ROTOR BLADE ROOT ASSEMBLY FOR A WIND TURBINE

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to a root assembly for a rotor blade of a wind turbine and methods of manufacturing same. The root assembly includes a blade root section having an inner sidewall surface and an outer sidewall surface separated by a radial gap, a plurality of root inserts spaced circumferentially within the radial gap, and a plurality of spacers configured between one or more of the root inserts. Further, each of the root inserts includes at least one bushing surrounded by a pre-cured or pre-consolidated composite material. In addition, the spacers are constructed of a pre-cured or pre-consolidated composite material.

Claims

1. A root assembly for a rotor blade of a wind turbine, comprising: a blade root section comprising an inner sidewall surface and an outer sidewall surface separated by a radial gap; a plurality of root inserts spaced circumferentially within the radial gap, each of the root inserts comprising at least one bushing surrounded by a pre-consolidated composite material, each of the bushings configured to receive a root bolt, the root bolts configured to secure the root assembly to a hub of the wind turbine; and, a plurality of pultruded spacers configured between one or more of the root inserts, each of the pultruded spacers being constructed of a pre-consolidated composite material.

2. The root assembly of claim 1, further comprising pultruded root inserts, wherein the pre-consolidated composite materials of the pultruded root inserts and the pultruded spacers comprise a plurality of fiber materials cured together via a resin, wherein the plurality of fiber materials comprise at least one of carbon fibers, carbon rovings, glass fibers, or glass rovings.

3. The root assembly of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises at least one of a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material.

4. The root assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of spacers further comprises a low-density core material.

5. The root assembly of claim 1, further comprising a bonding agent configured within the radial gap, the bonding agent being configured to promote resin transfer during manufacturing of the root assembly.

6. The root assembly of claim 5, wherein the bonding agent comprises chopped fiber mat (CFM), a biaxially-stretched plastic film, or a three-dimensional glass fabric.

7. The root assembly of claim 1, wherein the root assembly is formed via at least one of welding, vacuum infusion, resin transfer molding (RTM), light resin transfer molding (RTM), or vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM).

8. The root assembly of claim 1, wherein the root inserts and the spacers comprises side edges such that when the root inserts and spacers are arranged in the root assembly, the side edges align and are substantially flush to form first and second continuous surfaces.

9. The root assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of root inserts and the plurality of spacers comprise corresponding cross-sectional shapes, the corresponding cross-sectional shapes comprising one of a square or a rectangle.

10. A method of manufacturing a root assembly for a rotor blade of a wind turbine, the method comprising: placing an outer layer of thermoplastic material into a shell mold of a blade root section of the rotor blade to form an outer sidewall surface of the root assembly; placing a plurality of root inserts atop the outer layer, wherein each of the root inserts includes at least one metal bushing surrounded by a thermoplastic material; placing an inner layer of thermoplastic material into a shell mold atop the root inserts to form an inner sidewall surface of the root assembly; and, joining the root inserts between the inner and outer layers.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of joining the root inserts between the inner and outer layers further comprises welding the root inserts between the inner and outer layers.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein welding the root inserts between the inner and outer layers further comprises heating the metal bushings of the root inserts such that the surrounding thermoplastic material is heated and welding the heated thermoplastic material of the root inserts to the inner and outer layers.

13. A method of manufacturing a root assembly for a rotor blade of a wind turbine, the method comprising: placing an outer layer of composite material into a shell mold of a blade root section of the rotor blade to form an outer sidewall surface of the root assembly; placing a plurality of pultruded root inserts atop the outer layer, wherein each of the pultruded root inserts includes at least one bushing surrounded by a pre-consolidated composite material; placing a plurality of spacers between one or more of the plurality of root inserts, wherein the spacers are constructed, at least in part, of a pre-consolidated composite material; placing an inner layer of composite material into a shell mold atop the root inserts and the spacers to form an inner sidewall surface of the root assembly; and, infusing the root inserts and the spacers between the inner and outer layers via a resin.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising varying a number of the root inserts based on load concentrations in the root assembly.

