Method of manufacturing grain flour

Abstract

A grain flour includes milled grains of at least one grain selected from the group consisting of barley and oat. In the grain flour, the average grain diameter is in the range of 40-100 m. The content of grains having a grain diameter less than 20 m is not greater than 20 mass %, the content of grains having a grain diameter in the range of 20-100 m is in the range of 20-60 mass %, the content of grains having a grain diameter greater than 100 m and not greater than 500 m is in the range of 20-60 mass %, and the content of grains having a grain diameter greater than 500 m is not greater than 5%. An application food using the grain flour is produced from a starting material which contains at least 5% of the grain flour. A method for producing the grain flour is also provided.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing grain flour, the method comprising the steps of: milling the starting grain granules to produce a first flour having an average particle diameter of about 150 m; and milling the first flour by airstream crushing of the first flour at a product temperature of 50 C. or lower to produce the grain flour, wherein the starting grain granules have not been subjected to an artificial molecular weight reducing enzyme, wherein the grain flour is a milled product of grain granules of at least one grain selected from the group consisting of barley and oats, wherein an entire quantity of components of starting grain granules is contained in the grain flour, a -glucan content of the grain flour is 60% to 100% of a -glucan content of the starting grain granules, wherein the grain flour comprises an average particle diameter falling within a range of 40 to 100 m, wherein a content of particles with a particle diameter of less than 20 m is 20 mass % or less, wherein a content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of 20 m to 100 m falls within a range of 20 to 60 mass %, wherein a content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of 100 m to 500 m falls within a range of 20 to 60 mass %, wherein a content of particles with a particle diameter greater than 500 m is 5 mass % or less, and wherein a color difference from white dE is 11 or less.

2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the airstream crushing is milling with multiple vortex airstreams.

3. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the starting grain granules are outer-shell removed grain granules.

4. The manufacturing Method according to claim 1, wherein the -glucan content of the grain flour is within a range of 4 to 12%.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the particle size distribution of coarse flour A.

(2) FIG. 2 shows the particle size distribution of coarse flour B.

(3) FIG. 3 shows the particle size distribution of fine flour C (the present invention).

(4) FIG. 4 shows the particle size distribution of wheat flour (all-purpose flour).

(5) FIG. 5 shows photographs taken by microscope of coarse flours A and B, fine flour C (the present invention), and wheat flour (all-purpose flour).

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(6) [Grain Flour]

(7) The grain flour of the present invention, comprised of the milled product of grain granules of at least one grain selected from the group consisting of barley and oats, is characterized:

(8) by an average particle diameter falling within a range of 40 to 100 m;

(9) in that the content of particles with a particle diameter of less than 20 m is 20 mass % or less;

(10) in that the content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of 20 to 100 m falls within a range of 20 to 60 mass %;

(11) in that the content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of greater than 100 m to 500 m falls within a range of 20 to 60 mass %; and

(12) in that the content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of greater than 500 m falls within a range of 20 mass % or less.

(13) The grain flour of the present invention is a flour comprised of the milled product of grain granules of at least one grain selected from the group consisting of barley and oats. Thus, essentially the entire quantity of components of the starting material flour is contained in the flour. As a result, it is possible to utilize the nutritional components originally present in barley and the like as is, and not produce waste material by-products.

(14) Barley and oats containing health function vegetable fibers, particularly -glucans, are employed as the grains serving as starting materials of the grain flour of the present invention. In barley and oats, the higher the dietary fiber and -glucan content, the higher the dietary fiber and -glucan content of the grain flour obtained, and the greater the product value. The molecular weight of -glucans is sometimes partially reduced by the effects of enzymes present in the grain itself -glucanase) in the polishing step and milling step. However, in the present invention, no artificial molecular weight reducing enzyme is added and no molecular weight reducing step is intentionally incorporated. The reason is that the -glucans contained in natural barley and oats have molecular weights of 10.sup.5 or higher and have been contained in food since ancient times. By contrast, products the molecular weight of which has been artificially lowered are the result of new research and development. The goal behind them differs from the goal of consuming natural materials as foods.

