Apparatuses and methods for fastening roofing strapsand structural members to roofs

Abstract

A number of apparatuses and methods for fastening roofing straps and structural members to roofs are disclosed.

Claims

1. A system fastening a solar panel mounting strap to a roof comprising: a strip of roof material longer than said solar panel mounting strap is wide placed perpendicularly across said solar panel mounting strap; said strip having a bottom surface; one of a seismic anchor and seismic plate screwed by a screw into the roof substrate or a roof joist; each of said seismic anchor and said seismic plate having a top metal plate having a top surface; said top surface adhered to said bottom surface by welding or adhesive bonding.

2. The fastening system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising: a. first hole through said solar panel mounting strap; a second hole through said first strip; a stud inserted pointing upwards through said holes so that a threaded portion thereof protrudes above said solar panel mounting strap; and a nut 42 on said protruding portion, fastening said solar panel mounting strap and first strip together.

3. A system fastening a solar panel mounting solar panel mounting strap to a roof comprising: a first strip of roof material longer than said solar panel mounting strap is wide placed perpendicularly across said solar panel mounting strap; said first strip having a first bottom surface; a second strip of roof material longer than said solar panel mounting strap is wide placed perpendicularly under said solar panel mounting strap; said second strip having a second bottom surface a second top surface; and one of a seismic anchor and seismic plate screwed by a screw into the roof substrate or a roof joist; each of said seismic anchor and said seismic plate having a top metal plate having a top surface; said top surface adhered to said second bottom surface by welding or adhesive bonding; said first bottom surface adhered to said second top surface by welding or adhesive bonding.

4. The fastening system as claimed in claim 3 further comprising: first hole through said solar panel mounting strap; a second hole through said first strip; a stud inserted pointing upwards through said holes so that a threaded portion thereof protrudes above said solar panel mounting strap; and a nut on said protruding portion, fastening said solar panel mounting strap and first strip together.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is an exploded, isometric view of a first embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap. For clarity, some mechanical fasteners are not shown. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,814,899 and 8,870,139; and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2013/025622 for examples of the usage of straps in mounting of solar panels.

(2) FIG. 2 is a top view of the first embodiment of this invention. For clarity, mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(3) FIG. 2A is a side elevational view of this first embodiment.

(4) FIG. 2B is an end elevational view of this first embodiment.

(5) FIG. 3 is an exploded, isometric view of a second embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap. For clarity, some mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(6) FIG. 4 is a top view of the second embodiment of this invention. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(7) FIG. 4A is a side elevational view of this second embodiment.

(8) FIG. 4B is an end elevational view of this second embodiment.

(9) FIG. 4C is a cross section showing the preferred mechanical preferred fastening system used in all embodiments of this invention

(10) FIG. 5 is an exploded, isometric view of a third embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap. For clarity some mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(11) FIG. 6 is a top view of the third embodiment of this invention. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(12) FIG. 6A is a side elevational view of this third embodiment.

(13) FIG. 6B is an end elevational view of this third embodiment.

(14) FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a fourth embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap with brackets attached to angled solar panels.

(15) FIG. 7A is an enlarged view of the area annotated A on FIG. 7.

(16) FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a fifth embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap with brackets attached to angled solar panels.

(17) FIG. 7B is an isometric view of a fourth embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap with brackets attached to angled solar panels and including a fastener fastening the strap to the top strip.

(18) FIG. 7C is an isometric view of a fourth embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap with brackets attached to angled solar panels in which an earthquake anchor is used to fasten the bottom strip to the roof.

(19) FIG. 8A is an enlarged view of the area annotated A on FIG. 8.

(20) FIG. 8B is an isometric view of a fifth embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap with brackets attached to angled solar panels and including a fastener fastening the strap to the top strip.

(21) FIG. 8C is an isometric view of a fifth embodiment of this invention as used to fasten a mounting strap with brackets attached to angled solar panels in which an earthquake anchor is used to fasten the strip to the roof.

(22) FIG. 9 is an isometric view of any of the first through the fifth embodiments of this invention reinforced with a top metal plate. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(23) FIG. 10 is a close up, isometric view of the alternative shown in FIG. 9 as installed on a mounting strap. For clarity some mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(24) FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a sixth embodiment of this invention, which is intended to fasten rails or other structural members to a roof. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(25) FIG. 11A is an enlarged view of the area annotated A on FIG. 11. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(26) FIG. 11B is a side elevational view of the sixth embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(27) FIG. 11C is a top view of the sixth embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(28) FIG. 11D is an end view of the sixth embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(29) FIG. 11E is an exploded, end view of the sixth embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(30) FIG. 12 shows the sixth embodiment used to fasten a structural member to a roof. It also shows a variation of this sixth embodiment incorporating ballast trays.

(31) FIG. 13 is an isometric view of a seventh embodiment of this invention. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(32) FIG. 13A is a top view of the seventh embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(33) FIG. 13B is an enlarged view of the area annotated B on FIG. 13. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(34) FIG. 13C is an end view of the seventh embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(35) FIG. 13D is a side elevational view of the seventh embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(36) FIG. 13E is an exploded, end view of the seventh embodiment. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(37) FIG. 14 is an isometric view of the seventh embodiment in use to fasten a strap to a roof. For clarity the panel support brackets are not shown. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,814,899 and 8,870,139, and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2013/025622 for examples of the usage of straps in mounting of solar panels.

