MULTI-LAYER SLIDING BEARING

Abstract

The invention relates to a multi-layer sliding bearing (1) comprising a sliding layer (3) having a surface for contacting a component which is to be mounted. Said sliding layer (3) is made from a tin-based alloy with tin as the main alloy element and the sliding layer (3) has on the surface, at least in sections, an oxidic subcoating (6) in which the proportion of tin oxide(s) is at least 50% in wt.

Claims

1: A multi-layer sliding bearing (1) comprising a sliding layer (3) having a surface for contacting a component to be supported, wherein the sliding layer (3) is made from a tin-based alloy with tin as the main alloy element, wherein the sliding layer (3) has on the surface, at least in some sections, an oxidic subcoating (6), in which the proportion of tin oxide(s) is at least 50 wt. %.

2: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidic subcoating (6) extends over at least 80% of the surface.

3: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least 50% of the area of the oxidic subcoating (6) has a layer thickness (7) which is at least 0.1 m.

4: The multi-layer sliding bearing (!) as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least 50% of the area of the oxidic subcoating (6) has a layer thickness (7) which is maximum of 2 m.

5: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sliding layer (3) has oxidic areas (8) underneath the oxidic subcoating (6).

6: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein there is more than 40 wt. % tin oxide in the modification romarchite.

7: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 6, wherein in addition to romarchite there is also tetravalent tin oxide in the oxidic subcoating.

8: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidic subcoating (6) contains at least one alloy element and/or an alloy component, which is selected from a group comprising: carbon, hydrogen and sulfur.

9: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidic subcoating (6) contains at least one alloy element and/or one alloy component which is selected from a group comprising antimony, copper, indium, bismuth, lead as well as the oxides of said elements and the sulfides of said elements.

10: The multi-layer sliding bearing (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidic subcoating (6) comprises pores 9 and/or cracks (10).

Description

[0017] In a simplified, schematic representation:

[0018] FIG. 1 shows a multi-layer sliding bearing in the form of a sliding bearing half shell in side view;

[0019] FIG. 2 shows a cross-section, of a section of a sliding layer in an oblique view.

[0020] First of all, it should be noted-that the details relating to position used in the description, such as e.g. top, bottom, side etc. relate to the currently described and represented figure and in case of a change in position should be adjusted to the new position.

[0021] FIG. 1 shows a multi-layer sliding bearing 1 in the form of a sliding bearing half shell. A two-layered variant of the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 is shown consisting of a support layer 2 and a sliding layer 3, which is arranged on a front side 4 (radial inner side) of the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 which can be turned to face a component to be supported.

[0022] If necessary a bearing metal layer 5 can be arranged between the sliding layer 3 and the support layer 2, as indicated, by a dashed line in FIG. 1.

[0023] The principle structure of such a multi-layer sliding, bearing 1, as used for example in combustion engines, is known from the prior art so that fusilier explanations are unnecessary here, it should be mentioned however that additional layers can be provided, for example an adhesive layer and/or a diffusion barrier layer between the sliding layer 3 and the bearing metal layer 5, and also an adhesive layer can be arranged between the bearing metal layer 5 and the support layer 2.

[0024] Within the scope of the invention the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 can also be designed differently, for example as a bearing bush, as indicated in FIG. 1 by dashed lines. Likewise embodiments such as run-in rings, axially running sliding shoes or the like are possible.

[0025] The support metal layer 2 is preferably made of steel, but can also be made from, a material which gives the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 the necessary structural strength. Such materials are known from the prior art.

[0026] For the bearing metal layer 5 and the intermediate layers the alloys or materials known from the relevant prior art can be used and reference is made to the latter.

[0027] The sliding layer 3 consists of a tin-based alloy with tin as the main alloy element, i.e. the proportion of tin is the largest relative to the individual amounts of the additional alloy elements and alloy components.

[0028] Preferably, the total contents of the additional alloy elements and alloy components is between 15 wt. % and 34 wt. %, in particular between 20 wt. % and 30 wt. %. The remainder to 100 wt. %; is formed by tin.

