Abstract
An electric machine, which may operate as an electric motor or generator, that address performance and manufacturing shortcomings in various motor design approaches particularly transverse flux, axial and radial flux motors with higher torque, higher RPM, and lower core losses and lower cogging. An exemplary electric machine incorporates shape monolithic components such as the armature teeth or connector ring, armature ring, concentrator teeth or concentrator ring formed by Soft metal Composite (SMC). Magnets may be configured between the concentrator teeth to form a magnet ring having a plurality of magnetic poles. The armature flux paths may be shared between phases. The air gaps may be axial and extend between armature teeth and concentrator teeth and the magnetic poles configured between the concentrator teeth. The armature, concentrator teeth and magnetic poles may extend radially and alternate along the axial axis of the electric machine, producing axial and/or radial airgaps.
Claims
1. An electric machine comprising: a) a first magnet ring; b) a second magnet ring; and c) a single set of shared armature teeth configured between said first magnet ring and said second magnet rings, said shared armature teeth formed of shaped soft metal composite (SMC); wherein magnetic flux from the first magnet ring and the second magnet ring flow into said armature teeth; and d) an armature connector ring and wherein the armature teeth are coupled to the armature connector ring; and wherein the armature connector ring and the armature teeth are a monolithic armature ring.
2. The electric machine of claim 1, wherein the electric machine is a transverse electric machine.
3. The electric machine of claim 1, wherein each of the armature teeth is a monolithic component.
4. The electric machine of claim 1, wherein the armature teeth have a radial gap extension forming a radial airgap with the first magnet ring.
5. (canceled)
6. The electric machine of claim 1, wherein the monolithic armature ring is formed of shaped soft metal composite.
7. An electric machine comprising: a) a first magnet ring; b) a second magnet ring; and c) a single set of shared armature teeth configured between said first magnet ring and said second magnet rings, said shared armature teeth formed of shaped soft metal composite (SMC); wherein magnetic flux from the first magnet ring and the second magnet ring flow into said armature teeth; and wherein the armature teeth have armature tooth coupling portions, wherein the armature teeth have connector ring coupling portions configured to locate and couple the armature teeth with the armature tooth coupling portions of the armature connector ring to form an armature ring.
8. The electric machine of claim 1, wherein the armature teeth are coupled to opposing radially surfaces of the armature connector ring to form a single-phase.
9. An electric machine comprising: a) a first magnet ring; b) a second magnet ring; and c) a single set of shared armature teeth configured between said first magnet ring and said second magnet rings, said shared armature teeth formed of shaped soft metal composite (SMC); wherein magnetic flux from the first magnet ring and the second magnet ring flow into said armature teeth; and wherein the armature teeth comprise flow channels for receiving a potting.
10. The electric machine of claim 9, wherein the flow channels are extended end flow channels configured on an extended end of the armature teeth.
11. (canceled)
12. The electric machine of claim 9, wherein the flow channels are connected end flow channels configured on a connected end of the armature teeth.
13. (canceled)
14. An electric machine comprising: a) a first magnet ring; b) a second magnet ring; c) a single set of shared armature teeth configured between said first magnet ring and said second magnet rings, said shared armature teeth formed of shaped soft metal composite (SMC); wherein magnetic flux from the first magnet ring and the second magnet ring flow into said armature teeth; and d) an armature connector ring, wherein the armature teeth extend from the armature connector ring; wherein the armature teeth have an armature tooth tip that extends radially from the armature connector ring to produce an armature tooth tip that is tapered circumferentially toward an extended end in an airgap portion of the tooth tip.
15. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature teeth have an axial airgap surface forming an airgap with the magnet ring.
16. The electric machine of claim 15, wherein the armature teeth are tapered to the axial airgap surface.
17. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature teeth have a radial gap extension forming a radial airgap with the first magnet ring.
18. The electric machine of claim 17, wherein the radial gap extension is tapered from the armature tooth.
19. The electric machine of claim 17, wherein the armature teeth have an axial airgap surface forming an axial airgap with the magnet ring, wherein the electric machine has both axial airgaps and radial airgaps.
20. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature teeth are tapered to the axial airgap surface.
21. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein each of the armature teeth has a first radial gap extension forming a radial airgap with the first magnet ring and a second radial airgap extension forming a radial airgap with the second magnet ring.
22. The electric machine of claim 21, wherein both the first radial gap extension and second radial gap extension are tapered from the armature tooth.
23. The electric machine of claim 21, wherein the armature teeth have an axial airgap surface forming an airgap with the magnet ring, wherein the electric machine has both axial airgaps and radial airgaps.
24. The electric machine of claim 23, wherein the armature teeth are tapered to the axial airgap surface.
25. The electric machine of claim 24, wherein the armature teeth have connector ring coupling portions and wherein the armature teeth are coupled to the armature-connector ring by said connector ring coupling portions to form an armature ring.
26. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature connector ring and the armature teeth are a monolithic armature ring.
27. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the each of the armature teeth has a flux return extensions that forms said connector ring.
28. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature teeth further comprise an anti-togging feature configured on an airgap surface of the armature teeth, wherein the anti-togging feature is a depression in the airgap surface of the armature teeth.
29. (canceled)
30. (canceled)
31. (canceled)
32. The electric machine of claim 17, further comprising a coiling conduit that is configured between the radial gap extensions of adjacent armature teeth, and wherein the cooling conduit has a cooling fluid inlet for receiving a flow of cooling fluid and a cooling fluid outlet.
33. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature connector ring comprises a coil slot extending circumferentially around the armature connector ring and configured to receive a coil.
34. The electric machine of claim 33, wherein the armature connector ring and the armature teeth are a monolithic armature ring.
35. (canceled)
36. (canceled)
37. (canceled)
38. (canceled)
39. (canceled)
40. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature connector ring further comprises a current slot that extends radially through at least a portion of the armature connector ring to prevent circumferential current flow through armature connector ring.
41. (canceled)
42. (canceled)
43. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature connector ring comprises a cooling slot extending circumferentially around the armature connector ring and configured to receive a flow of cooling fluid.
44. (canceled)
45. (canceled)
46. (canceled)
47. The electric machine of claim 14, wherein the armature connector ring comprises a toroidal return extending circumferentially around the armature connector ring and configured to conduct magnetic flux around said coil from.
48. The electric machine of claim 47, wherein the armature connector ring and the armature teeth are and the toroidal return are a monolithic armature ring.
49. (canceled)
50. (canceled)
51. The electric machine of claim 17, wherein the first and second magnetic rings are configured radially outward from the armature connector ring, and wherein the first and second magnetic rings each comprise magnetic poles configured between armature teeth thereby forming axial airgaps and radial airgaps.
52. (canceled)
53. The electric machine of claim 17, wherein the first and second magnetic rings are configured radially inward from the armature connector ring and wherein the first and second magnet rings each comprise magnetic poles configured between armature teeth thereby forming axial airgaps and radial.
54. The electric machine of claim 17, wherein each of the first magnet ring and second magnet ring comprises: i) a concentrator connector ring; ii) a plurality of concentrators teeth extending from said concentrator connector ring; and iii) magnets configured between adjacent concentrator teeth; wherein the concentrator connector ring and plurality of concentrator teeth is a monolith component formed of shaped soft metal composite; wherein one of the armature ring and the magnet ring rotates about an axial axis and wherein the armature teeth extend radially with respect to the axial axis; and wherein an axial airgap is formed between the armature teeth and the concentrator teeth; whereby magnetic flux moves across the axial airgap.
55. (canceled)
56. (canceled)
57. (canceled)
58. (canceled)
59. (canceled)
60. (canceled)
61. The electric machine of claim 54, wherein the concentrator teeth further comprise an anti-cogging feature configured on an airgap surface of the concentrator teeth.
62. The electric machine of claim 61, wherein the anti-cogging feature is a depression in the airgap surface of the concentrator teeth.
63. (canceled)
64. (canceled)
65. The electric machine of claim 54, wherein the armature teeth further comprise an anti-cogging feature configured on an airgap surface of the armature teeth.
66. The electric machine of claim 65, wherein the anti-cogging feature is a depression in the airgap surface of the armature teeth.
67. (canceled)
68. (canceled)
69. (canceled)
70. (canceled)
71. (canceled)
72. (canceled)
73. (canceled)
74. (canceled)
75. (canceled)
76. (canceled)
77. (canceled)
78. (canceled)
79. (canceled)
80. The electric machine of claim 54, wherein the armature connector ring comprises a toroidal return extending circumferentially around the armature connector ring and configured to flow magnetic flux around said coil from.
81. (canceled)
82. (canceled)
83. (canceled)
84. The electric machine of claim 1, further comprising: a coil; wherein the first magnet ring and second magnet ring each comprise a repeating arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators comprising: a high coercivity magnet; a first flux concentrator; a low coercivity magnet; and a second flux concentrator; wherein the repeating arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators has said first flux concentrator circumferentially arranged following the high coercivity magnet, followed circumferentially by the low coercivity magnet and a second flux concentrator circumferentially arranged following the low coercivity magnet; and wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is changed by a pulse of current in the coil.
85. The electric machine of claim 84, wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is changed by at least 20% by the pulse of current.
86. The electric machine of claim 84, wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is adjusted to substantially zero by the pulse of current.
87. The electric machine of claim 84, wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is reversed by the pulse of current.
88. The electric machine of claim 84, further comprising a controller that interfaces with an RPM sensor and torque requirement input and wherein when both the RPM level is above a threshold level and the torque requirement input is below a threshold level the controller initiates a pulse of to reduce the field strength of the low coercivity magnet.
89. The electric machine of claim 84, further comprising a controller that interfaces with an RPM sensor and torque requirement input and wherein when both the RPM level is above a threshold level and the torque requirement input is below a threshold level the controller initiates a pulse of to reverse the field strength of the low coercivity magnet.
