FLAME-RETARDANT EXPANDABLE POLYMERS

Abstract

The present relates to flame-retardant expandable polymers and to polymer foams and to the use thereof. These flame-retardant expandable polymers and polymer foams can be contained in one or several pressurized containers. According to the present, at least one of the following phosphorus compounds is used as a flame retardant: phosphorus compound according to formula (Ia): (Ia) 10-hydroxy-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-OH); or the salts thereof according to formula (Ib): (Ib) (DOPO-OR); or the ring-opened hydrolysates thereof according to formula (Ic): (ilc).

Claims

1. Flame-retardant expandable polymerizates containing at least one propellant, characterized in that at least one of the following phosphorus compounds is contained as a flame retardant: phosphorus compound according to formula (Ia): ##STR00010## 10-hydroxy-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-OH) or salts thereof according to formula (Ib): ##STR00011## or ring-opened hydrolyzates thereof according to formula (Ic): ##STR00012## wherein R in forumlas Ib and Ic is a residue.

2. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that residue R.sup.+ is an organic or inorganic cation.

3. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that residue R.sup.+ is a salt of a quaternary ammonium compound NR.sub.4.sup.+ or a quaternary phosphonium compound PW4.sup.+.

4. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that residue R.sup.+ in general formula (Ib) or (Ic) is NH.sub.4.sup.+ and the phosphorus compound is 10-hydroxy-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt: ##STR00013##

5. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that residue R.sup.+ in general formula (Ib) or (Ic) is guanidinium and the phosphorus compound is 10-hydroxy-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide guanidinium salt: ##STR00014##

6. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that residue R.sup.+ in general formula (Ib) or (Ic) is melaminium and the phosphorus compound is 10-hydroxy-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxi de melaminium salt: ##STR00015##

7. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that the phosphorus compound(s) is/are contained at an amount of 0.5 to 25% by weight based on the total weight of the polymer.

8. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that the expandable polymerizates are expandable styrene polymerizates (EPS) and/or expandable styrene polymer granulates (EPS), consisting of homo- and copolymers of styrene, wherein the homo- and copolymers of styrene comprise at least one of: crystal-clear polystyrene (GPPS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), anionically polymerized polystyrene or high-impact polystyrene (A-IPS), styrene-alpha-methylstyrene copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymerizates (ABS), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic ester (ASA), methylacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), methylmethacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (MABS) polymerizates, or mixtures thereof or mixtures with poly(phenylene ether) (PPE), and/or in that the expandable polymerizates consist of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) or contain cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), and/or in that the expandable polymerizates consist of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or contain poly(lactic acid) (PLA).

9. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 8, characterized in that the expandable polymerizates are mixtures of the styrene polymerizates with expandable thermoplastic polymers, wherein the mixtures of the styrene polymerizates with expandable thermoplastic polymers comprise at least one of: cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and poly(lactic acid), wherein the thermoplastic polymers are contained at 1 to 99% by weight, based on the total polymer weight.

10. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that, additionally, sulfur and/or at least one sulfur-containing compound and/or sulfur compound is contained as a flame-retardant synergist.

11. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that sulfur and/or the at least one sulfur-containing compound and/or sulfur compound are/is contained at an amount of 1 to 25% by weight based on the total weight of the polymer.

12. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that the sulfur-containing compound and/or sulfur compound have/has at least one S-S bond, wherein at least one of said sulfur atoms is present in the bivalent form comprising ammonium thiosulfate.

13. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that the sulfur-containing compounds and/or sulfur compounds exhibit a weight loss of less than 10% by weight in an analysis using thermogravimetry below 115 C.

14. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that the flame-retardant synergist is melaminium thiosulfate and/or bis[(2,4,6-tri-amino-1,3,5-triazinium)thiosulfate: ##STR00016##

15. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that the flame-retardant synergist is para-tertiobutylphenol disulfide polymer: ##STR00017##

16. A method of preparing flame-retardant, expandable polymerizates according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one phosphorus compound of the general formulae (Ia), (Ib) or (Ic) is used as a flame retardant and optionally, sulfur and/or at least one sulfur-containing compound and/or sulfur compound are/is used as (an) additional flame retardant(s) and/or flame-retardant synergist(s).

