Cartridge for processing a fluid

Abstract

The invention relates to a cartridge (790) for processing a fluid comprising (i)a pre-treatment fluidic system with an inlet (710) via which the fluid can be supplied and at least one primary processing chamber (712) in which said fluid can be processed; (ii) a post-treatment fluidic system with at least one secondary processing chamber (755) in which fluid can be processed; (iii) a fluid-treatment element (701) that is permeable to at least a part oft he fluid and that couples the post-treatment fluidic system to the pre-treatment fluidic system. The fluid-treatment element may particularly be a filter material (701) integrated into at least one foil (702, 703, 704).

Claims

1. A cartridge for processing a fluid, comprising: a) a pre-treatment fluidic system that comprises an inlet via which the fluid can be supplied and at least one primary detection chamber in which said fluid can be measured; b) a post-treatment fluidic system that comprises at least one secondary detection chamber in which fluid can be measured; and c) a fluid-treatment element that is permeable to at least a part of the fluid and that couples the post-treatment fluidic system to the pre-treatment fluidic system, wherein the at least a part of the said fluid that passes through the fluid-treatment element comprises post-treated fluid, and wherein a measurement of said fluid in the at least one primary detection chamber and a measurement of the post-treated fluid in the at least one secondary detection chamber can occur simultaneously for at least a part of a respective measurement duration.

2. A method for the processing of a fluid in a cartridge according to claim 1, said method comprising the following steps: a) introducing into the inlet of the cartridge a quantity of the fluid that fills both the pre-treatment fluidic system and the post-treatment fluidic system; b) measuring the fluid in the primary detection chamber of the cartridge; and c) measuring the fluid in the secondary detection chamber of the cartridge.

3. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein a total volume of the pre-treatment fluidic system and the post-treatment fluidic system is a smaller than 500 l.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein measuring the fluid in the primary detection chamber comprises measuring the fluid to obtain at least one selected from the group consisting of electrochemical measurements, electrical impedance measurements, heat conduction measurements, optical measurements, and spectroscopic measurements.

5. A cartridge for processing a fluid, comprising: a) a pre-treatment fluid system that comprises an inlet via which the fluid can be supplied and at least one primary detection chamber in which said fluid can be measured; b) a post-treatment fluidic system that comprises at least one secondary detection chamber in which fluid can be measured; and c) a fluid-treatment element that is permeable to at least a part of the fluid and that couples the post-treatment fluidic system to the pre-treatment fluidic system, wherein the secondary detection chamber comprises a transparent side face that allows optical examination of the fluid in the secondary detection chamber, wherein the optical examination includes examination of fluid directly adjacent to the transparent side face by at least one or more selected from the group of consisting of evanescent field excitation, observation of scattered light, and frustrated total internal reflection.

6. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the fluid-treatment element is a filter element.

7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the fluid comprises blood.

8. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the pre-treatment fluid system, the post-treatment fluidic system, and the fluid-treatment element are embodied within a structure that comprises a rigid carrier attached to a filter unit for filtering the fluid, wherein said filter unit comprises: a) at least one foil that is impermeable to the fluid, the at least one foil having at least one aperture; and b) a filter material that is permeable to at least a part of the fluid, wherein said filter material is integrated into said at least one aperture of the at least one foil, wherein the filter material serves as the fluid-treatment element.

9. The cartridge according to claim 8, wherein the filter material is arranged in an aperture of an intermediate foil that is embedded between a top foil and a bottom foil.

10. The cartridge according to claim 8, wherein the at least one foil of the filter unit comprises at least one cavity, wherein the at least one cavity is selected from the group consisting of (i) a supply channel, (ii) the at least one primary detection chamber, (iii) a drain channel, and (iv) the at least one secondary detection chamber.