90. An electric machine comprising: an armature ring; a coil; a magnet ring comprising a repeating arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators comprising: a high coercivity magnet; a first flux concentrator; a low coercivity magnet; a second flux concentrator; wherein the repeating arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators has said first flux concentrator circumferentially arranged following the high coercivity magnet, followed circumferentially by the low coercivity magnet and a second flux concentrator circumferentially arranged following the low coercivity magnet; and wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is changed by a pulse of current in the coil.
91. (canceled)
92. The electric machine of claim 90, wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is changed by at least 20% by the pulse of current.
93. The electric machine of claim 90, wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is adjusted to substantially zero by the pulse of current.
94. The electric machine of claim 90, wherein a field strength of the low coercivity magnets is reversed by the pulse of current.
95. The electric machine of claim 90, further comprising a controller that interfaces with an RPM sensor and torque requirement input and wherein when both the RPM level is above a threshold level and the torque requirement input is below a threshold level the controller initiates a pulse of to reduce the field strength of the low coercivity magnet.
96. The electric machine of claim 90, further comprising a controller that interfaces with an RPM sensor and torque requirement input and wherein when both the RPM level is above a threshold level and the torque requirement input is below a threshold level the controller initiates a pulse of to reverse the field strength of the low coercivity magnet.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0047] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
[0048] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an exemplary shaped armature tooth configured to be coupled with an armature connector ring to form armatures.
[0049] FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of an exemplary shaped armature tooth with a connector ring coupling portion used for locating the armature tooth on the armature connector ring.
[0050] FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of an exemplary shaped armature tooth having both axial airgap and radial airgap surfaces, connector ring coupling portions on the connected end for locating the armature tooth on the armature connector ring and flow channels radially and circumferentially on the extended end and connected end for receiving potting to provide support between and around poles when potted.
[0051] FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of an exemplary armature connector ring having four armature teeth coupled thereto by the connector ring coupling portions, protrusions, being inserted into the armature tooth coupling portion, apertures; this precise positioning forms channels between armature teeth for receiving structural support material, potting, and locates angles and positions poles around slot to avoid bridging.
[0052] FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring which may be used to couple armature teeth thereto and form a toroid return ring.
[0053] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring having a current slot for interrupting a circumferential path of any current.
[0054] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring with a current slot as in FIG. 6 and a circumferential slot for locating an armature tooth.
[0055] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring with armature tooth coupling portions, apertures for receiving and retaining armature teeth, and a wire slot for coil wires to extend through to the coil, shown in FIG. 9.
[0056] FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of the armature connector ring of FIG. 8 with the coil wires extending from the coil through the wire slot.
[0057] FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of an exemplary armature ring with armature teeth coupled to a toroidal return portion of the armature connector ring and a current slot as shown in FIG. 6, extending radially in the armature connector ring.
[0058] FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an exemplary three phase electric machine having armature rings comprising armature teeth configured around magnet rings to form axial airgaps and the coil wires extending into the interior diameter through the coil wire slot.
[0059] FIG. 1.2 shows cross-sectional view of a three-phase electric machine incorporating armature rings and armature teeth as shown in FIG. 11.
[0060] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of an exemplary shaped armature tooth that tapers from a connected end to an extended end and having anaxial slot for receiving a coil and flux returns extensions incorporated into the armature tooth.
[0061] FIG. 14 shows a perspective view of an exemplary shaped armature tooth that tapers from a connected end to an extended end and having a wider axial slot for receiving a coil that is wider axially than the radial air gap extensions incorporated into the shaped armature tooth, and flux return extensions.
[0062] FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of an exemplary shaped armature tooth that tapers from a connected end to an extended end and having a wider axial slot for receiving a wider axial coil, flux returns extensions, and radial air gap extensions that extend from opposing axial surfaces of the armature tooth.
[0063] FIG. 16 shows a perspective view of an exemplary armature ring formed by the arrangement of the shaped armature teeth shown in FIG. 15, in a circumferential array.
[0064] FIG. 17 shows an exemplary phase section incorporating two armature rings as shown in FIG. 16 stacked to form a single-phase electric machine.
[0065] FIG. 0.18 shows an exemplary three phase electric machine section incorporating armature rings, as shown in FIG. 16, stacked to form a three-phase electric machine.
[0066] FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of a three-phase electric machine having armature teeth, as shown in FIG. 14, configured on the ends of the armature ring stacks.
[0067] FIG. 20 shows a perspective view of a shaped axial armature assembly that is configured to extend axially in the electric machine, as shown in FIG. 21.
[0068] FIG. 21 shows a perspective view of three phase electric machine having shaped axial armature assemblies shown in FIG. 20 forming an armature ring.
[0069] FIG. 22 shows an exemplary magnet ring having an alternating arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators.
[0070] FIG. 23 shows an enlarged perspective view of a single pole combination of a magnet and a flux concentrator.
[0071] FIG. 24 shows an enlarged perspective view of an exemplary pole pair having a thin and high coercivity magnet configured adjacent to a flux concentrator followed by a thick and low coercivity magnet configured adjacent another flux concentrator.
