Methods and apparatus for monitoring and fixing holes in composite aircraft

Abstract

Methods and apparatus are described for repairing a damaged area of an airplane fuselage made from fiber-reinforced composite material. In one embodiment, an intelligent patch is provided comprising a first electronic communication device to communicate information from at least one sensor regarding the presence of compression induced microfractures within the patch.

Claims

1. An intelligent patch for repairing a damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane made of a fiber-reinforced composite material, said intelligent patch comprising first electronic sensor to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of said intelligent patch and said repaired area of said fuselage and wherein said first electronic sensor comprises a second selected electronic sensor that measures and determines the onset of compression induced microfractures within said intelligent patch and said repaired area of said fuselage, and first electronic communication means to communicate information from said first electronic sensor to at least one location.

2. The intelligent patch in claim 1 wherein said first electronic sensor comprises a third selected electronic sensor that measures and determines the evolution of said microfractures to detect the condition of swarming of said compression induced microfractures prior to catastrophic failure of said specific damaged area of said fuselage.

3. The intelligent patch in claim 2 wherein said first electronic communication means is used to issue an alarm signal to said at least one location to indicate the condition of swarming of the compression induced microfractures within said damaged area during flight of said airplane.

4. The intelligent patch in claim 2 wherein said third selected sensor comprises sensors to measure the electronic signals from a phased array of acoustic sensors disposed within the intelligent patch covering said damaged area of the fuselage.

5. The intelligent patch in claim 2 wherein said third selected sensor comprises sensors to measure the electronic signals from fiber optic sensors disposed within the intelligent patch covering said damaged area of the fuselage.

6. The intelligent patch in claim 1 wherein said second selected sensor comprises sensors to measure the resistance between an array of electrodes disposed within the intelligent patch covering said damaged area of the fuselage.

7. The intelligent patch in claim 1 comprising a fourth electronic sensor to measure small imperfections in the condition of said intelligent patch and said repaired area of said fuselage, and fifth electronic sensor to measure larger imperfections in the condition of said intelligent patch and said repaired area of said fuselage, wherein said small imperfections have dimensions of 0.0010 inch or smaller and wherein said larger imperfections have dimensions of 0.0011 inch or larger.

8. An intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area, said fuselage made of a fiber-reinforced composite material, said intelligent patch comprising at least one of a first sensor selected from the group comprising an electrical resistance sensor means, phased array acoustic sensor means, phased array ultrasonic sensor means, phased array shearography sensors, phased array acoustic resonance sensors, phased array thermography sensors, X-ray sensors and fiber-optic sensors for detecting imperfections of a first size, and a second sensor selected from the group comprising acoustic sensors, ultrasonic sensor, shearography sensors, acoustic resonance sensors, thermography sensors, thermography sensor means, and thermal wave guide sensors for detecting imperfections of a second size, where the second size is larger than the first size.

9. An intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area, said fuselage made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer material, said intelligent patch comprising a carbon fiber filament having a transparent component, wherein the transparent component is adapted to carry an optical signal and is also used as an element of a fiber-optic system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the fiber reinforced material.

10. The intelligent patch of claim 9, wherein the transparent component is one of an outer coating applied to the carbon fiber filament or a transparent filament with a woven carbon fiber outer layer.

11. An intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area, said fuselage made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer material, said intelligent patch comprising a distribution of pre-determined different densities of carbon fiber materials that forms waveguides for trapped acoustic waves, which material is also used as an element of an acoustic sensor system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the new type of fiber-reinforced material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the general description of the disclosure given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of the disclosures.

(2) It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosure or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein.

(3) FIG. 1 shows an aircraft having substantial fiber-reinforced materials, such as a Boeing 787.

(4) FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of how the right and left wings are attached to the center wing box, and an embodiment of the distribution of sensor array systems in a portion of the fiber-reinforced composite materials particularly subject to compressive stresses.

(5) FIG. 3 shows the upper right wing connection apparatus of the embodiment of FIG. 2 which connects the upper right wing to the mating portion of the upper right center wing box.

(6) FIG. 4 shows modifications to the upper right wing connection apparatus of the embodiment of FIG. 2 which connects the upper right wing to the mating portion of the upper center wing box.

(7) FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within a portion of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing.

(8) FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of a real time electronics system measurement means particularly suited for a laboratory demonstration of the measurement principles applied in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5.

(9) FIG. 7 shows an intelligent patch applied to an aircraft body.

(10) FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment of an intelligent patch applied to an aircraft body.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(11) The following description will typically be with reference to specific structural embodiments and methods. It is to be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specifically disclosed embodiments and methods but that the invention may be practiced using other features, elements, methods and embodiments. Preferred embodiments are described to illustrate the present invention, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of equivalent variations on the description that follows. Like elements in various embodiments are commonly referred to with like reference numerals.

(12) The fiber-reinforced wings and wing boxes of Boeing 787's are described very well in an article in The Seattle Times, dated Jul. 30, 2009, entitled Double trouble for Boeing 787 wing by Dominic Gates, that appears on the front page and on A8, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. That article provided several colored drawings showing the then existing wings and wing box assemblies, and the then proposed reinforcement of those assemblies.

(13) Some aspects of FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 herein are based on the information provided in that Jul. 30, 2009 article in The Seattle Times. Applicant is grateful for that information.

(14) FIG. 1 shows an airplane 2 having substantial quantities of fiber-reinforced composite materials, that has a right wing 4 (when viewed standing in front of airplane 2), left wing 6, and center wing box 8. The wings and wing boxes are substantially fabricated from fiber-reinforced materials. In the Jul. 30, 2009 article, the airplane sketched was the Boeing 787. It should be appreciated that the inventions disclosed herein are not limited to the Boeing 787 nor to wings and wing boxes, but are applicable to any structure comprising fiber-reinforced materials.