(38) FIG. 15 is an isometric view of a seismic anchor.

(39) FIG. 15A is a top isometric view of the sixth embodiment used with a seismic anchor. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(40) FIG. 15B is a bottom isometric view of the sixth embodiment used with a seismic anchor. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(41) FIG. 15C is a top isometric view of the seventh embodiment used with a seismic anchor. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(42) FIG. 15D is a bottom isometric view of the seventh embodiment used with a seismic anchor. For clarity the mechanical fasteners are not shown.

(43) FIG. 16 illustrates that the strips in this invention may be circular instead of rectangular.

(44) FIG. 17 is a three dimensional exploded view of the fourth embodiment used with circular seismic anchors.

(45) FIG. 17A is a closer view of FIG. 17.

(46) FIG. 17B is a cross section along the lines 17B-17B on FIG. 17 with parts assembled.

(47) FIG. 18 is a three dimensional exploded view of the fourth embodiment used with rectangular seismic anchors.

(48) FIG. 18A is a closer view of FIG. 18.

(49) FIG. 18B is a cross section along the lines 18B-18B on FIG. 18 with parts assembled.

(50) FIG. 19 is a three dimensional exploded view of an eighth embodiment used with rectangular seismic anchors and latex roof coating.

(51) FIG. 19A is a closer view of FIG. 19.

(52) FIG. 19B is a cross section along the lines 19B-19B on FIG. 19 with the parts assembled.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

First Embodiment

(53) The first embodiment 100 is intended to be used on roofs 22 that are made of material that cannot be welded. Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, 2A and 2B, it can be seen that the first embodiment 100 of this invention comprises:

(54) a. a first strip 110 of roofing material of any convenient shape, having two ends 114, 112, two sides, a length and a width, under the solar panel mounting strap 18, perpendicularly crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, and fastened to the roof 22 by a first fastening method;

(55) b. a metal plate 120, smaller than the first strip 110, on top of the first strip 110 and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18, screwed or nailed through the first strip 110 and the roof 22, and into a roof substrate or a roof rafter;

(56) c. a second strip 130 of roofing material, having two ends 134, 138, two sides, a width similar to the width of the first strip 110, and a second length about half the length of the first strip 110, perpendicularly crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap, lined up end 134 to end 114 with one end 114 of the first strip 110 and fastened to the first strip 110 by a second fastening method; and

(57) d. a third strip 140 of roofing material, having a width similar to the first strip 110, two ends 144, 148 and two sides, but of length about half that of the first strip 110, perpendicular to the solar panel mounting strap 18, lined up end 148 to end 112 with the other end 112 of the first strip 110 and fastened to the first strip 110 and metal plate 120 by a third fastening method.

(58) In addition there may be fastening systems 26 fastening the strap 18 to the second strip 130. The preferred fastening systems 26 comprise a flush head, self-clinching threaded stud 40 clinched pointing upwards through a hole 32 (not visible) in the strap 18. The stud 40 is long enough to pass through a hole 34 in the second strip 130 where a washer 38 and nut 42 are screwed onto it thus securely fastening the second strip 130 to the strap 18. The nut 42 may be castellated and secured through a hole in the end of the stud 40 by a cotter pin, as is well known, to prevent rotation of the nut 42. An example of the fastening system is shown in FIG. 4C. The ends of the straps 18 also have holes 52 for insertion of studs 40 so that the straps 18 can be easily fastened together end to end with nuts 42 and washers.

(59) As a consequence of this construction, the metal plate 120 is encapsulated and the metal plate 120 is in the same plane as the solar panel mounting strap 18. The second 130 and third 140 strips may be co-planar. The ends 112, 114 and sides may be straight lines or curves and second 130 and third 140 strips may overlap.

(60) The metal plate 120 clamps the first strip 110 in place and is satisfactory for seismic installations. Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 100. One suitable waterproof sealant is RTV silicone rubber available from a number of manufacturers, such as GE, of Wilton, Conn.; and Dow Corning of Midland, Mich. Another is Henry's roofing compound, available from Henry Company, El Segundo, Calif.

(61) The fastening system may further comprise a top metal plate 30 fastened to and above the first 130 and/or third 140 strips by a fourth fastening method. See FIGS. 9 and 10. The fastening methods may be adhesive bonding or fastening with a fastener. Alternatively, if the first strip 110 and roof 22, or first strip 110 and second strip 130 are made of weldable material; or if the first strip 110 and second strip 130 are made of weldable material and the metal plate 120 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material; or if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the first 130 and third 140 strips are made from weldable roofing material; by welding.

Second Embodiment

(62) The second embodiment 200 is intended to be used on roofs 22 that are made of material that can be welded. Referring to FIGS. 3, 4, 4A, 4B and 4C, it can be seen that the second embodiment 200 of this invention comprises:

(63) a. a metal plate 220 having a top 224 and a bottom 226, fastened to the roof 22 by a first fastening method and screwed through the roof 22 into a roof rafter, next to the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(64) b. a first strip 230 of roofing material, larger than the metal plate 220, having a width and four edges fastened to the top 224 and the roof by a second fastening method, perpendicular to and under or next to the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(65) c. a second strip 240 of roofing material having the a width similar to that of the first strip 230 and four edges, perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, in line with and overlapping the first strip 230, fastened to the roof 22 and the first strip 230 by a third fastening method.

