Abstract
Systems for providing reliable, controllable power without releasing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) to the environment. Any CO.sub.2 generated is captured and converted to hydrocarbons, which may be used as hydrocarbon feedstock or as additional fuel. Some of these systems can even reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide. The systems may utilize a carbon-neutral energy source.
Claims
1. A power generation system comprising: a power generation subsystem capable of providing controllable energy output; a fuel reaction chamber in which energy to be provided to the power generation subsystem is obtained by oxidation of at least one hydrocarbon fuel, wherein said oxidation produces at least carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a CO.sub.2 capture device capable of capturing at least a portion of any carbon dioxide produced by the oxidation of the at least one hydrocarbon fuel in the fuel reaction chamber; a carbon reduction chamber adapted to receive CO.sub.2 from the CO.sub.2 capture device and to reduce the chemical oxidation state of the carbon atoms of the received CO.sub.2; a hydrocarbon reservoir in fluid communication with at least one of the carbon reduction chamber or the fuel reaction chamber; and a carbon-neutral energy source, wherein energy from the carbon-neutral energy source is used in the carbon reduction chamber, directly or indirectly, to reduce the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber.
2. The power generation system of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon reservoir is used to store hydrocarbons produced within the carbon reduction chamber until they the hydrocarbons are needed for use as fuel or hydrocarbon feedstock.
3. The power generation system of claim 1, further comprising a hydrogen extractor adapted to receive energy from the carbon-neutral energy source and store at least a portion of that energy as potential chemical energy.
4. The power generation system of claim 3, wherein storing at least a portion of the energy from the carbon-neutral energy source as potential chemical energy comprises converting a hydrogen-containing chemical into a higher-energy hydrogen-containing chemical.
5. The power generation system of claim 4, further comprising a hydrogen reservoir in fluid communication with the hydrogen extractor, in which the higher-energy hydrogen-containing chemical is stored until the higher-energy hydrogen-containing chemical is needed.
6. The power generation system of claim 4, wherein the higher-energy hydrogen-containing chemical is elemental hydrogen, H.sub.2.
7. The power generation system of claim 3, wherein the hydrogen extractor is an electrolytic cell.
8. The power generation system of claim 7, wherein the electrolytic cell separates water into hydrogen and oxygen.
9. The power generation system of claim 3, wherein the stored potential chemical energy is used as an intermediate to enable the carbon-neutral energy source to indirectly reduce the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber.
10. The power generation system of claim 3, wherein the hydrogen extractor is in fluid communication with the carbon reduction chamber.
11. The power generation system of claim 1, wherein the power generation subsystem is adapted to provide a portion of the controllable energy output to at least one of a hydrogen extractor, the fuel reaction chamber, the CO.sub.2 capture device, or the carbon reduction chamber.
12. The power generation system of claim 1, further comprising a CO.sub.2 reservoir in fluid communication or integral with at least one of the CO.sub.2 capture device or the carbon reduction chamber.
13. The power generation system of claim 12, wherein at least a portion of the CO.sub.2 in the CO.sub.2 reservoir is chilled gas, a liquid, or a solid.
14. The power generation system of claim 1, wherein reducing the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms in the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber produces chemicals comprising at least one chemical selected from the group comprising elemental carbon, methane, methyl alcohol, formaldehyde, formic acid, carbon monoxide, and polyoxymethylene.
15. The power generation system of claim 14, wherein the at least one chemical is used as at least one of a fuel or a hydrocarbon feedstock.
16. The power generation system of claim 1, wherein the fuel reaction chamber receives an oxidizing gas mixture comprising O.sub.2 but essentially no N.sub.2.
17. The power generation system of claim 1, wherein O.sub.2 is obtained as a result of operating the power generation system.
18. The power generation system of claim 17, further comprising an O.sub.2 reservoir in fluid communication with at least one of the carbon reduction chamber or a hydrogen extractor.