[0072] FIG. 25 shows a perspective view of magnet ring composed of the pole pairs shown in FIG. 24.
[0073] FIG. 26 shows a perspective view of a portion of an exemplary shaped armature ring having armature teeth extending from an armature connector ring, a coil slot and a toroidal return.
[0074] FIG. 27 shows a cross-sectional view of portion of an exemplary three-phase electric machine having an arrangement of armature rings shown in FIG. 26 with the coil configured between the armature rings in coil slots and magnet rings forming both radial airgaps and axial airgaps with the armature, and wherein the armature teeth are shared armature teeth.
[0075] FIG. 28 shows a cross-sectional view of an armature arrangement for a three-phase electric machine comprising the shaped armature rings where the flux return portion is on the outer diameter of the electric machine and wherein coils are located around the outer diameter of the magnet rings.
[0076] FIG. 29 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 predominantly encircling the first and second phases.
[0077] FIG. 30 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 predominantly encircling the first and third phases.
[0078] FIG. 31 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 predominantly encircling the second and third phases.
[0079] FIG. 32 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 with highest field levels in the second phase.
[0080] FIG. 33 shows a perspective view of an armature ring as shown in FIG. 26 with a separate toroidal return having locating features for locating the toroidal return with the armature ring via armature ring locating features.
[0081] FIG. 34 shows a perspective view of an armature ring as shown in FIG. 26 with a separate toroid return configured for a three-phase machine; a single armature ring is shown.
[0082] FIG. 35 shows a perspective view of a portion of the shaped armature ring shown in FIG. 26 with an integrated toroidal return, coil slot and with only one side having radial gap extensions.
[0083] FIG. 36 shows an exemplary shaped armature ring of FIG. 35 with a current cut and also showing a coil configured for insertion into the coil slot with the for coil return wire pressed extending through the wire slot, thereby eliminating need for alpha wound coil windings.
[0084] FIG. 37 shows a back side view of the armature ring of FIG. 38, having a cooling channel 24 formed in armature ring for the introduction and flow of a cooling through the cooling inlet and removal of the cooling fluid through a cooling outlet.
[0085] FIG. 38 shows a perspective view of the armature ring of FIG. 37 with armature locating features for locating armatures.
[0086] FIG. 39 shows a perspective view of the armature ring of FIG. 38 stacked in a three-phase electric machine arrangement, including coils with coil wires extending to the inside through wire slots in the armature ring.
[0087] FIG. 40 shows a cross-sectional perspective view of exemplary armature teeth configured where the flux return portion is on the outer diameter of the electric machine and the coil slots are located around the outer diameter of the magnet rings and with a cooling conduit formed by a separate part and configured in the cooling channel between radial gap extensions that allows for fluid to flow for cooling armature and coil windings.
[0088] FIG. 41 shows a perspective view of the armature teeth shown in FIG. 40 with the cooling conduit configured in the cooling channel for cooling the armatures and coil for high power density electric machines.
[0089] FIG. 42 shows a perspective view of armature rings, similar to those shown in FIG. 40 with armature teeth formed from monolith parts and a cooling conduit configured between the radial gap extensions of the center phase of the electric machine.
[0090] FIG. 43 shows a perspective view of an exemplary monolithic armature ring having tapered armature teeth extending from an armature connector ring.
[0091] FIG. 44 shows a perspective view of an exemplary monolithic armature ring having tapered armature teeth extending from an armature connector ring, a wire slot extending through a toroidal return and a torque key extending radially inward from the armature connector ring.
[0092] FIG. 45 shows a perspective view of an exemplary monolithic armature ring having tapered armature teeth extending from an armature connector ring and a torque key extending from an inside surface of the armature ring.
[0093] FIG. 46 shows a perspective view of an exemplary monolithic concentrator ring having tapered concentrator teeth extending from the concentrator connector ring.
[0094] FIG. 47 shows an enlarged perspective view of the exemplary monolithic concentrator ring shown in FIG. 46 having magnet ring retainer receivers along the connected ends of the concentrator teeth an axial profile features in the concentrator teeth.
[0095] FIG. 48 shows a perspective view of the exemplary monolithic concentrator ring shown in FIG. 46 with a magnet ring retainer coupled to the concentrator ring.
[0096] FIG. 49 shows a perspective view of the exemplary monolithic concentrator ring and ring lock shown in FIG. 46 with a magnet ring retainer and concentrator ring machined off to show magnet ring retainer extensions configured between the concentrator teeth and in the ring lock receivers.
[0097] FIG. 50 shows an exploded view of a three-phase electric machine formed from monolithic armature rings and monolith concentrator rings with magnets configured between the concentrator teeth and wherein the electric machine has only axial airgaps.
[0098] FIG. 51 shows a perspective view of the three-phase electric machine shown in FIG. 50 assembled.