[0029] As additional alloy elements and alloy components in addition to tin the tin-based alloy preferably contains at least one of the alloy elements and alloy components listed in table 1. The second column lists the respective amount in wt. %, in the third column the respective preferred amount in wt. % and the third column lists the effects which are achieved by adding the respective element.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Alloy elements wt. % wt. % Effect Sb 2-20 5-15 solid solution strengthening (Snubs) Sb sulfide(s) 1-10 1-5 solid lubricant Sb oxide(s) 1-7 1-3 increase of conductivity Cu 0.2-15 0.5-5 solid solution strengthening (Cu6Sn5) Cu sulfide(s) 0.5-8 1-4 solid lubricant Cu oxide(s) 0.5-8 1-4 increase of strength In 0.1-8 0.2-1.5 reduction of corrosion by lubricant oil components In sulfide(s) 0.1-5 0.1-2 solid lubricant In oxide(s) 0.1-5 0.1-2 increase of conductivity Bi 0.1-2 0.2-0.5 increase of strength Bi sulfide(s) 0.01-2 0.01-1 solid lubricant Bi oxide(s) 0.01-2 0.01-1.5 increase of strength Pb 0.1-2 0.2-0.5 improvement of the load- bearing capacity Pb sulfide(s) 0.1-2 0.1-0.5 solid lubricant Pb oxide(s) 0.1-2 0.1-0.5 increase of conductivity

[0030] In addition to said alloy elements and alloy components the tin-based alloy can also contain additional elements, such as in particular Zr, Si, Zn, Ni, Ag, wherein the total, proportion of the latter in the tin-based alloy is limited to a maximum of 3 wt. %.

[0031] The sliding layer 3 comprises on the surface, i.e. the front side 4, an oxidic subcoating 6, as shown in FIG. 2. The oxidic subcoating 6 is made at least partly from the tin of the tin-based alloy by oxidation. The proportion of tin oxide on the oxidic subcoating 6 is at least 50 wt. %, preferably at least 70 wt. %, in particular at least 90 wt. %. The oxidic subcoating 6 can however also be made completely from tin oxide(s).

[0032] Preferably, the oxidic subcoating extends over at least 80% of the surface, i.e. the area of the front side 4, in particular over at least 90%. However, it is also possible that the oxidic subcoating covers the whole surface, i.e. the whole running surface of the sliding bearing 1 in contact with the lubricant, in particular lubricant oil.

[0033] It is also preferable, if at least 50%., preferably at least 70%, in particular at least 90%, of the area of the oxidic subcoating has a layer thickness 7, which, is at least 0.1 m, preferably at 20 least 0.3 m, and/or if at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, in particular at least 90%, of the area of the oxidic subcoating has a layer thickness 7 which is maximum of 2 m, preferably a maximum of 0.7 m, The layer thickness 7 is adjusted in particular over the period of producing the oxidic subcoating 6.

[0034] To produce the oxidic subcoating 6 the sliding layer 3 is deposited in a first step, in particular galvanically, onto the respective substrate, i.e. the support layer 2 or the bearing metal layer 5 or the intermediate layer, as explained above. Reference is made to AT 509 112 A1, in which particular reference is made to the deposition conditions and the electrolytes.

[0035] After the deposition of the sliding layer 3 the latter is subjected to oxidation. This is preferably performed by (electrochemical treatment in oxidizing solutions, such as for example an acidic (pH=3-4) permanganate solution etc. The temperature of the (electrochemical treatment can be between 80 C. and 150 C. If the oxidation is performed electrochemically, the sliding bearing is connected as an anode. The anodic oxidation can be performed at a voltage between 40 V and 60 V at a current density in a range of between 5 A/cm.sup.2 and 15 A/cm.sup.2.

[0036] According to another embodiment variant the electrolyte is preferably organic in nature, for example ammonium pentaborate in ethylene glycol can be used.

[0037] The anodic layer can also be formed in an organic electrolyte of the class of ionic liquids (for example 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide). As in this way because of the large stability window hardly any side reactions (such as gas formation) can occur, the layer formation is performed until the voltage reaches a value of 40 V, The current drops until reaching a voltage of 1 A/dm.sup.2 to below 0.05 A/dm.sup.2. By selecting the stopping voltage the layer thickness can be adjusted to a limited degree. At 40 V a thickness of the oxide layer of on average about 0.15 m. is achieved,

[0038] However, also other oxidative treatments are possible, for example using hydrogen peroxide, by oxidation with a gas, such as tor example carbon dioxide (50 vol. % to 100 vol. %), ozone, water vapor, etc. The temperature can also be between 80 C. and 150 C.

[0039] However, in addition to the preferred production of the oxidic subcoating 6 from at least one component of the sliding layer 3 it is also possible that the oxidic subcoating 6 is produced by deposition on the sliding layer 3, for example by means of gas phase deposition, or cathode sputtering. For example the sliding layer 3 can be deposited by reactive sputtering. For this the direct voltage can be between 1000 V and 3000 V at a discharge current of between 6 mA and 15 mA.

[0040] At the same time as or after the oxidizing treatment of the sliding layer 3 it is possible to sulfurize the sliding layer 3. For example, the oxidizing atmosphere H.sub.2S or a mercaptan can be added. Thus the sulfides listed in table 1 can be produced, provided the latter have not already been added as sulfides.