(15) FIG. 2 shows a cross section view of the center wing box 8 in fuselage 10, having its top skin 12 and bottom skin 14, its top stringers 16, and its bottom stringers 18. Wing 6 has its top wing skin 20, bottom wing skin 22, its top stringers 24, and its bottom stringers 26. Wing 4 has its top wing skin 28, its bottom wing skin 30, its top stringers 32, and bottom stringers 34. Left wing connection apparatus 36 connects the left wing 6 to the mating portion of the center wing box. Upper right wing connection apparatus 38 connects the right wing 4 to the mating portion of the center wing box.

(16) FIG. 3 shows an expanded version of the upper right wing connection apparatus 38. Many of the various elements have already been identified above. In addition, the right-hand wall of the fuselage 40 is coupled to the center wing box 8 and to the right wing 4 by parts 42, 44, and 46. High stress points 48 and 50 were identified as being related to the failures of the wings and the center wing junction box during the tests described in the article dated Jul. 30, 2010.

(17) In FIG. 4, the modifications described in the article dated Jul. 30, 2010 are shown. U-shaped cutouts in the stringers 52 and 54 are shown, along with the addition of fastener bolts 56 and 58. Element 38A shows an expanded version of the upper right wing connection apparatus that has been modified.

(18) Referring again to FIG. 2, lower left-wing connection apparatus 100 and lower right-wing connection apparatus 102 are areas which are in substantial compression. So, in these areas, the fiber-reinforced materials are in substantial compression. Consequently, sensor array systems 104, 106, 108, and 110 are shown as being placed in areas subject to substantial compressive forces applied to the fiber-reinforced composite materials. These sensor array systems are monitored to determine if microfractures are being produced, and to determine if fluids and gases are invading any such microfractures in the materials.

(19) Information from the sensor arrays are sent via wires such as 112 through wing box to fuselage connector 114 to monitoring instrumentation 116. That monitoring instrumentation may be in the fuselage, or external to the fuselage, or may be connected by a wireless communications link. Power to any measurement devices in the sensor array systems are provided by wires such as 112. By sensor array is meant to include means to make a change to the materials (such as the conduction of electricity) and the measurement of a parameter (such as a change in resistance or resistivity of the materials).

(20) To avoid fluid invasion problems, in several preferred embodiments, real-time measurement systems are described to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing. So, not only would stress and strain be measured in live-time, but also whether or not fluids and gases have invaded the microfractures. In other preferred embodiments, the electrical resistivity between adjacent laminated sections is used as a convenient way to determine if there has been invasion of conductive fluids (such as salt water) into the microfractures. Extraordinarily precise differential measurements may be made of such resistivity, and the applicant has had many years of experience in such measurements during the development of the Through Casing Resistivity Tool. In other preferred embodiments, precise differential measurements are made in real-time of various dielectric properties that will allow the detection of non-conductive fluids and gases. In other embodiments, undue swelling of the composites are also directly measured with sensors that will give an advance indication of potential catastrophic failures due to fluid and/or gas invasion. In many embodiments, the sensors themselves are integrated directly into the composite materials during manufacture. In some embodiments, the existing carbon fibers already present may be used. Accordingly, there are many live-time measurements that we can use to prevent catastrophic failures.

(21) Yet other embodiments of the invention provide inspection techniques based on measurements to determine invasion of fluids and gases into the composite materials is clearly needed.

(22) A preferred embodiment of the invention describes a method to use real-time measurement systems to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials. In a preferred embodiment, the real-time measurement systems measure the electrical resistivity between different portions of the fiber-reinforced composite materials.

(23) In selected embodiments, changes in time of electrical resistivity between different portions of the fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to determine the invasion of conductive fluids into the microfractures of the fiber-reinforced composite materials. In several preferred embodiments, fiber-reinforced composite materials comprise a portion of an umbilical in a subterranean wellbore that conducts electricity through insulated wires to an electric drilling machine. In other preferred embodiments, the fiber-reinforced composite materials comprise a portion of a Boeing 787 wing, 787 wing box assembly, and any combination thereof. The invention applies to fiber-reinforced composite materials used in any portion of an airplane.

(24) In other preferred embodiments, the real-time measurement systems measure dielectric properties between different portions of fiber-reinforced composite materials.

(25) In selected embodiments, changes in time of measured dielectric properties between different portions of the fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to determine the invasion of fluids and gases into the microfractures of said fiber-reinforced composite materials. In selected preferred embodiments, these methods are used to monitor fiber-reinforced composite materials that comprise a portion of an umbilical in a subterranean wellbore. In other selected embodiments, the methods and apparatus are used to monitor fiber-reinforced composite materials comprise a portion of a Boeing 787 wing, 787 wing box assembly, and any combination thereof, or any other portion of fiber-reinforced composite materials comprising any portion of an airplane.

(26) Selected preferred embodiments of the invention provide methods and apparatus wherein substantial portions of the real-time measurement systems are fabricated within the fiber-reinforced composite materials. In selected preferred embodiments, changes in time of measured properties are used to determine the invasion of fluids and gases into the microfractures of the fiber-reinforced composite materials.

(27) In selected embodiments, measurement means are provided to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent catastrophic failures of aircraft components containing such materials.

(28) In other preferred embodiments, the measurement means further includes means to detect and measure the volume of fluids and gases that have invaded the microfractures in the fiber-reinforced composite materials.