[0099] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the figures. The figures represent an illustration of some of the embodiments of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. Some of the figures may not show all of the features and components of the invention for ease of illustration, but it is to understood that where possible, features and components from one figure may be an included in the other figures. Further, the figures are not necessarily to scale, some features may be exaggerated to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
[0100] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Also, use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
[0101] Referring now to FIGS. 1 to 3, an exemplary shaped armature tooth 40 has a length from a connected end 44, or end proximal to connection with an armature connector ring, to an extended end 46. As shown in FIG. 1, an end flow channel 462, a recess in the extended end, is configured to provide additional structural support when the armature tooth is potted. The potting material will flow into this recess to produce a stronger armature ring. As shown in FIG. 2, the shaped armature tooth 40 has connector ring coupling portions 45, 45′, protrusions extending from the opposing circumferential surfaces 411, 411′, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3, the shaped armature tooth 40 has radial gap extensions 47, 47′ extending from the circumferential surfaces to form radial surfaces 41 and to produce radial airgaps with the magnet ring. The shaped armature tooth of FIG. 3 also has connected end flow channel 442, recesses in the axial surfaces 42, for receiving potting to produce a stronger armature ring. The armature tooth also has a tapered extension in the axial surface with the toroidal return to optimizes the flux coupling to the return.
[0102] As shown in FIG. 4, armature teeth as shown in FIG. 3 are coupled to an armature connector ring 32 to produce an armature tooth tip 401, or portion of the armature tooth that extends from the armature connector ring 32. The connector ring coupling portions 45 of the armature teeth 40 are inserted into the armature tooth coupling portions 34 or the armature connector ring 32. The armature ring has a radial length from an outside surface 33 to the inside surface 31. The precise positioning of the armature teeth forms channels between armature teeth for potting material to flow. This provides mechanical strength and allows to good material flow during molding. The precise positioning also locates poles so that poles do not bridge the connector ring cut which prevents circumferential currents to flow.
[0103] As shown in FIG. 4, the electric machine 10 has an axial axis 12 that extends axially through the rotational direction of the armature ring and/or magnet ring, a radial axis 11 that extends radially outward from the axial axis and a circumferential axis 13, that extends circumferentially about the axial axis. An axial surface or airgap is configured orthogonally to the axial axis, a radial surface or airgap is configured orthogonally to the radial axis and a circumferential surface is configured orthogonally to the circumferential axis. Orthogonally, as used in the previous sentence means substantially perpendicular to and a surface or airgap may include surface features, such as groves, slots, keyways, locating features, that interrupt a strictly orthogonal surface. This axis convention will be used throughout the application.
[0104] FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring 32.
[0105] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring 32 having a current slot 377 for interrupting a circumferential path of any current.
[0106] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring 32 with a wire slot 37 and a coil slot 49, a circumferential slot for locating poles radially but not angularly.
[0107] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of an armature connector ring 32 with armature tooth coupling portions 34, apertures for receiving and retaining armature teeth and a wire slot 37 for coil wires to extend through to the coil in the coil slot, shown in FIG. 9.
[0108] FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of the armature connector ring 32 of FIG. 8 with a coil 50 configured around the at mature connector ring and the coil wires 57 extending radially inward through the wire slot 37.
[0109] As shown in FIG. 10, an exemplary armature ring 30 is configured with armature teeth 40 coupled to the armature connector ring 32 and a circumferential current interrupting slot 37 extending radially in the armature connector ring. The armature teeth 40 have an armature tooth tip 401 portion that extends from the armature connector ring 32. The armature connector ring forms the toroidal return 36 for each phase.
[0110] As shown in FIG. 11, an exemplary three phase electric machine 15 has armature rings 30 comprising armature teeth 40 and connector ring 32, configured on either side of magnet rings 60 to form axial airgaps 22. Also, the coil wires 57 are shown extending through wire channel 37 of connector ring 32, into the interior diameter through the coil wire slot. The armature teeth tip 401 portions extend over the magnet ring 60 to produce axial airgaps 22 therebetween. The two center circumferential sets of armature teeth form a ring of shared armature teeth, that conduct flux from magnetic rings on opposing axial sides of the armature teeth. The end armature teeth only have one magnet configured axial in from the end set of armature teeth.
[0111] As shown in FIG. 12, a partial assembly of a three-phase electric machine 15 incorporates armature connector rings 32 and armature teeth 40 as shown in FIG. 11. The armature teeth are coupled to the armature connector rings by the connector ring coupling portions 44, protrusions, being inserted into the armature tooth coupling portions 34, apertures. The armature teeth tip 401 portions extend over the magnet ring 60 to produce axial airgaps 22 therebetween. As shown, only a portion of the armature tooth tips 401 overlap the magnet ring to form the axial airgaps. The axial airgap portion 402 of the tooth tips 401 is the portion where magnetic flux is transferred from the magnet ring to the armature tooth 40. The two center circumferential sets of armature teeth 40′ 40″ are shared armature teeth that conduct magnetic flux from magnetic rings on opposing axial sides of the armature teeth. For ease of illustration, not all of the magnet rings are shown. Armature tooth 40′ is configured axially between magnet rings 60 and 60′ and conducts magnetic flux from each and is therefore a shared armature tooth. The armature connector ring has two sets of armature teeth coupled thereto.