(66) As a consequence of this construction, the metal plate 220 is in the same plane as the solar panel mounting strap 18 and the edges may be straight lines or curves. The fastening system 200 may further comprise a top metal plate 30 fastened to and above the first 230 and/or second 240 strips by a fourth fastening method. See FIGS. 9 and 10.

(67) The fastening methods are adhesive bonding; or, if the bottom 226 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the roof 22 is made of weldable roofing material; or the top 224 is treated to be welded to weldable roofing material, and the first strip 230 and the roof 22 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the roof 22, first strip 230 and second strip 240 are made of weldable roofing material; welding.

(68) The roofing material used for the first 110, second 130 and third 140 strips is the kind that can be welded, typically with heat. The metal plate 120 is in the same plane as the strap 18 and, depending on the thickness of the strap.

(69) In addition there may be fastening systems 26 fastening the strap 18 to the second strip 240. The preferred fastening systems 26 comprise a flush head, self-clinching threaded stud 40 clinched pointing upwards through a hole 32 (not visible) in the strap 18. The stud 40 is long enough to pass through a hole 34 in the second strip 240 where a washer 38 and nut 42 are screwed onto it thus securely fastening the second strip 240 to the strap 18. The nut 42 may be castellated and secured through a hole in the end of the stud 40 by a cotter pin, as is well known, to prevent rotation of the nut 42. An example of the fastening system is shown in FIG. 4C.

(70) Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 200.

Third Embodiment

(71) The third embodiment 300 is intended to be used on roofs 22 that are made of material that can be welded. Referring to FIGS. 5, 6, 6A and 6B, it can be seen that the third embodiment 300 of this invention comprises:

(72) a. a first strip 310 of roofing material, next to and perpendicular to the solar panel mounting strap 18, fastened to the roof 22 by a first fastening method;

(73) b. a metal plate 320, smaller than the first strip 310, on top of the first strip 310 and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18, nailed or screwed through the first strip 310 and the roof 22, and into a roof substrate or a roof rafter;

(74) c. a second strip 340 of roofing material of the same size as the first strip 310, perpendicular to and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18, lined up in vertical registration with the first strip 310 and fastened to the first strip 310 by a second fastening method; whereby the metal plate 320 is encapsulated; and

(75) d. a third strip 340 of roofing material of the same size as the first strip 310 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, interleaved between the first 310 and second 330 strips or overlapping the second strip 330 and fastened to the roof 22 and the first 310 and second 330 strips or the second strip 330 by a third fastening method.

(76) The fastening system may further comprise a top metal plate 30 fastened to and above the second 330 and/or third 340 strips by a fourth fastening method.

(77) The fastening method may be adhesive bonding; or, if the roofing 22 and strip 310 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the first strip 310 and the second strip 330 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the roof 22, the first strip 310, the second strip 330 and the third strip 340 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the first 310 and third 340 strips are made from weldable roofing material; welding.

(78) The roofing material used for the first 310, second 330 and third 340 strips is the kind that can be welded, typically with heat. The second 330 and third 340 strips may overlap each other.

(79) The metal plate 320 may be treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and then welded to the first 310 and second 330 strips. The plate 320 clamps the first strip 310 in place and is satisfactory for seismic installations.

(80) In addition there may be fastening systems 26 fastening the strap 18 to the second strip 340. The preferred fastening systems 26 comprise a flush head, self-clinching threaded stud 40 clinched pointing upwards through a hole 32 (not visible) in the strap 18. The stud 40 is long enough to pass through a hole 34 in the third strip 340 where a washer 38 and nut 42 are screwed onto it thus securely fastening the second strip 340 to the strap 18. The nut 42 may be castellated and secured through a hole in the end of the stud 40 by a cotter pin, as is well known, to prevent rotation of the nut 42. An example of the fastening system is shown in FIG. 4C.

(81) Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 300.

Fourth Embodiment

(82) FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a fourth embodiment 400 of this invention as used to fasten a solar panel mounting strap 18 to angled solar panels 28 via support brackets 50. FIG. 7A is an enlarged view of the area annotated A on FIG. 7. As can be seen from these figures, the fourth embodiment comprises:

(83) a. a first strip 410 of roofing material having edges, perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, below the solar panel mounting strap 18 fastened to the roof 22 by a first fastening method; and

(84) b. a second strip 440 of roofing material having edges perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap 18; the second strip 440 being the same size as the first strip 410; the first 410 and second 440 strips being fastened to each other by a second fastening method.

(85) In addition there may be fastening systems 26 fastening the strap 18 to the second strip 440. The preferred fastening systems 26 comprise a flush head, self-clinching threaded stud 40 clinched pointing upwards through a hole 32 (not visible) in the strap 18. The stud 40 is long enough to pass through a hole 34 in the third strip 340 where a washer 38 and nut 42 are screwed onto it thus securely fastening the second strip 440 to the strap 18. The nut 42 may be castellated and secured through a hole in the end of the stud 40 by a cotter pin, as is well known, to prevent rotation of the nut 42. The fourth embodiment 400 is illustrated with a fastening system in FIG. 7B. An example of the fastening system is shown in FIG. 4C.

