Heater

Abstract

A heater assembly includes a plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies which each have a plurality of fuel cells, a fuel inlet, and an air inlet; a fuel supply conduit which communicates fuel to the fuel inlets; and an air supply conduit which communicates air to the air inlets. An orifice is disposed between the fuel supply conduit and the fuel inlet or between the air supply conduit and the air inlet of each fuel cell stack assembly. The plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies are arranged in fuel cell stack assembly groups such that the orifices of each of the fuel cell stack assembly groups are configured to provide a magnitude of restriction that is unique to their respective the fuel cell stack assembly group, thereby providing uniformity of flow of the fuel or the air to the plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies.

Claims

1. A heater assembly comprising: a plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies which each have a plurality of fuel cells which convert chemical energy from a fuel into heat and electricity through a chemical reaction with an oxidizing agent, each one of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies having a fuel cell manifold which 1) receives said fuel within a fuel inlet of said fuel cell manifold and distributes said fuel to said plurality of fuel cells and 2) receives said oxidizing agent within an oxidizing agent inlet of said fuel cell manifold and distributes said oxidizing agent to said plurality of fuel cells; a fuel supply conduit in fluid communication with said fuel cell manifolds of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies, thereby communicating said fuel to said fuel inlet of said fuel cell manifolds of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies; and an oxidizing agent supply conduit in fluid communication with said fuel cell manifolds of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies, thereby communicating said oxidizing agent to said oxidizing agent inlet of said fuel cell manifolds of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies; wherein each of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies includes an orifice disposed between said fuel supply conduit and said fuel inlet or between said oxidizing agent supply conduit and said oxidizing agent inlet; and wherein said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies are arranged in fuel cell stack assembly groups such that said orifices in said fuel cell stack assembly groups are configured to provide a magnitude of restriction that is unique to their respective said fuel cell stack assembly group, thereby providing uniformity of flow of said fuel or said oxidizing agent to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies.

2. A heater assembly as in claim 1 wherein: said fuel supply conduit is configured to receive said fuel from a fuel source; said oxidizing agent supply conduit is configured to receive said oxidizing agent from an oxidizing agent source; and said magnitude of restriction of said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source is greater than said magnitude of restriction of said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source.

3. A heater assembly as in claim 2 wherein each one of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source contain a lesser or equal number of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies than each one of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source.

4. A heater assembly as in claim 2 wherein said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source are smaller than said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source.

5. A heater assembly as in claim 1 wherein: said fuel supply conduit is configured to receive said fuel from a fuel source; said oxidizing agent supply conduit is configured to receive said oxidizing agent from an oxidizing agent source; and each one of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source contain an equal or greater number of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies than said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said fuel source or said oxidizing agent source.

6. A heater assembly as in claim 1 wherein said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of at least one of said fuel cell stack assembly groups includes a plurality of said orifices disposed in series between said fuel supply conduit and said fuel inlet or between said oxidizing agent supply conduit and said oxidizing agent inlet.

7. A heater assembly as in claim 1 wherein: said heater assembly is disposed within a bore hole of a formation, said bore hole extending from a top end to a bottom end; and said magnitude of restriction of said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said top end is greater than said magnitude of restriction of said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said top end.

8. A heater assembly as in claim 7 wherein each one of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said top end contain a lesser or equal number of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies than each one of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said top end.

9. A heater assembly as in claim 7 wherein said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are closer to said top end are smaller than said orifices of said fuel cell stack assembly groups that are farther from said top end.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) This invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is an isometric partial cross-sectional view of a heater in accordance with the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a plurality of heaters of FIG. 1 shown in a bore hole of a geological formation;

(4) FIG. 3 is an end view of the heater of FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 4 is an axial cross-sectional view of the heater of FIGS. 1 and 3 taken through section line 4-4;

(6) FIG. 5 is an axial cross-sectional view of the heater of FIGS. 1 and 3 taken through section line 5-5;

(7) FIG. 6 is an axial cross-sectional view of a fuel cell stack assembly of the heater of FIGS. 1 and 3 taken through section line 6-6;