15. The method of claim 13, further comprising placing at least one spacer between each of the root inserts such that each of the root inserts are evenly spaced.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein placing the plurality of root inserts atop the outer layer and placing the plurality of spacers between one or more of the plurality of root inserts further comprises mounting the plurality of root inserts and the plurality of spacers to a removable flange, the removable flange configured to maintain position of the root inserts and the spacers during infusing.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising pultruding the plurality of spacers, wherein the pre-consolidated composite materials comprise at least one of a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein pultruding the plurality of spacers further comprises providing a low-density core material to fill an internal volume of the spacers.

19. The method of claim 13, further comprising preparing one or more surfaces of the root inserts or the spacers to improve adhesion of the surfaces or to promote resin transfer during infusing, wherein preparing the one or more surfaces of the root inserts or the spacers further comprises at least one of providing a bonding agent between one or more of the surfaces or grinding one or more of the surfaces.

20. The method of claim 13, further comprising infusing the root inserts and the spacers between the inner and outer layers via at least one of vacuum infusion, resin transfer molding (RTM), light resin transfer molding (RTM), or vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth in the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures, in which:

[0024] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a wind turbine according to the present disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a rotor blade of a wind turbine according to the present disclosure;

[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates an enlarged view of one embodiment of an end face of a root assembly of a rotor blade according to the present invention;

[0027] FIG. 4 illustrates an enlarged view of another embodiment of an end face of a root assembly of a rotor blade according to the present invention;

[0028] FIG. 5 illustrates an enlarged view of yet another embodiment of an end face of a root assembly of a rotor blade according to the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 6 illustrates a detailed view of a portion of a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0030] FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a root insert for a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0031] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a spacer for a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0032] FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spacer of FIG. 6 along line 7-7;

[0033] FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0034] FIG. 11 illustrates an enlarged view of another embodiment of a portion of a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present invention;

[0035] FIG. 12 illustrates a detailed view of a portion of a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0036] FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view of another embodiment of a root insert for a root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0037] FIG. 14 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a root assembly for a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of a shell mold used during the manufacturing process of the root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure, particularly illustrating the outer layer placed onto the shell mold;

[0039] FIG. 16 illustrates a perspective view of a shell mold used during the manufacturing process of the root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure, particularly illustrating the outer layer, the root inserts, and the spacers placed onto the shell mold;

[0040] FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of a shell mold used during the manufacturing process of the root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure, particularly illustrating the root inserts and the spacers secured in the shell mold via a removable flange; and

[0041] FIG. 18 illustrates a perspective view of a shell mold used during the manufacturing process of the root assembly of a wind turbine rotor blade according to the present disclosure, particularly illustrating the root inserts and the spacers between the inner and outer layers of composite material before infusion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0042] Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0043] Generally, the present disclosure is directed to a root assembly for a rotor blade of a wind turbine and methods of manufacturing same. The root assembly includes a blade root section having an inner sidewall surface and an outer sidewall surface separated by a radial gap, a plurality of root inserts spaced circumferentially within the radial gap, and optionally a plurality of spacers configured between one or more of the root inserts. Further, the blade root section may be constructed, at least in part, from a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material. In addition, each of the root inserts includes at least one bore hole surrounded by a pre-cured or pre-consolidated composite material, e.g. a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material. Moreover, the spacers may also be constructed of a pre-cured or pre-consolidated composite material, e.g. a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material. More specifically, the thermoplastic and/or thermoset materials may be reinforced with glass or carbon fibers or rovings.

[0044] The present disclosure provides many advantages not present in the prior art. For example, the root assembly of the present disclosure provides improved laminate quality between the root inserts, e.g. due to the combination of thermoset and/or thermoplastic components. In addition, the root assembly of the present disclosure enables the use of root inserts in thermoplastic as well as thermoset rotor blades. Further, the resin consumption in the primary shell infusion process of the rotor blades may be reduced, thereby reducing overall manufacturing costs. Further, the labor required to place the root inserts and/or the spacers into the shell mold may be reduced as compared to using dry fabrics to fill the volume. Moreover, the pultruded root inserts allows significant reductions in manufacturing cycle time as compared to using T-bolt and/or barrel nut configurations.