19. A method of storing energy from a carbon-neutral energy source, comprising the steps of: providing the power generation system of claim 1; providing a quantity of CO.sub.2 to the carbon reduction chamber; and using energy from the carbon-neutral energy source to directly or indirectly reduce the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the power generation system further comprises a hydrogen extractor adapted to receive energy from the carbon-neutral energy source and store at least a portion of that energy as potential chemical energy.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the hydrocarbon reservoir in which chemicals produced by reducing the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber are stored until these chemicals are needed as fuel or hydrocarbon feedstock.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the power generation system further comprises a system boundary enclosing a working fluid comprising the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber, and a portion of the chemicals produced by reducing the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber are used as fuel or hydrocarbon feedstock outside of the system boundary.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the hydrocarbon reservoir contains hydrocarbon fuels comprising at least one of coal, oil, natural gas, diesel fuel, gasoline, aviation fuel, or wood.
24. A method of producing hydrocarbon feedstock, comprising the steps of: providing the power generation system of claim 1; capturing CO.sub.2 from the atmosphere using the CO.sub.2 capture device; transferring a portion of the captured CO.sub.2 to the carbon reduction chamber; and using energy from the carbon-neutral energy source to directly or indirectly reduce the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber in order to produce hydrocarbon feedstock chemicals.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the power generation system further comprises a hydrogen extractor adapted to receive energy from the carbon-neutral energy source and to store at least a portion of that energy as potential chemical energy, wherein the stored potential chemical energy is used as an intermediate to enable the energy from the carbon-neutral energy source to indirectly reduce the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber, and wherein the method further comprises the steps of: providing energy from the carbon-neutral energy source to the hydrogen extractor; storing at least a portion of that energy as potential chemical energy; and using the stored potential chemical energy to indirectly reduce the chemical oxidation state of carbon atoms of the CO.sub.2 in the carbon reduction chamber.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
(1) The invention may be more completely understood and appreciated in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
(2) FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the net increase of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a result of burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce energy.
(3) FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a CO.sub.2 conversion system including the CO.sub.2 capture device of this invention.
(4) FIG. 3 shows a closed system based on water as a working fluid, in which energy but not matter crosses the system boundary.
(5) FIG. 4 shows a closed system based on water and carbon dioxide as working fluids, in which energy but not matter crosses the system boundary.
(6) FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a system in which air, water, hydrocarbon fuels, and a carbon-neutral energy source are used to provide reliable, controllable output power without releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
(7) FIG. 6 shows a cross-section view of a solar-powered gas capture device.
(8) FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a cross-section of a power generation system having two gas capture devices receiving reaction product gases from the fuel reaction chamber by way of a counter-flow heat exchanger.
(9) FIG. 8 shows a cross-section of the counter-flow heat exchanger of FIG. 7, viewed at line AA of FIG. 7.
(10) The same reference numeral used in multiple figures refers to the same or similar elements having the same or similar properties and functionalities.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(11) The present invention includes a carbon-neutral energy source that provides at least a portion of the energy required to operate an air capture device that can collect CO.sub.2 from the earth's atmosphere, as shown in the upper right of FIG. 2. One example of such a device is the NaOH, CaCO.sub.3 cycle device proposed by Prof. David Keith in his paper Climate strategy with CO.sub.2 capture from the air, mentioned above. Another example is the invention disclosed in commonly owned and currently pending patent application Apparatus and Method for Collecting an Atmospheric Gas, filed Feb. 9, 2007, one embodiment of which is described below. Such a carbon-negative technology has been described in commonly owned provisional patent application U.S. 60/900,564, APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR COLLECTING AN ATMOSPHERIC GAS, (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,464,545,) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
(12) In addition, the present invention may also use the same or a different carbon-neutral energy source to generate H.sub.2 gas from water in, for example, an electrolytic cell or a reversible hydrogen fuel cell, as shown in the upper left of FIG. 2. The H.sub.2 gas may be used as a fuel, or may be chemically combined with the captured CO.sub.2 in a reduction chamber to produce hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarbon feedstock, as shown in the lower portion of FIG. 2.
(13) The present invention also includes a power generation subsystem receiving energy from a fuel reaction chamber capable of using either the generated H.sub.2 gas or the hydrocarbon fuel to generate power. The fuel reaction chamber optionally is coupled with an air capture device that can collect CO.sub.2 from the combustion products produced by the fuel reaction chamber if it is using hydrocarbon fuel. The air capture device may be the same device that is used to collect CO.sub.2 from the earth's atmosphere, or it may be a separate device. The power generation subsystem could be, for example, a fossil fuel based electrical utility power plant, an internal combustion engine, the engine of a hydrogen powered vehicle, or a hydrogen fuel cell.