11. The cartridge according to claim 8, wherein the filter material has a dome shape.

12. A cartridge for processing a fluid, comprising: a) a pre-treatment fluidic system that comprise an inlet via which the fluid can be supplied and at least one primary detection chamber in which said fluid can be measured; b) a post-treatment fluidic system that comprise at least one secondary detection chamber in which fluid can be measured; and c) a flud-treatment element that is permeable to at least a part of the fluid and that couples the post-treatment fluidic system to the pre-treatment fluid system, wherein the pre-treatment fluid system, the post-treatment fluidic system, and the fluid-treatment element are embodied within a structure that comprises a rigid carrier attached to a filter unit for filtering the fluid, wherein said filter unit comprises; (i) at least one foil that is impermeable to the fluid, the at least one foil having at least one aperture; and (ii) a filter material that is permeable to at least a part of the fluid, wherein said filter material is integrated into said at least one aperture of the at least one foil, wherein the filter material serves as the fluid-treatment element, further comprising: a holding element for pressing the filter material in one direction, wherein said holding element comprises an additional foil.

13. The cartridge according to claim 8, wherein the carrier comprises at least one cavity for an accommodation of fluid, wherein said cavity is connected to the filter material.

14. The cartridge according to claim 13, wherein the at least one cavity of the carrier is covered by a foil of the filter unit.

15. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary detection chamber is located adjacent to the fluid-treatment element.

16. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein a total volume of the pre-treatment fluidic system and the post-treatment fluidic system is a smaller than 50 l.

17. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the secondary detection chamber comprises a transparent side face that allows optical examination of the fluid in the secondary detection chamber, wherein the optical examination includes examination of fluid directly adjacent to the transparent side face by at least one or more selected from the group consisting of evanescent field excitation, observation of scattered light, and frustrated total internal reflection.

18. The cartridge according to claim 8, further comprising a holding element for pressing the filter material in one direction, wherein said holding element comprises an additional foil.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

(2) In the drawings:

(3) FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section through a first filter unit according to the invention;

(4) FIG. 2 shows an exploded perspective view of the filter unit of FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 3 shows a top view onto the filter unit of FIG. 1 (top drawing) and top views onto the foils constituting said filter unit (bottom three drawings);

(6) FIG. 4 shows a cross section through a cartridge comprising the filter unit of FIG. 1 before the attachment of the filter unit to the carrier;

(7) FIG. 5 shows a cross section through a cartridge with a second filter unit comprising foils of different thicknesses;

(8) FIG. 6 shows a cross section through a cartridge comprising a third filter unit with an additional top foil for holding the filter material;

(9) FIG. 7 shows views onto the bottom side of four embodiments of the additional top foil of the cartridge of FIG. 6, said embodiments comprising apertures with radial slots, an aperture composed of three connected small circular openings, and an aperture composed of three unconnected small circular openings, respectively;

(10) FIG. 8 shows a cross section through a cartridge comprising a fourth filter unit with a bottom foil that is larger to cover an associated carrier and with an additional top foil having several openings;

(11) FIG. 9 shows a cross section through a cartridge comprising a fifth filter unit before the attachment of the filter unit to the carrier, wherein the bottom foil of the filter unit covers open cavities of the carrier;

(12) FIG. 10 shows a cross section through a cartridge comprising a sixth filter unit with a post-treatment fluidic system;

(13) FIG. 11 shows a top view onto a cartridge comprising a seventh filter unit and an associated carrier, wherein the filter unit has a pre-treatment and a post-treatment fluidic system;

(14) FIG. 12 shows a cross section through the cartridge of FIG. 11;

(15) FIG. 13 shows a top view onto a cartridge comprising an eighth filter unit with a pre-treatment fluidic system, wherein processing chambers are located adjacent to the filter material;

(16) FIG. 14 shows a cross section through the cartridge of FIG. 13;

(17) FIG. 15 shows a top view onto a cartridge similar to that of FIGS. 11 and 12 but with a pre-treatment fluidic system that splits into three parallel branches;

(18) FIG. 16 shows a top view onto a cartridge similar to that of FIGS. 13 and 14 but with a pre-treatment fluidic system that splits into three parallel branches;

(19) FIG. 17 shows a cross section through a cartridge comprising an eleventh filter unit that allows for the application of a sample liquid under visual control, showing the case in which a maximal amount of fluid is applied;

(20) FIG. 18 shows the cartridge of FIG. 17 when a minimal amount of fluid is applied.