[0045] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a horizontal axis wind turbine 10. It should be appreciated that the wind turbine 10 may also be a vertical-axis wind turbine. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the wind turbine 10 includes a tower 12, a nacelle 14 mounted on the tower 12, and a rotor hub 18 that is coupled to the nacelle 14. The tower 12 may be fabricated from tubular steel or other suitable material. The rotor hub 18 includes one or more rotor blades 16 coupled to and extending radially outward from the hub 18. As shown, the rotor hub 18 includes three rotor blades 16. However, in an alternative embodiment, the rotor hub 18 may include more or less than three rotor blades 16. The rotor blades 16 rotate the rotor hub 18 to enable kinetic energy to be transferred from the wind into usable mechanical energy, and subsequently, electrical energy. Specifically, the hub 18 may be rotatably coupled to an electric generator (not illustrated) positioned within the nacelle 14 for production of electrical energy.

[0046] Referring to FIG. 2, one of the rotor blades 16 of FIG. 1 is illustrated in accordance with aspects of the present subject matter. As shown, the rotor blade 16 generally includes a root assembly 30 having a blade root section 32 that is configured to be mounted or otherwise secured to the hub 18 (FIG. 1) of the wind turbine 10. In addition, a blade tip section 34 is disposed opposite the blade root section 32. A body shell 21 of the rotor blade generally extends between the blade root section 32 and the blade tip section 34 along a longitudinal axis 24. The body shell 21 may generally serve as the outer casing/covering of the rotor blade 16 and may define a substantially aerodynamic profile, such as by defining a symmetrical or cambered airfoil-shaped cross-section. The body shell 21 may also define a pressure side 36 and a suction side 38 extending between leading and trailing ends 26, 28 of the rotor blade 16. Further, the rotor blade 16 may also have a span 23 defining the total length between the blade root section 32 and the blade tip section 34 and a chord 25 defining the total length between the leading edge 26 and the trailing edge 28. As is generally understood, the chord 25 may generally vary in length with respect to the span 23 as the rotor blade 16 extends from the blade root section 32 to the blade tip section 34.

[0047] In several embodiments, the body shell 21 of the rotor blade 16 may be formed as a single, unitary component. Alternatively, the body shell 21 may be formed from a plurality of shell components or segments. Additionally, the body shell 21 may generally be formed from any suitable material. For instance, in one embodiment, the body shell 21 may be formed entirely from a laminate composite material, such as a carbon fiber reinforced laminate composite or a glass fiber reinforced laminate composite. Alternatively, one or more portions of the body shell 21 may be configured as a layered construction and may include a core material, formed from a lightweight material such as wood (e.g., balsa), foam (e.g., extruded polystyrene foam) or a combination of such materials, disposed between layers of laminate composite material.

[0048] The rotor blade 16 may also include one or more longitudinally extending structural components configured to provide increased stiffness, buckling resistance and/or strength to the rotor blade 16. For example, the rotor blade 16 may include a pair of longitudinally extending spar caps 20, 22 configured to be engaged against the opposing inner surfaces of the pressure and suction sides 34, 36 of the rotor blade 16, respectively. Additionally, one or more shear webs (not shown) may be disposed between the spar caps 20, 22 so as to form a beam-like configuration. The spar caps 20, 22 may generally be designed to control the bending stresses and/or other loads acting on the rotor blade 16 in a generally span-wise direction (a direction parallel to the span 23 of the rotor blade 16) during operation of a wind turbine 10. Similarly, the spar caps 20, 22 may also be designed to withstand the span-wise compression occurring during operation of the wind turbine 10.

[0049] Referring now to FIGS. 3-13 various views and/or components of multiple embodiments of the root assembly 30 according to the present disclosure are illustrated. More specifically, as shown, the root assembly 30 includes a blade root section 32 having an end face 33 with a substantially annular cross-section defined by an inner sidewall surface 40 and an outer sidewall surface 42. Further, as shown generally in the figures, the inner and outer sidewall surfaces 40, 42 are separated by a radial gap 44. In addition, in certain embodiments, the blade root section 32 may be constructed of a first composite material. For example, in certain embodiments, the first composite material may include a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material. In addition, the thermoset or thermoplastic materials of the blade root section 32 may be reinforced with one or more fibers, including but not limited to glass or carbon fibers or rovings.

