Lubricants with Magnesium and Their Use for Improving Low Speed Pre-Ignition

Abstract

A lubricating oil composition and method of operating a boosted internal combustion engine. The lubricating oil composition includes greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil, one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents having a TBN greater than 225 mg KOH/g and one or more magnesium-containing detergents. A total amount of calcium from the one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents is from 900 ppm to less than 2400 ppm by weight, and a total amount of magnesium from the one or more magnesium-containing detergents is from 50 ppm to 500 ppm by weight, both based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition. The lubricating oil composition and the method of using it are effective to reduce low speed pre-ignition events in a boosted internal combustion engine lubricated with the lubricating oil composition.

Claims

1. A lubricating oil composition comprising: greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil of lubricating viscosity; one or more calcium-containing overbased detergents having a total base number of greater than 225 mg KOH/g, measured by the method of ASTM D-2896, and one or more magnesium-containing detergents, and wherein the lubricating oil composition includes an amount of the overbased calcium-containing detergent that provides 900 ppm by weight to less than 2400 ppm by weight of calcium to the lubricating oil composition, and an amount of the magnesium-containing detergent that provides 50 ppm by weight to 1000 ppm by weight of magnesium to the lubricating oil composition, both amounts being based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition; and the lubricating oil composition passes the TEOST-33 test.

2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents comprise a compound selected from an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent, an overbased calcium phenate detergent, an overbased calcium salicylate detergent and mixtures thereof.

3. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the reduction of LSPI events is 50% or greater reduction and the LSPI events are LSPI counts during 25,000 engine cycles, wherein the engine is operated at 2000 revolutions per minute with brake mean effective pressure of 18,000 kPa.

4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more magnesium-containing detergents are overbased magnesium-containing detergents having a total base number of greater than 225 mg KOH/g, measured by the method of ASTM D-2896 and the one or more overbased magnesium-containing detergents are selected from an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent, an overbased magnesium phenate detergent, an overbased magnesium salicylate detergent and mixtures thereof.

5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the magnesium-containing detergent is sufficient to provide from about 100 ppm by weight to about 800 ppm by weight of magnesium to the lubricating oil composition, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

6. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents provides from about 900 to less than about 2000 ppm by weight calcium to the lubricating oil composition based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a ratio of a total mmol metal in the lubricating oil composition to a total base number of the lubricating oil composition ranging from greater than 4.5 to about 10.0.

8. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the total base number of the lubricating oil composition is at least 7.5 mg KOH/g.

9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising at least 0.2 wt. % of one or more low-based/neutral calcium-containing detergents having a total base number of up to 175 mg KOH/g, measured by the method of ASTM D-2896, based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 9, wherein the one or more low-based/neutral calcium-containing detergents comprise a compound selected from an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent, an overbased calcium phenate detergent, an overbased calcium salicylate detergent and mixtures thereof.

11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the total calcium in the lubricating oil composition ranges from about 1000 ppm to about 1800 ppm.

12. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the total calcium in the lubricating oil composition ranges from about 1050 ppm to about 1650 ppm.

13. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of friction modifiers, antiwear agents, dispersants, antioxidants, and viscosity index improvers.

14. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the greater than 50% of base oil is selected from the group consisting of Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V base oils, and a combination of two or more of the foregoing, and wherein the greater than 50 wt. % of base oil is other than diluent oils that arise from provision of additive components or viscosity index improvers in the composition.

15. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition is effective to reduce low speed pre-ignition events in a boosted internal combustion engine lubricated with the lubricating oil composition relative to a number of low speed pre-ignition events in the same engine lubricated with reference lubricating oil R-1.