17. The method of preparing flame-retardant expandable polymerizates, particularly styrene polymerizates (EPS), according to claim 16, wherein the flame retardant, melaminium thiosulfate, and a propellant are mixed with a polymer melt, particularly a styrene polymer melt, using a dynamic and/or static mixer and then granulated, or wherein the flame retardant and melaminium thiosulfate are admixed to still granulated polymerizate, in particular polystyrene polymerizate, using a dynamic and/or static mixer, and fused, and the melt is then treated with propellant and granulated, or wherein the flame retardant and melaminium thiosulfate are admixed to still granulated polymerizate, particularly polystyrene polymerizate, using a mixer, and the mixture is then fused and granulated, or wherein the granulate preparation is by suspension polymerization, particularly of styrene, in aqueous suspension in the presence of the flame retardant, melaminium thiosulfate and a propellant.

18. The method of preparing flame-retardant expandable styrene polymerizates (EPS) according to claim 16, comprising the following steps: co-dosing into an extruder: PS or EPS granulate having a molecular weight of Mw >120,000 g/mol, preferably 150,000 to 250,000 g/mol, particularly preferably 180,000 to 220,000 g/mol, as well as the flame retardant, the flame-retardant synergist and optionally one or more additional additives, in particular: a) additional flame-retardant synergists such as thermal radical formers, e.g. dicumyl peroxide, at a concentration of 0.1 to 20% by weight, b) infra-red opacifiers, e.g. graphite, carbon black, aluminum, titanium oxide, at a concentration of 0.1 to 1% by weight, c) stabilizers, e.g. nitroxyl radical formers such as HTEMPO (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl), at a concentration of 0.1 to 1% by weight, d) other halogenated or halogen-free flame retardants, e.g. HBCD, DOP-O, magnesium hydroxide, at a concentration of 0.1 to 20% by weight, and/or e) fillers, e.g. chalk, talc, silicates, in a concentration of 1 to 20% by weight; melting all components together inside the extruder; optionally admixing at least one propellant; mixing all components at a temperature of >120 C.; granulating by pressurized underwater granulation at, for example, 1-20 bar, to an granulate size of <5 mm, preferably 0.2 to 2.5 mm, at a water temperature of 30 to 100 C., particularly of 50 to 80 C.; optionally coating the surface with coating agents such as silicates, metal salts of fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides.

19. Flame-retardant expandable polymerizates comprising styrene polymerizates (EPS), obtainable by the method of claim 16.

20. A polymeric foam, particularly styrene polymer particle foam or extruded polystyrene rigid foam (XPS), containing at least one phosphorus compound of the general formulae (Ia), (Ib) or (Ic) according to claim 1 as a flame retardant and optionally sulfur and/or at least one sulfur-containing compound or sulfur compound as (an) additional flame retardant(s) or flame-retardant synergist(s).

21. The polymeric foam according to claim 20, obtainable from the flame-retardant expandable polymerizates, particularly from expandable styrene polymers (EPS), particularly by foaming and caking said polymerizates or by extrusion.

22. The polymeric foam according to claim 20 having a density of between 7 and 200 kg/m.sup.3 and/or a predominantly closed-cell structure with more than 0.5 cells per mm.sup.3, particularly with a structure wherein more than 80% of the cells are closed cells.

23. A use of at least one phosphorus compound of formula (Ia) and/or salts thereof of formula (Ib) and/or ring-opened hydrolyzates thereof of formular (Ic) according to claim 1, as (a) flame retardant(s) as well as optionally of sulfur and/or at least one sulfur-containing compound or sulfur compound as (a) flame-retardant synergist(s), in expandable polymerizates, particularly in expandable styrene polymers (EPS) and/or expandable styrene polymer granulates (EPS), or in polymeric foams, particularly in styrene polymer particle foams, obtainable by foaming from expandable polymerizates, or in extruded polystyrene rigid foams (XPS).

24. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 7, wherein the phosphorus compound(s) is/are contained at an amount of 1 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymer.

25. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 11, wherein the sulfur and/or the at least one sulfur-containing compound and/or sulfur compound are/is contained at an amount of 2 to 15% by weight based on the total weight of the polymer.

26. The expandable polymerizates according to claim 11, wherein the expandable polymerizates are contained within a pressurized container.

Description

EXAMPLES

[0116] The invention will be described in detail and reproducibly below, referring to specific but not limiting exemplary embodiments. In addition, these examples will be used to demonstrate effectiveness.

[0117] The present invention is presently described in detail referring to 19 specific exemplary embodiments 1 through 4, 7 through 12, 15 through 19, 21 and 22 as well as 24 and 25. Examples 5, 6, 13 and 14 are comparative examples, Examples 20 and 23 are reference examples concerning the flame retardant HBCD, which is currently used exclusively in the production of flame-retardant styrene polymer foams (EPS and XPS).

Example 1

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OH 15%

[0118] To a styrene polymer (SUNPOR EPS-STD: 6% by weight of pentane; chain length MW=200,000 g/mol, multiplicity MW/Mn=2.5), 15% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-OH), based on the obtained EPS granules, was admixed in the inlet of a twin-screw extruder and fused at 190 C. within the extruder. The polymer melt thus obtained was passed through a nozzle plate at a throughput of 20 kg/h and granulated into compact EPS granules using a pressurized underwater granulator.

Example 2

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .15%

[0119] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 15% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4), based on the obtained EPS granules, were dosed.

Example 3

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OGua 15%

[0120] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 15% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-one or -10-oxide guanidinium salt (DOPO-OGua), based on the obtained EPS granules, were dosed.

Example 4

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OMel 15%

[0121] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 15% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-one or -10-oxide melaminium salt (DOPO-OMel), based on the obtained EPS granules, were dosed.

Example 5

Comparative ExampleMeITS 15%

[0122] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 15% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were dosed (but no phosphorus compound).

Example 6

Comparative ExampleVultac TB7 15%

[0123] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 15% by weight of para-tertiobutyl-phenol-disulfide polymer (Vultac TB7 by Arkema company), based on the obtained EPS granules, were dosed (but no phosphorus compound).

Example 7

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .5.0% +MeITS 10.0%

[0124] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 10% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 8

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OGua 5.0% +MeITS 10.0%

[0125] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-one or -10-oxide guanidinum salt (DOPO-OGua) and 10% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 9

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OMel 5.0% +MeITS 10.0%

[0126] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-one or -10-oxide melaminium salt (DOPO-OMel) and 10% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 10

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .5.0% +Vultac TB7 10.0%

[0127] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 10% by weight of para-tertiobutylphenol-disulfide polymer (Vultac TB7), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 11

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OH 5.0% +Vultac TB7 10.0%

[0128] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-OH) and 10% by weight of para-tertiobutylphenol-disulfide polymer (Vultac TB7), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 12

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .5.0% +ATS 10.0%

[0129] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 10% by weight of ammonium thiosulfate (ATSSigma Aldrich), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 13

Comparative ExampleDOPS-OH 5.0% +MeITS 10.0%

[0130] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-thione or -10-sulfide (DOPS-OH) and 10% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 14

Comparative ExampleDOPO5.0% +Vultac TB7 10.0%

[0131] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 5% by weight of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and 10% by weight of para-tertio-butylphenol-disulfide polymer (Vultac TB7), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 15

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .3.0% +MeITS 6.5%

[0132] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 3% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 6.5% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 16

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .3.0% +Vultac TB7 6.5%

[0133] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 3% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 6.5% by weight of para-tertiobutylphenol-disulfide polymer (Vultac TB7), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 17

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-OH3.0% +Vultac TB7 6.5%

[0134] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 3% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-OH) and 6,5% by weight of para-tertiobutylphenol-disulfide polymer (Vultac TB7), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 18

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .3.0% +ATS 6.5%

[0135] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 3% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 6.5% by weight of ammonium thiosulfate (ATSSigma Aldrich), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 19

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .1.0% +MeITS 2.2%

[0136] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 1% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4) and 2.2% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 20

Reference ExampleHBCD 2.5%

[0137] Example 1 was repeated with the difference that 2.5% by weight of hexabromocyclo-dodecane (HBCDFR 1207, ICL-IP company), based on the obtained EPS granules, were dosed.