(29) In yet another preferred embodiment, methods and apparatus are provided to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such materials. Such methods and apparatus include special coating materials that coat fabricated fiber-reinforced materials, wherein such special materials are defined to be a coating material means. Such methods and apparatus further includes a coating material means is used to coat fiber-reinforced composite materials in visually inaccessible areas of airplanes. Such methods and apparatus further include special materials incorporated within the fiber-reinforced materials that are hydrophilic (tend to repel water). Such methods and apparatus further include special materials incorporated within the fiber-reinforced materials that absorb during a chemical reaction that produces a new portion of the matrix material in the fiber-reinforced composite material. Such methods and apparatus further includes special materials incorporated within the fiber-reinforced materials that absorb gases. Such methods and apparatus yet further includes self-healing substances designed to fill any such microfractures in the fiber-reinforced materials. Such methods and apparatus yet further include self-healing substances whereby at least one component of the matrix material used to make the fiber-reinforced composite material. Such matrix material may be comprised of at least an epoxy resin material and a hardener component. The self-healing substance may further include a hardener component designed to set-up slowly over a period in excess of one year.

(30) Another preferred embodiment of the invention includes methods and apparatus wherein predetermined compressional stresses induce a chemical reaction within a special material fabricated within the fiber-reinforced composite material that prevents fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such materials. In several preferred embodiments, such predetermined compressional stresses induce a structural phase transition within a special material fabricated within the fiber-reinforced composite material that prevents fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such materials.

(31) Further embodiments include methods and apparatus wherein at least a portion of the fiber-reinforced composite material is exposed to a relatively high-pressure inert gas which slowly diffuses through other portions of the fiber-reinforced composite material to prevent other fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of the fiber-reinforced material to reduce the probability of failure of the material. The inert gas can include dry nitrogen. Such methods and apparatus apply to any portion of a fiber-reinforced material that is comprised of at least one channel within said fiber-reinforce composite material.

(32) Yet other preferred embodiments provide additional special fibers that are added during the manufacturing process of a standard fiber-reinforced composite material to make a new special fiber-reinforced material to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of said special fiber-reinforced material to reduce the probability of failure of said special fiber-reinforced material. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of titanium. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of any alloy containing titanium.

(33) Other embodiments provide special fibers that are added during the manufacturing process of a standard fiber-reinforced composite material to make a new special fiber-reinforced material to reduce the probability of the formation of stress-induced microfractures in said material. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of titanium. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of any alloy containing titanium.

(34) Other preferred embodiments provide methods and apparatus to isolate the wing boxes of composite aircraft from environmental liquids, such as water, and from environmental gases, such as jet exhaust to reduce the probability of failure of such materials. Such methods and apparatus include means to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures through any coated surfaces of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such fiber-reinforced materials.

(35) Other selected embodiments of the invention incorporate the relevant different types of physical measurements defined in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/270,709, filed Jul. 9, 2010, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, such physical measurements include acoustic transmitters and receivers, ultrasonic transmitters and receivers, phased array ultrasonics, thermosonics, air coupled ultrasonics, acoustic resonance techniques, x-ray techniques, radiography, thermal wave imaging, thermography and shearography. These cited physical measurements, and selected additional physical measurements described in the References incorporated into this document, may be used to make the basic sensors of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within a portion of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of said fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent the catastrophic failure of said portion of said aircraft.

(36) Reference is made to the article entitled Nondestructive Inspection of Composite Structures: Methods and Practice by David K. Hsu, 17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct. 2008, Shanghai, China, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. This is a review article of methods and apparatus to inspect composite materials and will be hereinafter abbreviated as Hsu, 2008.

(37) Many non-destructive tests are reviewed, which include water- and air-coupled ultrasound bond testing, manual and automated tap testing, thermography, and shearography (hereinafter collectively, standard techniques).

(38) In the case of one of the mechanisms described herein, composite materials under compression in or near the wing box ingest or soak-up water, jet fuel, etc. and are subject to a catastrophic delimitation.

(39) The interior portion of the wing box is very hard to access. Some portions subject to testing are deep into the wing, significant distances from the outer skin of the aircraft. The interior portion of the wing box is not subject to any external visual inspection from outside the aircraft. Nor will any of the standard techniques noted above work to determine the failure mechanism described herein on an interior portion of the wing box from outside the aircraft.

(40) An individual can access some areas of the interior portion of the wing box from inside the wing. There are crawl spaces. Some hand-held inspection tools, such as a hand-held tap tester, or hand-held acoustic device, could be used by an individual to inspect certain portions of the interior portion of the wing box. But, the sensitivity of these are severely limited.

(41) In Section 4.3 of Hsu, 2008, the article talks about sensitivities as small as 3 mm () diameter can be detected . . . . This is a pretty large hole and not sensitive enough to determine the presence or absence of microfractures of the type produced by the mechanism described herein.

(42) In addition, reference is made to an article in USA Today, entitled Signs of pre-existing fatigue found on Southwest aircraft, by Roger Yu, Apr. 4, 2011 (the USA Today Article), an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. The USA Today Article states in part: The FAA said it no longer believes airplanes can fly forever, Goldfarb said. They have life limits. And because of extensive fatigue, airlines need to retire them at a limit. (The FAA) thinks just (having) inspection is not enough. These cracks can propagate quickly.
The USA Today Article further states in part: In justifying the new rules, the FAA said, Existing inspection methods do not reliably detect widespread fatigue damage because cracks are initially so small and may then link up and grow so rapidly that the affected structure fails before an inspection can be performed to detect the cracks.

(43) So, even after many years of flying, and after much study, the FAA concludes that they do not have a good way to determine what is going to happen on a given aircraft by using present inspection techniques. Please note the first above quote from the USA Today Article implies that cracks are to be expected. Furthermore, microcracks are apparently common in aluminumwhich are, by analogy, just the type of microcracks in composites that can result in the failure mechanism described herein.

(44) In the second above quote from the USA Today Article, microcracks may link up and grow very rapidly, a phenomenon which might be called swarming of microcracks for the purposes herein. If such swarming occurs, and fluids such as water, jet fuel, etc. invade the structure, the composite can catastrophically fail within a short period of time. This is one mechanism described herein.

(45) None of the standard techniques noted above are adequate to monitor the failure mechanism described herein. However, resistivity measurements are cited herein as having the resolution to detect and monitor this problem.