(15) Various varieties of barley and oats can be employed as the grain. The variety is not specifically limited. Generally, grain granules are shelled to remove the outer shell for use. Depending on the extent of shelling, part or all of the outer shell can be left on. Unshelled use as hulless barley is also possible. Various polished barley products can be employed, such as rolled grain after pearling (oshimugi), cut to half and rolled grain after pearling (hakubaku), and cut to half and pearled grain (beiryubaku) can be employed. These grain granules can be applied to the manufacturing method of the present invention.

(16) The average particle diameter of the grain flour of the present invention falls within a range of 40 to 100 m. With an average particle diameter within this range, the average particle diameter approaches that of wheat flour and mixing with wheat flour is facilitated. The average particle diameter preferably falls within a range of 50 to 90 m.

(17) In the grain flour of the present invention, the content of particles with a particle diameter of less than 20 m is 20 mass % or less. Particles with a particle diameter of less than 20 m include particles that are formed when the particles of the starch constituting the grain granules are damaged during the milling process. The greater the quantity thereof, the greater the degree of damage to the starch. When the degree of damage to the starch is high, there is a problem in that expansion property deteriorates when employed in bread. The content of particles with a particle diameter of 20 m or lower is preferably 18 mass % or lower.

(18) In the grain flour of the present invention, the content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of 20 to 100 m falls within a range of 20 to 60 mass %. A particle diameter of 20 to 100 m is close to the particle diameter of wheat flour. The larger the quantity of such particles, the easier mixing with wheat flour becomes. Thus, a content of 20 weight percent or more is suitable. However, the -glucan content of barley and the like is high. Thus, milling is difficult. When intense milling is conducted, there is a risk of components undergoing too much degradation. Thus, the upper limit is set at 60 mass %. The content of particles with a particle diameter of 20 to 100 m preferably falls within a range of 25 to 60 mass %, more preferably within a range of 30 to 60 mass %.

(19) In the grain flour of the present invention, the content of particles with a particle diameter falling within a range of greater than 100 m to 500 m falls within a range of 20 to 60 mass %. Keeping the content of particles with particle diameters falling within a range of greater than 100 m to 500 m to within the above range is somewhat of a departure from the particle size distribution of wheat flour. However, by keeping the quantity of particles within this range relatively small, discoloration of the flour is inhibited, mixing with wheat flour is facilitated, and the gritty imparted to foods is eliminated. The content of particles having a particle diameter falling within a range of greater than 100 m to 500 m preferably falls within a range of 30 to 55 mass %.

(20) The content of particles with a particle diameter exceeding 500 m is 5% or less in the grain flour of the present invention. Keeping the content of particles with a particle diameter exceeding 500 m to 5% or less achieves a particle size distribution that is nearly identical to that of wheat flour. Inhibiting the content of particles falling within this range eliminates gritty when used in foods. The content of particles with particle diameters exceeding 500 m is preferably 3% or less, still more preferably 1% or less.

(21) In the grain flour of the present invention, the content of -glucans [(1-3), (1-4)--D-glucans] desirably falls within a range of 60% to 100% of the content of -glucans in the grain granules prior to milling. The grain flour of the present invention preferably has a high -glucan content. This is desirably comprised of -glucans that are not degraded and lost during the milling process. The above range is preferably 80 to 100%.

(22) The milling for manufacturing the grain flour of the present invention is desirably implemented by a step of milling grain granules into a coarse flour and a step of finely milling the coarse flour obtained such that in the fine milling, milling is conducted by airstream fine crushing at a product temperature of 50 C. or lower. In this manner, the grain flour of the present invention preferably has a high content of -glucans, and is one in which -glucans do not degrade and become lost in the milling step. The method and conditions of milling are described in detail further below.

(23) The grain flour of the present invention can be one in which the content of -glucans falls within a range of 4 to 12%. The use of grain granules with a high -glucan content as an ingredient yields a grain flour with a proportionately high -glucan content. In the grain flour of the present invention, the content of -glucans desirably falls within a range of 6 to 12%. This does not exclude barley with a -glucan content exceeding 12%.

(24) In the grain flour of the present invention, color difference from white dE (by the CIE Lab color representation method specified by the CIE; CIE: International Commission on Illumination) is 15 or less. When the color difference from white dE is 15 or less, the color is nearly identical to the color of white food starting material flours such as wheat flour, and it becomes possible to prevent the food in which the grain flour of the present invention is employed as an ingredient from discoloring and decreasing in product value. The color difference dE from white is preferably 11 or less. The color difference dE from white of the wheat flour is 8 or less, preferably 5 or less. The coarse barley flour employed as an ingredient in the grain flour of the present invention has a color difference dE from white that is about 19.

