Method for planting beneath solar panels blends containing mostly fine fescue mixtures

Abstract

A seed composition suitable for planting beneath and around one or more solar panel arrays, said seed composition consisting mostly of a blend of fine fescues that results in under panel grass growth requiring little to no regular mowing. One preferred version includes: (a) about 20-50% by weight Hard Fescue; (b) about 20-50% by weight Creeping Red Fescue; and (c) about 20-50% by weight Chewings Fescue.

Claims

1. A method for providing reduced weed growth beneath and around an array of ground or roof-mounted solar panels, said method comprising: (a) removing all existing plant growth beneath and around the solar panel array; (b) providing a seed mixture that consists essentially of one or more fine fescues selected from the group consisting of: one third by weight of one or more blends of hard fescues; one third by weight of one or more blends of creeping and/or slender creeping red fescues; and one third by weight of one or more blends of chewings fescues and (c) planting the seed mixture beneath and around the array of ground or roof-mounted solar panels.

2. The method of claim 1, which further includes blending the seed mixture with up to 8% annual ryegrass as a cover crop.

3. The method of claim 1, which further includes blending the seed mixture with up to 20 lb. per acre intermediate ryegrass as a cover crop.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein step (c) includes seeding the mixture at a rate greater than 260 lbs. per acre.

5. The method of claim 1, which produces under panel grasses that requires one or more of the following properties: little to no mowing; little to no irrigation; and little to no fertilizer.

6. A method for providing low maintenance grasses beneath a region that is difficult to mow about and often shady, said method resulting in reduced weed growth for the region and comprising: (a) removing existing ground cover in the region; (b) providing a seed mixture that consists essentially of one or more fine fescues selected from the group consisting of: 31-35 wt. % of one or more blends of hard fescues; 31-35 wt. % of one or more blends of creeping and/or slender creeping red fescues; 31-35 wt. % of one or more blends of chewings fescues; and 8 wt. % or less of an annual or intermediate ryegrass as a cover crop; and (c) planting the seed mixture in the region at a rate greater than 240 lbs. per acre.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the region includes ground or rooftop-mounted solar panels.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the region includes one or more of: an orchard, a vineyard, a nursery and a tree farm.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein the region includes tree-lined roadsides (highway medians and/or adjacent hillsides).

10. The method of claim 6 wherein the region includes tree populated parks, golf courses and cemeteries.

11. The method of claim 6 wherein the region includes utility rights-of-way (beneath power lines, wind farms and adjacent energy-transporting pipelines).

12. The method of claim 6 wherein the region includes lawns and campuses.

13. The method of claim 6 wherein step (c) includes seeding the mixture at a rate greater than 300 lbs. per acre.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The foregoing summary and the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

(2) FIG. 1 is a graph showing the reported incidents of wildlife strikes in the United States, as recorded between the years of 1990 to 2005.

(3) FIG. 2 is a graph showing the time of year when most wildlife strikes occur in the United States.

(4) FIG. 3 is a histogram showing the frequency of birds counted on an airfield experimental plot containing the fine fescue grasses planted according to the methods of the invention.

(5) FIG. 4 is a histogram showing the frequency of birds counted on an airfield control plot.

(6) FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of an array of solar panels, ground mounted, beneath and around which a plurality of weeds has germinated and grown.

(7) FIG. 6 is a side perspective view showing the composition of this invention planted beneath and around the same array of solar panels.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(8) As used herein, the term seed is especially meant to include product versions resulting directly or indirectly from seeds or seed plantings. Accordingly, seed should be considered interchangeable with sod or other sections of pre-grown (or remotely grown) grasses. Sod, by definition, is a section of grass-covered surface soil held together by matted roots. Sometimes referred to as turf or a forb-covered surface of the ground, sod production entails growing a solid stand of high quality turfgrass, then harvesting that grass with its roots and a thin layer of adjacent soil.

(9) The embodiments of the current invention encompass a novel method of using existing short turf-type grasses, particularly fine fescues which have the two-fold effect of eliminating both the high maintenance aspect of turf management and the wildlife attractant feature. Despite recognition in the turf management field that endophytic grasses are desirable, the use of fine fescues is heretofore unknown in airfield management. Embodiments of the invention require little, if any, mowing, little, if any, fertilization or watering, and reduced chemicals, gasoline and alternate energy sources, and reduced labor. In certain embodiments of the invention, wildlife avoid eating the turf, possibly due to a naturally present or enhanced endophyte contained in the fine fescue mixture of the qtr invention. The result is reduced maintenance, reduced cost, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and increased safety in areas where wildlife poses a threat to humans, protecting both people and wildlife.

(10) The embodiments of the invention are directed to the use of fine fescue grasses for use in airfield applications. Fine fescue grasses include varieties such as, but not limited to, chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. conunutata), creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra var. rubra), slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra var. trichyophylla and Festuca rubra var. littoralis) and hard fescue (Festuca longifolia and Festuca brevipila). The use of all species, subspecies, genus, cultivars, blends and mixes of fine fescue grasses are within the scope of this invention. As used herein based on common usage, a blend is a selection of several cultivars of the same species. A mix is the selection of more than one species. In the agricultural field, blends are often used to increase biodiversity. One preferred embodiment of the invention intended as a general purpose mix is a blend of different cultivars of fine fescue grasses only.

(11) It is known that fine fescue grasses are appropriate for northern cool and transitional climates where annual rainfall is of about 25 inches or more, with at least half arriving during the growing season. Fine fescues are not recommended for wet soils, compacted soils, or poorly drained heavy clay soils. Fine fescue grasses usually thrive in full sun to partial shade on any reasonably well-drained soil, and are particularly well suited to growing on dry, sandy or rocky soils with low nitrogen levels. Fine fescues prefer a non-alkaline soil, or lower soil pH. Because fine fescues are cool season grasses, they are recommended for planting in northern and transitional climates of the United States and Canada (above approximately 37 degrees North latitude). They are also adapted to the coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest, the cooler mountain climates in the east-central states, and in the western mountains from the mid-elevation aspen woodlands to just below timberline. Chewings fescue is particularly tolerant of sandy, acidic, and infertile soils. Hard fescue is very cold hardy and low maintenance. A naturally short grass, it requires less frequent mowing. Creeping red fescue is used most widely, establishes early, and is the most aggressive creeper. Slender creeping red fescue is salt-tolerant.