(86) FIGS. 17, 17A and 17B illustrate the fourth embodiment 400 used with circular seismic anchors 70.

(87) FIGS. 18, 18A and 18B illustrate the fourth embodiment 400 used with rectangular seismic anchors 70.

(88) Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 400.

Fifth Embodiment

(89) FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a fifth embodiment 500 of this invention as used to fasten a solar panel mounting strap 18 with angled solar panels 28 via support brackets 50. FIG. 8A is an enlarged view of the area annotated A on FIG. 8. As can be seen from these figures, the fifth embodiment comprises one strip 510, of weldable roofing material. It is perpendicular to across and above the strap 18. If the roof 22 is made of weldable material the strip 510 is welded to the roof 22. Otherwise the strip 510 is bonded to the roof 22 or fastened to the roof 22 with mechanical fasteners such as roofing nails, screws, lag bolts, etc. This traps the strap 18 between the strip 510 and the roof 22.

(90) In addition there may be fastening systems 26 fastening the strap 18 to the strip 510. The preferred fastening systems 26 comprise a flush head, self-clinching threaded stud 40 clinched pointing upwards through a hole 32 (not visible) in the strap 18. The stud is a Pem Stud, available from Penn Engineering of Danboro, Pa., or equivalent. The stud 40 is long enough to pass through a hole 34 in the strip 510 where a washer 38 and nut 42 are screwed onto it thus securely fastening the second strip 130 to the strap 18. The nut 42 may be castellated and secured through a hole in the end of the stud 40 by a cotter pin, as is well known, to prevent rotation of the nut 42. The fifth embodiment is shown with a fastener 26 in FIG. 8B. An example of the fastening system is shown in FIG. 4C.

(91) Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 500.

Alternative for First Through Fifth Embodiments

(92) FIG. 9 is an isometric view of any of the first through the fifth embodiments of this invention 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 reinforced with a top metal plate 30. FIG. 10 is a close up, isometric view of the alternative shown in FIG. 9 as installed on a solar panel mounting strap 18. If the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material it can be welded onto the other embodiments 100, 200, 300, 400, 500. Otherwise, it can be adhesively bonded to the other embodiments 100, 200, 300, 400, 500. Alternatively, it may be fastened with the same fastening systems 26 used in the assembly.

Sixth Embodiment

(93) The sixth embodiment 600 of this invention is intended to fasten rails or other structural members 34 to a roof. Such devices have much more depth than a solar panel mounting strap 18. The sixth embodiment 600 can be seen in FIGS. 11, 11A-F and 12. The sixth embodiment 600 comprises a strip of roofing material 610 with a raised section 612 in the middle, surrounded by a lower section 611. The raised section 612 is intended to cross a structural member 64 perpendicularly. The raised section 612 has a top 614 which is larger than the width of the structural member 36. Above and below the top 614 are metal strips 620, 630. The lower strip 620 is sized and shaped to fit snugly over the top of the structural member. The upper strip 630 is sized and shaped to fit over the top 614.

(94) The roofing material 610 is preferably weldable. If the roof 22 is made of weldable material then strip of roofing material 610 can be welded to the roof 22. The metal strips are preferably also coated with a weldable material. Then all the components of this embodiment 600 can be welded to each other. Otherwise they can be adhesively bonded to each other. Alternatively, they can be fastened to each other and the structural member with fasteners 26 as previously described and illustrated. If not, the strip 610 can be adhesively bonded to the roof 22 or attached with fasteners 26 or weighted down with ballast 46.

(95) Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 600.

Seventh Embodiment

(96) The seventh embodiment 700 of this invention is intended to fasten straps 18 to a roof 22. The seventh embodiment 700 can be seen in the FIGS. 13, 13A, 13B, 13C, 13D, 13E and 14. The seventh embodiment 700 comprises a strip of roofing material 710 with a raised section 712 in the middle. The raised section 712 is intended to cross a strap 18 perpendicularly. The raised section 712 has a top 714 which is larger than the width of the strap 18. Above and below the top 714 are metal strips 720, 730. The lower strip 720 is sized and shaped to fit snugly over the top of the strap 18. The upper strip 730 is sized and shaped to fit the top 714.

(97) The roofing material 710 is preferably weldable. The metal strips are preferably also coated with a weldable material. Then all the components of this embodiment 700 can be welded to each other. Otherwise they can be adhesively bonded to each other. Alternatively, they can be fastened to each other and the structural member with fasteners 26 as previously described and illustrated. If the roof 22 is made of weldable material then strip of roofing material 710 can be welded to the roof 22. If not, the strip 710 can be adhesively bonded to the roof 22 or attached with fasteners 26 as previously described and illustrated.

(98) Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into this embodiment 700.

Usage Examples

(99) FIG. 12 shows the sixth embodiment 600 used to fasten a structural member 36 to a roof 22. In this case the embodiment 600 is attached to the member with fasteners 26. FIG. 12 also illustrates the alternative way of holding down this embodiment: ballast trays 618. The trays 618 are shaped to hold the member 36 down to a roof 22. In this case hold down is achieved with ballast 46.