(8) FIG. 7 is an elevation view of a fuel cell of the fuel cell stack assembly of FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 7;

(10) FIG. 9 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 8;

(11) FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a flow director of a combustor of the heater of FIG. 1;

(12) FIG. 11 is a radial cross-section view the heater of FIG. 1 taken through section line 11-11;

(13) FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a baffle of the heater of FIG. 1;

(14) FIG. 13 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 4 showing adjacent fuel cell assemblies;

(15) FIG. 14 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 5 showing adjacent fuel cell assemblies;

(16) FIG. 15 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 13;

(17) FIG. 16 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 14;

(18) FIG. 17 is an alternative arrangement of FIG. 14;

(19) FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a plurality of fuel cell stack assembly groups shown in a bore hole of a geological formation;

(20) FIG. 19 is an alternative arrangement of FIG. 15; and

(21) FIG. 20 is an alternative arrangement of FIG. 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

(22) Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in the various views, a heater 10 extending along a heater axis 12 is shown in accordance with the present invention. A plurality of heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n, where n is the total number of heaters 10, may be connected together end to end within a bore hole 14 of a formation 16, for example, an oil containing geological formation, as shown in FIG. 2 in order to form a heater assembly 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n. Bore hole 14 may be only a few feet deep; however, may typically be several hundred feet deep to in excess of one thousand feet deep and extends from a top end to a bottom end where the top end is considered the end of bore hole 14 where bore hole enters formation 16. Consequently, the number of heaters 10 needed may range from 1 to several hundred. It should be noted that the oil containing geological formation may begin as deep as one thousand feet below the surface and consequently, heater 10.sub.1 may be located sufficiently deep within bore hole 14 to be positioned near the beginning of the oil containing geological formation. When this is the case, units without active heating components may be positioned from the surface to heater 10.sub.1 in order to provide plumbing, power leads, and instrumentation leads to support and supply fuel and air to heaters 10.sub.1 to 10.sub.n, as will be discussed later.

(23) Heater 10 generally includes a heater housing 18 extending along heater axis 12, a plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 located within said heater housing 18 such that each fuel cell stack assembly 20 is spaced axially apart from each other fuel cell stack assembly 20, a first fuel supply conduit 22 and a second fuel supply conduit 24 for supplying fuel to fuel cell stack assemblies 20, a first oxidizing agent supply conduit 26 and a second oxidizing agent supply conduit 28; hereinafter referred to as first air supply conduit 26 and second air supply conduit 28; for supplying an oxidizing agent, for example air, to fuel cell stack assemblies 20, and a plurality of combustors 30 for combusting exhaust constituents produced by fuel cell stack assemblies 20. While heater 10 is illustrated with 3 fuel cell stack assemblies 20 within heater housing 18, it should be understood that a lesser number or a greater number of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be included. The number of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 within heater housing 18 may be determined, for example only, by one or more of the following considerations: the length of heater housing 18, the heat output capacity of each fuel cell stack assembly 20, the desired density of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 (i.e. the number of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 per unit of length), and the desired heat output of heater 10. The number of heaters 10 within bore hole 14 may be determined, for example only, by one or more of the following considerations: the depth of formation 16 which is desired to be heated, the location of oil within formation 16, and the length of each heater 10.

(24) Heater housing 18 may be substantially cylindrical and hollow. Heater housing 18 may support fuel cell stack assemblies 20 within heater housing 18 as will be described in greater detail later. Heater housing 18 of heater 10.sub.x, where x is from 1 to n where n is the number of heaters 10 within bore hole 14, may support heaters 10.sub.x+1 to 10.sub.n by heaters 10.sub.x+1 to 10.sub.n hanging from heater 10.sub.n. Consequently, heater housing 18 may be made of a material that is substantially strong to accommodate the weight of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and heaters 10.sub.x+1 to 10.sub.n. The material of heater housing 18 may also have properties to withstand the elevated temperatures, for example 600 C. to 900 C., as a result of the operation of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30. For example only, heater housing 18 may be made of a 300 series stainless steel with a wall thickness of 3/16 of an inch.