(21) Like reference numbers or numbers differing by integer multiples of 100 refer in the Figures to identical or similar components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(22) Biosensors are known for the detection of specific target molecules in body fluids like saliva, urine, and especially blood. A biosensor platform as it is for example known from the US 2010/0310423 A1 (also called Philips Magnotech platform) uses multi-chamber disposable cartridges. Separate detection chambers are used for the selective detection of different target proteins using immunoassays based on magnetic particles and optical detection methods (e.g. frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR), or single bead detection).

(23) In order to reduce costs of the aforementioned biosensors, a more cost effective design of the disposable cartridge is desirable. Preferably the new design should allow for a production based on roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques (e.g. hot embossed foils, lamination, etc.). Thus the easy combination of a number of functions (capillary fluid transport, RF-ID, filter mounting, electrochemistry etc.) in simple subunits can be achieved that can still be combined with injection molded cartridge parts (if necessary, e.g. for sensitive optical detection and/or evanescent field excitation). Another objective is to allow the detection of target molecules in both blood and plasma starting from a limited volume blood sample (fingerprick). Moreover, optimal exploitation of small sample volumes is desirable. According to one aspect, the proposed approach suggests a switch to roll-to-roll processing wherever possible. An advantage of this approach is that some functionalities are already made in roll-to-roll processes (e.g. RF tags), which enables a smooth integration.

(24) An important aspect of the invention is hence a filter mounted in a foil, enabling the use of low-cost roll-to-roll (R2R) production technology. This subunit can be supplemented with other foil based functionalities (e.g. screen printed electrodes, RF-ID tag, capillary channels, hot-embossed structures). The foil based subunit may be combined with an injection molded part (if needed) to form a disposable cartridge. The injection molded part contains the critical functionalities that cannot be realized in R2R technology.

(25) In the following, a number of examples of the combination of a roll-to-roll subunit (filter unit) and an injection molded part (carrier) that together form a cartridge for e.g. the Magnotech platform will be described. All examples include a blood separation filter that is mounted using lamination techniques. For some applications the injection molded part can be replaced by a foil based part as well, leading to a fully foil based cartridge.

(26) FIG. 1 shows a filter unit 100 (not to scale) according to a first embodiment of the invention. The coordinate device shown in this Figure applies similarly to FIGS. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 18 (i.e. to all Figures where no other coordinate device is shown). FIGS. 2 and 3 show an exploded view and a top view of the filter unit 100, respectively.

(27) The filter unit 100 comprises a filter material 101 that is porous and therefore (partially) permeable to a fluid like a sample of blood. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the filter material 101 is provided as an approximately circular disk. This disc of filter material 101 fits into an associated aperture A of an intermediate foil 104.

(28) Moreover, the filter unit 100 comprises a top foil 102 and a bottom foil 103, wherein the terms top and bottom refer to the position of these foils in the drawings. The top and bottom foils 102, 103 have holes or apertures A that are smaller than the disc of the filter material 101, and they are laminated to opposite sides of the aforementioned intermediate foil 104. Accordingly, the top foil 102 and the bottom foil 103 enclose the intermediate foil 104 and the filter material 101. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the filter material 101 is thicker than the intermediate foil 104. It is therefore compressed and bulges (in positive and negative z-direction) within the apertures A of the top and bottom foil.

(29) An experimental blood separation test was performed with a filter unit like that of FIGS. 1-3, comprising a test filter material (Pall Vivid Plasma Separation membrane grade GX; diameter 10 mm) laminated between foils. The sample volume (about 40 L) used was deliberately chosen too large to provoke edge leakage. However, no leakage was observed (i.e. the outer border of the filter material, which is enclosed between the top and bottom foil, remains substantially dry). Clear plasma was observed at the outlet side of the filter material.

(30) While the filter unit 100 of FIGS. 1-3 consists of three foils, it is clear that lamination of the filter material between just two foils or layers is possible as well. In this case one or both foils will preferably have an embossed structure around the aperture for the filter material.