(100) FIG. 14 is an isometric view of the seventh embodiment 700 in use to fasten a solar panel mounting strap 18 to a roof 22.

(101) FIG. 15 is an isometric view of a seismic anchor 70. A seismic anchor 70 is a metal washer, of minimum 2 diameter 74 and a self-tapping screw 78, with length sufficient to adequately penetrate the roof 22. The screw 78 is inserted through the hole in the center of the washer 74. The metal may be treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material. An alternate embodiment using a seismic plate 76 is illustrated in FIGS. 18, 18A, 19, and 19A. This embodiment comprises a seismic plate 76, with, preferably, two screws 78 through it which screw through the roof 22 and into the substrate or a roof rafter. The plate 76 is made of metal, which may be treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material.

(102) The sixth 600 or seventh 700 embodiments are placed over a structural member 36 or strap 18 on the roof 22. One side of the embodiment is raised and a seismic anchor 70 fully installed in the roof 22 near middle of the flap. Raising parts of the embodiments is possible because they are made out of roofing material which is flexible. Next the roofing material is welded to the top of the washer 74 and welded to the roof 22. If additional support is needed a second seismic anchor 70 can be installed under the other side. Finally, the edges may be sealed with a waterproofing sealant in order to prevent entrance of water into the sixth 600 and seventh 700 embodiments.

(103) FIG. 15A is a top isometric view of the sixth embodiment 600 fastened down with a seismic anchor 70.

(104) FIG. 15B is a bottom isometric view of the sixth embodiment 600 fastened down with a seismic anchor 70.

(105) FIG. 15C is a top isometric view of the seventh embodiment 700 fastened down with a seismic anchor 70.

(106) FIG. 15D is a bottom isometric view of the seventh embodiment 700 fastened down with a seismic anchor 70.

Eighth Embodiment

(107) The eighth embodiment 800 is shown in FIGS. 19, 19A and 19B. The eighth embodiment 800 comprises a seismic plate 76 including a stud 40 pointing upwards, below the strap 18, which is modified with a hole 90 for allowing the stud 40 to pass through. Screws 78 through the plate 76 fasten the plate 76 to the roof substrate or a roof rafter. Between the roof 22 and the plate 76 and between the plate 76 and the strap is placed a layer of elastomeric roof coating 86. Such coatings are energy efficient, high quality coating systems that consist of a layered, watertight blanket of elastomeric roof coatings, encapsulating a fabric. The elastomeric coatings can be acrylic or silicone polymers. Metacrylics Energy Efficient Coatings for Commercial Properties, available from Metacrylics of Gilroy, Calif., or equivalent can be used. After assembly in the proper order as shown in FIGS. 19 and 19A, tightening the nut 42 on the stud 40 causes the elastomeric layers to compress, which provides a positive seal, and which prevents moisture from entering the interfaces and percolating down the screws.

(108) The method of fabricating embodiment 100 comprises the steps of:

(109) a. providing a first strip 110 of roofing material, having two ends 114, 112, two sides, a length and a width;

(110) b. placing the first strip 110 under the solar panel mounting strap 18, perpendicularly crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(111) c. fastening the first strip 110 to the roof 22 by a first fastening method;

(112) d. providing a metal plate 120, smaller than the first strip 110,

(113) e. placing the metal plate 120 on top of the first strip 110 and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(114) f. screwing the metal plate 120 through the first strip 110 and the roof 22, and through the roof and into a roof substrate or into a roof rafter;

(115) g. providing a second strip 130 of roofing material, having two ends 134, 138, two sides, a width similar to the width of the first strip 110, and a length about half the length of the first strip 110

(116) h. placing the second strip 130 perpendicularly crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap, lined up end 134 to end 114 with one end 114 of the first strip 110;

(117) i. fastening the second strip 130 to the first strip 110 by a second fastening method;

(118) j. providing a third strip 140 of roofing material, having a width similar to the first strip 110, two ends 144, 148 and two sides, but of length about half that of the first strip 110,

(119) k. placing the third strip 140 perpendicular to the solar panel mounting strap 18, lined up end 148 to end 112 with the other end 112 of the first strip 110; and

(120) l. fastening the third strip 140 to the first strip 110 and metal plate 120 by a third fastening method; whereby the metal plate 120 is encapsulated;

(121) m. whereby the metal plate 120 is in the same plane as the solar panel mounting strap 18 and the second 130 and third 140 strips may be co-planar.

(122) The ends and sides may be straight lines or curves and the second 130 and third 140 strips may be overlapped

(123) The method may further comprise the steps of:

(124) a. providing a top metal plate 30; and

(125) b. fastening the top metal plate 30 to and above the first 130 and/or third 140 strips by a fourth fastening method.