(25) With continued reference to all of the FIGS. but now with emphasis on FIGS. 6 and 7, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be, for example only, solid oxide fuel cells which generally include a fuel cell manifold 32, a plurality of fuel cell cassettes 34 (for clarity, only select fuel cell cassettes 34 have been labeled), and a fuel cell end cap 36. Fuel cell cassettes 34 are stacked together between fuel cell manifold 32 and fuel cell end cap 36 and are held therebetween in compression with tie rods 38. Each fuel cell stack assembly 20 may include, for example only, twenty to fifty fuel cell cassettes 34.

(26) Each fuel cell cassette 34 includes a fuel cell 40 having an anode 42 and a cathode 44 separated by a ceramic electrolyte 46. Each fuel cell 40 converts chemical energy from a fuel supplied to anode 42 into heat and electricity through a chemical reaction with air supplied to cathode 44. Further features of fuel cell cassettes 34 and fuel cells 40 are disclosed in United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2012/0094201 to Haltiner, Jr. et al. which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(27) Fuel cell manifold 32 receives fuel, e.g. a hydrogen rich reformate which may be supplied from a fuel source illustrated as fuel reformer 48, through a fuel inlet 50 from one or both of first fuel supply conduit 22 and second fuel supply conduit 24 and distributes the fuel to each of the fuel cell cassettes 34. Fuel cell manifold 32 also receives an oxidizing agent, for example, air from an oxidizing agent source illustrated as an air supply 54, through an air inlet 52 from one or both of first air supply conduit 26 and second air supply conduit 28. Fuel cell manifold 32 also receives anode exhaust, i.e. spent fuel and excess fuel from fuel cells 40 which may comprise H.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2, and N.sub.2, and discharges the anode exhaust from fuel cell manifold 32 through an anode exhaust outlet 56 which is in fluid communication with a respective combustor 30. Similarly, fuel cell manifold 32 also receives cathode exhaust, i.e. spent air and excess air from fuel cells 40 which may comprise O.sub.2 (depleted compared to the air supplied through first air supply conduit 26 and second air supply conduit 28) and N.sub.2, and discharges the cathode exhaust from fuel cell manifold 32 through a cathode exhaust outlet 58 which is in fluid communication with a respective combustor 30.

(28) With continued reference to all of the FIGS. but now with emphasis on FIGS. 6, 8, and 9; combustor 30 may include an anode exhaust chamber 60 which receives anode exhaust from anode exhaust outlet 56 of fuel cell manifold 32, a cathode exhaust chamber 62 which receives cathode exhaust from cathode exhaust outlet 58 of fuel cell manifold 32, and a combustion chamber 64 which receives anode exhaust from anode exhaust chamber 60 and also receives cathode exhaust from cathode exhaust chamber 62. Anode exhaust chamber 60 may be substantially cylindrical and connected to anode exhaust outlet 56 through an anode exhaust passage 66 which is coaxial with anode exhaust chamber 60. Anode exhaust chamber 60 includes a plurality of anode exhaust mixing passages 68 which extend radially outward therefrom into combustion chamber 64. Cathode exhaust chamber 62 may be substantially annular in shape and radially surrounding anode exhaust passage 66 in a coaxial relationship. Cathode exhaust chamber 62 includes a plurality of cathode exhaust mixing passages 70 extending axially therefrom into combustion chamber 64. Cathode exhaust mixing passages 70 are located proximal to anode exhaust mixing passages 68 in order to allow anode exhaust gas exiting anode exhaust chamber 60 to impinge and mix with cathode exhaust exiting cathode exhaust chamber 62. Combustion of the mixture of anode exhaust and cathode exhaust may occur naturally due to the temperature within combustion chamber 64 being equal to or greater than the autoignition temperature of the mixture of anode exhaust and cathode exhaust due to the operation of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 or the operation of a plurality of electric resistive heating elements (not shown) that may be used to begin operation of fuel cell stack assemblies 20. In this way, anode exhaust is mixed with cathode exhaust within combustion chamber 64 and combusted therein to form a heated combustor exhaust comprising CO.sub.2, N.sub.2, O.sub.2, and H.sub.2O. Combustor 30 includes a combustor exhaust outlet 72 at the end of combustion chamber 64 for communicating the heated combustor exhaust from the combustor 30 to the interior volume of heater housing 18 thereby heating heater housing 18 and subsequently formation 16. Using combustor 30 to generate heat for heating formation 16 allows fuel cell stack assemblies 20 to be operated is such a way that promotes long service life of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 while allowing heaters 10 to generate the necessary heat for heating formation 16.