(12) All fine fescue varieties are contemplated and included within the scope of the invention herein, including, but not limited to the following named varieties: Aurora, Bighorn, Claudia, Flyer, Ensylva, Longfellow, Longfellow II, Longfellow 3, Marker, Medallion, Reliant, Salem, Scaldis, Shademaster, Spartan, and Victory, Treasure II, Boreal, Spartan II, Intrigue 2, Zodiac, Navigator II, Beacon, Radar, Fairmont, PSG 50c3, Sword, Epic, Gotham, Lacrosse, IS-FRR-51, IS-FRR-62, IS-FRC-35, Cascade, Aberdeen, PST-4CSD, PST-4HES, Bighorn GT, Shademaster III, PSG-5RM, Pick FRC A-93, Treazure, PST-4HM, ACF 092, Shadow II, Tiffany, Jamestown II, Magic, ABT-CHW-1, Pick FRC4-92, Brittany, Ambassador, ABT-CHW-2, SR 5100, Banner II, ACF 083, Bridgeport, BAR CHF 8 FU2, MB-63, Culombra, Sandpiper, ISI FRR7, ISI FRR5, ASC 082, JASPER II, SRX 52961, PST-EFL, Path Finder, Shade Mark, ABT-CR-3, PST-47TCR, DGSC 94, ABT-CR-2, Florentine, SRX 52 LAV, PST-4FR, ASC 172, ASC 087, Salsa, BAR CF8 FUS1, Shademaster II, Common Creeper, Boreal, Dawson E+, ASR 049, BAR SCF 8 FUSS, Seabreeze, AHF 009, ISI FL 12, Heron, ISI FL 11, Attila E, ABT-HF1, 4001, SRX 3961, Osprey, Rescue 911, Oxford, MB-82, AHF 008, ABT-HF-2, Pick FF A-97, Bighorn, ABT-HF4, ABT-HF3, Nordic, Discovery, Reliant II, DeFiant, BAR HF 8 FUS, Minataur, SR 3200, PST-4 MB, SR 6000, QUATRO, Firefly, Rhino, Chariot, Beacon, Gotham, Predator, Bershire, SR3000, Viking, SR 3150, Eureka, Aurora Gold, Berkshire, Epic, LaCross, 7 Seas, Spartan II, Wendy Jean, Zodiac, Aurora II, Intrigue, Edgewood, VNS, Triumph Lo Gro, Seabreeze GT, Fotitude, Dawson E, Cardinal, BMXC-502, C-SMX, Compass, Celestial, DP 77-9885, DLF-RCM, Garnet, J-5, Musiva, CO3-4676, Classono, IS-FRR 23, Jasper II, Lacrosse, Razor, Cascade, DP 77-9360, DP-77-9578, Oracle, Pathfinder, Shoreline, Splendor, TL1, Zodiac, Ambassador, Culumbra II, DP 77-9579, Seabreeze, DP 77-9886, PST-8000, Reliant IV, Treazure II, Audubon, Berkshire, Oxford, Predator, SR 3000, SRX 3K, Scaldis, Rescue 911, Ecostar, Viking, Stonehenge, Miser SCR, Shaker, Sealink, Henry, Harpoon, Pennlawn, Frazer, Tiffany, Shadow II, Florentine GT, Jamestown 4, Lowgro. Still other varieties worth considering are: SR-5130, J-5, Rescue, Rosecity, Chantilly, Wrigley 2, Stonehenge, Audubon and Ecostar.

(13) According to the method of the invention, a mix with a larger variety of species can be selected, so that one or more will prevail. However, any blend or mix of fine fescue varieties is operable within the scope of the invention and any species of which can be planted alone or in combination with any other species. The following characteristics used to determine which fine fescue and percentages are appropriate include, but are not limited to: soil test results, site conditions, region, seed availability and level of endophytic activity, height of cultivar, and local conservation district or municipal requirements.

(14) The creeping fescues include Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra var. rubra) and Slender Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra var. trichyoplylla and Festuca rubra var. littoralis). The bunch forming fescues include Hard Fescue (Festuca longifolia and Festuca brevipila) and Chewings Fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata). The bunch fescues are exceptionally drought resistant, thrive in nitrogen poor soils, and have low to moderate tolerance to heavy foot traffic. The creeping fescues spread gradually by underground rhizomes to fill in areas between the bunch grasses to create a mono-stand of weed-resistant sod.

(15) Hard Fescue (Festuca longifolia and Festuca brevipila): bunch grass; deep-rooted; most resistant to heat and drought of all the fine fescues; most tolerant of foot traffic of all the fine fescues; longer to establish; attractive; does not adapt to close mowing. Chewings Fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata): bunch grass; deepest green of all fine fescues; most competitive, helping to crowd out weeds; thrives in acidic soils; more tolerant of close mowing than other fine fescues; does not stand up well to heavy foot traffic; prone to developing a thatch layer; spreads slowly by basal tillering; higher winter hardiness; is adapted to well-drained, coarse textured, acidic, infertile soils. Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra var. rubra): creeping grass; helps to fill in areas that experience damage; drought resistant; requires little nitrogen; does not form dense thatch layer; has low tolerance to close mowing; and tends to be aggressive and quicker to establish. Slender Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra var. trichyoplylla and Festuca rubra var. littoralis): creeping grass; high salt tolerance.

(16) The especially noteworthy object of the invention is the minimization of the presence of wildlife, and wildlife grazing and predation at airports. When maintained as monocultures through the invention's concurrent weed control methods, the fine fescue blends and mixes useful in the invention are almost completely avoided by geese and other flocking and non-flocking birds, which greatly minimizes or prevents the highly dangerous commonplace occurrence of bird strikes by airplanes in the air regions around airports which sometimes lead to plane crashes or other complications to the airplanes. Problematic foraging wildlife like deer also do not prefer the grass blends and mixes of the invention. The invention confers a tremendous benefit of increased safety for animals and birds at airports. Thereby, the invention also increases protection both to the wildlife and to people in situations where the wildlife poses a threat to humans.

(17) Though the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the invention, it is thought that this benefit is conferred presumably by naturally occurring substances (defense mechanisms) in the plant material. Some such defense mechanisms include endophytes contained in the grass species. Endophytes are symbiotic fungi that live in certain grasses. About 20-30% of all grass species contain some endophytes. Grasses provide substrates necessary for endophyte growth. Many endophytes produce alkaloids, some of which are toxic to invertebrates and vertebrates. Also, endophyte infection has been shown to provide resistance to many foliar-feeding insects. Fine fescue typically contains Epichloe festucae. In turf grasses, transmission of endophytes is by seed and its entire life cycle takes place inside the plant tissue. A plant does not become infected from its neighbors, therefore a strand of uninfected variety will remain uninfected. According to the preferred embodiments of the invention, the seed mixtures utilized in the application to the desired airfield contain fine fescue grasses. In selecting the seed mixture according to the invention, fine fescues containing known higher levels of endophytic activity available at the time are preferably selected. The seeds should be fresh, preferably, but not necessarily, not more than 9 months old, and stored appropriately according to industry best practices.

(18) Factors considered in designing the blends and mixes for use at airfields and surrounding areas according to the invention include the following. The seeds of the invention are preferably planted in fall at temperatures ranging between 45 F. to 80 F. Cool evening temperatures and gentle rains present ideal conditions. Fine fescue grasses are appropriate for northern cool and transitional climates where annual rainfall is of about 25 inches or more, with at least half arriving during the growing season. The plantings of the invention can be planted and grown in direct sunlight, since airfields are generally greatly exposed to the sun as well as the elements. The grasses of the invention can be planted on areas of any size at the airports. The conditions of the soil should be generally sandy, loamy, or well-drained clay soils with at least four inches of good, loose topsoil.

(19) In creating an airfield according to the invention, the airfield site is prepared pursuant to the methods herein utilizing the seed blends and mixes of the invention that will result in minimal grazing by wildlife and low maintenance for the airport. As the first step of the operation of the invention, a soil test is performed. This will be typically performed by a university-affiliated agricultural extension service. The airfield site is first prepared according to standard industry practice or directions provided by the county extension service providing the soil test.