16. A method for reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a boosted internal combustion engine comprising: lubricating a boosted internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition comprising greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil of lubricating viscosity; an amount of one or more calcium-containing overbased detergents having a total base number of greater than 225 mg KOH/g, measured by the method of ASTM D-2896 sufficient to provide 900 ppm by weight to less than 2400 ppm by weight of calcium to the lubricating oil composition, based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and an amount of one or more magnesium-containing detergents sufficient to provide 50 ppm by weight to 1000 ppm by weight of magnesium to the lubricating oil composition, based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and operating the engine lubricated with the lubricating oil composition.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the lubricant composition passes a TEOST 33 bench oxidation test and the low speed pre-ignition events in the boosted internal combustion engine lubricated with the lubricating oil composition are reduced relative to a number of low speed pre-ignition events in the same engine lubricated with reference lubricating oil R-1.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein LSPI events are based on LSPI counts during 25,000 engine cycles, wherein the engine is operated at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) with brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 18,000 kPa.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the amount of the magnesium-containing detergent is sufficient to provide from about 100 ppm by weight to about 800 ppm by weight of magnesium to the lubricating oil composition, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the total calcium in the lubricating oil composition ranges from about 1000 ppm to about 1800 ppm.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] Various embodiments of the disclosure provide a lubricating oil composition and methods that may be used for reducing low speed pre-ignition events (LSPI) in a boosted internal combustion engine. In particular, boosted internal combustion engines of the present disclosure include turbocharged and supercharged internal combustion engines. The boosted internal combustion engines include spark-ignited, direct injection and/or port-fuel injection engines. The spark-ignited internal combustion engines may be gasoline engines.

[0057] The composition of the invention includes a lubricating oil composition containing a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a particular additive composition. The methods of the present disclosure employ the lubricating oil composition containing the additive composition. As described in more detail below the lubricating oil composition may be surprisingly effective for use in reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a boosted internal combustion engine lubricated with the lubricating oil composition.

[0058] As described in more detail below, embodiments of the disclosure may provide significant and unexpected improvement in reducing LSPI events while maintaining a relatively high calcium detergent concentration in the lubricating oil composition. Embodiments of the disclosure may also provide unexpected improvement in TEOST 33 test while also reducing LSPI events. In some embodiments, the lubricating oil compositions and methods of the present invention may reduce the LSPI Ratio.

[0059] In the embodiments of the disclosure, the lubricating oil composition may also pass a TEOST 33 test. The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention may have a total base number of at least 7.5 mg KOH/g. The lubricating oil composition may have a total mmol metal (M) to total base number (TBN) ratio ranging from greater than 4.5 to about 10.0 or from greater than 8 to about 10.

Base Oil

[0060] The base oil used in the lubricating oil compositions herein may be selected from any of the base oils in Groups I-V as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. The five base oil groups are as follows:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Saturates Viscosity Base oil Category Sulfur (%) (%) Index Group I >0.03 and/or <90 80 to 120 Group II 0.03 and 90 80 to 120 Group III 0.03 and 90 120 Group IV All polyalphaolefins (PAOs) Group V All others not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV

[0061] Groups I, II, and III are mineral oil process stocks. Group IV base oils contain true synthetic molecular species, which are produced by polymerization of olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbons. Many Group V base oils are also true synthetic products and may include diesters, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, alkylated aromatics, polyphosphate esters, polyvinyl ethers, and/or polyphenyl ethers, and the like, but may also be naturally occurring oils, such as vegetable oils. It should be noted that although Group III base oils are derived from mineral oil, the rigorous processing that these fluids undergo causes their physical properties to be very similar to some true synthetics, such as PAOs. Therefore, oils derived from Group III base oils may be referred to as synthetic fluids in the industry.

[0062] The base oil used in the disclosed lubricating oil composition may be a mineral oil, animal oil, vegetable oil, synthetic oil, or mixtures thereof. Suitable oils may be derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined, and re-refined oils, and mixtures thereof.

[0063] Unrefined oils are those derived from a natural, mineral, or synthetic source without or with little further purification treatment. Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except that they have been treated in one or more purification steps, which may result in the improvement of one or more properties. Examples of suitable purification techniques are solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, and the like. Oils refined to the quality of an edible may or may not be useful. Edible oils may also be called white oils. In some embodiments, lubricating oil compositions are free of edible or white oils.

[0064] Re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils. These oils are obtained similarly to refined oils using the same or similar processes. Often these oils are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.

[0065] Mineral oils may include oils obtained by drilling or from plants and animals or any mixtures thereof. For example such oils may include, but are not limited to, castor oil, lard oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil, as well as mineral lubricating oils, such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Such oils may be partially or fully hydrogenated, if desired. Oils derived from coal or shale may also be useful.

[0066] Useful synthetic lubricating oils may include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized, oligomerized, or interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene/isobutylene copolymers); poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), trimers or oligomers of 1-decene, e.g., poly(1-decenes), such materials being often referred to as -olefins, and mixtures thereof; alkyl-benzenes (e.g. dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-benzenes); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls); diphenyl alkanes, alkylated diphenyl alkanes, alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof or mixtures thereof. Polyalphaolefins are typically hydrogenated materials.

