METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND FOR FUSING ULTRA-DENSE HYDROGEN

Abstract

A method for generating and for fusing ultra-dense hydrogen in which molecular hydrogen is fed into at least one cavity and catalyzed, where the splitting and subsequent condensation of the molecular hydrogen is initiated on a catalyst of the cavity to form an ultra-dense hydrogen. The ultra-dense hydrogen is exposed to pressure or electromagnetic radiation to initiate fusion of the ultra-dense hydrogen in the at least one cavity and the reaction heat is led out from the at least one cavity. The pressure as mechanical resonance or the electromagnetic radiation as electromagnetic resonance amplifies the field and therefore the effect. Also, an apparatus for carrying out the method is disclosed.

Claims

1-13. (canceled)

14. A method for generating and for fusing ultra-dense hydrogen, in which molecular hydrogen is led into at least one cavity and catalyzed, comprising the following steps: initiating condensation of the molecular hydrogen at a catalyst of the cavity to an ultra-dense hydrogen, initiating fusion of the ultra-dense hydrogen in the at least one cavity, and guiding reaction heat out from the at least one cavity.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein molecular hydrogen is bound to the ultra-dense hydrogen after the condensing.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the fusion is initiated electrically, electromagnetically or mechanically.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reaction heat guided out from the at least one cavity is used for further initiation of fusion.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reaction heat guided out from the at least one cavity is converted into mechanical, electrical or chemical energy.

19. An apparatus for carrying out a method for generating and for fusing ultra-dense hydrogen, in which molecular hydrogen is led into at least one cavity and catalyzed, comprising the steps of initiating condensation of the molecular hydrogen at a catalyst of the cavity to an ultra-dense hydrogen, initiating fusion of the ultra-dense hydrogen in the at least one cavity, and guiding reaction heat out from the at least one cavity, the apparatus comprising at least one cavity for receiving molecular hydrogen, a catalyst for catalyzing the molecular hydrogen, an initiating source for initiating a fusion, wherein the at least one cavity is at least one pore or vacancy of a metal or ceramic foam which is surrounded at its surfaces by the catalyst, at least in certain areas, and has an at least partial permeability for electromagnetic waves.

20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the catalyst has the form of a catalyst coating.

21. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the catalyst coating has a granular structure.

22. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the molecular hydrogen can be condensed on the catalyst coating to ultra-dense hydrogen.

23. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein ultra-dense hydrogen can be bound in the catalyst coating.

24. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the catalyst coating comprises a titanium oxide.

25. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the surface of the at least one cavity can be coated by the condensed ultra-dense hydrogen.

26. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein further metals are added to the catalyst to form ultra-dense hydrogen at high pressures.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] In the following a preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention is explained in detail with reference to highly simplified schematic diagrams. In the figures:

[0038] FIG. 1 shows a section through an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention,

[0039] FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of section A from FIG. 1,

[0040] FIG. 3 shows an enlarged view of section B from FIG. 2,

[0041] FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of a charging process according to the method according to the invention, and

[0042] FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of a fusion process according to the method according to the invention.

[0043] In the drawings the same constructive elements each have the same reference numbers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0044] FIG. 1 shows a section through an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus 1 according to the invention, for carrying out the method according to the invention, for producing and for fusing ultra-dense hydrogen.

[0045] The apparatus 1, according to the exemplary embodiment, comprises a cavity 2 which is open in places for receiving a gas. The gas here is preferably a hydrogen gas in its molecular form exposed to negative pressure, which is immediately converted into an atomic plasma in the cavity 2.

[0046] The cavity 2 is a pore of an open-pore metal foam or ceramic foam 4. The material of the metal foam or ceramic foam 4 should be selected in this case so that even while delivering the highest possible energy during a fusion, the material does not change its alpha lattice state or if this is changed, the alpha lattice state is achieved again.

[0047] According to the exemplary embodiment, the pore of the metal foam 4 is at least partially provided with a catalyst coating 6 in the inner side. The catalyst coating 6 here has a granular structure and, according to the exemplary embodiment, contains titanium oxide. The catalyst coating can also be constructed of Fe2O3, Ni, MnO and other materials which can be applied to the metal foam or the ceramic foam as a thin perturbed regular lattice structure having a layer thickness of 10 nm to 4 m.

[0048] Furthermore, the apparatus 1 has an initiating source 8 which can trigger a fusion process in a cavity 2. According to the exemplary embodiment shown, the initiating source 8 is a source of coherent, monochromatic light 8 which can act upon the cavity 2 with electromagnetic radiation. The initiation is accomplished by the thermal radiation of the cavity walls where, due to resonance effects with the walls now mirror-coated by the superfluid hydrogen, preferred wavelengths or frequencies occur with high field intensity. The repulsive potential between protons is very high. The protons are the nuclei of the hydrogen. They undergo their repulsion due to their positive charge (Coulomb repulsion). In ultra-dense hydrogen the nuclei are very tightly packed and therefore very close. The repulsive potential of the nuclei is reduced here by the spherical expansion of the charge and matter cloud of the proton. Furthermore, this repulsion is very severely reduced by other forces such as strong interaction, weak interaction and gravitation and by the shielding of electron states. If ultra-dense hydrogen 12 is formed, the density is very high and the fusion partners, here hydrogen atoms 12, are therefore close to the fusion barrier. Accordingly, a small energy contribution is already sufficient to initiate a fusion. According to the exemplary embodiment, such an ignition of the fusion process is either executed by a coherent monochromatic light source 8 or by the natural black body radiation of the cavity 2, but can also be accomplished by external ionization, for example, by high voltage. Alternatively, a simple spark plug can also be used as initiating source 8 for this purpose.