(14) A first embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. This is a closed system, in which no material need be transferred into or out of the system. Water (H.sub.2O) serves as the working fluid for the system. A carbon-neutral energy source, which may be intermittent, is used to power a hydrogen extractor, such as an electrolytic cell, that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen. These materials are stored in respective hydrogen and oxygen reservoirs. As energy is needed, the hydrogen and oxygen are fed to a fuel reaction chamber, where they react to reform water and produce a continuous or controllable energy output. The water is returned to the hydrogen extractor to continue the cycle. Thus, this system collects intermittent, unreliable energy as available from a carbon-neutral source, stores the energy as potential chemical energy in the form of separated hydrogen and oxygen, and releases the energy at a desired rate as a controllable energy output. In FIG. 3, the closed material system is shown within the boundary marked by the largest rectangle. Energy from a carbon-neutral energy source enters the closed system at the left of the diagram, as indicated by the dashed arrow. At the right side of the diagram, a controllable energy output leaves or is generated by the system, as indicated by the second dashed arrow. The system of FIG. 3 might be used in a mobile system, such as a solar-powered automobile or an ocean-going vessel using solar or wind energy, or both.
(15) FIG. 4 shows a second closed system embodiment of the invention, in which both water and carbon dioxide may be considered to be the working fluids. As in FIG. 3, the closed material system is shown within the boundary marked by the largest rectangle. Again, a carbon-neutral energy source, which may be intermittent, is used to power a hydrogen extractor, such as an electrolytic cell, that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen. These materials are stored in respective hydrogen and oxygen reservoirs. However, hydrogen may be further reacted with carbon dioxide in a carbon reduction chamber to produce various hydrocarbon fuels, which are then stored in a hydrocarbon reservoir. (The carbon reduction chamber is so named because the carbon in carbon dioxide undergoes chemical reduction to a lower oxidation state in these reactions.) Example chemical reactions include the Sabatier methanation reaction and the reverse water-gas shift reaction (WGS), as described in the paper Carbon Dioxide Conversions in Microreactors, by D. P. VanderWeil, et al., of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The hydrocarbons produced in the carbon reduction chamber may be liquids or solids, and thus would require much less storage space than hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases. As energy is needed, the hydrocarbons, hydrogen, or both, may be combined with oxygen in the fuel reaction chamber to produce a controllable energy output. The fuel reaction produces water (probably as vapor) and carbon dioxide, which are collected and recycled within the system. Energy from a carbon-neutral energy source enters the closed system at the left of the diagram, as indicated by the dashed arrow. At the right side of the diagram, a controllable energy output leaves or is generated by the system, as indicated by the second dashed arrow.
(16) FIG. 2 shows a group of interconnected processes that use a carbon-neutral energy source, air, and water (the water being either extracted from the air, e.g., as described in detail below in FIGS. 6 and 7, or from local sources) to remove the greenhouse gas CO.sub.2 from the atmosphere (or from gaseous combustion products such as those generated in the fuel reaction chamber of FIG. 4) and to chemically convert the gas to other chemical compounds or forms of carbon that do not contribute to climate change. These other chemical forms of carbon may be more compact for transport, and may be useful hydrocarbon feedstocks for producing polymers, medicines, (carbon-positive) fuels, or even foodstuffs such as sugars and amino acids. In FIG. 2, a known quantity of relatively pure CO.sub.2 is obtained from a gas collection system such as the one shown in FIG. 6 or 7. The CO.sub.2 could be collected in reservoir 170 of FIG. 6. Also, water obtained from the gas collector in FIG. 6 (e.g., in auxiliary reservoir 171) or from other sources is provided to an electrolysis cell, the cell being powered by a carbon-neutral energy source, possibly the same source that is also used to power the gas collector of FIG. 6. Auxiliary reservoir 171 in FIG. 6 could be such an electrolysis cell. The electrolysis cell splits the water into its elemental components, hydrogen and oxygen, by any of a variety of means commonly known in the art, as shown in equation (1) below.