[0050] In addition, as shown, the root assembly 30 also includes a plurality of root inserts 46 spaced circumferentially within the radial gap 44 and optionally a plurality of spacers 52 (FIGS. 4-6 and 8-13) configured between one or more of the root inserts 46. Moreover, each of the root inserts 46 includes at least one bore hole or bushing 48 surrounded by a second composite material 50. For example, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, each of the root inserts 46 includes a single bushing 48 surrounded by the second composite material 50. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5, one or more of the root inserts 46 may include a plurality of bushings 48 surrounded by a second composite material 50. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the bushing(s) 48 may include a metal bushing cured within and surrounded by the second composite material 50. For example, in certain embodiments, the second composite material (like the first composite material) may include a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material. In addition, as mentioned, the thermoset or thermoplastic materials may be reinforced with one or more fibers, including but not limited to glass or carbon fibers or rovings.

[0051] More specifically, in certain embodiments, the second composite material may be different than the first composite material. For example, the first composite material may be a thermoset material, whereas the second composite material may be a thermoplastic material. In alternative embodiments, the first composite material may be a thermoplastic material, whereas the second composite material may be a thermoset material. In still additional embodiments, both the first and second composite materials may be thermoplastic materials. In addition, the spacers 52 as described herein may be constructed, at least in part, of a pre-consolidated or pre-cured composite material 54, e.g. a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material.

[0052] The thermoplastic materials as described herein generally encompass a plastic material or polymer that is reversible in nature. For example, thermoplastic materials typically become pliable or moldable when heated to a certain temperature and solidify upon cooling. Further, thermoplastic materials may include amorphous thermoplastic materials and semi-crystalline thermoplastic materials. For example, some amorphous thermoplastic materials may generally include, but are not limited to styrenes, vinyls, cellulosics, polyesters, acrylics, polysulphones, and/or imides. More specifically, example amorphous thermoplastic materials may include polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), glycolised polyethylene terephthalate (PET-G), polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetate, amorphous polyamide, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride, polyurethane, or similar. In addition, example semi-crystalline thermoplastic materials may generally include, but are not limited to polyolefins, polyamides, fluropolymer, ethyl-methyl acrylate, polyesters, polycarbonates, and/or acetals. More specifically, example semi-crystalline thermoplastic materials may include polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene, polyphenyl sulfide, polyethylene, polyamide (nylon), polyetherketone, or similar. Further, the thermoset materials as described herein generally encompass a plastic material or polymer that is non-reversible in nature. For example, thermoset materials, once cured, cannot be easily remolded or returned to a liquid state. As such, after initial forming, thermoset materials are generally resistant to heat, corrosion, and/or creep. Example thermoset materials may generally include, but are not limited to, some polyesters, some polyurethanes, esters, epoxies, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, or similar.

[0053] In addition, in certain embodiments, the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 may be pultruded from one or more composite materials, respectively. As used herein, the terms pultruded, pultrusions, or similar generally encompass reinforced materials (e.g. fibers or woven or braided strands) that are impregnated with a resin and pulled through a stationary die such that the resin cures or undergoes polymerization. As such, the process of manufacturing pultruded members is typically characterized by a continuous process of composite materials that produces composite parts having a constant cross-section. Thus, the composite materials may include pultrusions constructed of glass or carbon reinforced thermoset or thermoplastic materials. Further, the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 may be formed of the same composite materials or different composite materials. In addition, the pultruded components may be produced from rovings, which generally encompass long and narrow bundles of fibers that are not combined until joined by a cured resin.

[0054] In particular embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, the spacers 52 may also include a core material 58. For example, in certain embodiments, the core material 58 may include a lightweight material such as wood (e.g., balsa), foam (e.g., extruded polystyrene foam) or a combination of such materials. More specifically, the core material 58 may include a low-density foam material. As such, the core material 58 is configured to occupy space that would otherwise fill with fiber material and/or resin during the pultrusion process. Thus, in certain embodiments, the core material 58 may be configured to fill enough space in the pultrusion spacer to allow sufficient curing throughout the spacer 52.

