements.

[0047] For example, a helmet may be improved with the addition of various modular elements, such as collapsible modular elements, panels, face masks, or the like, releasably attached to a shell, which surrounds a conventional, energy-absorbing layer. As used herein, collapsible modular elements means generally in-elastic elements (though highly visco-elastic and elastic materials may also fall within the scope of the present disclosure) that collapse or otherwise crush and permanently deform or to temporarily deform upon receiving an impact force of a particular pre-determined amount, and by collapsing, energy from the impact force is more effectively absorbed instead of being transferred elsewhere, such as to or through the shell and other components of the helmet to the user of the helmet.

[0048] For example, FIG. 14 illustrates a stress-strain curve showing the improved energy absorption of this type of visco-elastic materials. The energy absorbed is defined as the integration of the area under the stress/strain curve. It can also be described by a material that has a large hysteresis loop, which generally refers to materials that have a loss in their response to stress by not returning in a linear manner from a strain standpoint. Another way to describe it as material that has a permanent set when loaded.

[0049] Thus, the collapsible modular elements can provide additional energy absorption by intentional deformation or release, thereby potentially decreasing the incidence of injury. Additionally, collapsible modular elements may be optionally removed and replaced after severe impacts, permanent deformation, ordinary wear and tear, or for any other reason. Collapsible modular design may improve cost efficiencies by decreasing the cost of helmet refurbishment and the frequency of helmet replacement.

[0050] Additionally, the mechanism attaching various modular elements to the helmet may itself provide further stages of impact energy absorption. High-strain rate-sensitive materials can help tune the level of energy (e.g., increase or decrease the amount of energy) required to remove a modular element. As such, the attachment mechanism may be made of various materials to meet the particular requirements of a specific sport, as determined by the types of impact the helmet is likely to receive. For example, a modular element that is separated from a rigid outer shell by an attachment mechanism made of a high-strain, moderate stiffness material may provide improved energy absorption for high load, short duration impacts.

[0051] For example, a baseball batter's helmet may have panels or collapsible modular elements that permanently deform, thereby converting the kinetic impact energy of the ball to strain energy in the panel or collapsible modular element upon an impact such as that caused by a fastball pitch. Deformed panels/collapsible modular elements may be removed from the helmet and replaced. Alternatively, energy from a fastball pitch may be dissipated when the ball strikes a rigid panel/collapsible modular elements, and an attachment mechanism made of moderate stiffness material designedly releases the panel/collapsible modular elements from the helmet.

[0052] The above being noted, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a helmet comprises a shell, an energy-absorbing layer, and at least one energy-absorbing panel and/or a collapsible modular element, which is removably attached to the helmet. In embodiments with panels, the panels themselves may be made of a plurality of collapsible elements. Briefly, these features of the present disclosure are provided in order that the detailed description herein will be better understood and appreciated; however, the present disclosure can also comprise additional features, which will be subsequently described herein.

[0053] For example, with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b, 6a and 6b, and 7, a helmet 100 comprises a shell 101, which may be adapted to absorb impact energy. The shell 101 at least partially surrounds the user's head and provides the structural base of the helmet 100. The shell 101 may be hard and rigid, and its outer surface may be adapted to be painted, resurfaced, or refinished, potentially to accommodate graphic elements.

[0054] In various embodiments, the shell 101 may be made with materials such as ABS plastic, polycarbonate plastic, or the like. However, the shell 101 may be made of any number of plastics, energy-absorbing materials, or composite materials. Further, the shell's physical characteristics, such as flexibility, hardness, weight, and shape, may be varied in any way necessary to accomplish the desired performance characteristics while still falling within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0055] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, and with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b, 6a and 6b, and 7 the shell 101 is shaped like a conventional football helmet and is located on the exterior of the helmet 100, typically contiguous with an inner, energy-absorbing layer 104. However, the shell 101 may be shaped to accommodate the needs of any particular sport, or more generally, in any way that at least partially surrounds the user's head. Further, the shell 101 need not constitute the outermost layer of the helmet 100, but may be located anywhere to accomplish energy absorption.

[0056] The layer 104 may be adapted to further absorb energy. The layer 104 may be more energy-absorbent than the shell 101, and may be comprised of foam lining, foam pads, air pads, or any combination thereof. That being said, the layer 104 may be comprised of any apparatus that effectively absorbs impact energy and generally cushions the user's head.