(25) Here, the color difference is defined as set forth below (for example, see Non-Patent Reference 15) in the CIE (International Illumination Commission) Lab (L (luminosity), a (red-green), b (yellow-blue) color representation system.

(26) Color Difference Value Evaluation

(27) The color difference value (dE) is as given below in NBS (US National Bureau of Standards):

(28) TABLE-US-00001 dE = ((dL).sup.2 + (da).sup.2 + (db).sup.2) dE* color difference sensation 0 to 0.5 Trace faintly noticeable 0.5 to 1.5 Slight slightly noticeable 1.5 to 3.0 Noticeable clearly noticeable 3.0 to 6.0 Appreciable prominently noticeable 6.0 to 12 Much great 12 and above Very Much extremely great

(29) In the above definitions, a color difference of 1.5 to 3.0 is expressed as being clearly noticeable and 3.0 to 6.0 is prominently noticeable. However, compared to the pale yellow color of wheat, fine barley flour does not look yellow and seems intensely white. In the case of a mixed flour, the color difference is nearly imperceptible. By contrast, in the coarse flour prior to fine milling, the color difference is 10 and a color difference in external appearance is clearly noticeable. When it is combined with wheat, water is added, and kneading is conducted to prepare dough, the coarse flour prior to fine milling that is prepared as dough exhibits brown spots and tends to create a false impression of contamination by foreign matter. However, the flour of the present invention exhibits no impression of foreign matter.

(30) The grain flour of the present invention is characterized by a high degree of whiteness and can be roasted for use. When roasted, the grain flour of the present invention can be mixed for use with coffee, cocoa, chocolate, curry powder, ketchup, and the like. Since whiteness is high even when used in such manners, compared to powders that are brown or gray, it is characterized by the manifestation of beautiful colors when used as a targeted blended product or in foods and exhibits a high product value. In such applications, a mixture obtained by mixing with a preroasted ingredient or colored ingredient can be finely ground for use.

(31) The grain flour of the present invention is much whiter than coarse flour. Since it is extremely white, when blended with wheat, the color difference decreases to an almost imperceptible level. The reason for this is unclear. It is possible that fine milling causes aggregates of colored substances to break apart, the light scattering coefficient increases, and observation with the naked eye becomes difficult. It is also possible that a portion of the discolored substances that are finely ground are removed in the milling step. The milling mechanism of the fine crusher employed in the present invention could also be affected. Regardless, the present invention provides a grain flour comprised of fine powder that is desirable for food applications and the development of foods, independently of elucidation of the production mechanism or fading mechanism of the contents of the color-developing components.

(32) [The Method for Manufacturing Grain Flour]

(33) The method for manufacturing grain flour of the present invention comprises a step of milling grain granules into a coarse flour and a step of finely milling the coarse flour obtained, wherein the fine milling is conducted by airstream fine crushing at a product temperature of 50 C. or lower. The above-described grain flour of the present invention can be produced by this manufacturing method. The above airstream fine crushing is preferably fine milling by multiple vortex airstreams from the perspective of milling at a product temperature of 50 C. or lower.

(34) The example of the case of manufacturing barley flour from barley will be described.

(35) The barley can be of the usual varieties. However, various varieties with high vegetable fiber contents, particularly -glucan contents, have been developed, and their use as starting materials is preferred. The outer shell of the barley particles is removed by the usual barley polishing step to polish them into barley particles. The usual flour milling step is then used to grind the barley into flour. The barley flour that is obtained here is usually about 150 m in average particle diameter, which is larger than the about 50 m average particle diameter of wheat flour. A common flour milling step can be applied in the flour milling step to produce coarse flour so long as the method of milling flour does not greatly compromise product quality; there is no specific limitation.