(29) With continued reference to all of the FIGS. and now with emphasis on FIGS. 6, 10, 11, and 12; each combustor 30 may include a flow director 74 and heater 10 may include a baffle 76 positioned radially between fuel cell stack assemblies 20/combustors 30 and heater housing 18 in order increase the effectiveness of transferring heat from the heated combustor exhaust to heater housing 18 and subsequently to formation 16. Baffle 76 is substantially cylindrical and coaxial with heater housing 18, thereby defining a heat transfer channel 78, which may be substantially annular in shape, radially between heater housing 18 and baffle 76. As shown most clearly in FIG. 12, baffle 76 may be made of multiple baffle panels 80 (for clarity, only select baffle panels 80 have been labeled) in order to ease assembly of heater 10. Baffle panels 80 may be loosely joined together in order to prevent a pressure differential between heat transfer channel 78 and the volume that is radially inward of baffle 76. Baffle 76 includes a plurality of baffle apertures 82 (for clarity, only select baffle apertures 82 have been labeled) extending radially through baffle 76 to provide fluid communication from flow director 74 to heat transfer channel 78.

(30) Flow director 74 includes a central portion 84 which is connected to combustor exhaust outlet 72 and receives the heated combustor exhaust therefrom. Flow director 74 also includes flow director outlets 86 which extend radially outward from central portion 84. Each flow director outlet 86 communicates with a respective baffle aperture 82 to communicate heated combustor exhaust to heat transfer channel 78. After being communicated to heat transfer channel 78, the heated combustor exhaust may pass upward through each heater 10 until reaching the top of bore hole 14. Each flow director outlet 86 defines a flow director cleft 88 with an adjacent flow director outlet 86. Flow director clefts 88 allow various elements, e.g. first fuel supply conduit 22, second fuel supply conduit 24, first air supply conduit 26, second air supply conduit 28, and electrical conductors, to extend axially uninterrupted through heater housing 18. Flow director 74 may be made of a material that has good oxidation resistance, for example, stainless steel or ceramic coated metal due to the high temperatures and corrosive conditions flow director 74 may experience in use. In addition to flow director 74 and baffle 76 providing the benefit of placing the heated combustor exhaust where heat can be most effectively be transferred to formation 16, flow director 74 and baffle 76 provide the benefit of segregating fuel cell stack assemblies 20 from the heated combustor exhaust because fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be sensitive to the temperature of the heated combustor exhaust. In order to further thermally isolate fuel cell stack assemblies 20 from the heated combustor exhaust, baffle 76 may be made of a thermally insulative material or have a thermally isolative layer to inhibit transfer of thermal energy from heat transfer channel 78 to fuel cell stack assemblies 20.

(31) With continued reference to all of the FIGS. but now with emphasis on FIGS. 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, and 16; in addition to first fuel supply conduit 22, second fuel supply conduit 24, first air supply conduit 26, and second air supply conduit 28 supplying fuel and air to fuel cell stack assemblies 20, first fuel supply conduit 22, second fuel supply conduit 24, first air supply conduit 26, and second air supply conduit 28 also provide structural support to fuel cell stack assemblies 20 within heater 10. The lower end of heater housing 18 includes a support plate 90 therein. Support plate 90 is of sufficient strength and securely fastened to heater housing 18 in order support the weight of fuel cell stack assemblies 20, combustors 30 first fuel supply conduit 22, second fuel supply conduit 24, first air supply conduit 26, second air supply conduit 28 and baffle 76 that are located within heater 10. Support plate 90 is arranged to allow the heated combustor exhaust from lower heaters 10 to rise through each heater housing 18, much like a chimney, ultimately allowing the heated combustor exhaust to pass to the surface of formation 16.