[0041] In addition to the formation of the oxidic sub coating 6 it is also possible that the sliding layer 3 underneath the oxidic subcoating 6 has oxidic sections. Preferably, said oxidic sections also contain tin oxide(s). However, also other oxides can be provided, in particular those listed in table 1. The proportion of these oxides underneath the oxidic subcoating 6 is preferably between 0.5 wt. % and 15 wt. %. Said oxidic sections 8 can be introduced by admixing oxides to the alloy components to produce the sliding layer 3.

[0042] According to a further, preferred embodiment variant the tin oxide of the oxidic subcoating 6 contains more than 40 wt. %, in particular more than 70 wt. %, of the modification romarchite.

[0043] It is also possible that in addition to bivalent tin oxide tetravalent tin oxide is also contained in the oxidic subcoating 6. This is achieved by means of the thermal processing of the sliding layer 3.

[0044] In addition to making the oxidic subcoating 6 exclusively of tin oxide(s) it is possible that the oxidic subcoating 6 contains at least one further alloy element or further alloy component. The latter is or are selected in particular from the alloy elements or alloy components which are listed in table 1, wherein also the set amount ranges can be applied. In addition, the oxidic subcoating 6 can also contain at least one element from a group comprising or consisting of H, C, S, For example, the oxidic subcoating 6 can contain the additional alloy elements or alloy components listed in table 2. The details are given in wt. %. The remainder to 100 wt. % is formed respectively by tin oxide or tin oxides respectively.

[0045] For the sake of completion it should be noted at this point that the oxides can also be partly present in the oxidic subcoating 6 as hydroxides and/or oxyhydrates.

[0046] Antimony can be present as 3-valent and/or 5-valent and/or mixed 3-/5-valent oxide and/or sulfide.

[0047] Copper can be present as 1 -valent and/or 2-valent oxide and/or sulfide.

[0048] Indium call be present as 3-valent oxide and/or sulfide.

[0049] Bismuth can be present as 3-valent and/or 5-valent oxide and/or sulfide.

[0050] Lead can be present as 2-valent and/or 4-valent and/or mixed 2-/4-valent oxide and/or sulfide.

[0051] These details relating to oxides and sulfides of the metals also relate to the sliding layer 3 and/or the oxidic subcoating 6. In addition, the metals themselves can also be present in the sliding, layer 3 and/or oxidic subcoating 6, as already explained above.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Examples of the compositions of the oxidic subcoating 6 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 S 1.5 0.025 Sb sulfide(s) 2 7 8 5 2.5 1 10 Sb oxide(s) 3 4 3 1 7 Cu sulfide(s) 7 4 1.8 8 Cu oxide(s) 2.4 1.5 0.5 8 In sulfide(s) 1.5 3.8 0.1 In oxide(s) 4 2.5 0.1 Bi sulfide(s) 0.9 1 Bi oxide(s) 0.5 1.8 0.7 Pb sulfide(s) 0.1 0.7 Pb oxide(s) 0.1 layer 0.15 1.15 0.45 0.85 1.5 0.4 1.1 0.25 1.3 1.6 0.75 0.8 0.9 1.8 1.9 thickness [m]

[0052] In addition to the aforementioned alloy elements or alloy components the oxidic subcoating 6 can also comprise additional alloy components. In particular, the oxidic subcoating 6 can contain at least one further oxide from a group comprising or consisting of chromium oxide(s), molybdenum oxide(s), tungsten oxide(s), manganese oxide(s), nickel oxide(s).

[0053] For example, the oxidic subcoating 6 can contain MnO.sub.2. For this the electrochemical oxidation can be performed in a permanganate solution at a pH of 3-4 and a temperature between 80 and 150 C. The anodic oxidation can be performed, at a voltage between 40 V and 60 V at a current density in a range of between 5 A/cm.sup.2 and 15 A/cm.sup.2.

[0054] To produce tungsten oxides an ammonium tungsten solution can be used. The deposition can be performed at a pH of between 8 and 9 and at a temperature of between 80 C. and 150 C. The voltage can be between 10 V and 20 V and the current density in a range of between 5 A/dm.sup.2 and 15 A/dm.sup.2.

[0055] The total proportion of chromium oxide(s), molybdenum oxide(s), tungsten oxide(s), manganese oxide(s), nickel oxide(s) can be between 4 wt. % and 15 wt. %.

[0056] In particular, the proportion of chromium oxide(s) can be between 0.1 wt. % and 6 wt. % and/or the proportion of molybdenum oxide(s) can be between 0.1 wt. % and 5 wt. % and/or the proportion-of tungsten oxide(s) can be between 0.1 wt. % and 6.5 wt. % and/or the proportion of manganese oxide(s) can be between 0.1 wt. % and 8 wt. % and/or the proportion of nickel oxide(s) can be between 0.1 wt. % and 5 wt. %.