[0067] Other synthetic lubricating oils include polyol esters, diesters, liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and the diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid), or polymeric tetrahydrofurans. Synthetic oils may be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may be hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodiment oils may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquid synthetic procedure as well as other gas-to-liquid oils.

[0068] The greater than 50 wt. % of base oil included in a lubricating composition may be selected from the group consisting of Group I, Group II, a Group III, a Group IV, a Group V, and a combination of two or more of the foregoing, and wherein the greater than 50 wt. % of base oil is other than base oils that arise from provision of additive components or viscosity index improvers in the composition. In another embodiment, the greater than 50 wt. % of base oil included in a lubricating composition may be selected from the group consisting of Group II, a Group III, a Group IV, a Group V, and a combination of two or more of the foregoing, and wherein the greater than 50 wt. % of base oil is other than diluent oils that arise from provision of additive components or viscosity index improvers in the composition.

[0069] The amount of the oil of lubricating viscosity present may be the balance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the sum of the amount of the performance additives inclusive of viscosity index improver(s) and/or pour point depressant(s) and/or other top treat additives. For example, the oil of lubricating viscosity that may be present in a finished fluid may be a major amount, such as greater than about 50 wt %, greater than about 60 wt %, greater than about 70 wt %, greater than about 80 wt %, greater than about 85 wt %, or greater than about 90 wt %.

[0070] The lubricating oil composition may comprise not more than 10 wt. % of a Group IV base oil, a Group V base oil, or a combination thereof. In each of the foregoing embodiments, the lubricating oil compositions comprises less than 5 wt. % of a Group V base oil. The lubricating oil composition does not contain any Group IV base oils. The lubricating oil composition does not contain any Group V base oils.

Detergents

[0071] The lubricating oil composition comprises one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents and one or more magnesium-containing detergents. Suitable detergent substrates include phenates, sulfur containing phenates, sulfonates, calixarates, salixarates, salicylates, carboxylic acids, phosphorus acids, mono- and/or di-thiophosphoric acids, alkyl phenols, sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds, or methylene bridged phenols. Suitable detergents and their methods of preparation are described in greater detail in numerous patent publications, including U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,390 and references cited therein. The detergent substrate may be salted with an alkali or alkaline earth metal such as, but not limited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the detergent is free of barium. A suitable detergent may include alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulfonic acids and long chain mono- or di-alkylarylsulfonic acids with the aryl group being benzyl, tolyl, and xylyl. Examples of suitable additional detergents include, but are not limited to, calcium phenates, calcium sulfur containing phenates, calcium sulfonates, calcium calixarates, calcium salixarates, calcium salicylates, calcium carboxylic acids, calcium phosphorus acids, calcium mono- and/or di-thiophosphoric acids, calcium alkyl phenols, calcium sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds, calcium methylene bridged phenols, magnesium phenates, magnesium sulfur containing phenates, magnesium sulfonates, magnesium calixarates, magnesium salixarates, magnesium salicylates, magnesium carboxylic acids, magnesium phosphorus acids, magnesium mono- and/or di-thiophosphoric acids, magnesium alkyl phenols, magnesium sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds, magnesium methylene bridged phenols, sodium phenates, sodium sulfur containing phenates, sodium sulfonates, sodium calixarates, sodium salixarates, sodium salicylates, sodium carboxylic acids, sodium phosphorus acids, sodium mono- and/or di-thiophosphoric acids, sodium alkyl phenols, sodium sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds, or sodium methylene bridged phenols.

[0072] Overbased detergents are well known in the art and may be alkali or alkaline earth metal overbased detergents. Such detergents may be prepared by reacting a metal oxide or metal hydroxide with a substrate and carbon dioxide gas. The substrate is typically an acid, for example, an acid such as an aliphatic substituted sulfonic acid, an aliphatic substituted carboxylic acid, or an aliphatic substituted phenol.

[0073] The terminology overbased relates to metal salts, such as metal salts of sulfonates, carboxylates, and phenates, wherein the amount of metal present exceeds the stoichiometric amount. Such salts may have a conversion level in excess of 100% (i.e., they may comprise more than 100% of the theoretical amount of metal needed to convert the acid to its normal, neutral salt). The expression metal ratio, often abbreviated as MR, is used to designate the ratio of total chemical equivalents of metal in the overbased salt to chemical equivalents of the metal in a neutral salt according to known chemical reactivity and stoichiometry. In a normal or neutral salt, the metal ratio is one and in an overbased salt, MR, is greater than one. They are commonly referred to as overbased, hyperbased, or superbased salts and may be salts of organic sulfur acids, carboxylic acids, or phenols.