(32) First fuel supply conduit 22 and second fuel supply conduits 24 are comprised of first fuel supply conduit sections 22.sub.S and second fuel supply conduit sections 24.sub.S respectively which are positioned between support plate 90 and the lowermost fuel cell stack assembly 20 within heater 10, between adjacent fuel cell stack assemblies 20 within a heater 10, and between the uppermost fuel cell stack assembly 20 within a heater 10 and support plate 90 of the next adjacent heater 10. Similarly, first air supply conduit 26 and second air supply conduits 28 are comprised of first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S respectively which are positioned between support plate 90 and the lowermost fuel cell stack assembly 20 within heater 10, between adjacent fuel cell stack assemblies 20 within a heater 10, and between the uppermost fuel cell stack assembly 20 within a heater 10 and support plate 90 of the next adjacent heater 10.

(33) Each fuel cell manifold 32 includes a first fuel supply boss 92 and a second fuel supply boss 94. First fuel supply boss 92 and second fuel supply boss 94 extend radially outward from fuel cell manifold 32 and include an upper fuel supply recesses 100 and a lower fuel supply recess 102 which extend axially thereinto from opposite sides for receiving an end of one first fuel supply conduit section 22.sub.S or one second fuel supply conduit section 24.sub.S in a sealing manner. Upper fuel supply recess 100 and lower fuel supply recess 102 of each first fuel supply boss 92 and second fuel supply boss 94 are fluidly connected by a fuel supply through passage 104 which extends axially between upper fuel supply recess 100 and lower fuel supply recess 102. An upper fuel supply shoulder 106 is defined at the bottom of upper fuel supply recess 100 while a lower fuel supply shoulder 108 is defined at the bottom of upper fuel supply recess 100. In this way, first fuel supply conduit sections 22.sub.S form a support column with first fuel supply bosses 92, thereby supporting fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 on support plate 90 within heater housing 18. Similarly, second fuel supply conduit sections 24.sub.S, form a support column with second fuel supply bosses 94, thereby supporting fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 on support plate 90 within heater housing 18. First fuel supply conduit sections 22.sub.S and second fuel supply conduit sections 24.sub.S may be made of a material that is substantially strong to accommodate the weight of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 within heater 10. The material of first fuel supply conduit sections 22.sub.S and second fuel supply conduit sections 24.sub.S may also have properties to withstand the elevated temperatures within heater housing 18 as a result of the operation of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30. For example only, first fuel supply conduit sections 22.sub.S and second fuel supply conduit sections 24.sub.S may be made of a 300 series stainless steel with a wall thickness of 1/16 of an inch.

(34) Fuel passing through first fuel supply conduit 22 and second fuel supply conduit 24 may be communicated to fuel inlet 50 of fuel cell manifold 32 via a fuel flow connecting passage 110 extending between fuel supply pass through passage 104 and fuel inlet 50. As shown, in FIG. 13, each fuel cell manifold 32 may include only one fuel flow connecting passage 110 which connects pass through passage 104 of either first fuel supply boss 92 or second fuel supply boss 94 to fuel inlet 50. Also as shown, fuel cell manifolds 32 of adjacent fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may include fuel flow connecting passage 110 in opposite first and second fuel supply bosses 92, 94 such that every other fuel cell manifold 32 receives fuel from first fuel supply conduit 22 while the remaining fuel cell manifolds 32 receive fuel from second fuel supply conduit 24. However; it should be understood that, alternatively, both first fuel supply boss 92 and second fuel supply boss 94 of some or all of fuel cell manifolds 32 may include fuel flow connecting passage 110 in order to supply fuel to fuel inlet 50 from both first fuel supply conduit 22 and second fuel supply conduit 24.