[0057] According to another embodiment variant the oxidic subcoating 6 has pores 9 and/or crack 10, as indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 2. This is achieved by a suitable adaptation of the galvanic baths and/or by the variation of the method parameters, for example in that shortly before completing the galvanic deposition of the sliding layer 3 the formation of gas in the galvanic bath is permitted.

[0058] The pores 9 can have a maximum diameter of between 0.5 m and 3 nm and/or a pore depth between 0.1 of the layer thickness of the oxidic subcoating 6 and 1 the layer thickness of the oxidic subcoating 6.

[0059] The cracks 10 can have a length between 0.1 the layer thickness of the oxidic subcoating 6 and 5 the layer thickness of the oxidic subcoating 6 and/or a crack depth between 0.1 of the layer thickness of the oxidic subcoating 6 and 1 the layer thickness of the oxidic subcoating 6.

[0060] During tests on such multi-layer sliding bearings 1 a sliding bearing was produced consisting of a support layer 2 made of steel, a CuSn5Zn layer applied thereon, as a bearing metal layer 5, an Ni barrier layer applied thereon, a SnCu5 sliding layer 3 deposited galvanically thereon, which had an oxidic subcoating 6 of SnO. The layer thickness 7 of the oxidic subcoating 6 was between 0.3 m and 0.7 m.

[0061] As a comparison example the same multi-layer sliding bearing was produced, but without the oxidic subcoating 6.

[0062] For testing said two multi-layer sliding bearings 1 were subjected to laser screening. In this case the surfaces of the sliding layers 3 were scanned by a laser beam, under the same conditions so that the surfaces of the sliding layers 3 of the two multi-layer sliding bearings 1 heated up to the same temperature. Then the cooling .of the sliding layers 3 was recorded over time.

[0063] In the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 with the oxidic subcoating 6 the temperature goes down much more slowly than in the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 without the oxidic subcoating 6. In addition, the surface of the comparison example was melted on.

[0064] Additional test samples were produced with sliding layers 3, which had at least one of the alloy elements or at least one of the alloy components according to table 1 and the amount proportions given in table 1.

[0065] All of these examples showed during laser screening, as described above, a much lower heating of the sliding layer 3, than the comparison sample with the same composition but without the oxidic subcoating. In further trials multi-layer sliding bearings 1 with oxidic sub coatings 6 were produced which consisted of 40 wt. % or 50 wt. % or 95 wt. % Sn(II)oxide in the modification romarchite. Said test samples were compared with sliding layers with oxidic subcoatings 6 which had a proportion of less than 40 wt. % Sn(II)oxide in the modification romarchite. It was shown that the temperature bearing capacity of the sliding layer 3 overtime and/or the level, of the temperature was improved by at least 10% than that of the sliding layers 3 with less than 40 wt. % romarchite.

[0066] The extent of the surface of the sliding layer 3 covered with the oxidic subcoating 6 was also studied. For this purpose test samples were produced, in which the surface of the sliding layer 3 was covered with the oxidic subcoating 6 by 50% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% or 100%. Surprisingly, it could be established that a full surface covering with the oxidic subcoating 6, i.e. an oxidic subcoating 6 fully covering the sliding layer 3, is not necessary to achieve the above effects. The critical extent of the surface coating was established during said test to be at least 50%.

[0067] In addition, the influence of pores 9 and cracks 10 on the effectiveness of the oxidic subcoating was studied. For this purpose the oxidic subcoating 6 was produced with pores 9 having a diameter corresponding, to the aforementioned values and cracks 10 having a crack length corresponding to the aforementioned values. After the test run of the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 the latter was subjected to the aforementioned laser screening, wherein surprisingly a better performance was achieved than with a multi-layer sliding bearing 1 having a pore and crack-free oxidic subcoating. A subsequent microscopic study showed that lubricant was embedded into the pores and cracks. The better performance is a result of this embedding.

[0068] The example embodiments describe, possible embodiment variants of the multi-layer sliding bearing 1, whereby it should be noted at this point that various different combinations of the individual embodiment variants are possible.

[0069] Finally, as a point of formality, it should be noted that for a better understanding of the structure of the multi-layer sliding bearing 1 the latter and its components have not been represented true to scale in part and/or have been enlarged and/or reduced in size. [0070] 1 multi-layer sliding bearing [0071] 2 support layer [0072] 3 sliding layer [0073] 4 front side [0074] 5 bearing metal layer [0075] 6 subcoating [0076] 7 layer thickness [0077] 8 section [0078] 9 pore [0079] 10 crack