[0074] An overbased detergent has a TBN of greater 225 mg KOH/gram, or as further examples, a TBN of about 250 mg KOH/gram or greater, or a TBN of about 300 mg KOH/gram or greater, or a TBN of about 350 mg KOH/gram or greater, or a TBN of about 375 mg KOH/gram or greater, or a TBN of about 400 mg KOH/gram or greater.

[0075] Examples of suitable overbased detergents include, but are not limited to, overbased calcium phenates, overbased calcium sulfur containing phenates, overbased calcium sulfonates, overbased calcium calixarates, overbased calcium salixarates, overbased calcium salicylates, overbased calcium carboxylic acids, overbased calcium phosphorus acids, overbased calcium mono- and/or di-thiophosphoric acids, overbased calcium alkyl phenols, overbased calcium sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds, overbased calcium methylene bridged phenols, overbased magnesium phenates, overbased magnesium sulfur containing phenates, overbased magnesium sulfonates, overbased magnesium calixarates, overbased magnesium salixarates, overbased magnesium salicylates, overbased magnesium carboxylic acids, overbased magnesium phosphorus acids, overbased magnesium mono- and/or di-thiophosphoric acids, overbased magnesium alkyl phenols, overbased magnesium sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds, or overbased magnesium methylene bridged phenols.

[0076] The overbased detergent may have a metal to substrate ratio of from 1.1:1, or from 2:1, or from 4:1, or from 5:1, or from 7:1, or from 10:1.

[0077] In some embodiments, a detergent is effective at reducing or preventing rust in an engine.

[0078] The total detergent may be present at up to 10 wt %, or about about up to 8 wt %, or up to about 4 wt %, or greater than about 4 wt % to about 8 wt % based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0079] The total detergent may be present in an amount to provide from about 950 to about 3500 ppm metal to the finished fluid. In other embodiments, the detergent may provide from about 1100 to about 3000 ppm of metal, or about 1150 to about 2500 ppm of metal, or about 1200 to about 2400 ppm of metal to the finished fluid.

[0080] The lubricating oil compositions of the present disclosure include at least one overbased calcium-containing detergent having a TBN of greater than 225 mg KOH/gram and at least one magnesium-containing detergent. The present disclosure also includes methods of using such lubricating oil compositions in a method or lubricating an engine by lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition and operating the engine.

[0081] The lubricating oil composition of the disclosure has a total amount of calcium from the overbased calcium-containing detergent that ranges from 900 ppm by weight to less than 2400 ppm by weight based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition. The overbased calcium-containing detergent may be selected from an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent, an overbased calcium phenate detergent, and an overbased calcium salicylate detergent. In certain embodiments, the overbased calcium-containing detergent comprises an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent. In certain embodiments, the overbased detergent is one or more calcium-containing detergents. Preferably the overbased detergent is a calcium sulfonate detergent.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents provide from about 900 to about 2000 ppm calcium to the finished fluid. As a further example, the one or more overbased calcium-containing detergents may be present in an amount to provide from about 1000 to about 2000 ppm calcium, or from about 900 to about 1800 ppm calcium, or from about 1050 to 1650 ppm calcium, or from about 1200 to 1600 ppm calcium to the finished fluid.

[0083] The amount of the magnesium-containing detergent may be sufficient to provide from about 100 ppm by weight to about 800 ppm by weight of magnesium to the lubricating oil composition, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0084] The one or more magnesium-containing detergents may be overbased magnesium-containing detergents having a total base number of greater than 225 mg KOH/g, measured by the method of ASTM D-2896 and the one or more overbased magnesium-containing detergents may be selected from an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent, an overbased magnesium phenate detergent, an overbased magnesium salicylate detergent and mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the magnesium-containing detergents may include one or more of the magnesium-containing detergents described above, including low-based/neutral magnesium-containing detergents.

[0085] In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition has a ratio of total millimoles metal (M) to TBN of the lubricating oil composition ranging from greater than 4.5 to about 10.0. In some embodiments the ratio of total millimoles metal (M) to TBN of the lubricating oil composition ranges from greater than 8 to less than 10.0 or from 8 to 9.5 or from 8.1 to 9.0.