(35) Each fuel cell manifold 32 includes a first air supply boss 112 and a second air supply boss 114. First air supply boss 112 and second air supply boss 114 extend radially outward from fuel cell manifold 32 and include an upper air supply recesses 116 and a lower air supply recess 118 which extend axially thereinto from opposite sides for receiving an end of one first air supply conduit section 26.sub.S, or one second air supply conduit section 28.sub.S in a sealing manner. Upper air supply recess 116 and lower air supply recess 118 of each first air supply boss 112 and second air supply boss 114 are fluidly connected by an air supply through passage 120 which extends axially between upper air supply recess 116 and lower air supply recess 118. An upper air supply shoulder 122 is defined at the bottom of upper air supply recess 116 while a lower air supply shoulder 124 is defined at the bottom of lower air supply recess 118. In this way, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S form a support column with first air supply bosses 112, thereby supporting fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 on support plate 90 within heater housing 18. Similarly, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, form a support column with second air supply bosses 114, thereby supporting fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 on support plate 90 within heater housing 18. First air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S may be made of a material that is substantially strong to accommodate the weight of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 within heater 10. The material of first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S may also have properties to withstand the elevated temperatures within heater housing 18 as a result of the operation of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30. For example only, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S may be made of a 300 series stainless steel with a wall thickness of 1/16 of an inch.

(36) Supporting fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 from the bottom of heater housing 18 on support plate 90 results in the weight being supported by first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S in compression which maximizes the strength of first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S and requires minimal strength of connection fasteners which join first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S. This also tends to promote sealing first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S with fuel cell manifolds 32. Combining the structural support of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 by supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S provides the further advantage of avoiding additional structural components. Furthermore, supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S, first air supply conduit sections 26.sub.S, and second air supply conduit sections 28.sub.S of a given heater 10.sub.n are independent of all other heaters 10 in the sense that they only need to support fuel cell stack assemblies 20 and combustors 30 of heater 10.sub.n, thereby relying on heater housings 18 of heaters 10 as the principal support for heaters 10.

(37) Fuel passing through first air supply conduit 26 and second air supply conduit 28 may be communicated to air inlet 52 of fuel cell manifold 32 via an air flow connecting passage 126 extending between air supply pass through passage 120 and air inlet 52. As shown, in FIG. 14, each fuel cell manifold 32 may include only one air flow connecting passage 126 which connects air supply through passage 120 of either first air supply boss 112 or second air supply boss 114 to air inlet 52. Also as shown, fuel cell manifolds 32 of adjacent fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may include air flow connecting passage 126 in opposite first and second air supply bosses 112, 114 such that every other fuel cell manifold 32 receives air from first air supply conduit 26 while the remaining fuel cell manifolds 32 receive air from second air supply conduit 28. However; it should be understood that, alternatively, both first air supply boss 112 and second air supply boss 114 of some or all of fuel cell manifolds 32 may include air flow connecting passage 126 in order to supply air to air inlet 52 from both first air supply conduit 26 and second air supply conduit 28.