(20) New construction installations on disturbed soil, including sloped sites, are hydro-seeded according to standard practice, except for the practices described herein. Mulch used in hydro-seeding should be 100% wood fiber and applied at rate of 1500 lbs. per acre with a tackifier added at manufacturers recommended proportions. When seeding between June 1.sup.st and August 20.sup.th cannot be avoided, 2000 lbs. of wood fiber mulch per acre should be used for increased water holding capacity. When seeding slopes steeper than 3 horizontal:1 vertical, use a bonded matrix, such as ProMatrix or Flexterra HP-FGM, at manufacturers recommended rates. Any method of seeding is operable within the scope of the invention.

(21) For existing turf installations, i.e., conversions, all existing vegetation is eliminated prior to seeding with an appropriate herbicide approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), such as glyphosate, according to directions on the label. The process may need to be repeated a second time. After waiting two weeks, the growth is mowed as low as possible, exercising care to limit patches of thatch. It is preferred that crisscross back and forth mowing is performed by a flail-type mower to grind up the thatch, if necessary. The seed mixture of the invention is seeded at the recommended rate using a no-till or slit seeder. Typically this is the best method to limit exposure of the seed to wildlife and to ensure seed-to-soil contact.

(22) Apart from wicking, i.e. a technique for herbiciding in which only taller vegetation is controlled, when broadleaf weeds and grasses other than the planted fine fescues cannot be controlled by mowing, herbicides that do not specifically harm fine fescue grasses can be used. Follow manufacturers recommended procedures and carefully read all product labels.

(23) When using ryes as a nurse/cover crop, consider the option of an annual rye, an intermediate rye or combinations thereof. For an annual rye, calculate about 7-8% of the original fine fescue seed rate, and add it in addition to the recommended fine fescue rate and not diminishing the fine fescue poundage per acre. It will lead to a more rapid germination and, hence, weed control. But, special care must be taken to never allow this rye to set seed. That entails mowing the annual rye to about 4 inches at the initiation of seed head production, normally during early summer. Continue mowing if any additional seed heads form.

(24) For the option of an intermediate rye addition, seed mixes may contain about 20 lbs. per acre of a Greyhound Rye Grass or an approved equal, heat sensitive variety selected to die out when temperatures rise. Like the annual rye, special care must be taken to never allow this rye to set seed. That means mowing intermediate rye to about 4 inches at the initiation of seed head production, normally during early summer and continuing to mow should additional seed heads form.

(25) With respect to ongoing maintenance, it is preferred that for some applications:

(26) 1) one mowing to about 4 inches during May could prove beneficial in keeping seed stalks shorter, if and when they develop;

(27) 2) there should be a visual inspection for thatch build up. Thatch is the layer of built up dead vegetation close to the ground that has not yet decomposed into soil. Excessive thatch can smother the grass and should be removed using one of the following techniques: a) Vertical mowing. Before dethatching, the area should be mowed to approximately 3-4 inches. A dethatching vertical mower can then be used to comb the thatch up, where it can be raked away. Afterwards, the material needs to be removed. This procedure is best done in early fall while the grass is actively growing, which allows the preferred product to recover from the stress. Care should be taken not to perform these activities during periods of drought or excessive heat. b) A late season mow. Late season mowing is a useful technique for eliminating matting, which can occur if the invention lodges excessively (lays over onto itself). If lodging creates a situation where it begins to smother itself, impeding new growth, it would be advantageous to mow close to the ground after the grass has gone dormant, in late fall. Cut material should be removed. Never close mow the invention, however, when it is actively growing as severe damage can result.

(28) 3) Optional aerating (as needed). If the invention is planted in a heavy clay soil suffering from compaction, aerating can often revitalize that soil by allowing air and water to penetrate to the roots. Various mechanical devices are available for this procedure which is best performed during early fall. Users are advised to contact the seller to inquire whether this technique is appropriate for their particular location. Aeration can also effectively reduce thatch levels.

(29) According to the method of the invention, fertilizer is not recommended and should be applied sparingly, if at all. Fertilizers can be applied only in early spring or late summer as a slow-release and balanced fertilizer depending upon the soil test results. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied to stimulate leafy growth, which only increases the need for mowing. High nitrogen fertilizers that stimulate top growth, which requires mowing, should be avoided. The application of excessive nitrogen fertilizer can actually damage fine fescue grasses, so minimal or no fertilization is recommended for the method of the invention. The fine fescues of the invention will grow well in soils within a pH range of between 5.0 and 8.0. The optimum range is between 5.5 and 6.4, however within the method of the invention, once the grass is established, the pH is preferably kept below 6.2 to keep growth to a minimum.

(30) Fine fescue grass forms dense sod that naturally reduces weed growth, minimizing the need for herbicides. If herbicides are needed, weeds can be treated with an EPA approved product carefully following the directions on the label. EPA approved herbicides will be necessary on an as needed basis in airfields or other installations where height is a concern to control tall fescues and other turf grasses and weedy growth that exceed the height of the fine fescue, which typically will be approximately 6 inches. This can be done by wicking the undesirable growth above the fine fescue, exercising care to avoid contact with the fine fescue, using standard wicking equipment and practices. And when broadleaf weeds and grass varieties other than the planted fine fescues cannot be controlled by mowing, herbicides can be used, especially those which do not specifically harm fine fescue grasses per manufacturers recommended procedures.

(31) Geographical location and weather conditions will determine the best seeding time. Typically, between late August and late September or early October is preferred for the method of the invention. Further south, seeding can be extended into late October. Fewer weeds germinate in fall seeding. Seeding in March to mid-May is a second choice. Weeds will be more prevalent and may need to be treated.

(32) According to the invention, the need for mowing will be significantly minimized or eliminated. If desired, the grass seed heads can be mowed to approximately 6 inches, as measured from the base of the grass blades at soil level to the top of the grass blades, when seed heads of the grass appear, usually in early June. (Seed heads can shoot up quickly to as tall as 21 inches but are not problematic because of their wispy appearance.) Mowing of the seed heads is recommended for airports to keep the runway signs and lights fully visible. It is most preferable not to mow closer than 4 to 6 inches, more preferably to approximately 5 inches from the base of the grass blades at soil level as this might damage the turf. A desirable procedure is to mow to the height of the existing grass blades, cutting only the seed heads themselves and not the grass blades. It is recommended that mowing be done with a flail-type mower that will chop any vegetation, as opposed to leaving a layer that will smother the growth below.

(33) Geographic location, site conditions, seed availability, and local regulations will help in the choice of the seed mix and percentages. It is preferred to utilize a mix of more than one hard fescue and another chewings fescue and creeping red fescue in lesser amounts, in conjunction with the one or more hard fescue varieties. Slender creeping red fescue can be included as a creeper possessing high salt tolerance.

(34) The grass blades of and seed blends of the invention alleviate any concerns of height restriction requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration and specific airport guidelines because the grasses of the invention remain very short throughout their growth and in the event that they are not mowed by airport maintenance, the blades of the grass tumble gently at approximately 5 to 7, more particularly at approximately 6 inches from ground level and prevent any height concerns. Seed heads develop over a short period in May or June and will be taller, but their wispy appearance generally will not be problematic. Fertilization procedures of the invention (meaning little if any fertilization) should be followed to limit the development of seed heads. Other local ordinances may be a factor in deciding on the particular species to be used. The State Department of Natural Resources outlines the guidelines regarding the species of plants that are permitted to be planted in specific jurisdictions.

(35) As originally conceived, the seeds of the current invention were typically seeded in the fall at a rate of between 180 to 260 lbs./acre, preferably between 200 to 240 lbs./acre, and more preferably at approximately 220 lbs./acre. Now, it has been determined that still higher densities/seed planting concentrations are even better. Rates of greater than 240 lbs./acre, or 260 lbs./acre or higher, even up to about 300 lbs./acre or more are showing better results still.