[0112] Referring now to FIGS. 13 to 15, exemplary shaped armature tooth 40 taper from a connected end 44 to an extended end 46. The shaped armature tooth has circumferential surfaces 411 and axial surfaces 42 and flux return extensions 368 that extend from the axial surface. The teeth have coil slots 49 for receiving a coil which is deeper axially that the airgap surface, providing for more coil area. As shown in FIG. 14, a radial gap extension extends from an axial surface 42 of the shaped armature tooth 40 to form a radial tooth, or radial gap extension having radial surfaces 41 that form a radial airgap with the magnet ring. As shown in FIG. 15, radial gap extensions extend from opposing axial surfaces of the shaped armature tooth. The armature teeth 40 have an armature tooth tip 401 portion that extends from the armature connector ring 32.
[0113] Referring now to FIGS. 16 to 19, an exemplary armature ring 30 is formed by the arrangement of the shaped armature teeth 40 shown in FIG. 15, in a circumferential array. As shown in FIG. 17, two armature rings 30, 30′, as shown in FIG. 16, are stacked to form a single-phase electric machine 15. As shown in FIG. 18, four armature rings 30 are stacked to form a three-phase electric machine 15. As shown in FIG. 19, a three-phase electric machine has armature teeth 40, as shown in FIG. 15 on the two middle armature rings, and as shown in FIG. 14, configured on the ends of the armature ring 30 stacks. As shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the two axially centered armature rings 40 have a single sets of armature teeth that are shared armature teeth that conduct flux from magnet rings on opposing axial sides of the armature teeth. There are not two sets armature teeth configured axially between the magnet rings in this configuration.
[0114] Referring now to FIGS. 20 and 21, an exemplary shaped axial armature assembly 39 has a plurality of armature teeth 40-40′″ configured to extend axially in the electric machine, as shown in FIG. 21. The circumferential array and assembly of the shaped axial armature assembly 39 forms armature rings 30 for a three-phase electric machine 15.
[0115] FIG. 22 shows an exemplary magnet ring 60 having an alternating arrangement of magnets 63 and flux concentrators 61, 61′.
[0116] FIG. 23 shows an enlarged perspective view of a single pole combination of a magnet 63 and a flux concentrator 61.
[0117] FIG. 24 shows an enlarged perspective view of an exemplary pole pair, or an arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators, having a thin and high coercivity magnet 68 configured circumferentially adjacent to a flux concentrator 61 followed by a thick and low coercivity magnet 66 configured circumferentially adjacent another flux concentrator 61′. An exemplary magnet ring is configured with a repeating units as shown in FIG. 24. A magnet ring may have the repeating arrangement of magnets and flux concentrators with a first flux concentrator circumferentially arranged following the high coercivity magnet, followed circumferentially by the low coercivity magnet and a second flux concentrator circumferentially arranged following the low coercivity magnet. The field strength of the low coercivity magnet may be changed by a pulse of current in the coil. A controller may do this to reduce drag, such as when the revolutions per minute are above a threshold and the torque requirement input is below a threshold level, such as when coating downhill when the electric machine is coupled with a wheel of a vehicle. The field strength may be dropped by at least 20% or more, 50% or more, 70% or more or may be adjusted down to substantially zero or even reversed.
[0118] FIG. 25 shows a perspective view of magnet ring 60 composed of the pole pairs shown in FIG. 24.
[0119] Referring now to FIGS. 26 to 28, an exemplary armature ring 30 is a monolithic shaped armature ring 40 including an array of radially extending and tapering armature teeth 40 that extend from an armature connector ring 32, a toroidal return 36 and a coil slot 49 configured to receive a coil 50. The armature teeth tip 401 portions extend over the magnet ring 60 to produce axial airgaps 22 therebetween. A radial gap extension 47 is also part of the monolithic armature ring 30, thereby producing both radial airgaps 21 and axial airgaps 22 between the magnet ring 60 and the radial surface 41 and axial surface 42, as shown in FIG. 27. Each of the armature teeth 40-40′″ has an axial airgap portion, wherein the armature tooth overlaps the magnet ring to produce an axial airgap and a radial airgap portion, wherein the armature tooth overlaps the magnet ring to produce a radial airgap. The armature teeth are offset circumferentially as shown in FIG. 28, so only two of the armature rings 30, 30″ shown in FIG. 27 show both the axial and radial airgap portions.
[0120] As best shown in FIG. 27, the coil channel 54 formed by the two coil slots 49, is wider axially than the width of the radial air gaps 21 and the width of the magnet ring, thereby providing increased current capacity. As shown in FIG. 28, a three-phase electric machine 15 comprises the shaped armature rings 30 where the flux return portion is on the outer diameter of the electric machine and wherein the coil is located around the outer diameter of the magnet rings. This arrangement maybe preferred where the heat path in around the outside diameter of the machine.