[0086] The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention may optionally also contain one or more low-based/neutral detergents. The low-based/neutral detergent has a TBN of up to 175 mg KOH/g, or up to 150 mg KOH/g. The low-based/neutral detergent may include a calcium-containing detergent. The low-based neutral calcium-containing detergent may be selected from a calcium sulfonate detergent, a calcium phenate detergent and a calcium salicylate detergent. In some embodiments, the low-based/neutral detergent is a calcium-containing detergent or a mixture of calcium-containing detergents. In some embodiments, the low-based/neutral detergent is a calcium sulfonate detergent or a calcium phenate detergent.

[0087] The low-based/neutral detergent may comprise at least 0.2 wt. % of the lubricating oil composition. In some embodiments, the low-based/neutral detergent comprises at least 0.25 wt. %, or at least 0.5 wt. %, or at least 0.7 wt. %, or at least 1.0 wt. % or at least 1.2 wt. % or at least 2.0 wt. % of the lubricating oil composition. The low-based/neutral detergent may optionally include one or more low-based/neutral calcium-containing detergents.

[0088] In certain embodiments, the one or more low-based/neutral calcium-containing detergents provide from about 50 to about 1000 ppm calcium by weight to the lubricating oil composition based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition. In some embodiments, the one or more low-based/neutral calcium-containing detergents provide from 75 to less than 800 ppm, or from 100 to 600 ppm, or from 125 to 500 ppm by weight calcium to the lubricating oil composition based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0089] In some embodiments the ratio of the ppm of calcium, by weight, provided to the lubricating oil composition by the low-based/neutral detergent to the ppm of calcium, by weight, provided to the lubricating oil composition by the overbased calcium detergent, is from about 0.01 to about 1, or from about 0.03 to about 0.7, or from about 0.05 to about 0.5, or from about 0.08 to about 0.4.

[0090] The overbased calcium-containing detergent may be an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent. The overbased calcium-containing detergent may optionally exclude overbased calcium salicylate detergents. The lubricating oil may optionally exclude any magnesium-containing detergents or be free of magnesium. In any of the embodiments of the disclosure, the amount of sodium in the lubricating composition may be limited to not more than 150 ppm of sodium, based on a total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0091] The lubricating oil composition may also include one or more optional components selected from the various additives set forth below.

Antioxidants

[0092] The lubricating oil compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more antioxidants. Antioxidant compounds are known and include for example, phenates, phenate sulfides, sulfurized olefins, phosphosulfurized terpenes, sulfurized esters, aromatic amines, alkylated diphenylamines (e.g., nonyl diphenylamine, di-nonyl diphenylamine, octyl diphenylamine, di-octyl diphenylamine), phenyl-alpha-naphthylamines, alkylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamines, hindered non-aromatic amines, phenols, hindered phenols, oil-soluble molybdenum compounds, macromolecular antioxidants, or mixtures thereof. Antioxidant compounds may be used alone or in combination.

[0093] The hindered phenol antioxidant may contain a secondary butyl and/or a tertiary butyl group as a sterically hindering group. The phenol group may be further substituted with a hydrocarbyl group and/or a bridging group linking to a second aromatic group. Examples of suitable hindered phenol antioxidants include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-propyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or 4-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or 4-dodecyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. In one embodiment the hindered phenol antioxidant may be an ester and may include, e.g., IRGANOX L-135 available from BASF or an addition product derived from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and an alkyl acrylate, wherein the alkyl group may contain about 1 to about 18, or about 2 to about 12, or about 2 to about 8, or about 2 to about 6, or about 4 carbon atoms. Another commercially available hindered phenol antioxidant may be an ester and may include ETHANOX 4716 available from Albemarle Corporation.

[0094] Useful antioxidants may include diarylamines and high molecular weight phenols. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may contain a mixture of a diarylamine and a high molecular weight phenol, such that each antioxidant may be present in an amount sufficient to provide up to about 5%, by weight, based upon the final weight of the lubricating oil composition. In an embodiment, the antioxidant may be a mixture of about 0.3 to about 1.5% diarylamine and about 0.4 to about 2.5% high molecular weight phenol, by weight, based upon the final weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0095] Examples of suitable olefins that may be sulfurized to form a sulfurized olefin include propylene, butylene, isobutylene, polyisobutylene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, nonadecene, eicosene or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, nonadecene, eicosene or mixtures thereof and their dimers, trimers and tetramers are especially useful olefins. Alternatively, the olefin may be a Diels-Alder adduct of a diene such as 1,3-butadiene and an unsaturated ester, such as, butylacrylate.