[0057] Foam lining and foam pads generally may be made of polystyrene foam, vinyl nitrile foam, or thermoplastic urethane foam. Air pads generally may comprise bladders adapted to be filled with air and may be made of vinyl or a similarly flexible plastic material. That being said, the layer 104 may be made of any material that is sufficiently adapted to absorb impact energy.

[0058] The layer 104 may be located inside the shell 101, and may be contiguous with the inner surface of the shell 101. In embodiments comprising foam pads or air pads, the pads may be placed strategically inside the helmet 100 to meet the specific requirements of a particular sport, or to optimize characteristics such as energy absorption, user comfort, and helmet profile. That being said, the layer 104 need not be contiguous with the shell 101, and other elements may be interposed between the shell 101 and the layer 104.

[0059] In accordance with the present disclosure, still further energy absorption may be accomplished by modular elements.

[0060] For example, one or more panels or collapsible modular elements may be releasably attached to the helmet, potentially providing more effective energy absorption than the hard, outer shell of conventional helmets. Accordingly, improved energy absorption may increase the helmet's ability to prevent injury. Further, the optional ability to remove and replace panels or other collapsible modular elements may improve cost efficiencies by decreasing the cost of helmet refurbishment and the frequency of helmet replacement.

[0061] Panels may be intentionally collapsible as a means of achieving improved energy absorption and of providing a visual indicator of impact. Collapsible panels may be designed to permanently deform upon severe impact or to temporarily deform. Alternatively or in conjunction with deformation, the panels may achieve improved energy absorption by intentionally detaching from the helmet upon impact, thereby dissipating impact energy as strain energy.

[0062] That being said, although an exhaustive list of means for absorbing or dissipating energy is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various means may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0063] Panels may be made of various materials or composites, including polycarbonate plastic, ABS plastic, carbon fiber, metals, ceramics, and the like. Different properties and their concomitant benefits may be realized through use of materials that vary in stiffness, strength, weight, flexibility, hardness, energy-absorption ability, cost, or any other characteristic. That being said, although an exhaustive list of materials is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various conventional plastics and energy-absorbing materials may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0064] Panels may be strategically located on the helmet to increase energy absorption. Panels may be located on the exterior of the shell, may be interposed between the shell and the layer, or may be located on the inner surface of the layer. Additionally, panels may be located strategically to meet the specific requirements of a particular sport.

[0065] For example, in the present exemplary embodiment, a football helmet, panels 103 may be located on portions of the helmet 100, such as the anterior, posterior, and lateral faces, which are likely to receive impacts as a result of tackling. In one alternate embodiment, a baseball batter's helmet, panels may be located on portions of the helmet, such as the posterior and lateral faces, which are likely to receive impacts as a result of pitching. That being said, those skilled in the relevant art will appreciated that the panels' location may vary depending on the particular requirements of each helmet, and the embodiments described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0066] Additionally, the shell may comprise depressions or apertures, and panels may be located therein. Apertures and depressions may decrease the helmet's weight, may optimize performance, may be an element of aesthetic design, may accommodate collapsible modular elements of the helmet, or may be adapted for any other function.

[0067] For example, a shell may be shaped like a conventional bicycle helmet, comprising multiple apertures of varied size and shape, designed to decrease helmet weight and increase aerodynamic performance. Alternatively, a shell may be comprised of multiple depressions to decrease helmet profile, thereby increasing aesthetic quality and self-recognition, as measured by the user's ability to pass a mirror test. In the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the shell 101 comprises six apertures 105, each adapted to releasably hold an energy-absorbing panel 103, or alternatively, a plurality of collapsible modular elements.

[0068] With reference now to FIG. 4, a panel 103 may be located in an aperture 105 of the shell 101. In another embodiment and with reference to FIG. 3, a panel 103 may be located in a depression 108 of the shell 101. In yet another embodiment and with reference to FIG. 5, a panel 103 may be located in both a depression 108 and an aperture 105 of the shell 101, such that the aperture 105 is formed at the bottom of the depression 108 and is adapted to releasably hold the panel 103 in place.

[0069] That being said, a panel need not be located in a depression or aperture, and the size, shape, and number of apertures or depressions may vary depending on the particular helmet characteristics desired, or the specific requirements of a particular sport. Additionally, and in accordance with the present disclosure, the shell may or may not comprise apertures, and it may or may not comprise depressions.

[0070] Further, a panel which is located in a depression or aperture may or may not have the same three-dimensional profile as the depression or aperture. However, panels sharing the three-dimensional profile of a depression can potentially decrease the helmet profile and create a continuous outer surface of the helmet that is aesthetically pleasing.