2H.sub.2O+energy=>2H.sub.2+O.sub.2(1)
(17) A known quantity of the generated hydrogen is then collected and combined with a known amount of CO.sub.2 in a reaction chamber. Collection chamber 130 or reservoir 170 in FIG. 6 could also serve as such a reaction chamber. (The generated hydrogen gas could be made to flow back through the collection chamber 130 to reservoir/reaction chamber 170, or a cross-connect pipe could be supplied connecting chambers 171 and 170.) Energy from a carbon-neutral energy source is then applied to the reaction chamber, in the form of one or more of heat, pressure, electromagnetic radiation, or an electric spark/arc, to initiate a chemical reaction between the hydrogen and the carbon dioxide. Optionally, other materials such as nitrogen gas may be introduced into the reaction chamber at some stage in the process. A variety of useful chemical compounds may be produced in the reaction chamber, depending on:
(18) 1) the reaction conditions;
(19) 2) the relative amounts of hydrogen and carbon dioxide; and
(20) 3) the presence of any catalytic species.
(21) For example, the hydrogen could reduce the CO.sub.2 to elemental carbon, C, the material of graphite and diamonds, as shown in equation 2.
2H.sub.2+CO.sub.2+energy=>2H.sub.2O+C(2)
(22) Varying ratios of H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 under appropriate reaction conditions can also produce a range of other useful hydrocarbons, as shown below.
H.sub.2+CO.sub.2+energy=>HCOOH (formic acid)(3)
2H.sub.2+CO.sub.2+energy=>H.sub.2O+H.sub.2CO (formaldehyde)(4)
3H.sub.2+CO.sub.2+energy=>H.sub.2O+H.sub.3COH (methyl alcohol)(5)
4H.sub.2+CO.sub.2+energy=>2H.sub.2O+CH.sub.4 (methane,natural gas)(6)
(23) (Equation 6 is the Sabatier methanation reaction mentioned above.)
(24) Under appropriate conditions, formaldehyde from equation 4 could be converted to polyoxymethylene, a polymer having excellent mechanical and high temperature properties, sold under trade names such as Delrin. See equation (7) below.
H.sub.2+nH.sub.2CO=>H[CH.sub.2O].sub.nH (polyoxymethylene)(7)
(25) As suggested above, introducing controlled amounts of atmospheric nitrogen gas or other nitrogen compounds into the reaction chamber would permit the synthesis of an even broader range of organic compounds, including foodstuffs such as amino acids.
(26) FIG. 5 shows an open system embodiment of the present invention, in which matter can also pass into and out of the system. The largest rectangle marks the boundary of the system. In addition to the energy input from a carbon-neutral energy source, as indicated at the top of the diagram, this system also uses material inputs of air, water, and optionally hydrocarbon fuels, as indicated along the left side of the diagram by the dotted arrows. In addition to the controllable energy output indicated by the dashed arrow at the bottom of the diagram, this system also can provide possible outputs of hydrogen (for, e.g., for hydrogen powered vehicles), purified oxygen (for possible medical uses, underwater breathing apparatus, welding, etc.), and optionally hydrocarbon feedstock (for making plastics, medicines, foodstuffs, etc.), as indicated by the dotted output arrows on the right side of the diagram. It will be noted that this system can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and can also operate using fossil fuels, without releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in either case. The relative inputs to the system can be adjusted to produce the desired ratio of controllable energy output, removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and production of hydrogen for, e.g., hydrogen powered vehicles. All three of these functions may be required in various proportions as society addresses climate change and transitions to more sustainable infrastructure.