[0096] Another class of sulfurized olefin includes sulfurized fatty acids and their esters. The fatty acids are often obtained from vegetable oil or animal oil and typically contain about 4 to about 22 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable fatty acids and their esters include triglycerides, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid or mixtures thereof. Often, the fatty acids are obtained from lard oil, tall oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil or mixtures thereof. Fatty acids and/or ester may be mixed with olefins, such as -olefins.

[0097] The one or more antioxidant(s) may be present in ranges about 0 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 1 wt % to about 5 wt %, of the lubricating oil composition.

Antiwear Agents

[0098] The lubricating oil compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more antiwear agents. Examples of suitable antiwear agents include, but are not limited to, a metal thiophosphate; a metal dialkyldithiophosphate; a phosphoric acid ester or salt thereof; a phosphate ester(s); a phosphite; a phosphorus-containing carboxylic ester, ether, or amide; a sulfurized olefin; thiocarbamate-containing compounds including, thiocarbamate esters, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates, and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamyl)disulfides; and mixtures thereof. A suitable antiwear agent may be a molybdenum dithiocarbamate. The phosphorus containing antiwear agents are more fully described in European Patent 612 839. The metal in the dialkyl dithiophosphate salts may be an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, copper, titanium, or zinc. A useful antiwear agent may be zinc dialkylthiophosphate.

[0099] Further examples of suitable antiwear agents include titanium compounds, tartrates, tartrimides, oil soluble amine salts of phosphorus compounds, sulfurized olefins, phosphites (such as dibutyl phosphite), phosphonates, thiocarbamate-containing compounds, such as thiocarbamate esters, thiocarbamate amides, thiocarbamic ethers, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates, and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamyl) disulfides. The tartrate or tartrimide may contain alkyl-ester groups, where the sum of carbon atoms on the alkyl groups may be at least 8. The antiwear agent may in one embodiment include a citrate.

[0100] The antiwear agent may be present in ranges including about 0 wt % to about 15 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % of the lubricating oil composition.

[0101] An antiwear compound may be a zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) having a P:Zn ratio of from about 1:0.8 to about 1:1.7.

Boron-Containing Compounds

[0102] The lubricating oil compositions herein may optionally contain one or more boron-containing compounds.

[0103] Examples of boron-containing compounds include borate esters, borated fatty amines, borated epoxides, borated detergents, and borated dispersants, such as borated succinimide dispersants, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,057.

[0104] The boron-containing compound, if present, can be used in an amount sufficient to provide up to about 8 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 7 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % of the lubricating oil composition.

Dispersants

[0105] The lubricating oil composition may optionally further comprise one or more dispersants or mixtures thereof. Dispersants are often known as ashless-type dispersants because, prior to mixing in a lubricating oil composition, they do not contain ash-forming metals and they do not normally contribute any ash when added to a lubricant. Ashless type dispersants are characterized by a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. Typical ashless dispersants include N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides. Examples of N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides include polyisobutylene succinimide with number average molecular weight of the polyisobutylene substituent in the range about 350 to about 50,000, or to about 5,000, or to about 3,000. Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 7,897,696 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,435. The polyolefin may be prepared from polymerizable monomers containing about 2 to about 16, or about 2 to about 8, or about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Succinimide dispersants are typically the imide formed from a polyamine, typically a poly(ethyleneamine).

[0106] In an embodiment the present disclosure further comprises at least one polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant derived from polyisobutylene with number average molecular weight in the range about 350 to about 50,000, or to about 5000, or to about 3000. The polyisobutylene succinimide may be used alone or in combination with other dispersants.

[0107] In some embodiments, polyisobutylene, when included, may have greater than 50 mol %, greater than 60 mol %, greater than 70 mol %, greater than 80 mol %, or greater than 90 mol % content of terminal double bonds. Such PIB is also referred to as highly reactive PIB (HR-PIB). HR-PIB having a number average molecular weight ranging from about 800 to about 5000 is suitable for use in embodiments of the present disclosure. Conventional PIB typically has less than 50 mol %, less than 40 mol %, less than 30 mol %, less than 20 mol %, or less than 10 mol % content of terminal double bonds.