Example 21

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .5.0% +MeITS 10.0% +Graphite 4.0%

[0138] Example 7 was repeated with the difference that additional 4% by weight of macrocrystalline natural graphite (UF2Grafit Kropfmhl company), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 22

Exemplary EmbodimentDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .3.0% +MeITS 6.5% +Graphite 4.0%

[0139] Example 15 was repeated with the difference that additional 4% by weight of macrocrystalline natural graphite (UF2Grafit Kropfmhl company), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 23

Reference ExampleHBCD 2.5% +Graphite 4.0%

[0140] Example 20 was repeated with the difference that additional 4% by weight of macrocrystalline natural graphite (UF2Grafit Kropfmhl company), based on the obtained EPS granules, were added.

Example 24

Exemplary Embodiment PS/CABDOPO-ONH.SUB.4 .5.0% +MeITS 10.0% +Graphite 4.0%

[0141] To a 50/50 mixture of styrene polymer (SUNPOR EPS-STD: 6% by weight of pentane, chain length MW=200,000 g/mol, multiplicity MW/Mn=2.5) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB 500-5, Eastman company), 5.0% by weight of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide ammonium salt (DOPO-ONH.sub.4), 10% by weight of melaminium thiosulfate (MeITS) and 4% by weight of macrocrystalline natural graphite (UF2Grafit Kropfmhl company), based on the obtained polymer mix, were mixed in the inlet of a twin-screw extruder and fused at 190 C. within the extruder. The polymer melt thus obtained was aerated with 3% of a pentane isomeric mixture (80% n-pentane, 20% iso-pentane) and passed through a nozzle plate at a throughput of 20 kg/h and granulated into compact EPS granules using a pressurized underwater granulator.

Example 25

Comparative Example PS/CABHBCD 2.5% +Graphite 4.0%

[0142] To a 50/50 mixture of styrene polymer (SUNPOR EPS-STD: 6% by weight of pentane, chain length MW=200,000 g/mol, multiplicity MW/Mn=2.5) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB 500-5, Eastman company), 2.5% by weight of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDFR 1207 ICL-IP company) and 4% by weight of macrocrystalline natural graphite (UF2Grafit Kropfmhl company), based on the obtained polymer mix, were mixed in the inlet of a twin-screw extruder and fused at 190 C. within the extruder. The polymer melt thus obtained was aerated with 3% of a pentane isomeric mixture (80% n-pentane, 20% iso-pentane) and passed through a nozzle plate at a throughput of 20 kg/h and granulated into compact EPS granules using a pressurized underwater granulator.

[0143] Table 1 below juxtaposes the results in a lucid manner, with fire behavior of defined test bodies, stability, and time to collapse of the foamed foam beads as well as odor having been evaluated.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Evaluation of the inventive polymerizates and polymer foams Fire test Stability Odor Example 1 exemplary embodiment 3 1 1 Example 2 exemplary embodiment 3 1 1 Example 3 exemplary embodiment 4 1 1 Example 4 exemplary embodiment 4 1 1 Example 5 comparative example 5 1 1 Example 6 comparative example 5 1 2 Example 7 exemplary embodiment 1 1 1 Example 8 exemplary embodiment 2 1 1 Example 9 exemplary embodiment 2 1 1 Example 10 exemplary embodiment 1 1 2 Example 11 exemplary embodiment 1 1 2 Example 12 exemplary embodiment 2 1 3 Example 13 comparative example 3 1 3 Example 14 comparative example 3 3 2 Example 15 exemplary embodiment 2 1 1 Example 16 exemplary embodiment 2 1 2 Example 17 exemplary embodiment 2 1 2 Example 18 exemplary embodiment 3 1 3 Example 19 exemplary embodiment 4 1 1 Example 20 reference example 1 1 1 Example 21 exemplary embodiment 1 1 1 Example 22 exemplary embodiment 2 1 1 Example 23 reference example 1 1 1 Example 24 exemplary embodiment 3 1 2 Example 25 exemplary embodiment 3 1 2

[0144] The results in the three right-hand columns were obtained by testing with products of the above described Examples 1 through 25.