(36) In the embodiment of the airfield herein, sections of the airfield are most preferably seeded in late August or early September. Less preferably they can be seeded through October, particularly in more temperate climates. Though not preferred, it is possible that the seeding be performed at other times of the year, since airports sometimes have no choice but to seed once grading is complete. Following the initial installation, the following late spring, when soil temperatures remain above 60 F., the weed cover within the turf stand is assessed. In areas further north, this may occur several weeks later in the season.

(37) During initial establishment of the fine fescues according to the invention, it is important to identify the perennial broadleaf weeds and brush, and/or the annual broadleaf weeds. For small infestations of perennial broadleaf weeds or brush, the area is spot sprayed with an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved selective herbicide. For a large infestation, a broadcast application of an EPA approved selective herbicide may be necessary, following the label instructions and manufacturer's recommendations for all herbicides applied, which will include the proper time to spray based on the weeds present. In the event of the presence of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses, the area is controlled according to the invention preferably in May or June by the annual mowing of the seed heads of the grasses of the invention. During the first year of their establishment, the grasses of the invention are mowed a second time if desired, no less than 4 to 6 inches, preferably 5 inches from the ground, which should be done preferably in August in order to reduce the seed heads of the annual weed vegetation. In order to prevent potential areas where the seeds or grass has not established or have been damaged, such areas are reseeded or overseeded, preferably in late August or early September, at a rate of between 180 to 260 lbs./acre, more preferably between 200 to 240 lbs./acre, and most preferably at approximately 220 lbs./acre, following initial installation instructions. Upon further experimentation, however, planting densities of greater than 260 lbs/acre, actually even about 300 lbs./acre or more, have proven heartier at resisting unwanted weeds and/or wildlife.

(38) The grasses of the invention are mowed only once annually when seed heads approach maturity in the late spring (in May or June). Any techniques known in the industry for mowing are operable within the scope of the invention, but the use of a flail-type mower to mulch and cut the blades of the vegetation is preferred. The blades of the grasses herein are preferably cut to a height no less than 5 or 6 inches from the ground. Mowing on days when extreme heat and sun are forecast should be avoided.

(39) Yet another benefit of the compositions and methods of the invention relate to the increase of storm water infiltration due to deeper root systems of the compositions of the invention. With its deeper and larger root systems, the compositions of the invention provide better soil stabilization than regularly mowed turf, which has shallow roots. The larger and deeper root systems are more effective in preventing erosion.

(40) Yet another benefit of the compositions and methods of the invention is the reduction of harmful gas emissions to the atmosphere. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates nationwide emissions of ambient air pollutants and the pollutants and their precursors. The estimates are based on actual monitored readings or engineering calculations of the amounts and types of pollutants emitted by vehicles, factories, and other sources. Emission estimates are based on many factors, including levels of industrial activity, technological developments, fuel consumption, vehicle miles traveled, and other activities that cause air pollution. Emissions information is developed with input from state and local air agencies, tribes, and industry. EPA tracks a range of emissions data, including how much of each pollutant is emitted from various pollution sources. The following are common air pollutants and their precursors: carbon monoxide (CO); lead (Pb); nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x); volatile organic compounds (VOC); direct PM.sub.10 direct PM.sub.2.5; and sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2). Emissions of air pollutants continue to play an important role in a number of air quality issues. In 2010, about 90 million tons of pollution were emitted into the atmosphere in the United States. These emissions mostly contribute to the formation of ozone and particles, the deposition of acids, and visibility impairment.

(41) In addition to the environmental and safety benefits of the turf grass use according of the invention, airport turf grass management systems according to the invention will bring tremendous financial savings to the airports. As a result of national economic development and globalization, and a general pattern of public sector subsidization of aviation activity, increase in travel demand and consequent growth in commercial airlines and general aviation has lead to mounting investment needs. A report by R. H. Bates, Airport Financing: Whither (or Wither) the Market?, presented at Airport Operators Council International Economic Specialty Conference, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 31, 1982, cites the Congressional Office Budget estimates of data of the Federal Aviation Administration, National Airport System Plan Revised Statistics, 1980-1990, National Aviation System Development and Capital Needs for the Decade 1982-1991. The study estimates that airports will have a capital total demand of $450-650 million for large commercial airports; $200-350 million for medium commercial airports; and $400-500 million for small commercial airports. Of that amount, 5% of the demand is required for the maintenance of the airport for large and small airports and 1% for medium airports. Consistent with the FAA's findings, an article in Miami Today by Risa Polansky, entitled, Yearly airport costs to nearly double in 2015, revenue streams sought (Jul. 9, 2009), reports that the Miami-Dade Aviation's capital improvements program operations expenses at the Miami International Airport is to face a projected $500 million in new annual costs beginning in 2015. Chief Financial Officer Anne Lee noted that the rising costs are not a surprise to aviation officials, and is not accidental or unusual. Such increasing costs put a burden both on local governments and in turn on the consumer resulting in greater taxes and travel costs to the public.

(42) One intended benefit of a lower growing turf grass for airfield areas is the reduction and frequency of mowing required to maintain those areas. These reductions lead to cost savings in labor and fuel, and reduced wear on maintenance equipment, and reductions in the numbers of necessary heavy equipment, as well as providing environmental benefits such as lower emissions. These economic benefits become more significant as the size of an airport increases and when applied over time. As fuel prices increase, the savings resulting from reduced mowing will also increase.

(43) The advantages to the Federal Aviation Administration from reduced mowing include reduced flush and mutilation of insects and animals in the runway safety areas, which will lower the incidence of bird strikes; fewer weeds/grass species which are known to be wildlife attractants; fewer runway interruptions and closures when mowing is reduced; decreased operational impactthe reduction in mowing increases operational safety and reduction in ground traffic conflicts; and deeper, more extensive root systems resulting in decreased storm water runoff, increased infiltration, and increased soil stabilization.

(44) Though the disclosure herein relates to compositions and methods of the invention directed mainly to airfield turf management, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is equally applicable to compositions and methods of improved turf management of roadsides, utility transmission corridor rights-of-way, golf courses, parks, lawns, campuses and any and all other low traffic areas where low maintenance, short turf grass and wildlife control are desirable.

(45) The advantages of the invention are demonstrated by the examples below. The following examples are set forth to illustrate the composition and methods of the invention and are intended to be purely exemplary of the use of the invention and should not be viewed as limiting in its scope.

EXAMPLES

(46) In 2009, the City of Philadelphia Division of Aviation (DOA) began a study at the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE) to test the viability of the compositions of the invention. Beginning with successfully grown landside plots, the ultimate goal of the study was to determine whether the seed mix would thrive on the harsh conditions of the airfield as well as help to deter wildlife. Two airfield experimental plots, each about 1.25 acres in size, were seeded on Oct. 13, 2010. These plots were mowed just one time on Jun. 8, 2011, within the 16 month period. Two control plots consisted of existing airfield turf grass.