(27) The system in FIG. 5 will now be described in more detail. Water is initially supplied from outside the system to a hydrogen extractor, such as an electrolytic cell, that is powered at least in part by a carbon-neutral energy source. The hydrogen extractor separates the water into hydrogen and oxygen, which may be stored in respective reservoirs. Also, carbon dioxide from the air is supplied to the system, possibly after being captured and concentrated by means of a CO.sub.2 capture device that will be described later. The CO.sub.2 is then reacted with hydrogen from the hydrogen reservoir in a carbon reduction chamber to produce hydrocarbons, which may then be stored in an optional hydrocarbon reservoir. These hydrocarbons may be used as fuel for the next stage of the system, be extracted for use as hydrocarbon feedstock, or both. Next, the fuel, which may be hydrocarbons, hydrogen, or both, is sent to the fuel reaction chamber, where it is combined with oxygen (optionally from the oxygen reservoir) to produce energy, which can provide a controllable energy output. The fuel reaction chamber converts the fuel to water and CO.sub.2 (if hydrocarbon fuels are used). The water and CO.sub.2 can be recovered and recycled back into the system by means of a CO.sub.2 capture device such as the one described later in this application. Some of the energy produced may be used to power internal processes within the system, such as the hydrogen extractor, the carbon reduction chamber, the CO.sub.2 capture device, and the fuel reaction chamber itself. During system startup or at times when insufficient fuel reserves have been built up using the carbon-neutral energy source, it may be necessary to supply external hydrocarbon fuels to the system. However, the CO.sub.2 capture device assures that no CO.sub.2 greenhouse gas will be released to the atmosphere by the operation of this system.
(28) One embodiment of the CO.sub.2 capture device of FIG. 5 is the invention described in commonly owned and currently pending patent application Apparatus and Method for Collecting an Atmospheric Gas, U.S. Patent Application 60/900,564, filed Feb. 9, 2007, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 6. The CO.sub.2 capture device shown in FIG. 6 removes CO.sub.2 from the atmosphere (or from a gas stream) by taking advantage of the difference in condensation temperatures of the gases and vapors in the atmosphere. At normal atmospheric pressure, water vapor normally condenses to a liquid at some temperature below room temperature (the dew point), and solidifies to ice at 0 C. CO.sub.2 condenses directly to a solid (dry ice) at 79 C., and converts back to a gas (sublimes) when heated above that temperature. O.sub.2 and N.sub.2 condense to liquids at 183 C. and 196 C., respectively. Thus, if air comes in contact with a surface having a temperature slightly below 79 C., any H.sub.2O and CO.sub.2 in the air will deposit on the surface as a mixture of ice and dry ice. These two components could be separated by a 2-stage cooling process. If the air first comes in contact with a surface having a temperature between the dew point and 0 C., the water vapor would condense out as a liquid, which could be drained away, and the remaining air would now be dry. If the dry air then comes in contact with a surface having a temperature slightly below 79 C., relatively pure CO.sub.2 would condense on the surface. This collected CO.sub.2 could then be stored or chemically reacted to remove this greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. Such a carbon-negative technology has been described in commonly owned provisional patent application U.S. 60/900,564, APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR COLLECTING AN ATMOSPHERIC GAS, (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,464,545,) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
(29) FIG. 6 illustrates a first embodiment of a CO.sub.2 capture device 100 for use with the present invention. The CO.sub.2 capture device 100 shown in this figure includes an optional carbon-neutral energy source, in this case a photovoltaic solar panel 101, although the CO.sub.2 capture device shown in FIG. 5 would not need to be directly connected to the carbon-neutral energy source. A suitable solar panel would be one or an array of SunPower model SPR-90, available from SunPower Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA. Solar panel 101 receives electromagnetic energy 103 from a source 104, such as the sun. Panel 101 converts electromagnetic energy 103 to electrical energy, which powers cooling unit 110. In this example, cooling unit 110 is shaded from direct sunlight by solar panel 101, thus reducing the heat load on cooling unit 110 and making the system more efficient. If the target gas to be collected is CO.sub.2, cooling unit 110 must be capable of cooling condenser 120 to less than 79 C. when supplied with adequate power. The cooling unit could be selected from any of a variety of technologies, such as Joule-Thomson coolers, Peltier coolers, Stirling coolers, pulse tube cryocoolers, thermoelectric coolers, etc. When the condenser is at a temperature less than 79 C., carbon dioxide (and any water vapor) from the air in contact with the condenser will form a coating of deposited dry ice (and ice) on the surface of the condenser.