(126) The fastening methods may be adhesive bonding or fastening with a fastener. Alternatively, if the first strip 110 and roof 22, or first strip 110 and second strip 130 are made of weldable material; or if the first strip 110 and second strip 130 are made of weldable material and the metal plate 120 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material; or if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the first 130 and third 140 strips are made from weldable roofing material; by welding;

(127) The method of fabricating embodiment 200 comprises the steps of:

(128) a. providing a metal plate 220 having a top 224 and a bottom 226;

(129) b. placing the metal plate 220 next to a solar panel mounting strap 18;

(130) c. fastening the metal plate 220 to the roof 22 by a first fastening method;

(131) d. screwing the metal plate through the roof 22 into a roof rafter;

(132) e. providing a first strip 230 of roofing material, larger than the metal plate 220, having a width and four edges;

(133) f. fastening the first strip 230 to the top 224 and the roof by a second fastening method, perpendicular to and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(134) g. providing a second strip 240 of roofing material having a width similar to the width of the first strip 230 and four edges;

(135) h. placing the second strip 240 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, in line with and overlapping the first strip 230; and

(136) i. fastening the second strip 240 to the roof 22 and the first strip 230 by a third fastening method;

(137) j. whereby the metal plate 220 is in the same plane as the solar panel mounting strap.

(138) The ends and sides may be straight lines or curves.

(139) The method 200 may further comprise the steps of:

(140) a. providing a top metal plate 30; and

(141) b. fastening the top plate 30 to and above the first 230 and/or second 240 strips by a fourth fastening method.

(142) The fastening methods are adhesive bonding; or, if the bottom 226 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the roof 22 is made of weldable roofing material; or the top 224 is treated to be welded to weldable roofing material, and the first strip 230 and the roof 22 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the roof 22, first strip 230 and second strip 240 are made of weldable roofing material; welding.

(143) The method of fabricating embodiment 300 comprises the steps of:

(144) a. providing a first strip 310 of roofing material;

(145) b. placing the first strip 310 next to and perpendicular to the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(146) c. fastening the first strip 310 to the roof 22 by a first fastening method;

(147) d. providing a metal plate 320, smaller than the first strip 310;

(148) e. placing the metal plate 320 on top of the first strip 310 and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(149) f. screwing the metal plate 320 through the first strip 310 and the roof 22, and into a roof rafter;

(150) g. providing a second strip 330 of roofing material of the same size as the first strip 310;

(151) h. placing the second strip 330 perpendicular to and next to the solar panel mounting strap 18, lined up in vertical registration with the first strip 310;

(152) i. fastening the second strip 330 to the first strip 310 by a second fastening method; whereby the metal plate 320 is encapsulated;

(153) j. providing a third strip 340 of roofing material of the same size as the first strip 310;

(154) k. placing the third strip 340 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, interleaved between the first 310 and second 330 strips or overlapping the second strip 330; and

(155) l. fastening the third strip 340 to the roof 22 and the first 310 and second 330 strips or the second strip 330 by a third fastening method.

(156) The ends and sides are straight lines or curves.

(157) The method 300 may further comprise the steps of:

(158) a. providing a top metal plate 30;

(159) b. fastening the top plate 30 to and above the second 330 and/or third 340 strips by a fourth fastening method.

(160) The fastening method may be adhesive bonding; or, if the roofing 22 and strip 310 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the first strip 310 and the second strip 330 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the roof 22, the first strip 310, the second strip 330 and the third strip 340 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the first 310 and third 340 strips are made from weldable roofing material; welding.

(161) The method of fabricating embodiment 400 comprises the steps of:

(162) a. providing a first strip 410 of roofing material having edges;

(163) b. placing the first strip 410 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, below the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(164) c. fastening the first strip 410 to the roof 22 by a first fastening method;

(165) d. providing a second strip 440 of roofing material having edges; the second strip 440 being the same size as the first strip 410;

(166) e. placing the second strip 440 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(167) f. fastening the first 410 and second 440 strips to each other by a second fastening method; whereby the solar panel mounting strap 18 is encapsulated between the first 410 and second 440 strips.

(168) The ends and sides may be straight lines or curves.

(169) The method 400 may further comprise the steps of:

(170) a. providing a top metal plate 30; and

(171) b. fastening the top plate 30 to and above the second strip 440 by a third fastening method.

(172) The first fastening methods may be adhesive bonding, fastening with a fastener; or, if the first strip 410 and the roof 22 are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the first 410 and second 440 strips are made of weldable roofing material; or, if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the second strip 440 is made from weldable roofing material; welding.

(173) The method of fabricating embodiment 500 comprises the steps of:

(174) a. providing a strip 510 of roofing material having edges;

(175) b. placing the strip 510 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(176) c. fastening the strip 510 to the roof 22 by a fastening method; whereby the solar panel mounting strap 18 is encapsulated between the strip 510 and the roof

(177) d. providing a top metal plate 30; and

(178) e. fastening the top plate 30 to and above the strip 510 by a second fastening method.

(179) The second fastening method may be adhesive bonding; fastening with a fastener; or, if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the strip 510 is made from weldable roofing material, welding.

(180) Alternatively, the method of fabricating embodiment 500 may comprise the steps of:

(181) a. providing a strip 510 of roofing material having edges; the ends and sides being straight lines or curves;

(182) b. placing the strip 510 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(183) c. fastening the strip 510 to the roof 22 by a fastening method; whereby the solar panel mounting strap 18 is encapsulated between the strip 510 and the roof

(184) d providing a top metal plate 30; and

(185) e fastening the top plate 30 to and above the strip 510 by a second fastening method.