[0071] With reference to FIG. 2, a panel 103 may be located in a depression 108 formed in the shell 101 partially surrounding the user's head 107, such that the distance from the outer surface of the panel 103 to the inner surface of the attachment mechanism 109 is approximately equivalent to the depth of the depression 108. In another embodiment and with reference to FIG. 4, a panel 103 that sits in an aperture 105 may share substantially the same surface profile as the aperture 105 in which it fits, so as to minimize helmet profile and create a continuous outer surface of the helmet that is aesthetically pleasing.

[0072] That being said, the depth, orientation, and profile of a panel located in either a depression or an aperture may vary. In the present exemplary embodiment, a helmet 100 comprises panels 103, which are located in apertures 105 of approximately equivalent orientation and profile. However, apertures, depressions, and panels may take any number of sizes, shapes, and configurations, and the exemplary embodiment described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. As will be appreciated, the specific requirements of a particular sport may require panels of varying depth, profile, and orientation for optimal energy absorption.

[0073] Panels themselves may additionally comprise one or more vents of varying size and shape. Panel vents may function to increase ventilation and airflow, thereby improving user comfort. Panel vents may also increase energy absorption, increase aerodynamic performance, increase aesthetic appeal, or decrease weight, among other things. In the present exemplary embodiment, a helmet 100 comprises panels 103 with panel vents 106 which are generally oval in shape and are orientated parallel to one another. That being said, panel vents may take any number of sizes, shapes, and orientations, and the exemplary embodiment described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0074] Panels may be releasably attached to the helmet to accomplish any of several functions. For example, releasable attachment improve energy absorption; it may allow panel replacement in the event of deformation after impact; it may allow panel reattachment in the event of intentional detachment after impact; and it may allow panel replacement in the event of helmet damage, regular wear and tear, or for any other reason. Accordingly, improved energy absorption may increase the helmet's ability to prevent injury. Further, the optional ability to remove and replace panels may improve cost efficiencies by decreasing the cost of helmet refurbishment and the frequency of helmet replacement

[0075] With reference to FIG. 2, a panel 103 may be releasably attached to the shell 101 by a panel attachment mechanism 109. The attachment mechanism 109 may be made of various high-strain, rate-sensitive materials which increase energy absorption through planned failure at specific loads, as determined by the types of impact the helmet is likely to receive.

[0076] The panel attachment mechanism 109 can be adapted to hold a panel 103 securely in place on the shell 101, but to intentionally release the panel 103 with application of sufficient force, and thereafter, to optionally receive a panel, again holding it in place. Further, the panel attachment mechanism 109 may be adapted to join a panel with the shell interior, the shell exterior 101, a shell depression 108, a shell aperture 105, the layer 104, or any other locus on the helmet.

[0077] Additionally, the panel attachment mechanism may comprise channel supports adapted to attach a panel to the helmet. The channel support members may be semi-rigid and adapted to interlock with one another upon application of sufficient force. The channel support members are further adapted to release upon subsequent applications of sufficient impact force.

[0078] In one embodiment and with reference to FIG. 3, two channel support members 110, 111 can be respectively located in a depression 108 on the exterior surface of the shell 101 and on the proximal surface of a panel 103. In another embodiment and with reference to FIG. 4, channel supports 112 may be located on the perimeter edges of a panel 103 and a shell aperture 105, respectively.

[0079] In other embodiments, the panel attachment mechanism may include a slide-locking mechanism, a hook and slot mechanism, a magnetic mechanism, an adhesive, or the like. It will be appreciated that, although an exhaustive list is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various attachment mechanisms may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0080] In accordance with the present disclosure, still further energy absorption may be accomplished by providing a plurality of collapsible modular elements. For example, with reference to FIGS. 6a, 6b and 7, one or more collapsible modular elements 120 may be releasably attached to the helmet, potentially providing more effective energy absorption than the hard, outer shell of conventional helmets. Further, the optional ability to remove and replace collapsible modular elements 120 can create a new type of helmet that has the high efficiency energy absorption capability of throw away helmets (like bicycle helmets) while retaining multi-hit capability, while also improving the cost efficiencies by decreasing the cost of helmet refurbishment and the frequency of helmet replacement.