(46) Accordingly, another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5. That FIG. 5 shows a Differential Form of a Four Point Resistivity Measurement generally identified with numeral 202. This type of measurement is particularly sensitive and immune to electromagnetic interference. Some engineers also call it a Four Point Resistance Measurement provided the physical dimensions are defined to turn the resistance measured into resistivity. The measurement is being performed on a material 204 that is a fiber-reinforced composite material such as that found in a wing or wing box of a Boeing 787. Such a fiber-reinforced material also includes materials identified as a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer material of the type used in an Airbus A350 wing or wing box. The material 204 has a surface that is defined as SURFACE OF COMPOSITE UNDER TEST, which legend is defined in FIG. 5.

(47) In FIG. 5, electrical current generation means 206 is used to generate electrical current identified with the legend I in FIG. 5. That electrical current I is passed between current conducting electrode A and current conducting electrode B through material 204, legends further identified on FIG. 5. The current conducting circuit shown is completed with insulated wire 208.

(48) In FIG. 5, voltage measurement electrodes C, D, and E are in electrical contact with material 204, which legends are defined in FIG. 5. Current passing between current conducting electrodes A and B will generate a voltage difference V1 between voltage measurement electrodes C and D, which legend V1 is defined in FIG. 5. Current passing between current conducting electrodes A and B will also generate a voltage difference V2 between voltage measurement electrodes D and E, which legend V2 is defined in FIG. 5.

(49) The voltages V1 and V2 are provided to the respective inputs 210, 212, and 214 of processing electronics 216. The inputs are not shown in FIG. 5 for clarity, but would be understood by those of skill in the art. Processing electronics 216 provides detection, amplification, logical processing, and other electronics to provide an output voltage V3, a legend identified in FIG. 5. The output voltage V3 is given by the following:
V3=S1.Math.K1.Math.(R2R1)Equation 1.

(50) In Equation 1, K1 is a proportionality constant that converts resistance to resistivity units appropriate for the geometry of the various defined electrodes in electrical contact with material 204. It should be noted that resistance is normally measured in ohms, and resistivity has the units of ohm-meters. The parameter S1 is an amplification factor sometimes helpful to overcome environmental noise.

(51) Voltage V3 is proportional to the difference in resistance between R2 and R1. The difference in resistance can be measured to many decimal pointssix is typical. The inventor has previously done such measurements to an accuracy of eleven decimal places.

(52) The voltage V3 is provided to an input of communications electronics module 218. The input 220 of communications module 218 and the insulated wire 222 carrying voltage V3 are not shown in FIG. 5 for the purposes of clarity but would be understood by those of skill in the art.

(53) In the particular embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 5, communications module 218 provides the data including V3 to a remote Receiver Unit (224not shown in FIG. 5) but understood by those of skill in the art. The communication module 218 provides the data via radio frequency communications 226 that is further identified with legend DATA OUT=RF in FIG. 5.

(54) Power supply 228 provides electrical power to electrical current generation means 206 via insulated wire 230. Power supply 228 also provides electrical power to processing module 216 via insulated wire 232 (numeral not shown in FIG. 5). Power supply 228 also provides electrical power to communications module 218 via insulated wire 233 (numeral not shown in FIG. 5).

(55) In this particular preferred embodiment of the invention, power supply 228 obtains its power from an AC magnetic field identified by the legend POWER IN=60 HZ AC MAGNETIC FIELD in FIG. 5. In one embodiment, the AC Magnetic Field is provided by a remote Power Transmitter Unit 236 (which numeral is not shown in FIG. 5 but would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art). The AC Magnetic field generated by remote Power Transmitter Unit 236 is intercepted by insulated coil of wire 238. The changing AC Magnetic Field induces a voltage in the insulated coil of wire 238 and is used to provide electrical power to power supply 228. In several embodiments of the invention, a battery is included within power supply 228 to store energy received from the remote Power Transmitter Unit 236 that in turn may be used to power elements 206, 216 and 226 in FIG. 5 when the Power Transmitter Unit is not nearby (such as during flight of an aircraft).

(56) The electronic elements, including the current conducting electrodes, the voltage measurement electrodes, elements 206, 216, 218, 228, 230, 238, any electrical conductors required, the remote Power Transmitter Unit 236, and remote Receiver Unit 224 are defined for the purposes herein as a real time electronics measurement system means 240 to provide Differential Four Point Resistivity Measurements of the material 204 under test. The various components of the electronics means 240 may be incorporated within the body of the material 204, or on a surface of the material identified by the legend previously described, or any combination thereof in various embodiments.

(57) As stated before, the electrical current generation means 206 generates the electrical current identified with the legend I in FIG. 5. The electrical current I may be chosen to be DC, AC, DC plus AC, or may have an arbitrary function in time. There are advantages to each choice. Depending on the choice, the resulting voltages V1, V2, and V3 will be DC, AC, DC plus AC, or may have an arbitrary function in time.

(58) DC current may be the simplest to implement, but may be subject to adverse noise problems. AC is a good choice, and phase sensitive detection methods may be used to enhance the signal and reduce the effect of any noise present. (For example, see Section 15.15 entitled Lock-in detection in the book entitled The Art of Electronics by Horowitz and Winfield identified in the References hereto.) The DC plus AC has some advantages of both. If the current is chosen to have an arbitrary function in time, signal averaging or signal stacking techniques may be used to enhance the signal and reduce the noise. (For example, see Section 15.13 entitled Signal averaging and multichannel averaging in the book entitled The Art of Electronics previously mentioned in this paragraph.)

(59) In a particularly simple approach, the voltage from just one pair V1 can be measured to extract some information especially if combined with phase sensitive detection methods and or signal averaging methods as appropriate.