(47) On the fine fescue plots, it was recorded that the turf grass blades achieved an average height of 6 inches in the experimental plots. Wispy seed heads developed over a short time span of two to three weeks in May to June, shooting up above the grass blades to as tall as 21 inches when cut to a height of 5 inches. The grass formed a dense sod except for a few areas impacted by the one annual mow, which occurred on a sunny day with temperatures exceeding 100 F. and followed by a prolonged period of drought. Approximately 30% of the experimental plots were reseeded on Oct. 24, 2011 and have since filled in. Otherwise, the grass was found to be sun and drought resistant. No fertilization was added. The plots received no irrigation. No disease was noted, and the grass resisted weed encroachment well for a new installation. The plots were treated once for broadleaf weeds and foxtail/crabgrass during the 16 month period on Aug. 30, 2011.

(48) The following seed mixtures were some examples of the compositions of the invention planted and tested at various plots on the PNE airfield. The seeding rate per acre was 220 pounds.

(49) Seed mix #1: Hard fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) at 50% to 100% of the seed mix by weight; Chewings Fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) may be 0% to 50% of the seed mix by weight; Creeping Red Fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) may be 0% to 50% of the seed mix by weight. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(50) Seed mix #2: Hard fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 33.4% of the seed mix by weight; Chewings fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 33.3% of the seed mix by weight; Creeping red fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 33.3% of the seed mix by weight. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(51) Seed mix #3: Chewings fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 100% of the mix. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(52) Seed mix #4: Creeping red fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 100% of the mix. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(53) Seed mix #5: Approximately 25% Firefly Hard fescue, 25% Aurora Gold Fescue, 25% Intrigue Chewings Fescue, and 25% Edgewood Creeping Red Fescue Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(54) Seed mix #6: Slender Creeping Red Fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 100% of the mix. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(55) Seed mix #7: Hard fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) at 0% to 100% of the seed mix by weight; Chewings fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) at 0% to 100% of the seed mix by weight; Creeping red fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) at 0% to 100% of the seed mix by weight; Slender creeping red fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) at 0% to 100% of the seed mix by weight. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(56) Seed mix #8: Hard fescue (one or more straight species and/or cultivars) is 100% of the mix. Minimum purity=98%; Minimum germination=85%; Maximum weed seed=0.15%;

(57) During the first step of the process, an herbicide was applied to kill the existing turf grass on the airfield test plots. The dead turf grass was left to remain on the plots so as to prevent any erosion of the soil. No earth disturbance was caused by the project. In the second step, after a period of approximately 14 days, the test plots were drilled or slit seeded according to the protocol of the Philadelphia Northeast Airport with varying seed blends and mix compositions of the invention on six different plots as follows:

Example 1

(58) A represents the airfield experimental turf grass plots of 1.24 acres and 1.31 acres; plot AC represents the airfield control plots of equal size; The precise location of the plots were at latitude N40 0423.83, longitude W75 00 19.94 (NAD 83).

(59) Soil samples of the test plots were tested by Penn State University. The pH of the soil was found to be more acidic than expected, with a pH of 5.4 and 5.5 (replicated tests), which are considered less than desirable for the grass compositions of the invention. Lime was applied to the test plots to raise the pH to about 6.0. The lime application was pelletized and applied at an approximate rate of 80 lbs. per 1000 square feet, with a composition of 50% dolomite and 50% calcite.

(60) In order to demonstrate the effect of the seed blend and mix compositions on wildlife management and reduction, the study team herein monitored the numbers and species of birds that presented on the plots. Bird activity was counted during 15 minute periods (point counts) and recorded (by species) in biweekly dawn and dusk monitoring of the experimental plots, as well as the control plots. (Mammal and unusual insect activity were recorded on the data sheets, but not included in the point count numbers.) The histograms shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 show the frequency (in multiples of four) of birds observed during these point counts in the respective experimental and control plots. Table 2 sets forth the number of birds counted on each of the plot.

(61) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Philadelphia Northeast Airport Bird DATE TIME A AC Oct. 27, 2010 8:07:00 3 0 Oct. 27, 2010 16:23:00 54* 0 Nov. 10, 2010 7:55:00 1 0 Nov. 10, 2010 15:50:00 0 0 Nov. 24, 2010 8:05:00 0 0 Nov. 24, 2010 15:07:00 1 0 Dec. 8, 2010 7:55:00 0 0 Dec. 8, 2010 16:14:00 0 0 Dec. 22, 2010 7:54:00 1 1 Dec. 22, 2010 15:02:00 0 0 Jan. 5, 2011 8:16:00 0 0 Jan. 5, 2011 15:34:00 0 0 Feb. 9, 2011 8:13:00 0 0 Feb. 9, 2011 15:04:00 0 0 Feb. 23, 2011 8:09:00 0 0 Feb. 23, 2011 15:10:00 1 0 Mar. 9, 2011 8:02:00 0 0 Mar. 9, 2011 14:58:00 0 0 Mar. 23, 2011 8:04:00 0 0 Mar. 23, 2011 15:02:00 52** 12 Apr. 6, 2011 7:54:00 3 0 Apr. 6, 2011 15:00:00 4 0 Apr. 20, 2011 7:51:00 0 0 Apr. 20, 2011 15:08:00 0 0 May 12, 2011 9:53:00 2 1 May 12, 2011 15:46:00 2 0 May 25, 2011 7:55:00 3 9 May 25, 2011 15:00:00 0 1 Jun. 8, 2011 7:55:00 1 0 Jun. 8, 2011 15:34:00 0 0 Jun. 22, 2011 8:10:00 0 0 Jun. 22, 2011 16:03:00 0 0 Jul. 6, 2011 8:01:00 10 1 Jul. 6, 2011 16:08:00 2 0 Jul. 20, 2011 8:05:00 1 1 Jul. 20, 2011 15:58:00 0 2 Aug. 3, 2011 7:11:00 0 0 Aug. 3, 2011 19:11:00 0 0 Aug. 17, 2011 7:17:00 2 4 Aug. 17, 2011 18:05:00 0 0 Aug. 31, 2020 6:37 0 0 Aug. 31, 2011 17:37 0 0 Sep. 12, 2011 19:05 0 1 Sep. 13, 2011 6:38 0 0 Sep. 28, 2011 8:22 0 0 Sep. 28, 2011 15:43 0 1 Oct. 12, 2011 7:50 0 0 Oct. 12, 2011 15:38 0 0 Oct. 26, 2011 7:43 0 0 Oct. 26, 2011 15:48 0 1 Nov. 9, 2011 8:00 0 0 Nov. 9, 2011 15:40 0 0 Nov. 22, 2011 9:41 0 0 Nov. 22, 2011 15:30 0 5 Dec. 7, 2011 8:03 0 0 Dec. 7, 2011 15:35 0 0 Dec. 20, 2011 8:25 0 0 Dec. 20, 2011 15:12 0 0 Jan. 5, 2012 8:12 0 0 Jan. 5, 2012 15:11 0 0 Jan. 18, 2012 8:13 0 1 Jan. 18, 2012 15:07 0 0 Feb. 1, 2012 8:14 0 0 Feb. 1, 2012 15:17 0 0 *It is believed that the high count of mostly European Starling birds on Oct. 27, 2010 on plot A was due to the initial soil disturbance of the recent seeding on the first day of the study and was anticipated. **It is believed that the high count of birds on Mar. 23, 2011 on plot A was due to Ring-billed Gulls feeding on large number of earthworms surfacing on the airfield and paved surfaces after heavy rains over the previous week. Immediately prior to the point count period, more gulls were found on the airfield control plot. Data: A = airfield experimental turf grass plot; AC = airfield control plot

(62) For each plot, it was calculated that the median and mean number of birds were as set forth in Table 3 as follows:

(63) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 A AC Median 0 0 Mean* 0.48 0.45 *Calculated by removing the outlier counts of 54 and 52 on A and 12 on AC.