(186) The first fastening method is adhesive bonding; fastening with a fastener; or, if the strip 510 is made from weldable roofing material, welding. The second fastening method is adhesive bonding; fastening with a fastener; or, if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the strip 510 is made from weldable roofing material, welding. The edges may be straight lines or curves. As a consequence of this construction, the solar panel mounting strap 18 is encapsulated between the strip 510 and the roof.

(187) A further method of fabricating embodiment 500 comprises the steps of:

(188) a. providing a strip 510 of roofing material having edges; the ends and sides being straight lines or curves;

(189) b. placing the strip 510 perpendicular to and crossing the solar panel mounting strap 18, above the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(190) c. fastening the strip 510 to the roof 22 by a fastening method;

(191) the fastening method being adhesive bonding; fastening with a fastener; or, if the strip 510 and the roof are made of weldable roofing material, welding;

(192) whereby the solar panel mounting strap 18 is encapsulated between the strip 510 and the roof;

(193) d providing a top metal plate 30; and

(194) e fastening the top plate 30 to and above the strip 510 by a second fastening method.

(195) The edges may straight lines or curves. The fastening method is adhesive bonding, fastening with a fastener, or welding, if the strip 510 and the roof 22 are made of weldable roofing material. The solar panel mounting strap 18 is, thus, encapsulated between the strip 510 and the roof.

(196) The second fastening method may be adhesive bonding; fastening with a fastener; or, if the top metal plate 30 is treated to be weldable to weldable roofing material and the strip 510 is made from weldable roofing material, welding.

(197) Referring to FIGS. 19, 19A and 19B, fastening system 800 for fastening a solar panel mounting strap 18, which is modified with a through hole 90 to a roof 22 comprises:

(198) a. a first layer of elastomeric roof coating 86 placed on the roof 22 below the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(199) b. a seismic plate 76, having a medial hole 77 and a peripheral hole 79, positioned on the first layer;

(200) c. a stud 40 inserted pointing upwards through the medial hole 77; the stud passing through the hole 90 so that the threaded portion protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(201) d. a screw 78 through the peripheral hole 79 fastening the plate 76 to the roof substrate or a roof rafter;

(202) e. a second layer of elastomeric roof coating 86 positioned between the mounting solar panel mounting strap 18 and the seismic plate 76;

(203) f. a nut 42 screwed down on the protruding portion so that the layers are compressed;

(204) This construction ensures a positive seal, which prevents moisture from entering the interfaces and percolating down the screw.

(205) The method of fabricating embodiment 800 of fastening a solar panel mounting strap 18, which is modified with a through hole 90 to a roof 22 comprises the steps of:

(206) a. providing a seismic plate 76 made by the steps of:

(207) b. providing a metal plate 76, having a medial hole 77 and a peripheral hole 79;

(208) c. providing a stud 40;

(209) d. inserting the stud 40 through the medial hole;

(210) f. placing a first layer of elastomeric roof coating 86 on the roof 22 below the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(211) g. placing the seismic plate 76 on the first layer with the stud 40 facing upwards;

(212) h. providing a screw 78;

(213) i. screwing screw 78 through the peripheral hole, through the first layer and into to the roof substrate or a roof rafter;

(214) j. placing a second layer of elastomeric roof coating 86 on top of the seismic plate 76;

(215) k. placing the solar panel mounting strap on the second layer so that: i. the stud 40 passes through the second layer and the through hole 90; ii. and the threaded portion protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap;

(216) l. providing a nut 42:

(217) m. screwing the nut 42 down on the protruding portion so that the layers are compressed;

(218) This construction provides a positive seal, which prevents moisture from entering the interfaces and percolating down the screw.

(219) As shown on FIG. 7B a first alternative to embodiment 400 comprises:

(220) a. a first strip 440 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide placed perpendicularly across the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(221) b. a second strip of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide placed perpendicularly under the solar panel mounting strap 18 and adhered to the roof 22 and the first strip 440 by adhesive bonding or welding.

(222) This first alternative embodiment may further comprise:

(223) a. a first hole through the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(224) b. a second hole through the first strip;

(225) c. a stud 40 inserted pointing upwards through the holes so that a threaded portion thereof protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap; and

(226) d. a nut 42 on the protruding portion, fastening the solar panel mounting strap 18 and first strip 440 together.

(227) An alternative embodiment to embodiment 500 comprises:

(228) a. a strip 510 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide placed perpendicularly across the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(229) b. a seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 screwed by a screw 78 into the roof substrate or a roof joist; each of the seismic anchor 70 and seismic plate 76 having a top metal plate; the top surface of the seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 being adhered to the bottom surface of the solar panel mounting strap 18 by welding or adhesive bonding.

(230) This alternative to embodiment 500 may further comprise:

(231) a. a first hole through the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(232) b. a second hole through the first strip 510;

(233) c. a stud inserted pointing upwards through the holes so that its threaded portion thereof protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(234) d. a nut 42 on the protruding portion, fastening the solar panel mounting strap 18 and first strip 510 together. See FIG. 8B.