(36) The coarse barley flour is then finely ground to obtain a fine flour with an average particle diameter of 100 m or less. Generally, milling methods include mechanical milling in the form of rotational impact types such as roll mills, hammer mills, and pin mills; and tumbler types such as ball mills and vibration mills. In airstream type milling devices, a highly pressurized high volume of compressed air is blown into a milling chamber and a high-speed airstream in the neighborhood of the speed of sound is used to cause the ingredients to collide together, or the ingredients to collide with the inner walls of the device and undergo milling. They afford the advantage of permitting fine milling that is nearly unaffected by heat generated by milling and the like. In these milling methods, the state of milling varies with the structure of the mill and the operating conditions. Great differences usually result from the physical properties and characteristics of the milled product. In the milling of grain, it is extremely important to inhibit the deterioration and degeneration of components. That is difficult to accomplish with a mechanical mill alone. Fine milling with an airstream type crushing yields the grain flour of the present invention.

(37) The airstream-type crushing employed in the Examples is a fine crusher STAY made by Varie Japan Inc. It is a crusher in which a number of vortex airstreams generated by special mechanisms cause shearing of the ingredient, finely milling it in micron units (see Patent Reference 5). A combination of swirling flows and reverse airstreams produced by rotors and blades causes the number of vortex airstreams to play the role of cutters, shearing is created based on the flow direction of the airstreams. In this milling method in the low-speed range, the heat generated during milling is suppressed and thermal degradation of the product can be prevented. Even barley of high -glucan content can be properly and finely milled by such an airstream-type crusher to prepare the grain flour of the present invention.

(38) In operation of the polishing and milling step from a barley starting material, with the exception of the initial shelling step of removing the outer shell, there is no specific step of concentrating and separating grain components. In the milling step, fine milling is essentially achieved physically. In the fine milling step, an airstream-type crushing method is adopted to maintain a flour product temperature of 50 C. or lower. In methods of milling fine powders by mechanical contact, it is difficult to maintain a product temperature of 50 C. or lower. A product temperature of 50 C. or higher is undesirable in that coloration of the grain flour is observed.

(39) [Foods]

(40) The present invention includes foods that are produced from ingredients comprising at least 5% or more of the above grain flour of the present invention. The present invention further includes noodles produced from ingredients containing the above grain flour of the present invention and wheat flour. Such noodles are white and do not have surfaces that create an impression of foreign matter. The present invention further includes breads produced from ingredients containing the above grain flour of the present invention and wheat flour. Such breads have a wheat color and do not have surfaces that create an impression of foreign matter.

(41) It is possible to prepare various tasty foods with good external appearances using the grain flour of the present invention. For example, when preparing noodles in which 15% barley fine flour is compounded into wheat flour, tasty noodles that are nearly 100% identical to 100% wheat noodles in external appearance, are smooth in texture, go down smoothly, and have good consistency are obtained. Even when 30% fine barley flour is compounded, competitive noodles are obtained. When 50% is compounded, an extremely pale peach color that appears somewhat transparent is exhibited, but there is much less coloration than in noodles employing conventional barley flour, the coloration is nearly uniform, and there is no impression of foreign matter. There is thus commercial value as a new noodle that can be pursued.

(42) Examples of foods in which the grain flour of the present invention can be employed as an ingredient are wheat products such as bread; products made in rice cookers and rice confections; processed rice products such as rice vermicelli; processed corn products such as corn snacks; soy products such as tofu; processed oil and fat products; processed meat products; kneaded products such as fish paste and steamed minced fish; processed aquatic products; dairy products such as cheese; lactic acid fermented products such as yogurt; Japanese and Western confections such as candies, steamed breads, bean-jam pancakes, cakes and chocolate; puffed foods such as pon confections; desserts such as jellies and custard puddings; frozen confections such as ice cream; drinks such as soy milk, milk, fruit juices, and tea; jelly foods such as drinkable jellies; premixed products such as jelly and custard powders and their finished products; personal preference foods such as curries, soups, and coffees; cooked foods such as hamburgers, steamed meat dumplings, dumplings, and meatballs; cup noodles; retort foods; instant foods; health foods; low-calorie foods; foods for people with allergies; baby foods; foods for the elderly; beauty foods; medicinal foods; frozen foods; canned goods; processed oil and fat products such as margarines, shortenings, dressings, whipped cream, and sauces; and seasonings. However, there is no limitation thereto.