(64) As seen from the graphs, the Department of Aviation study proved successful, the lower turf grass required mowing only once per year, resulting in a tremendous reduction of effort and expense in mowing the airfield, which today at PNE is estimated to be mowed between 17 to 22 during the course of a season (from April through November.) By comparison, the airfield control turf grass not only needed to be mowed as usual, but had high weed composition measuring in places up to 16 inches between mowings.

(65) The study showed the effects on bird deterrence on the airfield plots containing the seed blends and mixes of the invention. Removing the two instances of higher bird counts because the occurrences were unrelated to the experimental grass, the mean averages drop to less-than-one bird in the experimental plot (A) and to less-than-one bird in the control plot (AC). The data demonstrates the experimental plots did not attract more birds than the control plots. This result was obtained even though the experimental plots were mowed just once a year, while the control plots received regular mowing throughout the growing season, having been mowed 17 times. In fact, the landside plot data shows a significant reduction in wildlife as the plot matures into a monoculture through the invention's method of selective herbicide control and carefully timed annual mowing. It is anticipated that as the experimental grass matures into thicker stands, there will be increasing reductions in wildlife. Immature stands of new grass, with more bare dirt areas exposed, are commonly subject to higher numbers of wildlife.

(66) Interviews were conducted with companies that perform commercial large-scale turf-grass installations. Estimates for the cost of mowing were noted to range from $600 to $1800 per acre per year, depending on location, conditions, and number of mowings per year. As part of the research effort, general data and estimates of current Philadelphia Division of Aviation (DOA) maintenance practices were collected for comparison to maintenance efforts required for the airfield turf grasses of the invention. The cost of the initial planting of a traditional turf grass seed mix used in the analysis varies depending on total acreage, construction phasing, the contractor performing the work, and other factors. For purposes of the analysis, a unit price per acre was selected based on a review of historic airport bid prices for seeding. Costs of the initial planting of the turf grass seeds of the invention were provided by Native Return, LLC, of Lafayette Hill, Pa. In general, the cost for the traditional seeding was on a similar order of magnitude as the cost for the seeding of the invention, and any variances from one to the other were relatively inconsequential over the long term aspect of the analysis.

(67) Specifically, the cost-benefit analysis was calculated for the airfields of Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE) and the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL). Table 4 sets forth the planting and maintenance costs for the compositions of the invention comprising the fine fescue grasses of the invention. It was demonstrated over the course of the study that a significant reduction in mowing effort from the current practice of an estimated 22 mows per year at PHL, or an estimated 17 mows per year at PNE, is possible.

(68) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Planting and Maintenance Costs for Compositions of the Invention CURRENT PRACTICE PROPOSED PRACTICE WITH TRADITIONAL WITH ALTERNATIVE AIRFIELD TURF GRASS AIRFIELD TURF GRASS (in ITEM (in 2010 dollars) 2010 dollars) NET CHANGE Initial Plantine For any sizable $1500/acre.sub.-.sup.1 $1560/acre.sub...sup.1 3 negligible acreage Estimated Frequency of Upfront Maintenance To Establish Turf Grass (within first year) Broadcast Not performed 1 application/year (only in first 1 application/year (only in Spraying of 1 or 2 years) first 1 or 2 years) Invasives Overseeding Not performed 1 application in first year 1 application in first year estimated at equivalent of 20%.sup.5 estimated at equivalent of rate of initial planting 20%.sup.5 rate of initial planting Estimated Cost Per Upfront Maintenance Occurrence to Establish Turf Grass (within first year) Broadcast Not applicable $100/acre.sub...sup.1 3 $100/acre Spraying of Invasives Overseeding Not applicable $312/acre .Math. j $312/acre Total Upfront Not applicable $412/acre $412/acre new cost Maintenance . Cost (per acre) Estimated Frequency of Annual Maintenance Fertilizing Not performed /required Not required Mowing.sub.-.sup.0. PHL PNE 1 mow/year PHL - PNE - 22 mows/ 17 mows/ 21 mows/ 16 mows/ year year year year Estimated Cost Per Annual Maintenance Occurrence Fertilizing $0/acre $0/acre $0/acre Mowing $38/acre $25/acre $38/acre $25/acre Total Annual $836/acre $425/acre $38/acre $25/acre $798/acre $400/acre Maintenance savings savings Cost (per acre) Total Airfield PHL PNE PHL PNE PHL PNE Acreage 870.4 763.88 870.4 763.88 (provided by DOA) Total Initial $1,305,600 $1,145,820 $1,357,824 $1,191,653 $1,357,824 $1,191,653 Planting Cost (for entire airfield) Total Upfront $0 $0 $358,605 $314,719 $358,605 $314,719 Maintenance Cost (for entire airfield) Total Cost of $1,305,600 $1,145,820 $1,716,429 $1,506,372 $410,829 $360,552 Initial Planting additional additional and Upfront cost cost Maintenance (for entire airfield) Total Annual $727,654 $324,649 $33,075 $19,097 $694,579 $305,552 Maintenance annual annual Cost (mowing for savings savings entire airfield) .sup.1Including labor, equipment, and materials. .sup.2Based on historic bid prices. Prices can vary greatly depending on scope of project. In general, the price difference as compared with the lower growing alternative turf grass is relatively negligible considering the long term cost savings. .sup.3Provided by Native Return, LLC. Does not include cost of one mowing between killing of existing grass and seeding of meadow in the case of replacing existing turf grass. .sup.4Over-seeding recommended within first year to cover bare spots and counteract any invasive weeds; estimated at equivalent of 20% of initial planting rate for purposes of benefit-cost analysis. .sup.5Provided by Native Return, LLC. .sup.6Frequency and cost per acre of current mowing practices at PHL and PNE based on data provided by DOA. .sup.7To maintain growth within FAA criteria per FAA Advisory Circular FAA AC 150/5200-33B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports.

(69) Based on the cost-benefit analysis, it was calculated that annual reductions in maintenance costs per acre at Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE) and Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), would be approximately 95% of what they are today through the reduction in mowing to once per year. Reducing mowing to a once annual event by utilizing the compositions according to the invention will save the Philadelphia Division of Aviation in mowing expenses alone, a combined amount of approximately $727,655.00 (in 2010 dollars) per year at Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) and $324,649.00 per year at Northeast Philadelphia Airport; which translates to a total savings over ten years (in 2010 dollars) of $7.3 million at PHL and $3.2 at PNE resulting in a savings of $10.5 million for the Philadelphia Division of Aviation for the two airports combined. It is also noteworthy that this calculation does not include the additional potential reduction in wildlife management expenses and runway interruptions.

(70) In addition to reduction mowing costs, fewer mowing events result in fewer runway interruptions, lower operational impact (with the reduction in mowing operations there will be a reduction in ground traffic conflicts), and fewer costs associated with anticipated wildlife strikes (mowing flushes and mutilated animals, birds and insects) as well as reduced wildlife management expenses.

(71) Another benefit of the methods of the invention is the reduction of gas emissions. Given that the airfield turf grass of the invention requires only one mow per season, compared to the current average 22 mows, replacing current airfield turf grass would ultimately reduce emissions from mowing operations to at least 1/21 of current practice, or a reduction of 95% as illustrated in Table 6. As part of the study of the Example herein, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's NONROAD model was used to calculate estimated pollutant emissions from current mowing equipment operations at the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE).