[0108] An HR-PIB having a number average molecular weight ranging from about 900 to about 3000 may be suitable. Such HR-PIB is commercially available, or can be synthesized by the polymerization of isobutene in the presence of a non-chlorinated catalyst such as boron trifluoride, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,152,499 to Boerzel, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,355 to Gateau, et al. When used in the aforementioned thermal ene reaction, HR-PIB may lead to higher conversion rates in the reaction, as well as lower amounts of sediment formation, due to increased reactivity. A suitable method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,897,696.

[0109] In one embodiment the present disclosure further comprises at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA). The PIBSA may have an average of between about 1.0 and about 2.0 succinic acid moieties per polymer.

[0110] The % actives of the alkenyl or alkyl succinic anhydride can be determined using a chromatographic technique. This method is described in column 5 and 6 in U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,321.

[0111] The percent conversion of the polyolefin is calculated from the % actives using the equation in column 5 and 6 in U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,321.

[0112] Unless stated otherwise, all percentages are in weight percent and all molecular weights are number average molecular weights.

[0113] In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from a polyalphaolefin (PAO) succinic anhydride.

[0114] In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from olefin maleic anhydride copolymer. As an example, the dispersant may be described as a poly-PIBSA.

[0115] In an embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from an anhydride which is grafted to an ethylene-propylene copolymer.

[0116] One class of suitable dispersants may be Mannich bases. Mannich bases are materials that are formed by the condensation of a higher molecular weight, alkyl substituted phenol, a polyalkylene polyamine, and an aldehyde such as formaldehyde. Mannich bases are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,634,515.

[0117] A suitable class of dispersants may be high molecular weight esters or half ester amides.

[0118] A suitable dispersant may also be post-treated by conventional methods by a reaction with any of a variety of agents. Among these are boron, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleic anhydride, nitriles, epoxides, carbonates, cyclic carbonates, hindered phenolic esters, and phosphorus compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 7,645,726; U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,649; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,831 are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0119] In addition to the carbonate and boric acids post-treatments both the compounds may be post-treated, or further post-treatment, with a variety of post-treatments designed to improve or impart different properties. Such post-treatments include those summarized in columns 27-29 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,003, hereby incorporated by reference. Such treatments include, treatment with: [0120] Inorganic phosphorus acids or anhydrates (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,403,102 and 4,648,980); [0121] Organic phosphorus compounds (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,677); [0122] Phosphorus pentasulfides; [0123] Boron compounds as already noted above (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,178,663 and 4,652,387); [0124] Carboxylic acid, polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides and/or acid halides (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,708,522 and 4,948,386); [0125] Epoxides, polyepoxides or thioexpoxides (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,859,318 and 5,026,495); [0126] Aldehyde or ketone (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,458,530); [0127] Carbon disulfide (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,256,185); [0128] Glycidol (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,137); [0129] Urea, thourea or guanidine (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,312,619; 3,865,813; and British Patent GB 1,065,595); [0130] Organic sulfonic acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,189,544 and British Patent GB 2,140,811); [0131] Alkenyl cyanide (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,278,550 and 3,366,569); [0132] Diketene (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,546,243); [0133] A diisocyanate (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,205); [0134] Alkane sultone (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,749,695); [0135] 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compound (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,675); [0136] Sulfate of alkoxylated alcohol or phenol (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,954,639); [0137] Cyclic lactone (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,617,138; 4,645,515; 4,668,246; 4,963,275; and 4,971,711); [0138] Cyclic carbonate or thiocarbonate linear monocarbonate or polycarbonate, or chloroformate (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,612,132; 4,647,390; 4,648,886; 4,670,170); [0139] Nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,598 and British Patent GB 2,140,811); [0140] Hydroxy-protected chlorodicarbonyloxy compound (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,522); [0141] Lactam, thiolactam, thiolactone or ditholactone (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,614,603 and 4,666,460); [0142] Cyclic carbonate or thiocarbonate, linear monocarbonate or polycarbonate, or chloroformate (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,612,132; 4,647,390; 4,646,886; and 4,670,170); [0143] Nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,598 and British Patent GB 2,440,811); [0144] Hydroxy-protected chlorodicarbonyloxy compound (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,522); [0145] Lactam, thiolactam, thiolactone or dithiolactone (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,614,603, and 4,666,460); [0146] Cyclic carbamate, cyclic thiocarbamate or cyclic dithiocarbamate (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,663,062 and 4,666,459); [0147] Hydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,482,464; 4,521,318; 4,713,189); [0148] Oxidizing agent (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,064); [0149] Combination of phosphorus pentasulfide and a polyalkylene polyamine (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,185,647); [0150] Combination of carboxylic acid or an aldehyde or ketone and sulfur or sulfur chloride (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,390,086; 3,470,098); [0151] Combination of a hydrazine and carbon disulfide (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,564); [0152] Combination of an aldehyde and a phenol (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,649,229; 5,030,249; 5,039,307); [0153] Combination of an aldehyde and an O-diester of dithiophosphoric acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,740); [0154] Combination of a hydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acid and a boric acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,086); [0155] Combination of a hydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acid, then formaldehyde and a phenol (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,322); [0156] Combination of a hydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acid and then an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,064); [0157] Combination of formaldehyde and a phenol and then glycolic acid (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,724); [0158] Combination of a hydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acid or oxalic acid and then a diisocyanate (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,191); [0159] Combination of inorganic acid or anhydride of phosphorus or a partial or total sulfur analog thereof and a boron compound (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,214); [0160] Combination of an organic diacid then an unsaturated fatty acid and then a nitrosoaromatic amine optionally followed by a boron compound and then a glycolating agent (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,412); [0161] Combination of an aldehyde and a triazole (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,278); [0162] Combination of an aldehyde and a triazole then a boron compound (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,492); [0163] Combination of cyclic lactone and a boron compound (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,963,275 and 4,971,711). The above mentioned patents are herein incorporated in their entireties.