[0145] In detail:

[0146] Fire Test (Column 3 in Table 1):

[0147] The EPS granules and/or EPS/CAB granules obtained from the examples were pre-foamed into foam beads with a crude density of 15 to 25 kg/m.sup.3 using saturated aqueous vapor, stored for 24 hrs and shaped into foam plates in an automated device for molded components.

[0148] Test bodies with a thickness of 2 cm were cut from the foam plates, which were subjected to a fire test according to DIN 4102-2 (B2-small-burner test) after 72 hrs of conditioning at 70 C.

[0149] The results rated with numbers between 1 and 5 were evaluated in comparison to EPS rendered flameproof using hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) (reference examples 20 and 23). Thereby, in the Fire test column, a rating of 1 means that the test substance behaves equally well as HBCD-protected EPS regarding its fire behavior. Values of 5 mean that the fire behavior is very poor and equals that of non-fire-retardant EPS.

[0150] Stability of Foam Structures (Column 4 in Table 1):

[0151] The EPS granules and/or EPS/CAB granules obtained from the examples were exposed to saturated aqueous vapor, and the time until collapse of beads occurred was determined. This time was evaluated in the summary of results in comparison to EPS particles without any flame retardant. Only Example 14 showed a softening effect. All other phosphorus-based flame retardants exhibited equally good stability (no collapse until the end of pre-foaming).

[0152] In the Stability column, a rating of 1 means that the beads had normal stability. Values of 5 means that the beads collapsed immediately without a foam structure being generated that would be suitable for preparing molded components.

[0153] Odor (Column 5 in Table 1):

[0154] The EPS granules and/or EPS/CAB granules obtained from the examples were pre-foamed into foam beads with a crude density of 15 to 25 kg/m.sup.3 using saturated aqueous vapor, stored for 24 hrs and shaped into foam plates in an automated device for molded components.

[0155] Test bodies with a thickness of 2 cm were cut from the foam plates, which were subjected to a sensory odor test by several members of the laboratory staff. Evaluation was subjective according to the criteria imperceptible, which equals a rating of 1, up to unpleasantly irritating, equaling a rating of 5.

[0156] Evaluation and Discussion of the Results (Table 1):

[0157] Examples 1 through 4 show the basic effectiveness of DOPO-OH and its salts DOPO-ONH.sub.4, DOPO-OMel and DOPO-Gua as flame retardants.

[0158] Examples 5 and 6 show that MeITS and Vultac TB7 alone show no flame-inhibiting effect at equal amounts employed.

[0159] Examples 1 and 2 are the reference examples for the effectiveness of sulfur-containing synergists (examples 7 through 12 and 15 through 18), as equal or most of the time even better results regarding flame-inhibiting effects were achieved with equal and lower total concentrations of flame retardant and synergist.

[0160] Examples 1 through 4, 7 through 12, 15 through 19 as well as 21 and 22 are examples of expandable polymerizates according to the invention with a flame retardant according to formulae (Ia), (Ib) and/or (Ic).

[0161] In examples 1 through 23, EPS was used as a crude material, while in examples 24 and 25 a mixture of polystyrene and cellulose acetate butyrate was used.

[0162] Examples 20 and 23 are other references to prior art. All the evalutations in the tests refer to these reference experiments in that the results are marked with numbers from 1 to 5, in which lower numbers, in particular 1, tend to be more favorable while higher numbers, in particular 5, are less favorable.

[0163] The mechanical stability of the pre-foamed granules or the foam bodies made thereof was not affected discernibly in any of the examples, with the exception of Example 14 (DOPO).

[0164] The molded articles made with Vultac TB7 were established to have a slight phenolic odor. The molded articles made from examples 12 and 18 exhibited a stinging smell. Sulfur compounds (H.sub.2S-like odor) could clearly be smelled coming from the molded articles from comparative example 13 (DOPS-OH).

[0165] The molded articles from examples 24 and 25 had a typical smell of cellulose acetate butyrate also found in the crude material.