(43) Foods employing the grain flour of the present invention are characterized by a high degree of whiteness without coloration. They can be mixed with roasted grain flours, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, curry powder, ketchup, and the like and used in colored foods. In such uses, since the fine flour of the present invention is of a suitable particle diameter and size and has a high degree of whiteness, the targeted blended product and foods employing it are characterized by exhibiting more appealing colors than the original brown and gray. That imparts greater commercial value.

(44) The grain flour of the present invention is preferably compounded in a proportion of 5% or more, more preferably compounded in a proportion of 10% or more, and still more preferably compounded in a proportion of 15% or more. There is no specific upper limit, and 100% can be employed. Compounding 5% or more makes it possible to clearly recognize the tastiness of the food and anticipate a nutritional function. At less than 5%, the effects of the tastiness and nutritional characteristics of the grain flour of the present invention are sometimes not adequately realized.

(45) Examples of food materials into which the grain flour of the present invention can be mixed for use are grain materials such as rice, wheat, and corn; protein materials such as sesame seeds, red beans, and soybeans; dairy products such as milk; fermented lactic acid products such as yogurts; processed oil and fat products such as margarines and shortenings; seasonings such as miso, soy sauce, and ketchup; sweeteners such as sugars; spices such as curry powder and Tabasco; processed aquatic foods and processed meat products; coffee; black tea; and green tea. It can also be compounded into natural materials and additives other than -glucans that can be expected to have physiological functions. Examples of such additives are mushroom components, yeast fermentation components, seaweed components, calcium agents, and vitamin-fortifying food additives. The grain flour of the present invention can be widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products in addition to foods.

EXAMPLES

(46) The present invention is described in greater detail below through examples. However, the present invention is not limited by the examples.

(47) [General Composition Analysis Methods]

(48) Reliance was made on the Japan Food Analysis Center in this regard.

(49) [Methods of Measuring Dietary Fibers]

(50) Alkali solutions were added to barley and wheat flour samples and the mixtures were subjected to heat treatments to solubilize cell wall polysaccharides. Subsequently, acetic acid was added to neutralize the mixture, an enzymatic treatment was conducted with -amylase, and the starch contained in the solution was digested. The supernatant from which the precipitate had been removed by centrifugation was recovered as cell wall polysaccharides (the hemicellulose fraction). The hemicellulose fraction thus obtained was hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid and the structural sugars were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (Dionex HPAEC-PAD). The total quantity of sugar in the hemicellulose fraction was quantified in accordance with the phenol sulfuric acid method (Dubois et al., 1956, Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem., 28, 350-356). Enzymatic processing was conducted with lichenase following enzymatic treatment with -amylase. By similarly analyzing the structural sugars, the (1-3), (1-4)--D-glucan content was obtained from the difference in the glucose content of structural sugars. The arabinoxylan content of barley and wheat flour samples was determined from the sum of the xylose content and L-arabinose content of the results of analysis of structural sugars obtained by processing identical to the above.

Example 1

Preparing Fine Flour C of the Present Invention by Fine Milling of Coarse Barley Flour A

(51) Polished H. vulgare f. distichon barley was coarsely milled and then milled in a high-speed mill (the screen size employed was 0.2 mm and sifting was conducted with a 60 mesh sifter screen). The coarse barley flour thus obtained (referred to as coarse flour A hereinafter; the average particle diameter of the flour was 150 m, with flour with a particle diameter of 110 m or less constituting 36%, flour with a particle diameter of 57 m or less constituting 26%, and flour with a particle diameter of 516 m constituting 19%) was finely milled with an airstream-type crusher (STAY-S, made by Vane Japan, Inc., blower 10 m.sup.3/min., processing time 10 kg/hr) to obtain fine flour C. The product temperature during the milling step was 35 C. (room temperature 29 C., humidity 74%, exhaust temperature 39 C.). The results of analysis of the general composition of fine flour C did not differ greatly from those of the polished starting material barley and coarse flour A. The edible (polished barley) component was essentially retained (Table 1).