(235) A second alternative to embodiment 400 comprises:

(236) a. a first strip 440 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide placed perpendicularly across the solar panel mounting strap 18; the first strip 440 having a first bottom surface;

(237) b. a second strip 410 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide placed perpendicularly under the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(238) c. a seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 screwed by a screw 78 into the roof substrate or a roof joist;

(239) d. the top surface of the seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 adhered to the bottom surface of the solar panel mounting strap 18 by welding or adhesive bonding;

(240) e. the bottom surface of the first strip 440 adhered to the top surface of the second strip 410 by welding or adhesive bonding. See FIG. 7C.

(241) This second alternative to embodiment 400 may further comprise:

(242) a. a first hole through the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(243) b. a second hole through the first strip 440;

(244) c. a stud 40 inserted pointing upwards through the holes so that its threaded portion protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap 18; and

(245) d. a nut 42 on the protruding portion, fastening the solar panel mounting strap 18 and first strip 410 together. See FIG. 7B

(246) The method of fabricating the first alternative to embodiment 400 comprises the steps of:

(247) a. providing a first strip 440 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide;

(248) b. placing the first strip 440 perpendicularly across the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(249) c. providing a second strip 410 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide;

(250) d. placing the second strip 410 perpendicularly under the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(251) e. adhering the second strip 410 to the roof 22 and the first strip 440 by adhesive bonding or welding.

(252) The method of fabricating this first alternative to embodiment 400 may further comprise the steps of:

(253) a. drilling a first hole through the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(254) b. drilling a second hole through the first strip 440;

(255) c. providing a threaded stud 40;

(256) d. inserting the threaded stud 40 pointing upwards through the holes so that the threaded portion thereof protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(257) e. screwing a nut 42 on the protruding portion, thereby fastening the solar panel mounting strap 18 and first strip 440 together.

(258) The method of fabricating the alternative to embodiment 500 comprises the steps of:

(259) a. providing a strip 510 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide;

(260) b. placing the strip 510 perpendicularly across the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(261) c. providing a seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76; each of the seismic anchor 70 and the seismic plate 76 having a top metal plate;

(262) d. screwing the seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 into the roof substrate or a roof joist; and

(263) 3. adhering the top surface of the seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 to the bottom surface of the strip 510 by welding or adhesive bonding.

(264) The method of fabricating this alternative embodiment to embodiment 500 may further comprise the steps of:

(265) a. drilling a first hole through the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(266) b. drilling a second hole through the first strip 510;

(267) c. inserting a threaded stud 40 pointing upwards through the holes so that its threaded portion protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(268) d. providing a nut 42;

(269) e. screwing the nut on the protruding portion, thereby fastening the solar panel mounting strap 18 and first strip 510 together.

(270) The method of fabricating the second alternative to embodiment 400 comprises the steps of:

(271) a. providing a first strip 440 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide;

(272) b. placing the first strip 440 perpendicularly across the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(273) c. providing a second strip 410 of roof material longer than the solar panel mounting strap 18 is wide;

(274) d. placing the second strip 410 perpendicularly under the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(275) e. providing a seismic anchor 70 or a seismic plate 76;

(276) f. providing a screw 78;

(277) g. screwing the seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate with the screw 78 into the roof substrate or a roof joist;

(278) h. adhering the top surface of the seismic anchor 70 or seismic plate 76 to the bottom surface of the second strip 410 by welding or adhesive bonding; and

(279) i. adhering the bottom surface of the first strip to the top surface of the first strip by welding or adhesive bonding.

(280) The method of fabricating this second alternative embodiment to embodiment 400 may further comprise the steps of:

(281) a. drilling a first hole through the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(282) b. drilling a second hole through the first strip 440;

(283) c. providing a threaded stud;

(284) d. inserting the stud pointing upwards through the holes so that its threaded portion protrudes above the solar panel mounting strap 18;

(285) e. providing a nut 42;

(286) f. screwing the nut 42 onto the protruding portion, thereby fastening the solar panel mounting strap 18 and first strip 440 together.

(287) Preferably the strips and plates of this invention are rectangular. Most of the drawings show square and rectangular strips and plates. However, they can be any convenient shape such as rectangular, square, circular, hexagonal, octagonal, oval, etc. FIG. 16 shows a circular shape for the strip 410 of the fourth embodiment 400 of this invention. This is applicable to all embodiments of this invention.

(288) Roofing is sometimes referred to as a membrane. Weldable roofing material is thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), available from a number of companies including: Firestone Building Products of Indianapolis, Ind.; Carlisle Syntec Systems of Carlisle, Pa.; and Johns Manville of Denver, Colo. TPO can be made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM).

(289) The structural adhesive 82 used in this invention to bond strips to roofs, strips to strips etc. is preferably two-component polyurethane or silicone. Such adhesives are manufactured by a number of companies. Suitable adhesives are Dash DC polyurethane, available from Versico Roofing Systems of Carlisle, Pa. and SCM3505 series high solids silicone available from Everest Systems of Houston, Tex.

(290) For further information about installing solar panels using this invention see attached Permacity/Orion Solar Strap installation manual, which is incorporated into this application by reference.

(291) Several embodiments 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 have been described. However, it should be obvious to those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains that other modifications and enhancements can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.

(292) Thus, the present invention has been described herein with reference to a particular embodiment for a particular application. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the present teachings will recognize additional modifications, applications and embodiments within the scope thereof.

(293) It is therefore intended by the appended claims to cover any and all such applications, modifications and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.