[0121] As shown in FIG. 28, the armature teeth 40 extend radially inward and the armature connector ring and armature teeth are a monolithic component.
[0122] FIG. 29 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 predominantly encircling the first and second phases.
[0123] FIG. 30 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 predominantly encircling the first and third phases.
[0124] FIG. 31 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 predominantly encircling the second and third phases.
[0125] FIG. 32 shows flux sharing patterns of FIG. 27 with highest field levels in the second phase.
[0126] Referring now to FIGS. 33 and 34, an armature ring 30 as shown in FIG. 26 is configured to receive a separate toroidal return 360 having locating features 362 for locating the toroidal return with the armature ring via armature ring locating features 322. The toroidal return 360 also has a current slot 377 to prevent current flow circumferentially around the return. The armature ring also has a current slot 377′ as shown in FIG. 33. As shown in FIG. 34, a toroidal return may be configured for a multi-phase electrical machine and extend through a plurality of armature rings 30.
[0127] Referring now to FIGS. 35 to 39, an exemplary shaped armature ring 30, as shown in FIG. 25, is configured with a coil slot 49 for receiving a coil 50, as shown in FIG. 36. The armature ring is configured with coil wire slots 37 to receive the coil wires 57 from the coil slot 49 to the inside of the armature ring. The armature ring also has a current slot 377 to prevent current flow circumferentially around the armature ring 30. As shown in FIG. 37 the armature ring has a cooling channel 24 that extends circumferentially around the armature ring and has a cooling inlet 25 and cooling outlet 26 for the flow of a fluid, such as chilled air, or more preferably a liquid. The armature ring shown in FIG. 38 has armature connector ring locating feature 322 for locating the armature rings in a circumferentially aligned orientation as shown in FIG. 39, with the axially adjacent armature teeth 40 being offset circumferentially. FIG. 39 shows the assembled three-phase electrical machine 15 without the magnet rings. The armature rings shown in FIGS. 35 to 39 are monolithic armature rings that may be made from soft metal composite (SMC). As shown in FIG. 39, the two axially centered monolith shaped armature rings have shared armature teeth, or teeth that collect magnetic flux from opposing axial sides of the tooth, or from two separate magnetic rings or phases of the electric machine. Put another way, a shared armature tooth will be magnetically coupled with two separate toroidal returns.
[0128] Referring now to FIGS. 40, 4.1 and 42, a cooling conduit 24 is configured as a serpentine ring that is configured to fit between the poles, or the radial gap extensions 47 of opposing armature teeth 40. The cooling conduit may be made out of a non-electrically conductive material, such as a plastic. In this configuration, the magnet ring will be the rotating member of the electric machine to enable fixed inlets and outlets to the cooling conduit for a flow of cooling fluid therethrough. As shown in FIG. 42, the three-phase electric machine 15 is formed from armature rings that are monolith parts. For ease of understand the drawings, the cooling conduit 27 is shown configured between the radial gap extensions of the center phase of the electric machine only. A cooling conduit may be configured in one or more of the armature rings, or between the armature rings as shown.
[0129] Referring now to FIGS. 43 to 45, an exemplary monolithic armature ring 30 comprises an armature connector ring 32 and a plurality or armature teeth 40 that extend radially outward from the armature connector ring. The monolithic armature ring is made of an integral one-piece component, such as being formed from SMC. The armature teeth extend from a connected end 44 to an extended end 46 to produce an armature tooth tip 401, or portion of the armature tooth that extends from the armature connector ring 32. The armature teeth have axial surface 42 that may extend along an axial airgap. The armature tooth tip tapers to an extended end, wherein the connected end of the tip, connected to the armature connector ring 32, is wider circumferentially than the extended end. The distance between circumferential surfaces 411 of the adjacent teeth increases toward the extended ends. The armature teeth also have a tapered surface 48 that tapers up to the axial surface 42, thereby providing increasing area for magnetic flux conduction from the axial airgap surface and increased part strength, as well as increased permeability. The magnetic losses go up as a square of the flux density, therefore increasing the cross-section area for magnetic flux by incorporating the tapered surface 48 and the tapered tooth reduces losses. The tapering armature tooth tip, with a wider connection to the armature connector ring than the extended end, increases strength of the tooth and allows weaker materials to be used to form the tooth and the armature ring which may provide better performance and particularly lower core losses.
[0130] The armature teeth also have a circumferential surface 411 extending between the armature teeth. Note too that the armature tooth tips taper from a connected end to the extended end, or in the armature tooth tip portion 401, again, this provides increasing cross-sectional area for magnetic flux to reduce losses, and improved part strength. The armature ring has an inside surface 31 and an outside surface 33. An integral toroidal return 36 is configured along the inside surface 31 and extends axially out from the armature connector ring 32 to enable magnetic flux to be transferred around a magnetic ring.