(30) The chilled condenser 120 is enclosed in a collection chamber 130 that has at least one gas entrance port 134, and optionally one or more gas exit ports 135. Collection chamber 130 may also have an extraction port 138 to facilitate removal of the collected target gas from collection chamber 130. Gas entrance port 134 may function as a check valve, opening to allow air flow into collection chamber 130 when the pressure outside 130 is greater than the pressure inside, but closing to form an airtight seal when the pressure inside chamber 130 is greater than the air pressure outside. When cooling unit 110 is energized and condenser 120 is cooled, the air within the collection chamber will be cooled and will contract, reducing the pressure within collection chamber 130 below the pressure of the outside air (assuming valves 135 and 138 are closed), causing a check valve at gas entrance port 134 to open and allow more air to flow into collection chamber 130. The target gas (e.g., CO.sub.2) in the added air will condense as a liquid or solid on the condenser, further reducing the interior pressure in collection chamber 130, continuing the process. (Alternatively, valves 134 and 135 may be held open, allowing a continuous flow of gas past the condenser for capturing CO.sub.2.) If condenser 120 is then allowed to warm above the condensation temperature of the target gas, either for an intentional purge cycle or due to reduced power input to cooling unit 110 (e.g., at night for a solar powered unit), some of the condensed target gas will re-vaporize, raising the pressure in collection chamber 130, clamping the check valve at gas entrance port 134 shut, and trapping the target material in collection chamber 130. Optional extraction port 138 may include a check valve that opens when the pressure inside collection chamber 130 is greater than the pressure on the other side of extraction port 138, thus allowing the collected target material to be directed into a removable container or a permanently attached plumbing system. Alternatively, if the target gas is being condensed to a liquid rather than a solid, extraction port 138 may include a liquid trap seal made of an S-shaped pipe, similar to the plumbing traps used under a lavatory sink.
(31) Referring again to FIG. 6, an embodiment having both a gas entrance port 134 and at least one gas exit port 135 can be employed, if it is desired to achieve a greater collection rate of the target gas by causing a continuous flow of air through collection chamber 130 past condenser 120. For this embodiment, entrance port 134 and exit port 135 are normally open when condenser 120 is at or below a desired condensation temperature, and are sealed when condenser 120 is above the desired temperature. To minimize energy usage, the valves in entrance port 134 and exit port 135 could contain bistable valves connected to a valve actuator and a passive temperature sensor that monitors the condenser temperature. Alternatively, entrance port 134 and exit port 135 could contain valves that are held open (e.g., by solenoids) while solar panel 101 is generating sufficient electrical energy, but that close and seal when the electrical output drops below some minimum level. In FIG. 6, collection chamber 130 is arranged with entrance port 134 low on one side of the chamber and exit port 135 high on the other side of the chamber, to encourage increased air flow due to natural convection. Additionally, exit port 135 is located closer than entrance port 134 to solar panel 101, which is heated by direct sunlight. This further enhances the natural convection flow through collection chamber 130, by making air high in the chamber near the exit port warmer. Alternatively, a fan, air pump, or other air flow enhancing device may be included with CO.sub.2 capture system 100.
(32) FIG. 6 also shows a method of collecting water vapor from the atmosphere (or from the effluent gases from the fuel reaction chamber in FIG. 5) and separating it from the CO.sub.2. To facilitate the collection and separation of water vapor, this CO.sub.2 capture device also includes an optional auxiliary extraction port 139 and a precondenser 140. Items 139 and 140 may be located in collection chamber 130, or they may both be located in a separate precondenser chamber 150. If it is desired to separately collect water vapor and CO.sub.2, or to obtain CO.sub.2 that is relatively free of water, precondenser 140 would be connected to cooling unit 110 and maintained at a temperature between the dew point and 79 C., and preferably between the dew point and 0 C. Precondenser 140 could be a screen or grid structure, or a series of baffles, that provide significant cold surface area for condensing water vapor, but that still allow adequate air flow to and through the collection chamber 130. Water vapor condensing on precondenser 140 as liquid water would drain down to the bottom of the chamber 130 or 150, where it could be removed through an extraction port 138 or 139. Optional reservoir 170 and auxiliary reservoir 171 could receive and contain CO.sub.2 from extraction port 138 and water from auxiliary extraction port 139, respectively. If an auxiliary extraction port 139 is used, it could be a drain with a liquid trap, as described above for item 138. The water removed through auxiliary extraction port 139 could be routed to the hydrogen extractor of FIG. 5 to undergo chemical reactions powered by the same or a different carbon-free energy device.