(72) Table 5 presents current estimated mowing emissions at PHL and PNE.

(73) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Summary of Estimated Pollutant Emissions (Tons/Year) VOC NOx CO S0.sub.2 PM.sub.10 PM.sub.2.5 PHL Current operations .70 .84 19.93 .03 .01 .01 Projected with slower growing .03 .04 .95 <.01 <.01 <.01 turf PNE Current operations .57 .11 15.93 .02 .01 .01 Projected with slower growing .03 .03 .76 <.01 <.01 <.01 turf grass Overall Estimated % 95% Reduction
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) NONROAD Model

Example 2

(74) An additional study was performed on a 0.17 acres landside experimental plot centered within the existing mowed grass control plot. Concurrent to the airfield study, the landside plot, one year more mature than the airfield plots, was included in the experiment and was monitored (for same above parameters) throughout its second year. The plot was seeded with the turf grass according to the invention on Sep. 18, 2009. The plot was mowed once per yearon Jun. 10, 2010 and on Jun. 22, 2011. The turf grass achieved an average height of 6 inches prior to mowing. It formed a dense sod except for one four-foot square area where crabgrass encroached. The plot was spot-treated for crabgrass and the spot was reseeded Oct. 24, 2011. It has since filled in. The grass was found to be sun and drought resistant. No fertilization was necessary. No irrigation was necessary. No disease was noted, and the grass resisted weed encroachment well for a new installation. It was spot treated once per year for scattered (infrequent) broadleaf weeds and crabgrass during the 28 month period.

(75) Bird activity was counted during 15 minute periods (point counts) and recorded by species in biweekly dawn and dusk monitoring of the experimental plots, as well as the control plot. The data demonstrates that the experimental plot did not attract more birds than the control plot. This occurred even though the experimental plot was mowed just once a year, while the control plot received regular mowing throughout the growing season (17 mows.) Although the landside plot was not replicated, it was noted through regular observation that birds entering the experimental turf grass plot, located within the control plot, would quickly exit the experimental grass plot. There were, at various times, many birds feeding in the mowed turf grass control plot surrounding the experimental turf grass plot, yet few if any within the experimental plot. It was noted that when the birds would enter the experimental plot, they would not linger, and instead relocate to continue feeding in the control plot area.

(76) The numbers of grasshoppers was fewer in the experimental plots compared to the control plots. This was determined anecdotally by observing a great reduction in the numbers of flushed grasshoppers when walking through the plots of the invention compared to the control plots in August and September. Grasshoppers are a known major wildlife attractant to foxes, skunks, ground squirrels, moles, shrews, mice, pheasants, quail, crows, owls, sharp-shinned hawks, kestrels, cooper's hawks, herons and many song birds feed on them, as well as turkeys, frogs, toads, and lizards.

Example 3

(77) Set forth in this Example 3 is a suggested seeding specification that can be utilized to grow the grass according to the invention herein on a plot having existing vegetation thereon. (For new construction sites, generally over one-half acre, hydro-seeding per industry standard practices, except as described earlier, is the preferred method.)

(78) Step 1Soil Samples. The first step is to pull 6 to 12 soil samples to a depth of 5 inches throughout the site. The soil samples are combined together and sent to a soil testing lab. The soil lab will send back the results of the test and recommendations in the establishment of the seed.

(79) Step 2Herbicides. After green-up, and when existing vegetation is actively growing, an application of glyphosate should be applied to control all growth, following the labeling instructions. A second application may have to be applied to control all perennial and annual weeds.

(80) Step 3Drill Seeding. Approximately fourteen days after Step 2, the site can be seeded. A vibrating seed slicer is preferably used. The unit should have seed slits with less than 4-inch centers. Two cross patterns should preferably be done for best coverage. Approximately half the seed rate should be sliced in each pattern. This cross pattern method will help eliminate seeding skips. All areas around ground obstructions should be hand ruffed up and hand seeded at the seeding rates set forth hereinabove.

(81) Acceptable seeding methods include hand seeding (small areas); push-type spreader; hand-cranked whirlybird-type seeder; turf slit-seeder; tractor mounted broadcast seeder, such as a Brillion seeder; tractor mounted slit seeder; and hydro-seeder. When seeding by hand, with a push-type spreader, or whirlybird seeder, the seed should be raked into the soil lightly and then rolled to ensure firm seed to soil contact.

(82) Step 4Soil Amendments. After Step 3 is complete, any soil amendment should be broadcast over the area. Care should be taken and all soil amendments should be applied also in preferably two or more cross patterns for best coverage. Preferably slow release blended fertilizer should be used.

(83) The environmental benefits to airports as a result of the use of the compositions and methods of the invention are incalculable, including protection of human life and wildlife; reduced gas emissions from decreased mowing, decreased storm water runoff due to deeper and larger root systems of vegetative cover, increased soil stabilization, moderation of airport temperatures and heat effects to the atmosphere, and tremendous financial savings to the aviation industry and consequently to the public.

(84) For the present invention, it has been determined that significant ground cover improvements can be made by purposefully planting a mixture of the aforementioned fine fescues beneath and around an array of solar panels, whether ground mounted or roof mounted or otherwise mounted as long as there is a sufficient amount of soil thereunder to support grass growth. They will result in grasses, or more particularly turfgrasses, exhibiting far less maintenance obligations including but not limited to: little to no mowing; little to no irrigation; and little to no fertilizing. In addition, these grasses will require less weed treatments than other vegetative mixes. In fact, this invention should help prevent the natural influx of weed and undesirable plant growth beneath solar panels as depicted in accompanying FIG. 5.

(85) This composition (and its related methods) will result in a better underside region to that solar array as depicted in FIG. 6. It will require less maintenance than other grass blends. It will survive without fertilization and/or outside irrigation yet, at the same time, require fewer if any periodic mowings, made all the more complicated by the solar panel hardware situated thereover.

(86) Depending on the slope of the land on which the panels are installed and/or the part of the planting season in which grass installation is commenced (e.g., early summerJune versus later in July/August or in spring, fall or winter), it may prove beneficial to add an initial nurse crop to stabilize the soil to the aforementioned Fine Fescue mixes but in no event greater than about 7-8% of an annual ryegrass or up to 20 lbs. of intermediate rye. They should be generally avoided, however, as the more frequent mowings required of a ryegrass-containing blend is more problematic when considering: (i) the overlying solar panel structures that interfere with simple mowing practices; and (ii) that special steps may need to be taken to eventually eradicate this nurse crop and not allow IT to go to seed.

Preferred Maintenance Guidelines

(87) FlightTurf will achieve its two-part goal of reduced mows and wildlife reduction once established as a mature, weed-free mono-stand. Frequent inspections of FlightTurf installations, especially during the first 2-3 years, are recommended in order to achieve this goal. Weeds can be controlled through both mowing and chemical treatment, following the advice of a qualified FlightTurf specialist. Inspections and weed control diminish after the FlightTurf stand matures.

(88) Avoid operating heavy equipment on wet ground, as it can cause rutting.

(89) January Through February

(90) Avoid vehicular traffic on frost-covered turf, as injury can occur.

(91) Maintain mowers. Blades should be sharpened to avoid turf injury.

(92) March Through April

(93) Perform soil test per University Agriculture Extension Service or equivalent Soil Lab instructions. Soil type, pH, and nutrient levels will be useful for determining future liming or fertilization needs of the area.