[0131] The exemplary armature ring comprises anti-cogging features 35 configured along the axial surface 42, of the armature tooth tips to reduce cogging. Note that the anti-codding features are located proximal to the connected end of the armature tooth tips. Anti-cogging features are used to shape a cogging and voltage waveform. The anti-cogging feature may be a depression in this radial surface which may be conducive for forming through compression of soft metal composite, or compression of powdered metal, for example. The anti-cogging feature may be on one or both sides of the armature ring and may be on one or more of the armature teeth. Circular feature are shown for simplicity, but a myriad of shaped surfaces are practical
[0132] As shown in FIGS. 44 and 45, a torque key 38 is configured on an inside surface 31 of the armature ring 30. The torque key is a protrusion from the inside surface that enables electric machine to be coupled with a shaft having a keyway. The key may also be used to align armature to each other. Note that the armature key may be configured on an outside surface when the armature teeth extend radially inward. Also, as shown in FIG. 44, is a wire slot that extends radially through a portion of the armature ring. FIG. 45 shows an end armature ring that does not require a toroidal return.
[0133] Referring now to FIGS. 46 and 47, and exemplary concentrator ring 67 has a plurality of concentrator teeth 70 extending radially inward from the concentrator connector ring 62. The concentrator ring is a monolithic part that may be made from soft metal composite (SMC) or compression forming of powdered metal. The concentrator teeth have gaps 75 between them for receiving magnets to form poles for the electric machine. The concentrator teeth extend from a connected end 74 to an extended end 76 and have an axial surface 71 and a radial surface 76. The axial surface extends along an axial airgap with the armature teeth in an exemplary embodiment. An axial profile feature 73, or an irregular surface such as a plurality of grooves, extends along the axial surface 72 to enable an adhesive to flow along the surface to retain a magnet thereto. Axial profile features may also be used to shape cogging and voltage waveforms. A magnet ring retainer receiver 64 is configured proximal to the connected end 74 of the concentrator teeth and is configured to receive magnet ring retainer extensions as shown in FIGS. 48 and 49. The magnet ring retainer receiver is larger circumferentially than the gap between the teeth. The concentrator connector ring extends around the outer surface of the concentrator ring 67 and may be partly or completely machined off after attachment of the magnet ring retainer, as shown in FIG. 49. The magnet ring retainer receiver 64 causes the concentrator teeth to narrow proximal to the connection with the concentrator connector ring 62 which reduces the amount of flux going into the concentrator connector ring that is not useful. This neck down portion produces a dove-tail to hold the concentrators into the non-magnetic spacer ring which support and position the magnet ring. An anti-cogging feature 65 is shown in FIG. 46 configured on the axial surface of the concentrator teeth and may be a depression or dimple or any other shape deviating from flat in the axial surface to reduce cogging. The anti-cogging feature is configured on the axial surface of the concentrator tooth 70.
[0134] As shown in FIGS. 48 and 49, a magnet ring retainer 100 is coupled to the concentrator ring 67 to provide structural support and locate the magnet rings. The magnet ring retainer may be partly or completely machined off to expose the magnet ring retainer extensions 101 configured between the concentrator teeth 70. Machining off the magnet ring retainer will reduce the size of the electric machine and increase torque production because flux leakage is reduced. A magnet ring retainer may be a non-magnetic material.
[0135] As shown in FIG. 50, an exemplary three-phase electric machine 15 has four armature rings 30-30′″ and three concentrator rings 67-67″. The magnet rings have an alignment key 102 and an alignment keyway 103 to align the components together. The magnet rings may be an integral part of the concentrator ring or a part of the magnet ring retainer. The axial airgap is formed between the concentrator teeth 70 and the armature teeth 40. Magnetic poles 90 are configured between the magnets. The torque key 38 extends radially inward from the armature connector ring. The armature teeth tips 401 extend radially outward and taper in circumferential width from a connect end with the armature connector ring to the extended end 46. The axial airgap is formed between the armature teeth tips and the magnet ring 60.
[0136] FIG. 51 shows the exemplary electric machine 10 shown in FIG. 50, assembled with the torque keys 38 aligned and the magnet ring's alignment keys 102 configured in the magnet ring alignment keyways 103. The torque keys are protrusions from the armature ring that may be molded into the monolithic armature ring. Wire attachments 110 extend out from the outer diameter of the magnet ring retainer 100 in this inner rotating electric machine. This configuration only works where the coil is stationary with the armature.
[0137] As shown in FIGS. 50 and 51, the two axially centered armature rings 30′, 30″, are shared armature rings have armature teeth that are shared armature teeth and collect magnetic flux from two axially opposing magnet rings. These monolithic shared armature rings reduce the number of components and enable a more compact electric machine. The shared armature teeth are an integral part of the monolithic armature rings.
[0138] Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described herein and are illustrated in the accompanying figures. The embodiments described are only for purposes of illustrating the present invention and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention, and certain modifications, combinations and improvements of the described embodiments, will occur to those skilled in the art and all such alternate embodiments, combinations, modifications, improvements are within the scope of the present invention.
[0139] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. Specific embodiments, features and elements described herein may be modified, and/or combined in any suitable manner. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications, combinations and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