[0081] Additionally, as described in more detail below, in embodiments having apertures in the shell 101 for receiving collapsible modular elements, material is removed from shell 101, decreasing the mass of the shell 101. A 1 to 2 inch circle of a typical football helmet shell typically weights between 5-10 grams, while a thin walled collapsible modular element weighs less than that, even when filled with additional energy absorbing materials as described herein, resulting in improvements in overall weight.

[0082] Collapsible modular elements 120 may be intentionally collapsible as a means of achieving improved energy absorption and of providing a visual indicator of a severe impact. Collapsible modular elements 120 may be designed to permanently deform upon severe impact or to temporarily deform and return to their normal shape. Alternatively or in conjunction with deformation, the collapsible modular elements 120 may achieve improved energy absorption by intentionally detaching from the helmet 100 upon impact, thereby dissipating some of the impact energy as strain energy in tearing loose the connection.

[0083] As described in more detail below, the collapsible modular elements 120 can be adhered to an outer surface of the shell itself or to a compliant layer. Alternatively, the shell may have a plurality of apertures for receiving and releasably holding the collapsible modular elements.

[0084] With reference now to FIGS. 8a, 8b, 8c, 9, 10a, 11a and 11b an exemplary collapsible modular element 120 is shown. The illustrated collapsible modular element 120 is a thin walled structure of a suitable inelastic, elastic, or visco-elastic walls 122 that is collapsible. For example, now known or as yet unknown polymers, may be suitable. In the noted Figs., collapsible modular element 120 is generally puck shaped with a generally elliptical (here, circular) shape, though other shapes may also be used. For example, with brief reference back to FIG. 7, collapsible modular element 120 is hexagonal. However, it should be appreciated that any number of shapes, symmetrical or asymmetrical, may be used and fall within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, squares, triangles, octagons and the like, as well as oblong and irregular shapes may be substituted.

[0085] One benefit of the ability to choose various shapes is the ability of the collapsible modular elements 120 to nest together to create a reasonably smooth outer surface. For example, the individual hexagonal collapsible modular elements 120 in FIGS. 7, 10a, and 10b align to create continuity with minimal gaps, in a pattern that provides a larger surface area for improved protection coverage while still allowing for individual replacement. Further still, by using different designs, configurations and colors, the collapsible modular elements 120 provide numerous possible design configurations, patterns, logos, as well as words and pictures.

[0086] In various embodiments, the collapsible modular elements 120 may be comprised of a thin wall surface that surrounds an empty volume 121. The collapsible modular element 120 collapses into the empty volume 121 at a particular impact force. Alternatively, with reference to FIG. 9, the volume 121 may be filled with one or more energy absorption materials (first, second, etc.), optionally in one or more layers 123a, 123b, etc. and by choosing multiple materials to fill the volume 121 to varying levels, varying the impact energy absorption levels may be accomplished. Whether filled or empty, the collapsible modular elements 120 may be adhered to the outer surface of shell 101 or a compliant layer 140 (as discussed below), or be secured via apertures 115 or other suitable means (as also discussed below).

[0087] The collapsible modular elements 120 may be tuned so as to have different regions that collapse at different impact forces, so as to provide more than one impact absorption capability (e.g., higher vs. lower impact forces). For example, the wall 122 materials and thickness may vary so that different portions of the collapsible modular elements collapse at different impact forces. For example, and upper portion 124 of collapsible modular element 120 may have a smaller thickness than a lower portion 125 of collapsible modular element 120, such that the smaller thickness collapses at a lower impact force than the larger thickness.

[0088] Similarly, by providing holes 130 of varying amounts, sizes and shapes that pass all the way through or partially through the wall 122, the impact force required to collapse any particular portion of the collapsible modular element 120 can be controlled. Additionally, whether or not the holes 130 change the impact force required to collapse any particular portion of the collapsible modular element 120, the holes 130 may also provide ventilation to the helmet 100 by allowing air to flow between the user, the helmet 100 and the outside elements.

[0089] With reference to FIGS. 6a and 6b, the shell may have a plurality of apertures 115 for receiving and releasably holding the collapsible modular elements 120. Collapsible modular element 120 may include an attachment mechanism for securing the collapsible modular element 120 to the helmet 100. For example, with reference to FIGS. 8a, 8b, 8c, 9, and 10 collapsible modular element 120 contains a neck or depression 130 with a perimeter substantially the same size as aperture 115. At the lowest edge of collapsible modular element 120 a lip 132 is provided that is slightly bigger than aperture 115, and as such, a collapsible modular element 120 can be inserted into aperture 115 by elastically deforming the lip 132, and when the lip 132 returns to its original shape, collapsible modular element 120 is retained in aperture 115 in a snap fit manner. As will be appreciated, any number of attachment mechanism may be used to releasably secure collapsible modular element 120 to the helmet 100.