(31) FIG. 4 shows a cartridge 190 consisting of the filter unit 100 of FIGS. 1-3 and a carrier 150, wherein these two components are shown immediately before they are attached to each other using lamination technology.

(32) The carrier 150 consists of a body 151, which is for example made from transparent plastic by injection molding and which comprises a filter support 153, one or more processing/detection chambers 155, and a channel 154 connecting the support to said chamber(s). Moreover, the carrier 150 comprises a laminate 152 which covers and closes the processing chamber 155 and the associated channel 154.

(33) The embodiment of the filter unit 100 is symmetric in the sense that the geometry of the apertures A and the thicknesses of the top and bottom foils 102, 103 are identical. In practice, it can be advantageous to choose an asymmetric structure (different aperture diameter, different foil thicknesses etc.). FIG. 5 shows an exemplary cartridge 290 with a filter unit 200 having an asymmetric design: the bottom foil 203 is thicker than the top foil 202 (and the intermediate foil 204). Asymmetry can be deliberately introduced by the order in which the lamination is executed or by the asymmetric nature of the filter material itself. Asymmetric situations will generally result in doming of the filter material, upwards or downwards. This doming can be used to enhance the good contact that is normally required between the filter material and the filter support. Especially in the situation of a blood separation filter combined with a very limited sample volume it is advantageous to strictly reduce the dead volume between filter and filter support to a minimum.

(34) The carrier 250 that is attached to the filter unit 200 creates a processing chamber 255 immediately adjacent to the exit side of the filter material 201. Hence no fluid is lost for a transport from the filter to the processing chamber. The carrier 250 may for example be a rigid component (e.g. an injection molded plastic part), or an additional foil.

(35) FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate another method to guarantee a good physical contact between the filter material 301 of a filter unit 300 and the filter support on a carrier 350. Here, an additional top layer or top foil 305 is added as a holding element with the function to press the filter material 301 down towards the filter support.

(36) Four exemplary options for the design of the aperture A in the additional top foil 305 that can be used to guarantee good physical contact between the filter and the filter support are shown in FIG. 7. In the upper two drawings, the aperture A in the additional top foil 305 is surrounded by radial slots or cuts that allow to bend the ring-shaped border of the aperture downwards (it should be noted that the drawings show the additional top foil upside down).

(37) In the third drawing from the top of FIG. 7, a single aperture A is composed of three separate small circular openings or holes that are connected by a central hole. This results in three fingers that can be deformed to press the filter material on the filter support in the centre of the filter.

(38) In the lowermost drawing of FIG. 7, the whole aperture A consists of three separate (unconnected) circular holes. Hence the additional top foil is flat by itself but prevents domed filters to take a domed shape in the wrong direction when pressed against the filter support. Moreover, such an additional top foil also helps to prevent touching of the filter material. A foil thickness of about 0.3 mm combined with holes of 3 mm diameter protects the filter quite adequately against touching with a finger.

(39) FIG. 8 shows a fourth embodiment of a filter unit 400 in which the bottom foil 403 has a larger area than the top foil 402 and the intermediate foil 404 above it. Such a large bottom foil 403 can be used to close open cavities (not shown) when it is attached to a carrier 450. Moreover, the filter unit 400 comprises an additional top foil 405 having several apertures A1, A2 above the filter material 401 to prevent touching of the filter material and to bend it downwards.

(40) The filter unit 500 shown in FIG. 9 is similar to that of the FIG. 8 but with all four foils 502, 503, 504, and 505 extending over the whole area of the associated carrier 550. It can be seen that the bottom foil 503 adopts the function of the standard laminate that closes the channels and the detection chambers of the injection molded carrier 550. Hence two functions are combined here in a single foil-based subunit. The carrier 550 still contains the plasma drain channel 554 and detection chambers 555 on the right hand side. Filter unit 500 and injection molded carrier 550 are attached to each other to constitute the final cartridge 590.