(60) FIG. 6 shows an experimental arrangement 250 perhaps most suited in a laboratory environment to convey the principles related to the above defined measurement apparatus. A particular sample 252 is a COMPOSITE UNDER TEST, a legend defined in FIG. 6. The current supply 254 provides current I to current conducting electrodes A and B. Voltage measurement electrodes C, D, and E are in electrical contact with the COMPOSITE UNDER TEST 252. Differential amplifiers 256, 258, and 260 provide output voltage V3. In this case, the output voltage V3 is given by:
V3=S2.Math.K2.Math.(R2R1)Equation 2.

(61) In Equation 2, S2 is the appropriate proportionality constant that converts resistance to resistivity units, and S2 is the appropriate overall amplification of the system. FIG. 6 shows a laboratory version of a real time electronics system measurement means 262 to provide Differential Four Point Resistivity Measurements of the material 204 under test. Similar comments made in relation to FIG. 5 for using DC, AC, DC plus AC, and arbitrary waveforms also apply to the current I in FIG. 6.

(62) It is appropriate to return again to FIG. 5. In one embodiment, the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 is a monolithic assembly in contact with the composite. In another embodiment, it is sealed against the surface of the composite under test. In yet another embodiment, it is simply epoxied in place. In another embodiment, an inspector applying a magnetic field from outside the skin of the aircraft, will prompt the device to measure V3 and those results are sent to a receiver box on the exterior of the aircraft (not shown). In another embodiment, the results are sent to a receiver box on the interior of the aircraft (not shown). In various different embodiments, the results can be sent to any selected location (not shown). Furthermore, from such a selected location, the results can be further relayed to other specific locations by suitable communications systems (not shown) as would be appreciated by those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure.

(63) So, the apparatus can be retrofitted onto a wing box of a 787 by a worker crawling through the crawl space. No extra wires are used to power the apparatus. The apparatus in FIG. 5 does have the sensitivity to detect changes in the microfractures within the composite and the presence of fluids such as water or jet fuel. Such monitoring can be used to prevent the catastrophic failure of composites within the wing box region of the 787. Similar comments apply to other composite structures within the 787 or other aircraft having composite structures such as the Airbus 350.

(64) In yet other embodiments of the invention, it is not necessary to have the solenoid powered-battery combination. Rather, in analogy with some old-time wrist watches that needed no winding, a motion powered generator can be made a part of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5. For example, a small round magnet rolling around in a cavity surrounded with pick-up coils can be used to generate power and charge the battery.

(65) Different embodiments of the apparatus in FIG. 5 can perform and store its measurements periodically. After the plane has landed, a hand-held Reader outside the aircraft can then send an RF signal to a receiver coil in the device to Start Read. The RF transmitter can then send RF to the hand-held Reader that receives the data. The hand-held Reader can then be connected wirelessly to a remote computer. The Reader in this paragraph is another embodiment of the Receiver Unit described above.

(66) In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 is provided with cell phone-like receiver and transmitter capabilities. After the plane is parked, a call from an external computer to the on-board cell phone is used to Start Read. Then, data is communicated to the computer that made the callusing tones for digits in one embodiment. Tones will work here in one embodiment because not much data is involved in particularly simple embodiments of the invention.

(67) In yet another embodiment of the invention, and if the aircraft itself supports cell phone calls at any location world-wide, then the aircraft supported cell phone network can be used to Start Read and to download the data seamlessly, anywhere in the world, all the time, any time. With such a network, the apparatus in FIG. 5 can be programmed to wake up and send an alarm if the data shows there is a problem.

(68) In yet other embodiments of the invention, similar comments apply to Wi-Fi networks or any other communication networks which aircraft support now and into the future.

(69) For example, one preferred embodiment the following steps are executed:

(70) a. select a portion of the wing box for monitoring;

(71) b. epoxy the measurement apparatus to the portion of the wing box;

(72) c. when the plane lands, the results will be automatically sent by auto-dialing to a cell phone number.

(73) In yet other embodiments, the electrical power and the communications to the measurement apparatus may be made by conventional wiring to aircraft wiring bus. In such case, methods and apparatus defined in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/849,585, filed on Jan. 29, 2013 (PPA-101), in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/850,095, filed on Feb. 9, 2013 (PPA-102), in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/850,774, filed on Feb. 22, 2013 (PPA-103), and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application mailed to the USPTO on the date of Jan. 27, 2014 having Express Mail Label No. EU 900 555 027 US entitled Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated ElectronicsPart 4 (PPA-104), may be used to minimize undesirable effects of Groundloops on the measurement apparatus. Entire copies of these four U.S. Provisional Patent Applications have been previously incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.

(74) As addressed previously in connection with the USA Today Article, the FAA has determined that it does not have a good way to determine what is going to happen on a given aircraft by using present inspection techniques. It is implied that cracks are to be expected and that microcracks may link up and grow very rapidly.

(75) In addition to detecting and monitoring for microcracks, the airline industry needs methods and apparatus to repair major damage to the airframes. These will be called patches for the purposes herein.

(76) In this regard, reference is made to the article entitled New Challenges for the Fixers of Boeing's 787 The First Big Test of Mending Lightweight Composite Jets, The New York Times, Tuesday, Jul. 30, 2012, front page B1 of the Business Day Section (the NYTimes Article), an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

(77) Known fabrication techniques can be used to manufacture Dumb Patches that have no self-monitoring capabilities. For example, such existing methods and apparatus are cited in U.S. Pat. No. 7,896,294 that issued in 2011 to Airbus that is entitled Cover Skin for a Variable-Shape Aerodynamic Area, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. As another example, such existing methods and apparatus are cited in U.S. Pat. No. 8,246,882 that issued in 2012 to The Boeing Company that is entitled Methods and Performs for Forming Composite Members with Interlayers Formed of Nonwoven, Continuous Materials, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

(78) It is preferred that the patch is able to monitor itself automatically for integrity. Such a patch is called a Smart Patch monitoring system for the purposes herein. A generic term for a Smart Patch is an intelligent patch.