(52) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Coarse flour B Coarse flour A Fine flour C (commercial Item (Example 1) (Example 1) product) Moisture 10.0 9.6 11.1 Protein 10.5 10.6 14.5 Lipids 1.5 1.6 3.2 Carbohydrates Sugars 66.5 66.5 48.4 Fiber 10.9 11.0 20.9 Ash 0.6 0.7 1.9 Soluble dietary fiber 9.2 9.3 Insoluble dietary fiber 1.7 1.7 (1-3), (1-4)--D-glucans 4.8 4.6 7.61

(53) Table 2 gives the average particle diameters of coarse flours A and B (commercial products), fine flour C (present invention), and wheat flour (all-purpose flour). The particle size distributions are given in FIGS. 1 to 4. The colors and color differences are given in Table 3. Fine flour C (present invention) was finely milled from coarse flour to a particle diameter closer to that of wheat flour than coarse flours A and B. Color difference measurement also revealed it to be closer to wheat than the coarse flours and that its degree of whiteness was also high. It was observed in microscopic photograph (FIG. 5) that relative to coarse flours A and B, fine flour C had a particle diameter and state of aggregation that were closer to those of wheat flour D (FIG. 2). The color difference was measured with a ZE2000 Color Measurement Color Meter (Nippon Denshoku Co., Ltd.). In the Examples below, fine flour C (present invention) was employed. Coarse flour A was also employed for comparison.

(54) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Average particle diameter (m) Coarse barley flour A 150 Coarse barley flour B (commercial product) 356 Fine barley flour C (present invention) 83 Wheat flour D (commercial product) 56

(55) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Color a b L (red- (yellow- External (luminosity) green) blue) appearance Coarse barley 84.28 1.70 10.33 Predominantly flour A brown Coarse barley 84.42 1.60 9.22 Predominantly flour B brown (commercial product) Fine barley flour 94.51 0.39 4.80 Greater luminosity C (present than coarse flour, invention) little red, little yellow, close to white. Close to wheat flour, but somewhat whiter. Wheat flour D 94.68 0.17 8.69 Close to B, but (commercial somewhat more product) yellow. White 100 0 0 Difference in color from white Color difference dE Coarse barley flour A 18.89 Coarse barley flour B (commercial product) 18.17 Fine barley flour C (present invention) 7.30 Wheat flour D (commercial product) 10.19

Example 2

(56) Three types of flour were employed: 100% wheat flour; a mixture of 50% wheat flour and 50% fine barley flour C; and a mixture of 50% wheat flour and 50% coarse barley flour A. Water was added in a proportion of 50% of the flour and the mixture was kneaded to prepare dough. The dough was measured with a ZE2000 Color Measurement Color Meter (Nippon Denshoku Co., Ltd.).

(57) Brown spots were present and an impression of foreign matter was presented by the dough prepared from coarse barley flour A. The dough prepared from fine barley flour C was uniform and presented no impression of foreign matter. The color and difference from white of the dough were measured on day 1 and day 2 following preparation of the dough. The dough prepared from fine barley flour C was close to wheat in color. The dough prepared from coarse barley flour A was more strongly brown. In particular, the brown color intensified with the passage of time. The results are given in Table 4.

(58) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Color of dough L (luminosity) a (red-green) b (yellow-blue) Day 1 Dough of 100% 77.60 0.09 16.44 wheat flour Dough containing 69.80 2.76 14.57 50% fine barley flour C Dough containing 63.22 4.47 16.04 50% of coarse barley flour A Day 2 Dough of 100% 72.81 0.20 15.77 wheat flour Dough containing 70.23 2.80 12.80 50% fine barley flour C Dough containing 57.94 6.96 11.45 50% of coarse barley flour A Color difference from white Day 1 Day 2 Dough of 100% wheat flour 27.79 31.43 Dough containing 50% fine barley flour C 33.64 32.53 Dough containing 50% of coarse barley flour A 40.37 44.14

Example 3

(59) Noodles were prepared using barley flour. Six types of grain flour (the blending proportions are given in Table 5) were employed: 100% wheat flour (all-purpose flour); wheat flour with 15% replacement with fine barley flour C; wheat flour with 30% replacement with fine barley flour C; wheat flour with 50% replacement with fine barley flour C; 100% fine barley flour C; and wheat flour with 15% replacement with coarse barley flour A. With the exception of the 100% fine barley flour, 0.8% brine was added to each of these, the mixture was thoroughly kneaded, and noodles were produced by the usual aging method. For the 100% fine barley flour, a paste was prepared with warm water from a portion of the flour, that portion was used to collect the remainder of the flour, and noodles were prepared by the paste method. These noodles were boiled in water, cooled with cold water, and employed in organoleptic evaluation.