(33) An optional energy storage unit 160, such as a battery or a hydrogen fuel cell, is also shown in FIG. 6. Energy storage unit 160 may collect and store excess energy generated by the carbon-free energy source, and then may release this energy to continue operation of the gas capture system 100 when the primary carbon-free energy source output is low (e.g., on partly cloudy days or at night, for a solar panel.)
(34) The fuel reaction chamber in FIG. 5 may generate significant heat, particularly if it uses an exothermic reaction such as combustion. The energy released in the fuel reaction chamber may, for example, operate the power generation subsystem by boiling water to produce steam, which then turns a turbine generator to produce electricity, as the steam is turned back into water, which is then boiled again according to a thermodynamic Carnot cycle. The generated heat may also be used to help operate other portions of the system, such as the carbon reduction chamber. Similarly, the generated electricity may be used to power other portions of the system, such as the hydrogen extractor, the CO.sub.2 capture device, and any necessary sensors, pumps, and valves needed to transport materials between various portions of the system. The CO.sub.2 capture device of FIG. 6 requires a refrigeration unit to condense CO.sub.2 and, optionally, water vapor. The CO.sub.2 capture device of FIG. 6 could be arranged to receive the exhaust gases from a combustion fuel reaction chamber by passing the hot exhaust gases through a counter-flow heat exchanger (FIG. 7) to the cold precondenser 140 and condenser 120, where the water vapor and CO.sub.2 would be condensed and collected. Any remaining chilled gases from the exhaust gas, such as nitrogen or unreacted oxygen, would then be fed back through the counter-flow heat exchanger to cool the incoming exhaust gases. The counter-flow heat exchanger minimizes wasted energy, by not requiring excessive cooling power to chill the precondenser 140 and condenser 120. Also, to the extent that the precondenser 140 is below ambient temperature, the energy efficiency of the Carnot cycle of the power generation subsystem may be increased by using the condensed water from the precondenser as a heat sink for the Carnot cycle engine. It should be mentioned here that each of the internal processes and devices in this system will have less than perfect efficiency, and will represent some energy loss. That loss must be made up by the carbon-neutral energy source, or by the chemical energy available from any optional external hydrocarbon fuels provided to the system. This system is not single-mindedly designed to extract the maximum energy from fossil fuel, regardless of the environmental consequences. The goal of this system is to sustainably provide reliable, controllable power without releasing CO.sub.2 greenhouse gas to the atmosphere, and preferably, to actually cause a net decrease in the amount of atmospheric CO.sub.2. Useful byproducts of the system, produced in controllable variable amounts, may be sold to offset the added cost of the system. For example, a hybrid electric power station based on the system in FIG. 5 could not only produce electrical power, but could also sell hydrogen gas and hydrocarbon fuels for vehicles, hydrocarbon feedstock, and oxygen gas for welding or medical uses.
(35) A diagram of a power plant embodiment of this invention using a counter-flow heat exchanger is shown in FIG. 7. In this system, the fuel reaction chamber 275 receives oxygen and fuel, which may be hydrogen, hydrocarbons, or both. The oxygen and hydrogen may be supplied from a hydrogen extractor, as shown in FIGS. 3-5. The fuel chemically reacts with oxygen (e.g., by combustion) to produce heat and reaction products, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide. A diluent or carrier gas such as nitrogen may also be present. The hot reaction products leave the fuel reaction chamber and pass through a steam generator 280, where some of the thermal energy of the reaction products is used to boil water to produce steam. This steam may be used as the working fluid in a Carnot cycle process, as indicated by the closed loop including the steam generator 280, turbine 281, steam condenser 282, and pump 283. The steam imparts some of its thermal energy to the turbine blades as kinetic energy, causing the turbine shaft to rotate, allowing the turbine to power an electrical generator or a mechanical drive shaft. The steam that has passed through the turbine 281 is then cooled and re-condensed to liquid water in the steam condenser 282, thus reducing the pressure in the steam condenser and causing more steam to blow through the turbine, due to the pressure difference across the turbine. The condensed water is then pumped back into the steam generator 280 by pump 283, to repeat the cycle.