(79) In one embodiment, the intelligent patch possesses an MN array of voltage measurement electrodes, where M and N are variables. For example, M may be 2 and N may be 2. For example, M may be 1,000,000, and N may be 1,000,100.

(80) In one embodiment, the intelligent patch possesses measurement and processing means to electronically measure the voltage measurements from the MN array of voltage measurement electrodes.

(81) The voltage difference between any two voltage measurement electrodes may be selectively measured with the measurement and processing means.

(82) The differential voltage between a first pair of voltage measurement electrodes and a second pair of voltage measurement electrodes may be selectively measured with the measurement and processing means.

(83) If AC currents are used, the measurement and processing measurement means may use standard electronic filter means to reduce environmental noise.

(84) If AC currents are used, phase sensitive detection means may be used to reject environmental noise. Such methods are described in Composite-2 and in four attachments hereto respectfully labeled as PSD-Ref a.pdf, PSD-Ref b.pdf, PSD-Ref c.pdf and PSD-Ref d.pdf.

(85) The original source for PSD-Ref a.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is: courses.washington.edu/phys431/lock-in/lockin.pdf

(86) The original source for PSD-Ref b.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is: www.phys.utk.edu/labs/ . . . /lock-in %20amplifier %20experiment.pdf

(87) The original source for PSD-Ref c.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is: from Stanford Research Systems. Application note detailing how lock-in amplifiers work at http://en.wikipedia.orq/wiki/Lock-in amplifier

(88) The original source for PSD-Ref d.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is: The article entitled Lock-in Amplifier at www.wikipedia.org

(89) One or more currents may be used. One may be DC. Another may be AC. Or a combination selected. Or multiple AC currents may be used. Each could require its own separate measurement and processing measurement means to provide suitable voltage measurements or differential voltage measurements.

(90) In selected embodiments, signal averaging techniques may be used.

(91) In one embodiment, in addition to a first AC current at frequency f1 that flows between the current conducting electrodes, a separate controlled source ultrasonic modulator that oscillates at frequency f2 is also embedded in the intelligent patch. Phase sensitive techniques are used to monitor the AC current flowing that is modulated by the ultrasonic waves passing through the material. Information appears at the sidebands of f2f1 and f2+f1.

(92) The intelligent patch possesses intelligent processing means so that it can itself determine whether or not a threshold is reached requiring additional human inspection. Such intelligent processing means includes any type of artificial intelligent processing techniques and procedures.

(93) In several preferred embodiments, if the threshold is reached, the intelligent patch automatically communicates that information to a communications system. In one embodiment, a simple dial-up transmitter for cell phones is connected into a local cell phone network. The information transmitted would include an identification code (example is 5032, meaning this is patch no. 5032 on a particular aircraft) and a warning code (for example a code 911 meaning that human inspection is needed ASAP).

(94) In another embodiment, communication about any problems can also be done by using Cloud Computing. For example, please refer to the pdf copy of the article entitled Ten Ways Cloud Computing is Revolutionizing Aerospace and Defense by Louis Columbus, a copy of which is attached hereto and labeled as PSD-Ref e.pdf. This article appeared at Yahoo. The Link to the article is defined in the pdf copy attached hereto.

(95) In several preferred embodiments, the intelligent patch includes internal power generation means. In one embodiment, this is provided by solar power. In another embodiment, this is provided by small magnets near pick-up coils. In other embodiments, this is provided by power mechanisms that are used to power mechanical watches.

(96) For example, please refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,125 entitled Electronic Watch that issued on Feb. 6, 2001, assigned to the Seiko Epson Corporation of Tokyo, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

(97) The intelligent patch technology may also be used during the original fabrication of an aircraft to monitor the condition of the aircraft as it ages. In one embodiment, the intelligent patch technology is used in just a portion of a newly fabricated aircraft that is subject to failuresuch as in a tail section. Or in another embodiment, the intelligent patch technology is used within the entire fuselage to monitor the condition of the fuselage.

(98) The intelligent patch may also be used on the bodies of remote control drone aircraft to determine the condition of the craft. This could be incorporated into the original design or used as a repair.

(99) The intelligent patch may also be used on the bodies of automobiles.

(100) The intelligent patch may also be used on the hulls of ships.

(101) The intelligent patch may also be used on the hulls of submarines.

(102) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may contain one or more sensor types.

(103) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may be overlaid. E.g. A standard 3 sensor type patch may be overlaid with a single sensor specialty patch containing a less common type of sensor array.

(104) In various preferred embodiments, the intelligent patches may be cut to fit while maintaining functionality of the retained sensors. In several embodiments of these, after cutting, the intelligent patches auto-detect the locations of still functioning sensors and self-programs itself to provide the desired measurements.

(105) In selected embodiments, the intelligent patches may come in tape form of various widths.

(106) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may have surface ground traces to properly connect to the plane's static dissipation and grounding system. In a preferred embodiment, this is the metal fuselage structure, or special conducting material incorporated in composite structures.

(107) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may contain materials that form conductive or resistive patterns or surfaces when a treatment is applied. E.g. embedded small copper pieces can form conductive patterns or surfaces when the patch is mechanically abraded and polished. Treatment is not limited to such mechanical action, it could be chemical, photo-chemical, x-ray, etc. and it could affect internal layers of the patch, not just the outer surface.

(108) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may have dedicated areas where electrical contact connections may be applied, or such contact points may be spread throughout the patch either randomly or in a pattern.

(109) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may contain non-contact connection capability which may be restricted to specific points as above, or spread throughout the patch. Non-contact connections may be inductive, RF, or optical and cover the full electromagnetic spectrum.