(41) FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of a cartridge 690 comprising a filter unit 600 and a carrier 650. Here, the filter unit 600 consists of the following components (from top to bottom): an additional top layer 605 for holding the filter material down; a top foil 602 with an aperture; an intermediate foil 604 with an aperture that contains the filter material 601, for example a blood separation filter; a bottom foil 603 with an aperture; an additional bottom foil 606.

(42) The additional bottom foil 606 comprises a plasma drain channel 654 and a processing chamber 655 (realized as an aperture or hole in the foil). The drain channel 654 bridges the distance between the filter position and the processing chamber 655. A filter support structure and the plasma drain channel 654 may be embossed in the additional bottom foil 606 (and/or the bottom foil 603).

(43) The injection molded carrier 650 serves as an optical detection part that is reduced in size to the detection zone. The reduced size allows a faster and more cost effective manufacturing. The use of high grade optical material for the injection molding of the carrier 650 is reduced in this way.

(44) FIGS. 11 and 12 show a top view onto and a cross section through a cartridge 790 comprising a seventh embodiment of a filter unit 700 and an associated carrier 750, wherein the filter unit has a pre-treatment and a post-treatment fluidic system. The filter unit 700 comprises the (blood) filter material 701 that is arranged in an intermediate foil 704 and laminated between a top foil 702 and a bottom foil 703.

(45) Moreover, an additional top foil 705 is provided on the top foil 702. This additional top foil 705 comprises a pre-treatment fluidic system with a blood deposition hole 710 and an integrated blood supply channel 711 that connects this hole 710 to the blood separation filter 701. The blood supply channel 711 also serves to fill specific detection chambers 712 for blood (schematically represented by the rectangular structures in FIG. 11).

(46) Furthermore, an additional bottom layer 706 is provided that comprises a post-treatment fluidic system with a plasma drain channel 754 and a plasma detection chamber 755. The channel 754 supplies plasma to the detection chamber 755 on the right hand side. This part is similar to that of FIG. 10.

(47) The main objective of this embodiment is to use a single (fingerprick) blood sample with a limited total sample volume for both measurements in blood and plasma. Another advantage of such a structure is that the filter material 701 is brought closer to the plasma detection area 755, thus reducing the volume of plasma needed. This is because the distance between the sample deposition area 710 and the detection area 755 does not have to be bridged by a long plasma channel filled with plasma that is not used in a test.

(48) An example of an application of the cartridge 790 is that one or several of the blood detection chambers 712 (or the channel 711 itself) is used for electrochemistry, while the plasma in the post-treatment fluidic system is used for detection of proteins. In order to realize electrochemical detection procedures, screen-printed electrodes as they are used in microscale electrochemistry can for example be realized on one of the foils (e.g. 705, 702) used in the lamination process.

(49) The components used in the pretreatment of a blood separation filter can be incompatible with electrochemical measurements in blood. A way to cope with this kind of interferences is to fluidically separate the filter material 701 and the detection chambers 712, 755 for blood and plasma.

(50) It should be noted that the provision of a pre-treatment fluidic system and a post-treatment fluidic system which are coupled by a fluid-treatment element is an independent aspect of the invention.

(51) In this example the size of the injection molded carrier 750 for optical detection can also be reduced to a minimum as the majority of the functionality is transferred to the laminated structure of the filter unit 700.

(52) FIGS. 13 and 14 show a cartridge 890 that is a modification of the cartridge of FIGS. 11 and 12. Again there is a combination of a laminated filter material 801 and a pre-treatment fluidic system, the latter comprising an integrated blood supply channel 811 between a blood deposition hole 810 and the filter material.

(53) The components that are different relate to the post-treatment fluidic system behind the filter material 801. In particular, processing chambers 855 are formed in the carrier 850 which is attached at the aperture in the bottom foil 803. Hence the processing chambers 855 with the detection area for plasma are directly under the blood separation filter material 801.