[0049] FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of the section A from FIG. 1. In particular, the granular structure of the catalyst coating 6 is illustrated here. As a result, a Casimir geometry is created with a plurality of cavities 10 which exert capillary and/or Casimir forces on matter. Thus, corresponding forces can also act on molecular hydrogen introduced into the cavity 2. Furthermore, the Purcell Effect is known for such structures, which amplifies electromagnetic processes many times.

[0050] FIG. 3 shows a further enlargement of the structure from the exemplary embodiment of the apparatus 1 according to the invention, of section B from FIG. 2. Here, it is illustrated that the granular structure of the catalyst coating 6 splits molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen and this then condenses into ultra-dense hydrogen 12 in the cavities 10 or the Casimir geometries 10. This corresponds to a charged state of the apparatus 1.

[0051] The method according to the invention for generating and fusing ultra-dense hydrogen is explained hereinafter. FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of a charging process of the apparatus 1 according to the method according to the invention. In this case, a gas (reference number 14) is introduced into the cavity 2, which is to be catalyzed and condensed. According to the exemplary embodiment, the gas is molecular hydrogen. Through contact of the hydrogen gas with the catalyst coating 6, the energy required for a plasma formation, and also for a condensate formation, is reduced to such an extent (reference number 16) that this can take place spontaneously at room temperature and even lower temperatures. According to the exemplary embodiment, the condensate is atomic hydrogen which has been catalytically split. The atomic hydrogen then condenses (reference number 20) in the Casimir geometry and becomes embedded in the catalyst coating 6 and is thus present in condensed form as ultra-dense hydrogen 12.

[0052] FIG. 5 shows a possible fusion process according to the method according to the invention. An apparatus 1 charged, for example, according to FIG. 4 is assumed. An embedded (reference number 20) condensed ultra-dense hydrogen 12 is excited energetically by an initiating source 8. The condensed hydrogen forms clusters 12. These lie tightly squeezed together and between the heavy catalyst particles 7. The hydrogen protons are very tightly packedthe packing density being obtained from the quantum-mechanical state of the binding electrons in cooperation with the protons. The near field of the catalyst particles 7 assists the condensation. The packing density of the protons lies within the critical density for penetration of the fusion barrier. The energy contribution 22 from the initiating source 8 thus induces a fusion process 24 of the ultra-dense hydrogen. In particular helium, which can volatilize from the catalyst coating 6, is formed by the fusion process 24. In addition to helium, reaction energy 26 in the form of heat is produced. This reaction energy 26 is then guided out from the apparatus 1 via the metal foam/ceramic foam 4 by means of heat conduction and at the surface thereof by means of thermal radiation (reference number 28) or is guided into adjacent regions of the apparatus. The reaction energy 26 can thus be used, for example, for the ignition of fusion in neighboring apparatuses. Furthermore, the reaction energy, in particular reaction heat, can also be converted conventionally into mechanical, chemical or electrical energy and utilized.

[0053] Disclosed is a method for generating 18 and for fusing 24 ultra-dense hydrogen 12 in which molecular hydrogen is fed into 14 at least one cavity 2 and catalyzed 16, where a condensation 18 of the molecular hydrogen is initiated on a catalyst 6 of the cavity 2 to form an ultra-dense hydrogen, the ultra-dense hydrogen 12 is exposed to negative pressure or electromagnetic radiation to initiate 22 fusion 24 of the ultra-dense hydrogen 12 in the at least one cavity 2 and the reaction heat 26 is led out from the at least one cavity 2. Furthermore, an apparatus 1 for carrying out the method is disclosed.

[0054] While at least one exemplary embodiment of the present invention(s) is disclosed herein, it should be understood that modifications, substitutions and alternatives may be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the exemplary embodiment(s). In addition, in this disclosure, the terms comprise or comprising do not exclude other elements or steps, the terms a or one do not exclude a plural number, and the term or means either or both. Furthermore, characteristics or steps which have been described may also be used in combination with other characteristics or steps and in any order unless the disclosure or context suggests otherwise. This disclosure hereby incorporates by reference the complete disclosure of any patent or application from which it claims benefit or priority.

REFERENCE LIST

[0055] 1 Apparatus [0056] 2 Cavity [0057] 4 Metal foam [0058] 6 Catalyst coating [0059] 7 Catalyst particle of the catalyst coating [0060] 8 Initiating source/laser [0061] 10 Cavity/Casimir geometry [0062] 12 Embedded ultra-dense hydrogen [0063] 14 Introduction of a fluid [0064] 16 Catalysis [0065] 18 Condensation [0066] 20 Embedding [0067] 22 Initiating energy [0068] 24 Fusion process [0069] 26 Reaction energy [0070] 28 Guiding out the reaction energy