(110) In various embodiments, contact or non-contact connections may be used to interface individual intelligent patch layers (multiple patches) or to interface aircraft electronics.

(111) In various preferred embodiments, the intelligent patches may have a bonding agent pre-applied when manufactured. (self-adhesive). Or they may be pre-impregnated with resins (pre-preg) ready for laminating onto a composite. Or they may be manufactured without a bonding agent. Such bare patches may be porous or non-porous, smooth or have a variety of surface textures.

(112) In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may have marks or other information printed on them to help guide orientation, cutting, installation, and connection.

(113) In various embodiments, the intelligent patch technology may be integrated into aircraft covering products, including products for covering open frame construction as well as those for covering other surfaces.

(114) Please refer to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows current electrode A. However, any number of analogous current conducting electrodes A1, A2, A3, A(j), where (j) may be any integer can be introduced into a composite or on its surface (or any combination thereof). Each of these electrodes may have any three dimensional shape, and may form any desired pattern or patterns. The electrodes A1, A2, A3 . . . , etc. may be chosen to be distributed in any manner within, or on the surface of a composite. These electrodes may be chosen to overlap, and in certain embodiments, may be chosen to make electrical contact (for example, to reduce the electrical impedance).

(115) FIG. 5 also shows current electrode B. However, any number of analogous current conducting electrodes B1, B2, B3, B(p), where (p) may be any integer can be introduced into a composite or on its surface (or any combination thereof). Each of these electrodes may have any three dimensional shape, and may form any desired pattern or patterns. The electrodes B1, B2, B3, . . . , etc. may be chosen to be distributed in any manner within or on the surface of a composite. These electrodes may be chosen to overlap and in certain embodiments, may be chosen to make electrical contact (for example, to reduce the electrical impedance).

(116) FIG. 5 shows current electrode configuration C, D and E. However, any number of analogous current conducting electrode configurations C1, D1, E1; C2, D2, E2; C3, D3, E3; . . . C(q), D(q) and E(q), where (q) may be any integers can be introduced into a composite or on its surface (or any combination thereof). Each of these electrodes may have any three dimensional shape, and may form any desired pattern or patterns. The electrode configurations C1, D1, E1; C2, D2, E2; . . . etc. may be chosen to be distributed in any manner within or on the surface of a composite. In certain embodiments, these electrode may be chosen to overlap, and in some embodiments, can be made to make electrical contact (for example, for redundancy purposes).

(117) As one preferred embodiment of the invention described above, please refer to FIG. 7 that shows one embodiment of the invention. A portion of an aircraft body 302 has intelligent patch 304 monitoring system covering hole 305 in the body of the aircraft.

(118) FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of the invention. Aircraft body 322 has a top surface identified as 324 and the aircraft body 322 has a hole 326 through the aircraft body. Alternatively, aircraft body could be called a fuselage. Intelligent patch 328 adheres to portions of the aircraft body in a manner to completely cover the hole 326.

(119) Electrical current 330 is passed through the intelligent patch monitoring system between first current conducting electrode 332 and second current conducting electrode 334. The MN array of voltage measurement electrodes 336 is fabricated within the patch and is large enough so that the MN array of those electrodes physically covers the hole 326. Electrodes are identified as E (m, n). Here m is an integer ranging from 1 to M. Here n is an integer ranging from 1 to N.

(120) For example, the voltage difference may be selectively measured between Electrode (4765, 6037) and Electrode (5021, 8693) (not shown in FIG. 8 for brevity). As described earlier, the voltage differential between pairs may be measured. In any event, in certain embodiments, the voltage from any Electrode (m, n) is available from measurement and processing means 338. Furthermore, said measurement and processing means 338 may provide any type of electrical processing (such as phase sensitive detection), filtering, computation, storage, manipulation, or any other necessary function to provide information from any electrode, or pairs of electrodes, or any other combination of electrodes as desired. Selected types of electrical processing are described in Composite-2, that are incorporated herein by reference.

(121) In one embodiment, the processed information is sent by data transmitter device 340 to a remote data receiver 342. In one embodiment described above, cell phone technology is implemented for the data transmitter device 340 and the remote data receiver 342. As described in one embodiment, the data receiver receives the ID for the intelligent patch and a code indicating that human inspection is needed as described above. Several different codes could be transmitted as needed, each providing different messages, including one indicating that a catastrophe is imminent, and the plane must be landed ASAP for inspection.

(122) As described above, the power source chosen for the intelligent patch is shown as element 344 in FIG. 8. As described above, there are many alternatives.

(123) In one embodiment, electrical current 330 is DC current. In another embodiment, electrical current 330 is AC current. In yet another embodiment, electrical current 330 may have any waveform in time desired. These different waveforms, and how they are measured are described in detail in U.S. Ser. No. 13/966,172 (Composite-2), that is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

(124) For the purposes of making the intelligent patch herein described, other selected embodiments of the invention incorporate the relevant different types of physical measurements defined in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/270,709, filed Jul. 9, 2010, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, such physical measurements include acoustic transmitters and receivers, ultrasonic transmitters and receivers, phased array ultrasonics, thermosonics, air coupled ultrasonics, acoustic resonance techniques, x-ray techniques, radiography, thermal wave imaging, thermography and shearography. These cited physical measurements, and selected additional physical measurements described in the References incorporated into this document, may be used to make the basic sensors of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within an intelligent patch of the fuselage of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of said fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent the catastrophic failure of said portion of said aircraft. These cited physical measurements, and selected additional physical measurements described in the References incorporated into this document, may be used to make the basic sensors of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within an intelligent patch of the fuselage of an aircraft made of any type of material to prevent the catastrophic failure of said portion of said aircraft. Several additional physical measurements described in the References in this document include a variety of different optical measurements, including fiber-optic measurements, that are used to make a number of different types of fiber-optic sensors. Any number of sensors, using different physical measurement processes, may be fabricated within a particular intelligent patch. The sensors may be distributed within any portion of the three dimensional intelligent patch in its interior, or on its surface, or any combination thereof.