[0055] Referring particularly to FIGS. 6-10, the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 may each include side edges 45, 53, respectively, such that when the root inserts 46 and the spacers 52 are arranged in the root assembly 30 (FIGS. 6 and 10), the side edges 45, 53 substantially align and are flush to form first and second continuous surfaces 55, 56. More specifically, the plurality of root inserts 46 may include any suitable cross-sectional shape 60. For example, as shown in FIGS. 5-8, the cross-sectional shape 60 of the root inserts 46 may be a square, a rectangle, a circle, or similar. More specifically, as shown in FIGS. 4-10, the cross-sectional shape 60 of the root inserts 46 are substantially square. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 11-13, the cross-sectional shape 60 of the root inserts 46 is substantially circular. In additional embodiments, the plurality of spacers 52 may also include any suitable cross-sectional shape 62. For example, as shown in FIGS. 4-10, the cross-sectional shape 62 of the spacers may correspond to the cross-sectional shape 60 of the plurality of root inserts 46 such that the inserts and spacers may be aligned together in the radial gap 44. In addition, the root inserts 46 and spacers 52 may be sized so as to follow the curvature of the radial gap 44. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 11-13, the cross-sectional shape 62 of the spacers 52 may include a generally hour glass shape that corresponds to the circular cross-sectional shape 60 of the root inserts 46. For example, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the side edges 53 of the spacers 52 may be concave such that the edges receive the root inserts 46 therein.

[0056] In additional embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6, the root assembly 30 may also include a bonding agent 64 configured within the radial gap 44, e.g. between the various surfaces between the root inserts 46 and/or spacers 52. Thus, the bonding agent 64 is configured to promote surface adhesion and/or resin transfer throughout the root assembly 30 during the manufacturing process. More specifically, in particular embodiments, the bonding agent 64 may include chopped fiber mat (CFM), a biaxially-stretched plastic film, a three-dimensional glass fabric, or similar. Thus, in additional embodiments, the root assembly 30 may be formed via at least one of vacuum infusion, resin transfer molding (RTM), light resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), or similar, which is discussed in more detail below.

[0057] Referring now to FIG. 14, a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method 100 of manufacturing a root assembly 30 for a rotor blade 16 of a wind turbine 10 is illustrated. As shown at 102, the method 100 includes placing an outer layer 42 of composite material into a shell mold 66 of a blade root section 32 of the rotor blade 16 to form an outer sidewall surface 42 of the root assembly 30, for example, as shown in FIG. 15. More specifically, the outer layer 42 of composite material may include a thermoplastic material skin that may optionally be reinforced with glass or carbon fibers. Thus, the method 100 may including laying down one or more plies (e.g. glass or carbon fibers) in the shell mold 66 that extend from the end face 33 of the blade root section 32 toward the blade tip section 34. In addition, the plies are typically laid up in the mold so as to extend from the leading edge 26 to the trailing edge 28 of the rotor blade 16. The plies may then be infused together, e.g. via a thermoplastic material. Further, as shown, the shell mold 66 may include a first shell half 68 and a second shell half (not shown). As such, the method 100 may include forming a first blade section via the first shell half 68, forming a second blade section via the second shell half, and bonding the first and second blade sections together, e.g. via an adhesive. It should be understood that each blade section may be formed via the method steps as described herein.

[0058] Thus, as shown at 104, the method 100 may also include placing a plurality of root inserts 46 atop the outer layer 42, for example, as shown in FIG. 16. In particular embodiments, as shown in FIG. 17, each root insert 46 may be placed in the mold and then bolted to a removable flange 68 which can be removed at a later time. As mentioned, the root inserts 46 may be constructed of a thermoplastic or a thermoset material. In addition, as shown at 106, the method 100 may optionally include placing a plurality of spacers 52 between one or more of the plurality of root inserts 46, for example, as shown in FIG. 16. It should be understood that the spacers 52 may be placed into the shell mold simultaneously with the root inserts 46, e.g. by alternatively placing a spacer 52, then an insert 46, and so on. For example, in certain embodiments, the method 100 may include placing at least one spacer 52 adjacent to an installed insert 46 and then subsequently placing another insert 52 on the other side of the installed insert 46 and bolting the spacers 52 to the removable flange 68. In other words, the step of placing the plurality of root inserts 46 atop the outer layer 42 and placing the plurality of spacers 52 between one or more of the plurality of root inserts 46 may include mounting the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 to the removable flange 68, which is configured to maintain the position of the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 during infusing. For example, as shown, the root inserts 46 and the spacers 52 may be mounted to the removable flange via one or more fasteners 70.