(60) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Material blending ratio of udon (Japanese noodle) using barley flour Amount of Test No. Blend water added a 100% wheat flour 52% b 85% wheat flour, 15% fine barley flour C 55% c 70% wheat flour, 30% fine barley flour C 60% d 50% wheat flour, 50% fine barley flour C 64% e 100% fine barley flour C not measurable f 85% wheat flour, 15% coarse barley flour A 55%

(61) The organoleptic evaluation panel was comprised of six trained professional panelists. The boiled noodle samples were employed at room temperature. The panelists conducted absolute evaluation on a five-step scale of <Quite good 5; Good 4; Ordinary 3; Poor 2; Quite poor 1> of the test samples for external appearance (color, impression of foreign matter), aroma, flavor, texture (amount of consistency, sensation going down), and overall evaluation (deliciousness). They were free to note any characteristics or the like that they noticed on their own.

(62) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Organoleptic examination Evaluation criteria Evaluation Taste Ordinary Bad Good Ordinary Poor Evaluated 5 4 3 2 1 item - X Organoleptic examination results (Evaluated items) Type of barley flour Fine Coarse flour C flour A Test no. a b c d e f Proportion of barley flour 0% 15% 30% 50% 100% 15% blended in External Color 4.7 5 4.5 4 3.7 4.3 appearance Impression 5 5 5 5 5 2 of foreign matter Aroma 5 5 5 5 4 5 Taste 4.7 5 5 5 3.7 5 Degree of consistency 4 5 4.5 4.3 4 4.7 Sensation going down 4 5 5 4.5 4 4.7 Overall evaluation 4 5 4.7 4.5 4 4.5 (deliciousness)

(63) Udon b (85% wheat flour, 15% fine barley flour C) was perceived as being whiter than udon a (100% wheat flour). The external appearance of udon b following boiling was much smoother and was evaluated to be more transparent than that of udon a (100% wheat flour). Upon consumption, udon b felt smooth, with a better sensation on the tongue than udon a (wheat flour alone). The taste of udon b was evaluated as good and the flavor as quite good. It was evaluated as being the most delicious among udons a through f.

(64) Udon c (70% wheat flour, 30% fine barley flour C) was somewhat dull in color. It exhibited a poorer degree of consistency than udon b (15% fine barley flour), but exhibited better consistency than udon a (100% wheat flour).

(65) Udon d (50% wheat flour, 50% fine barley flour C) presented a color upon boiling that was somewhat brown. There was a strong mochimochi (chewy) mouthfeel, and the consistency was evaluated as being somewhat less than that of udons b and c.

(66) Udon e (100% fine barley flour C) was soft, and had a mouthfeel that was much more like that of soft rice flour dumplings than that of udon. The opinion that it would be good with black honey was voiced. It had a unique taste that was something like that of buckwheat mash (sobagaki).

(67) Udon f (85% wheat flour, 15% coarse barley flour A) was predominantly brown in color, and brown particles are observed.

Example 4

(68) An SD-BH103 home bakery (Panasonic (Ltd.)) was employed to prepare breads of the compositions indicated below by mixing, fermenting, and baking using the plain bread course. It took about four hours. By the CIE Lab color representation method, the wheat flour employed (bread flour) exhibited an L (luminosity) of 90.39, an a (red-green) of 0.26, and b (yellow-blue) of 9.62. The luminosity was less than that of all-purpose flour. There was a somewhat intense yellow color. Fine barley flour C had greater luminosity than the bread flour. When the two were mixed, the difference in color was almost imperceptible.

(69) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 Bread blending proportions Bread Bread Wheat containing fine containing final flour barley flour C barley flour bread (Composition 1) (Composition 2) Bread flour 250 g 212 g 212 g 15% Fine barley 0 g 38 g 38 g replace- flour ment Butter 10 g 10 g 10 g Granulated 17 g 17 g 17 g sugar Salt 5 g 5 g 5 g Water 180 mL 190 mL 200 mL Dry yeast 2.8 g 2.8 g 2.8 g