(125) As an example of the above paragraph, one preferred embodiment of the invention is comprised of an intelligent patch having two types of sensors: (a) sensors based upon measurement of the electrical resistance between electrodes disposed in an MN array as previously described; and (b) ultrasonic transmitters and receivers distributed within a GH array (G and H integers) which in some embodiments, may be chosen to provide phased array ultrasonic information. One embodiment of this may be called the resistance-ultrasonic embodiment.

(126) In this resistance-ultrasonic embodiment, the electrical resistance measurements provide high resolution indications of the presence or absence of microcracks forming in real time. The ultrasonic information provides information with a resolution of approximately the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves produced by the ultrasonic transmitters. In the event that the ultrasonic transmitters and receivers are arranged in a phased-array, then yet additional information may be obtained in real time.

(127) In one such resistance-ultrasonic embodiment, the electrical resistance measurements and the ultrasonics measurements are used to provide a real time data image that will detect the onset of any microcracks forming in real time, will determine whether or not the microcracks have begun the swarming process, will monitor the swarming process in real time, and will monitor the evolution of larger structural defects within the fuselage and or the intelligent patch.

(128) In relation to FIG. 8, the following numerals followed with A are not shown, but are modified so as to function with the resistance-ultrasonic embodiment. Measurement and processing means 338A may provide any type of electrical processing (such as phase sensitive detection), filtering, computation, storage, manipulation, or any other necessary function to provide information from any electrode, or pairs of electrodes, or any other combination of electrodes as desired.

(129) In this preferred resistance-ultrasonic embodiment, processing means 338A is designed to provide the processed information. In turn, that processed information is sent by data transmitter device 340A to a remote data receiver 342A. In one embodiment described above, cell phone technology is implemented for the data transmitter device 340A and the remote data receiver 342A. In one embodiment, the data receiver receives the ID for the intelligent patch and a code indicating that human inspection is needed as described above. Several different codes could be transmitted as needed, each providing different messages, including one indicating that a catastrophe is imminent, and the plane must be landed ASAP for inspection.

(130) Differential measurements to measure resistance using Electrodes C, D and E illustrate an important point in FIG. 5 of Composite-2. Electrode A causes current to flow into the composite under test. The voltage difference between C and D is measured (V1) and the voltage difference between D and E is also measured (V2). Then the difference between these two is taken yielding V3. The measurement of V3 is an example of the measurement of a differential experimental quantity. By virtue of its construction, it provides information about the vicinity of the material near electrodes C, D, and E (but not A and B), and such measurements are intrinsically immune from external common mode noise signals such as an AC magnetic field at 60 Hz.

(131) Any of the above mentioned physical measurements may be measured as a differential experiential quantity. For example, suppose acoustic source a is located within the test composite material. Then, acoustic sensors c, d, and e are disposed within the material. No figure is shown, but the logic here is in close analogy with FIG. 5. The acoustic sensors provide voltages in time related to the acoustic waves passing by each sensor. Then, the voltage difference v1 can be taken between c and d, and the voltage different v2 can be taken between D and E. Then, the voltage difference between v2 and v1 may be taken producing v3 that is a differential measurement of the acoustic properties in the vicinity of sensors c, d and e. Often the literature suggests that the sensors c, d, and e should be physically separated by a wavelength of the acoustic energy (or more). This is true if a far field simple interpretation of the data is desired. But that is not necessary. If the distance of separation of the acoustic sensors is smaller than the acoustic wavelength, differential information will still be obtained regarding the local detailed structure and changes in the local detailed structure of the material in the vicinity of sensors c, d, e. In the case at hand, this is often the preferred information indicating an advance indication of material failure. By analogy, any of the previously defined physical measurements may be measured on material in the form of a differential experimental quantity that provides the basis for many preferred embodiments of the invention.

(132) In another embodiment, an intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair the damaged area is made from a synthetic fiber comprising an optic-fiber component. The fiber-optic component may be located outside of an inner carbon fiber core, or a woven carbon fiber layer may surround the fiber-optic component. In either case, the transparent component is adapted to carry an optical signal and the carbon fiber material to provide strength. Together the components make a synthetic fiber that is used to make a fiber-reinforced composite material, which resulting composite material is used as an element of a fiber-optic system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the fiber reinforced material. In one scenario, the synthetic fiber may be made by placing a carbon fiber filament in a bath of epoxy to form a transparent layer over the carbon fiber filament. The temperature, viscosity and rate or time at which the filament is in the bath is relevant to the characteristics of the transparent layer.

(133) In another embodiment, an intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area is made from a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer material comprising a carbon fiber filament with an electrically conducting outer material surrounding an inner carbon fiber material. Optionally, an insulating layer may be added over the electrically conducting material. The resulting fiber-reinforced composite material is also used as an element of an electronic sensor system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the fiber reinforced material. Alternatively, a woven carbon fiber layer may be positioned around the conducting material.

(134) In a further embodiment, an intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area is made from a material having a distribution of pre-determined different densities of carbon fiber materials. More specifically, more dense carbon fiber materials conduct electricity better than less dense carbon fiber materials. In addition, conductive paths forming waveguides for trapped acoustic waves may be formed in a material with variable density carbon fiber materials. The resulting material may be used as an element of an acoustic sensor system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the new type of fiber-reinforced material.

(135) It is evident from the description that there are many variations of the invention.

(136) The foregoing discussion of the disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure.

(137) Moreover, though the present disclosure has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.

REFERENCES

Patent Literature

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(140) While the above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplification of preferred embodiments thereto. As have been briefly described, there are many possible variations. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not only by the embodiments illustrated, but by any appended claims and their legal equivalents that will eventually issue in a relevant patent or patents.