[0059] It should also be understood that any arrangement of root inserts-to-spacers may be used in the root assembly 30. For example, in certain embodiments, the root assembly 30 may include only root inserts 46 as shown in FIG. 3. Alternatively, the method 100 of assembling the root assembly 30 may include varying a number of the root inserts 46 and spacers 52 based on load concentrations in the root assembly 30. More specifically, the arrangement of root inserts-to-spacers can be tailored such that the number of root inserts 46 is increased in areas of higher concentrations of load (for example, the portion of the root closest to the spar caps 20, 22). As such, in certain embodiments, the number of root inserts 46 may be increased or decreased based on varying load concentrations in the root assembly 30. In a further embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 4, 11, and 16, the method 100 may include placing at least one spacer 52 between each of the root inserts 46 such that the root inserts 46 are evenly spaced. Such an embodiment provides equal separation of the inserts 46 to tailor the rotor blade 16 to the minimum number of bolts required without having to over design the blade root due to standard geometry of the insert 46. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5, the method 100 may include placing the spacers 52 between the root inserts 46 randomly.

[0060] In further embodiments, the method 100 may also include preparing one or more surfaces 45, 53 of the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 (or the inner and outer sidewall surfaces 40, 42) so as to improve adhesion of the surfaces during infusion and/or to promote resin transfer during infusing. For example, in certain embodiments, the step of preparing one or more surfaces may include providing a bonding agent 64 between one or more of the surfaces, grinding one or more of the surfaces, or similar.

[0061] In addition, as mentioned, the method 100 may also include forming the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52 using any suitable manufacturing processes. For example, in certain embodiments, the method 100 may include pultruding the root inserts 46 and/or the spacers 52, e.g. using thermoplastic or thermoset materials reinforced with carbon or glass fibers. More specifically, in particular embodiments, the step of pultruding the spacers 52 may further include providing a low-density core material 58 to fill an internal volume of the spacers 52.

[0062] Referring still to FIG. 14, as shown at 108, the method 100 may also include placing an inner layer 40 of composite material into the shell mold 66 atop the root inserts 46 and the spacers 52 to form an inner sidewall surface 40 of the root assembly 30, for example, as shown in FIG. 18. Thus, as shown at 110, the method 100 may then include infusing the root inserts 46 and the spacers 52 between the inner and outer layers 40, 42, e.g. via a resin. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the method 100 may include infusing the root inserts 46 and the spacers 52 between the inner and outer layers 40, 42 via vacuum infusion, resin transfer molding (RTM), light resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), or similar.

[0063] In alternative embodiments, where the inner and outer layers 40, 42 and the root inserts 46 are constructed of thermoplastic materials, the method 100 may also include welding the thermoplastic inserts 46 between the inner and outer layers 40, 42 (rather than including or bonding the inserts 46 between the inner and outer layers 40, 42). As such, the thermoplastic inserts 46 may be reheated, removed, and replaced in the event damage and/or manufacturing defects. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the method 100 may include heating the metal bushing 48 of the inserts 46 such that the surrounding thermoplastic material is heated. Thus, the heated thermoplastic material can be welded to surrounding thermoplastic mating surfaces, e.g. the inner and outer layers 40, 42. In additional embodiments, pressure may also be applied from the root end of the metal bushing 48 to ensure a suitable weld bond. Accordingly, in further embodiments, a similar process may be used to remove an existing insert 46, i.e. by applying heat to the metal bushing 48 while pulling on the insert 46 to be removed.

[0064] The process for infusing, bonding, or welding the inserts 46 between the inner and outer layers 40, 42 can then be repeated for each blade half (if necessary). Further, the blade halves (where first and second shell molds are used) are allowed to cure for a predetermined time period. Once cured, the removable flange 68 may be removed and reused to manufacture additional root assemblies 30. In addition, the blade halves (if applicable) may be bonded together, e.g. with an adhesive, to form the root assembly 30. The adhesive is then allowed to cure to a state suitable for ejecting the root assembly 30 from the shell molds. The root assembly 30 may then be ejected from the shell mold 66 and located to an area for finishing.

[0065] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.