(36) In FIG. 7, after the reaction products have given up some of their thermal energy in the steam generator 280, they are then sent through a counter-flow heat exchanger 285 toward the CO.sub.2 capture device(s) 200, 200, which are similar to the device shown in FIG. 6. The CO.sub.2 capture devices in FIG. 7 also include precondensers to collect and remove water vapor from the reaction product gases. FIG. 7 shows two CO.sub.2 capture devices 200, 200 connected in parallel, such that the condenser 220 of one capture device can be held at a temperature below 79 C. to condense and capture CO.sub.2 while the other capture device is being shut off from the incoming reaction products and warmed above 79 C. to release the collected CO.sub.2, to force the CO.sub.2 onward through the counter-flow heat exchanger 285 to the carbon reduction chamber 290. The gas flows are controlled by a variety of valves, such as gas exit port valve 235, and monitored by temperature and pressure sensors, such as pressure sensor 273. Since the released CO.sub.2 will still be cold, passing it through the counter-flow heat exchanger will help warm the CO.sub.2 to the temperature of the carbon reduction chamber, while at the same time pre-cooling the reaction product gases that are heading towards the other CO.sub.2 capture device. The CO.sub.2 capture devices 200, 200 in FIG. 7 are also shown having bypass outlets, through which any excess oxygen, unreacted fuel, uncondensed reaction products, or diluent gas can also pass through the counter-flow heat exchanger back into the fuel reaction chamber. This counter-flow arrangement minimizes the energy needed to cool or heat the materials for the next steps in the process. A cross-section of the counter-flow heater exchanger 285 in FIG. 7, taken along line AA, is shown in FIG. 8. Multiple tubes, or tubes of different shapes, may be substituted for either or both of the inner tubes of the heat exchanger carrying CO.sub.2 and returned gases, in order to increase the area for heat transfer, thus improving the efficiency of the heat exchanger.
(37) The chemical processes in the carbon reduction chamber 290 will typically be endothermic. Therefore, the carbon reduction chamber 290 is shown adjacent to the fuel reaction chamber 275, so the carbon reduction chamber processes can make use of the heat and high temperatures (and perhaps high pressures) produced in the fuel reaction chamber.
(38) In the carbon reduction chamber 290 of FIG. 7, the collected CO.sub.2 is reacted with hydrogen to produce hydrocarbons, which are then stored in the hydrocarbon reservoir 295. Depending on the chemical reactions occurring in the carbon reduction chamber, some H.sub.2O may also be produced. It may be desirable to separate this water from the hydrocarbons. However, if the water is left with the hydrocarbons and is pumped into the fuel reaction chamber, the water will eventually be collected at the precondensers of the CO.sub.2 capture devices and removed from this portion of the system. Since the water collected at the precondensers will be relatively cool, it would provide an excellent heat sink material for the steam condenser 282 of the Carnot cycle power generation subsystem.
(39) The system of FIG. 7 could be combined with a carbon-neutral energy source and a hydrogen extractor, as shown in FIG. 5. Such a system could be used to generate power, to remove the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, or both. In addition, such a system could provide an economically important source of hydrocarbon feedstock, hydrogen for hydrogen-powered vehicles, oxygen for medical or welding uses, etc.
(40) While specific examples of the invention are described in detail above to facilitate explanation of various aspects of the invention, it should be understood that the intention is not to limit the invention to the specifics of the examples. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, embodiments, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
(41) The above examples and disclosure are intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. These examples and description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art. All of these alternatives and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the claims, where the term comprising means including, but not limited to. Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims. Further, the particular features presented in the dependent claims can be combined with each other in other manners within the scope of the invention such that the invention should be recognized as also specifically directed to other embodiments having any other possible combination of the features of the dependent claims. For instance, for purposes of written description, any dependent claim which follows should be taken as alternatively written in a multiple dependent form from all claims which possess all antecedents referenced in such dependent claim.