(54) One objective of the cartridge 890 is to allow detection of target molecules and/or electrochemical properties in both blood and plasma. Moreover, the proposed structure brings the filter material 801 closer to the plasma detection area 855 to reduce the volume of plasma needed. The distance between the sample deposition area 810 and the detection area 855 does not have to be bridged by a plasma channel filled with plasma that is not used in a test. Instead, optimal use of the plasma generated is made and the required sample volume is reduced to a minimum. Another important advantage is that the time between sample deposition and the arrival of plasma in the detection zone is reduced. As soon as the filter is wetted with blood, the first plasma arrives almost instantaneously at the bottom side of the filter. Moreover, a considerable fraction of the cartridge 890 can be made in a roll-to-roll technology which is meant to reduce the overall costs.

(55) It should be noted that the arrangement of a processing chamber (e.g. 855) immediately adjacent to a fluid-treatment element (e.g. the filter material 801) is an independent aspect of the invention.

(56) In principle it is also possible to distribute the fluid to be filtered (e.g. blood) over several separation filters. This can for instance be useful if the chemical pre-treatment components present in a blood separation filter for one test are incompatible with the components used in the filter or detection area for another test.

(57) FIG. 15 shows a top view onto a cartridge 990 that is an application of the aforementioned principle to the cartridge of FIGS. 11 and 12. The cartridge 990 comprises a pre-treatment fluidic system with an inlet 910 (blood deposition position) and an associated channel 911 that splits into three branches. One or more detection chambers 912 (for blood) can be coupled to the channel 911 before the branching point, and one or more detection chambers 913 (for blood) can be coupled to the branches of the channel 911 after the branching point.

(58) Each branch of the channel 911 leads to another filter (sub-) unit with (different) filter materials 901. Moreover, a separate post-treatment fluidic system with channels 954 and detection chambers 955 (for plasma) is provided behind each filter material 901. As exemplarily shown for one of these channels 954, branching can occur in these channels, too.

(59) FIG. 16 shows a top view onto a cartridge 1090 that is an application of the above mentioned principle to the cartridge of FIGS. 13 and 14. The cartridge 1090 comprises a pre-treatment fluidic system with an inlet 1010 (blood deposition position) and an associated channel 1011 that splits into three branches. One or more detection chambers 1012 (for blood) can be coupled to the channel 1011 before the branching point, and one or more detection chambers 1013 (for blood) can be coupled to the branches of the channel 1011 after the branching point. The cartridge 1090 allows the distribution of blood over several different blood separation filters. This can be useful if e.g. the chemical pre-treatment components present in the blood separation filter for one test are incompatible with the components used in the filter or detection area for another test. Detection areas 1055a, 1055b, 1055c for plasma directly under the filter materials 1001 are represented by rectangles in FIG. 16. The detection may for example comprise the detection of target molecules and/or of electrochemical properties.

(60) A key feature of the cartridges 790, 890, 990, and 1090 of FIGS. 11-16 is the simultaneous detection in blood and plasma originating from the same blood sample. The cartridge designs are simple and inexpensive as several functions (capillary fluid transport, filter mounting, separation of blood and plasma, simultaneous detection in blood and plasma) are combined using lamination technology. This allows cost-effective mass production of disposable cartridges on a roll-to-roll basis.

(61) An additional key feature of the cartridges 990 and 1190 of FIGS. 13, 14, and 16 is a biosensor cartridge with a detection area for plasma directly under the blood separation filter.

(62) For a reliable progress of the test procedure it is often important to deposit a specified sample volume between a minimum value and a maximum value. In practice, there is however often an uncertainty whether or not the right amount of sample has been deposited on a biosensor cartridge in case of sample deposition without the use of a sample volume measuring device. One important example is the direct blood deposition from a finger (after a fingerprick) on a cartridge. In this case only visual control is possible.

(63) As a solution to the aforementioned problem, an additional top layer may be added on top of the filter material (or, more generally, on top of a sample deposition pad or structure) with one or several sample deposition holes. By a proper choice of e.g. the thickness of the additional top layer and the diameter of the sample deposition hole(s), the difference in visual appearance between a minimal and maximum deposited sample volume can be pronounced. This allows visual control of deposited sample volume even for the difficult situation of direct blood deposition from a finger after a fingerprick.