(38) When heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n are connected together in sufficient number and over a sufficient distance, the pressure of fuel at fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may vary along the length of heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n. This variation in the pressure of fuel may lead to varying fuel flow to fuel cell stack assemblies 20 that may not be compatible with desired operation of each fuel cell stack assembly 20. In order to obtain a sufficiently uniform flow of fuel to each fuel cell stack assembly 20, fuel flow connecting passages 110 may include a fuel orifice 128 therein such that the magnitude of restriction provided by fuel orifice 128 is tailored to the location along heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n that a particular fuel cell stack assembly 20 will be placed. In other words, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 that are closest to fuel reformer 48 may have fuel orifice 128 that is configured to provide a restriction of magnitude RF.sub.1 while fuel cell stack assemblies 20 that are furthest from fuel reformer 48 may be configured to provide a restriction of magnitude RF.sub.2 where RF.sub.1>RF.sub.2. In this way, fuel orifices 128 that are configured to provide restriction of magnitude RF.sub.2 are subjected to lower fuel pressure due to being a greater distance from fuel reformer 48. Consequently, fuel orifices 128 that have restriction of magnitude RF.sub.2 provide less restriction in order to closely match the fuel flow through fuel orifices 128 that are configured to provide restriction of magnitude RF.sub.1 which are subjected to higher fuel pressure, thereby providing less variation in fuel flow to each fuel cell stack assembly 20. In order provide sufficient uniformity of fuel flow to fuel cell stack assemblies 20, it may be necessary to arrange fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly groups 129.sub.1-129.sub.m where fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1 is closest to fuel reformer 48, fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.m is furthest from fuel reformer 48, m is the total number of fuel cell stack assembly groups 129, and each fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x (x is from 1 to m) uses fuel orifice 128 configured to provide a restriction of magnitude RF.sub.x (x is from 1 to m) that is unique to fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x. FIG. 18 has been included which shows fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1, fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.m1 and fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.m. Each fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x may each contain equal quantities of fuel cell stack assemblies 20; however, it may be preferable for at least one fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x to contain a different number of fuel cell stack assemblies 20. For example, when heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n include a total of 333 fuel cell stack assemblies 20, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be arranged in three fuel cell stack assembly groups 129.sub.1, 129.sub.2, and 129.sub.3 where there are 55 fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1, 55 fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.2, and 223 fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.3. It should be noted that fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1 use fuel orifices 128 configured to provide a first magnitude of restriction, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.2 use fuel orifices 128 configured to provide a second magnitude of restriction that is less than the magnitude of restriction provided by fuel orifices 128 of fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1, and fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.3 use fuel orifices 128 configured to provide a third magnitude of restriction that is less than the magnitude of restriction provided by fuel orifices 128 of fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.2. In general terms, the magnitude of restriction provided by fuel orifices 128 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x1 is less than the magnitude of restriction provided by fuel orifices 128 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x. For the same 333 fuel cell stack assembly example, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be arranged into more than three fuel cell stack assembly groups 129 in order to further reduce fuel flow variation to fuel cell stack assemblies 20, however, doing so requires a greater number of fuel orifices 128 configured to provide different magnitudes of restriction which may make it more difficult to assemble heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n due to the need to keep fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in proper order. Similarly, for the same 333 fuel cell stack assembly example, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be arranged into fewer than three fuel cell stack assembly groups 129 in order to reduce the number of different fuel cell stack assemblies 20 to keep track of during assembly of heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n; however, a tradeoff will be made in greater fuel flow variation to fuel cell stack assemblies 20. Consequently, the number of fuel cell stack assembly groups 129 is determined at least in part by the total number of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n, the length of heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n, and the extent to which fuel pressure variation can be tolerated between fuel cell stack assemblies 20.

(39) In order for fuel orifice 128 to achieve the desired magnitude of restriction, fuel orifice 128 may be sized to provide the desired magnitude of restriction. More specifically, fuel orifice 128 is made larger to provide a smaller magnitude of restriction and fuel orifice 128 is made smaller to provide a larger magnitude of restriction. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 19, multiple fuel orifices 128 may be provided in series in fuel flow connecting passage 110. By providing multiple fuel orifices 128 in fuel flow connecting passage 110, each fuel orifice 128 may be made larger in order to ease manufacturing and to reduce tendency to plug while achieving the desired magnitude of restriction.

(40) In order to vary the electricity and/or thermal output of fuel cell stack assemblies 20, the composition of the fuel may be varied in order to achieve the desired electricity and/or thermal output of fuel cell stack assemblies 20. As described previously, fuel is supplied to fuel cell stack assemblies 20 by fuel reformer 48. Fuel reformer 48 may reform a hydrocarbon fuel, for example CH.sub.4, from a hydrocarbon fuel source 130 to produce a blend of H.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2, N.sub.2, CH.sub.4. The portion of the blend which is used by fuel cell stack assemblies 20 to generate electricity and heat is H.sub.2, CO, and CH.sub.4 which may be from about 10% to about 90% of the blend. Fuel reformer 48 may be operated to yield a concentration of H.sub.2, CO, and CH4 that will result in the desired electricity and/or thermal output of fuel cell stack assemblies 20. Furthermore, a dilutant such as excess H.sub.2O or N.sub.2 may be added downstream of fuel reformer 48 from a dilutant source 131 to further dilute the fuel. In this way, the fuel composition supplied to fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may be varied to achieve a desired electricity and/or thermal output of fuel cell stack assemblies 20.