(70) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Organoleptic evaluation of bread Bread Containing fine Containing fine Applied food Wheat flour barley flour C-1 barley flour C-2 External Color of Somewhat dull Bright, charred Bright, charred appearance crust color color Color Pale tea color Slightly dull Pale tea color inside dominated by dominated by yellow yellow Impression None None None of foreign matter Expansion Good Somewhat poor Good Final size W100 D100 H143 W100 D100 H112 W100 D100 H142 Aroma Trace smell of Slight smell of Trace smell of yeast yeast yeast Taste Good Good Good Texture Fluffy Mochimochi Mochimochi Sensation going down Good Good Good Overall evaluation Ordinary for bread Highly delicious Highly delicious (deliciousness)

(71) Since the fine barley flour absorbed moisture well, the amount of water added was increased in the bread containing barley flour relative to the bread containing wheat flour and baking was conducted. For both combinations 1 and 2, the finished bread containing fine barley flour C had a color that was close to bright wheat and was close to the color of bread containing wheat alone. In combination 1, in which the quantity of water added was slightly increased, rising was poorer than in the other breads, but the texture was soft. Combination 2, in which the quantity of water added was greatly increased, rose about the same amount as bread of wheat alone. All had soft textures, came out soft and full, and had good elasticity as bread. In combination 1, to which only a small amount of water was added, there was a somewhat stronger yeast smell than in the other breads. This was attributed to the fact that it did not rise well. The wheat flour bread appeared fluffy. However, breads 1 and 2 containing fine barley flour C both presented a mochimochi sensation. The breads containing fine barley flour C were evaluated as being overwhelmingly better tasting and were preferred to the wheat flour bread.

Example 5

(72) The fine barley flour C of the present invention was blended into commercial (strawberry) yogurt, milk, vegetable juice, and wulong tea. The mixtures were thoroughly mixed and prepared. The compositions and evaluation results are given in Table 9. The same evaluation criteria as in Table 6 were applied to the evaluation items in the table.

(73) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9 Type of food (Strawberry) yogurt Milk Type of barley flour Fine flour C Coarse flour A Fine flour C Coarse (present (present flour A invention) invention) Blending ratio of barley 15% 15% 15% 15% flour External Color Pink, Pink, White Somewhat appearance unchanged unchanged turbidity brown Precipi- Uniform Uniform Uniform Emulsion tation emulsion emulsion emulsion with with individual individual particles particles Viscosity High High Low Low 15% water added, Same Same No water No water evaluation conducted viscosity as viscosity as added added after adding water original original yogurt yogurt Ease of drinking (eating) Easy to eat Easy to eat Easy to drink Was rough Aroma 5 5 5 5 Taste 5 5 5 5 No sense of lumpiness 5 2 5 2 Overall evaluation 5 4 5 4 (deliciousness) Comments Water could Water could Delicious Delicious be added to be added to increase increase quantity quantity Type of food Vegetable juice Wulong tea Type of barley flour Fine flour C Coarse flour A Fine flour C Coarse flour A (present (present invention) invention) Blending ratio of barley 15% 15% 15% 15% flour External Fading Faded White Slightly Color appearance turbidity brown Uniform Emulsion Uniform Emulsion Precipitation emulsion with emulsion with individual individual particles particles Viscosity Low High Low High 15% water added, No water No water No water No water evaluation conducted added added added added after adding water Ease of drinking (eating) Easy to Somewhat Easy to drink Was rough drink rough Aroma 4 4 4 4 Taste 4 4 4 4 No sense of lumpiness 5 2 5 2 Overall evaluation 4 3 4 3 (deliciousness) Comments Easy to Roughness Easy to drink, Roughness drink, no no roughness roughness

Example 6

(74) A 15% quantity of barley flour was blended into commercial jelly and custard pudding mixes, and jelly and custard were prepared. Coarse flour A was dull in color and produced a perception of foreign matter. However, fine flour C yielded delicious jelly and custard without a sensation of foreign matter.

(75) Barley flour was blended into soymilk in a proportion of 15% and a drink was prepared. With coarse flour A, the color was dull and there was a sensation of roughness. However, fine flour C yielded delicious soymilk without a sensation of roughness.

(76) Barley flour was blended into milk in a proportion of 15% and ice cream was prepared using the usual formula. With coarse flour A, the color was dull and there was a sensation of foreign matter. However, fine flour C yielded delicious ice dream without a sensation of foreign matter.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(77) The present invention is useful in the field of foodstuffs.