(64) FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate the aforementioned approach, showing a cross section through a filter unit 1100 that comprises a filter material 1101 mounted using lamination technology such that it is encompassed by a top foil 1102 and a bottom foil 1103. An additional top layer 1105 is provided to pronounce the difference between the situations when a maximum volume of a sample B (e.g. 30 L; FIG. 17) and when a minimal sample volume (e.g. 20 L; FIG. 18) has been added. The thickness of the additional top layer 1105 and the diameter of its deposition hole H are chosen such that the difference in maximum and minimum sample volume can easily be judged visually after blood separation. This allows visual control of deposited sample volume even for the difficult situation of direct blood deposition from a finger.

(65) In particular, the recess H in the additional top layer 1105 should be large enough to accommodate the total sample volume range. By making the hole diameter smaller than the diameter of the filter material 1101, the visual difference between the extremes can be enlarged. The dashed line in FIG. 17 indicates the difference in volume between minimum and maximum volume of sample B. The maximum volume is achieved if no further sample fluid can be held by molecular adhesion forces.

(66) Whether or not enough blood has been deposited can hence be judged from the presence of at least a concave meniscus in the sample deposition hole. In case of maximum blood deposition, a strongly convex meniscus is formed. The total filter area should be wetted with blood, although the layer in the centre may be thin. If less than the minimal sample volume is added, the (e.g. white) filter material clearly becomes visible through the sample blood layer in the centre of the filter.

(67) The additional top layer 1105 can best be hydrophobic to pronounce this effect. The visual evaluation can be based on the color of the central area of the filter and/or on the shape of the blood meniscus. The shape of the meniscus is seen best by observing it under an oblique angle. The convex blood meniscus that occurs in case of sufficient sample deposition even contributes to the capillary forces that drive the blood separation.

(68) If needed, the total sample volume range that can be visually judged can be reduced by use of more than one deposition hole above the same filter material.

(69) While the aforementioned embodiment has been described for a situation of fingerprick blood deposition on a blood separation filter, it is clear that similar issues play a role for other systems without blood separation filter (e.g. direct detection of biomarkers in blood). There the blood separation filter will be replaced by another type of sample deposition pad or structure.

(70) An additional advantage of the cover layer on top of the filter is protection of the filter against unintentional touching. Moreover, the cover layer can also be used to improve and guarantee the physical contact between the filter and the filter support under the filter.

(71) Features of the embodiments described above can be combined and/or modified in various ways.

(72) For example, the filling of the cartridges was assumed to be based on autonomous, capillary driven fluid flow. It is however also possible to stimulate fluid flow by applying over-pressure on the inlet side, under-pressure on the vent side of the cartridge, or by mechanical stimulation of fluid flow by cartridge manipulation (i.e. peristaltic flow generated by the user or the analyzer).

(73) Another possible modification comprises the deposition of samples. In the above examples, capillary pick-up by an inlet port at a front side of the cartridge and by associated channels in a (top) foil has been described. Alternatively, capillary pick-up of a sample could take place at the side (like in a glucose strip). The filter material could for example be accessible at a side face of a filter unit, e.g. between the top and bottom foil, allowing to apply sample to it through this side.

(74) Moreover, the examples given above were mostly explained with respect to blood samples (of biological or non-biological origin) and blood separation filters. It is however clear that the scope of the invention includes other samples and filters, too. Accordingly, the described devices and procedures can generally be used to treat (e.g. filter) a raw fluid, wherein the treated fluid may then further be processed in the same device.

(75) The advantages of the use of a (partly) foil based cartridge will steadily increase with the increasing number of technologies that become available on foil (e.g. conductive patterns, RF-IDs, screen printed electrodes for electrochemistry, advanced hot embossing patterns, etc.).

(76) It should be noted that the part in front of the filter material of any shown embodiment can be combined with the part behind the filter material of any other shown embodiment of the invention. Similarly, any described filter unit 100, 200, . . . 1100 can be combined with any described carrier 150, 250, . . . 1150.

(77) While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word comprising does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article a or an does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.