(94) Inspect for bare spots and reseed as necessary using a no till turfgrass slit seeder, which will cut through existing thatch layer and not excessively disturb the soil. The machine should have 2 spaced discs on a suspension allowing each disc to move independently over uneven surfaces. Small bare areas can be seeded by raking, hand broadcasting seed, and firming the soil. Reseed FlightTurf at about 7 lbs. per 1000 sq. ft. (or 300 lbs. per acre). Apply fertilizer @ lb. nitrogen per 1000 square feet (slow release N).

(95) If FlightTurf is present throughout but thin, the following mowing/feeding program can be followed: during spring maintain FlightTurf at 4 inches (height from ground) by mowing when the grass reaches 5 to 6 inches. Apply fertilizer @ lb. nitrogen per 1000 square feet (slow release N). This technique promotes rapid tillering and lateral spread, which will fill in bare areas. Continue mowing through seed stalk production in June. It is recommended to time fertilizer applications immediately prior to forecasted rain.

(96) Apply pre-emergent herbicide to control crabgrass. Once the stand matures, crabgrass control will rarely be necessary. Consult University Agriculture Extension Service for correct timing of application.

(97) Inspect for annual and perennial weeds and if necessary control with proper chemical application and suggested mowings, per recommendations of a qualified FlightTurf specialist.

(98) May Through June

(99) Mow FlightTurf to a 5 inch height (from the ground) once or twice during seed stalk production, preferably with a flail type mower that mulches the clippings. Two mowings will lessen the build-up of thatch. Care should be taken to cut on cooler, cloudy dry days.

(100) Inspect for annual and perennial weeds and if necessary control with proper chemical application and suggested mowings, per recommendations of a qualified FlightTurf specialist.

(101) July Through August

(102) Inspect for annual and perennial weeds and control per recommendations of a qualified FlightTurf specialist.

(103) Do not mow, if avoidable. If unavoidable, mow to a 5 inch height (from the ground) on a cool, cloudy dry day.

(104) September Through Mid-October

(105) Inspect for bare spots and reseed as necessary using a turfgrass slit seeder, which will cut through existing thatch layer and not excessively disturb the soil. The machine should have 2 spaced discs on a suspension allowing each disc to move independently over uneven surfaces. Small bare areas can be seeded by raking, hand broadcasting seed, and firming the soil. Reseed FlightTurf at 5 lb. per 1000 sq. ft.

(106) Apply fertilizer @ lb. nitrogen per 1000 square feet (slow release N) in early September if FlightTurf coverage is not adequate. Maintaining new growth to a 4 inch height (from the ground) by mowing when the grass reaches 5 to 6 inches will promote rapid tillering, enabling FlightTurf to fill in thin areas. Time fertilizer application prior to forecasted rain.

(107) Apply lime if required. FlightTurf responds best to soil pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.4. Lime can be applied at any time of the year as long as the ground is not frozen. Fall application is best because winter snow and rain, combined with the freezing and thawing of soil, help to incorporate the lime into the soil. Lime can be applied at the same time as fertilizer.

(108) Inspect for annual and perennial weeds and if necessary control with proper chemical application and suggested mowings, per recommendations of a qualified FlightTurf specialist.

(109) Inspect for thatch build up. Thatch is the layer of built up dead vegetation close to the ground that has not yet decomposed into soil. Excessive thatch can smother the grass and should be removed using one of the following techniques:

(110) 1) Vertical mower. Before dethatching, the area should be mowed to approximately 3-4 inches. A dethatching vertical mower can then be used to comb the thatch up, where it can be raked away. Afterwards, the material needs to be removed. This procedure is best done in early fall while the grass is actively growing, which allows FlightTurf to recover from the stress. Care should be taken not to perform these activities during periods of drought or excessive heat.

(111) 2) Late season mow. Please see next section, as this is performed closer to winter.

(112) Aerating (optional, as needed). If FlightTurf is planted in a heavy clay soil suffering from compaction, aerating can often revitalize the soil by allowing air and water to penetrate to the roots. Various mechanical devices are available for this procedure, which is best performed during early fall. Consult Native Return if this technique is appropriate for your location. Aeration can also effectively reduce thatch levels.

(113) Mid-October Through December

(114) Last application of nitrogen, if needed, should be no more than 6 weeks after first frost.

(115) Late season mowing is a useful technique for eliminating matting, which can occur if FlightTurf lodges excessively (lays over onto itself). If lodging creates a situation where it begins to smother itself, impeding new growth, It is often advantageous to mow FlightTurf closely to the ground after the grass has gone dormant, in late fall. Cut material should be removed. Never close mow FlightTurf when actively growing, as severe damage can result.

(116) If an inspection by a FlightTurf specialist is not possible: Following the initial installation, the following late spring, when soil temperatures remain above 60 F., the weed cover within the turf stand should be assessed. In areas further north, this may occur several weeks later in the season.

(117) During initial establishment of FlightTurf, it is important to identify weeds as either perennial broadleaf weeds and brush or annual broadleaf weeds. For small infestations of perennial broadleaf weeds or brush, spot spray the area with an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved selective herbicide that will not harm the FlightTurf turfgrass. For a large infestation of perennial broadleaf weeds or brush, a broadcast application of an EPA approved selective herbicide may be necessary, following the label instructions and manufacturer's recommendations for all herbicides applied, which will include the proper time to spray based on the weeds present. It is important to properly identify the weeds and the appropriate chemical for their control, ensuring the application will not damage FlightTurf.

(118) If chemical control is not possible, regularly mow as low as possible, down to the top of the FlightTurf leaf blades.

(119) In the event of the presence of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses, the undesirable vegetation is controlled preferably in May or June during the time of the annual mowing of the FlightTurf seed stalks. In the first year of FlightTurf establishment, the FlightTurf grasses are mowed a second time if desired, no less than 4 inches, preferably 5 inches from the ground, which should be done preferably in August in order to reduce the seed production of the annual undesirable weedy vegetation.

(120) Any mowing techniques known in the industry are acceptable, but the use of a flail-type mower to cut and mulch the grass clippings is preferred. Mowing equipment must have sharp blades and be capable of making a clean, sharp cut, as opposed to shredding or trampling the cuttings of FlightTurf. Mowing on days when extreme heat and sun are forecast should be avoided.

(121) EPA approved herbicides will be necessary on an as needed basis on installations to control problematic turf grasses that exceed the height of the FlightTurf, which typically will be approximately 6 or 7 inches. This can be done by wicking the undesirable growth above the FlightTurf, exercising care to avoid contact with the FlightTurf, using standard wicking equipment and practices.

(122) In order to prevent potential areas where the FlightTurf seeds or grass have not established or have been damaged, such areas are reseeded or overseeded, preferably in late August or early September, at approximately 220 lbs./acre, following initial installation instructions.

(123) Geographical location and weather conditions will determine the best seeding time. Typically, between late August and late September or early October is preferred. Further south, seeding can be extended into late October. Fewer weeds germinate in fall seeding. Seeding in March to mid-May is a secondary option, however is less effective. Weeds will be more prevalent and must be controlled by following the above protocols.

(124) The particular embodiments described herein are provided by way of example and is not meant in any way to limit the scope of the claimed invention. It is understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Without further elaboration, the foregoing will so fully illustrate the invention, that others may by current or future knowledge, readily adapt the same for use under the various conditions of service.