(41) Similarly, when heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n are connected together in sufficient number and over a sufficient distance, the pressure of air at fuel cell stack assemblies 20 may vary along the length of heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n. This variation in the pressure of air may lead to varying air flow to fuel cell stack assemblies 20 that may not be compatible with desired operation of each fuel cell stack assembly 20. In order to obtain a sufficiently uniform flow of air to each fuel cell stack assembly 20, air flow connecting passages 126 may include an air orifice 132 therein such that the magnitude of restriction provided by air orifice 132 is tailored to the location along heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n that a particular fuel cell stack assembly 20 will be placed. In other words, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 that are closest to air supply 54 may have air orifice 132 that is configured to provide a restriction of magnitude RA.sub.1 while fuel cell stack assemblies 20 that are furthest from air supply 54 may be configured to provide a restriction of magnitude RA.sub.2 where RA.sub.1>RA.sub.2. In this way, air orifices 132 that are configured to provide restriction of magnitude RA.sub.2 are subjected to lower air pressure due to being a greater distance from air supply 54. Consequently, air orifices 132 that have restriction of magnitude RA.sub.2 provide less restriction in order to closely match the air flow through air orifices 132 that are configured to provide restriction of magnitude RA.sub.1 which are subjected to higher air pressure, thereby providing less variation in air flow to each fuel cell stack assembly 20. In order provide sufficient uniformity of air flow to fuel cell stack assemblies 20, each fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x (x is from 1 to m where fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1 is closest to air supply 54 and fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.m is furthest from air supply 54) uses air orifice 132 which is configured to provide restriction of magnitude RA.sub.x (x is from 1 to m) that is unique to fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x. In the example of heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n including a total of 333 fuel cell stack assemblies 20, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1 use air orifices 132 configured to provide a first magnitude of restriction, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.2 use air orifices 132 configured to provide a second magnitude of restriction that is less than the magnitude of restriction provided by air orifices 132 of fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.1, and fuel cell stack assemblies 20 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.3 use air orifices 132 configured to provide a third magnitude of restriction that is less than the magnitude of restriction provided by air orifices 132 of fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.2. In general terms, the magnitude of restriction provided by air orifices 132 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x+1 is less than the magnitude of restriction provided by air orifices 132 in fuel cell stack assembly group 129.sub.x.

(42) In order for air orifice 132 to achieve the desired magnitude of restriction, air orifice 132 may be sized to provide the desired magnitude of restriction. More specifically, air orifice 132 is made larger to provide a smaller magnitude of restriction and air orifice 132 is made smaller to provide a larger magnitude of restriction. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 20, multiple air orifices 132 may be provided in series in air flow connecting passage 126. By providing multiple air orifices 132 in air flow connecting passage 126, each air orifice 132 may be made larger in order to ease manufacturing and to reduce tendency to plug while achieving the desired magnitude of restriction.

(43) In use, heaters 10.sub.1, 10.sub.2, . . . 10.sub.n1, 10.sub.n are operated by supplying fuel and air to fuel cell stack assemblies 20 which are located within heater housing 18. Fuel cell stack assemblies 20 carry out a chemical reaction between the fuel and air, causing fuel cell stack assemblies 20 to be elevated in temperature, for example, about 600 C. to about 900 C. The anode exhaust and cathode exhaust of fuel cell stack assemblies 20 is mixed and combusted within respective combustors 30 to produce a heated combustor exhaust which is discharged within heater housing 18. Consequently, fuel cell stack assemblies 20 together with the heated combustor exhaust elevate the temperature of heater housing 18 with subsequently elevates the temperature of formation 16.

(44) While this invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments thereof, it is not intended to be so limited, but rather only to the extent set forth in the claims that follow.