[0090] In alternative embodiments, the collapsible modular elements 120 can be attached to a soft shell compliant layer 140 which functions as a helmet itself (e.g., a soccer helmet) or, in some embodiments the compliant layer 140 can be adhered to the outside of a conventional hard shell 101. The compliant layer 140 is any suitably soft, flexible material.

[0091] For example, as noted above, the collapsible modular elements 120 can be adhered to an outer surface of the shell 101. For example, with reference to FIG. 11a, a collapsible modular element 120 is removably adhered to the hard shell 101 (or as illustrated in FIG. 11b, a compliant soft shell layer 140) by any suitable means, such as peel and stick adhesive, hook and loop, suction, or the like. Inwardly or outwardly (or both) extending flanges 117 may be provided to provide a greater surface area for attaching the collapsible modular element 120 to the shell 101 or the compliant layer 140.

[0092] When the compliant layer 140 is adhered to the outside of a conventional hard shell 101, it preferably sized to a particular helmet 100 (though other embodiments may include sizes capable of fitting a variety of helmets 100 and sizes of the same), which is placed over a helmet 100 and secured thereto by any suitable means (e.g., adhesives, hook and loop, snaps, etc.).For example, with reference to FIG. 12, the collapsible modular elements 120 are shown adhered to a compliant layer 140 which is in turn attached to the shell 101. As noted in connection with adherence directly to the shell 101, the collapsible modular element 120 may be removably adhered to the compliant layer 140 by any suitable means, such as peel and stick adhesive, hook and loop, suction, or the like.

[0093] In any of the foregoing embodiments as well as those not specifically described herein, the collapsible modular elements can create a stand-off height 126 relative to the helmet (e.g. region 126 in FIG. 8) so that the collapsible modular elements 120 absorb energy in a region between the shell 101 and the stand-off height 126.

[0094] The collapsible modular elements may thus provide additional stages of impact energy absorption and may be adapted to optimize performance for a specific sport or function by varying characteristics such as size, location, weight, material, method of attachment, and the like.

[0095] Still further energy absorption may be achieved by a face mask, releasably attached to the helmet. Accordingly, improved energy absorption may increase the helmet's ability to prevent injury. Further, the optional ability to remove and replace the face mask may improve cost efficiencies by decreasing the cost of helmet refurbishment and the frequency of helmet replacement.

[0096] The face mask may be intentionally collapsible as a means of achieving improved energy absorption. A collapsible face mask may be designed to permanently deform upon severe impact or to temporarily deform. Alternatively or in conjunction with deformation, the face mask may achieve improved energy absorption by intentionally detaching from the helmet upon impact, thereby dissipating impact force as kinetic energy. That being said, although an exhaustive list of means for absorbing or dissipating energy is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various means may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0097] As with other components described herein, facemask may be made of various materials or composites, including polycarbonate plastic, ABS plastic, carbon fiber, metals, ceramics, and the like. The specific requirements of the facemask can determine the type of material used, and the material used may vary in weight, flexibility, hardness, energy-absorption ability, cost, or any other characteristic. That being said, although an exhaustive list of materials is not included herein, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that various conventional plastics and energy-absorbing materials may be used, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0098] In the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a face mask 102 may be adapted to be releasably attached to the helmet 100 by a helmet attachment mechanism similar to the panel attachment mechanism described herein. The face mask 102 may be configured as a conventional football helmet face mask and may be releasably attached to the exterior surface of the shell 101 along the perimeter of the shell's anterior edge. Alternatively, the face mask 102 may be attached to the shell 101, to the layer 104, to a panel 103, or to any other locus on the helmet 100. That being said, the location of the face mask attachment mechanism, as well as the configuration and orientation of the face mask, may be adapted to meet the requirements of any sport.

[0099] Additionally, the attachment mechanism described herein may be adapted to attach other collapsible modular helmet elements, as required by any particular sport. Other collapsible modular helmet elements may include a chin strap, unitary face shield, visor, strap and ratchet apparatus, or the like.

[0100] Finally, in the foregoing specification, the disclosure has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one skilled in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0101] Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all of the claims. As used herein, the terms comprises and comprising, or any variations thereof, are intended to constitute a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.