[0164] The TBN of a suitable dispersant may be from about 10 to about 65 on an oil-free basis, which is comparable to about 5 to about 30 TBN if measured on a dispersant sample containing about 50% diluent oil.

[0165] The dispersant, if present, can be used in an amount sufficient to provide up to about 20 wt %, based upon the final weight of the lubricating oil composition. Another amount of the dispersant that can be used may be about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 3 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 1 wt % to about 6 wt %, or about 7 wt % to about 12 wt %, based upon the final weight of the lubricating oil composition. In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition utilizes a mixed dispersant system. A single type or a mixture of two or more types of dispersants in any desired ratio may be used.

Friction Modifiers

[0166] The lubricating oil compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more friction modifiers. Suitable friction modifiers may comprise metal containing and metal-free friction modifiers and may include, but are not limited to, imidazolines, amides, amines, succinimides, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated ether amines, amine oxides, amidoamines, nitriles, betaines, quaternary amines, imines, amine salts, amino guanadine, alkanolamides, phosphonates, metal-containing compounds, glycerol esters, sulfurized fatty compounds and olefins, sunflower oil other naturally occurring plant or animal oils, dicarboxylic acid esters, esters or partial esters of a polyol and one or more aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, and the like.

[0167] Suitable friction modifiers may contain hydrocarbyl groups that are selected from straight chain, branched chain, or aromatic hydrocarbyl groups or mixtures thereof, and may be saturated or unsaturated. The hydrocarbyl groups may be composed of carbon and hydrogen or hetero atoms such as sulfur or oxygen. The hydrocarbyl groups may range from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. In some embodiments the friction modifier may be a long chain fatty acid ester. In another embodiment the long chain fatty acid ester may be a mono-ester, or a di-ester, or a (tri)glyceride. The friction modifier may be a long chain fatty amide, a long chain fatty ester, a long chain fatty epoxide derivatives, or a long chain imidazoline.

[0168] Other suitable friction modifiers may include organic, ashless (metal-free), nitrogen-free organic friction modifiers. Such friction modifiers may include esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols and generally include a polar terminal group (e.g. carboxyl or hydroxyl) covalently bonded to an oleophilic hydrocarbon chain. An example of an organic ashless nitrogen-free friction modifier is known generally as glycerol monooleate (GMO) which may contain mono-, di-, and tri-esters of oleic acid. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,685, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0169] Aminic friction modifiers may include amines or polyamines Such compounds can have hydrocarbyl groups that are linear, either saturated or unsaturated, or a mixture thereof and may contain from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. Further examples of suitable friction modifiers include alkoxylated amines and alkoxylated ether amines Such compounds may have hydrocarbyl groups that are linear, either saturated, unsaturated, or a mixture thereof. They may contain from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. Examples include ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated ether amines.

[0170] The amines and amides may be used as such or in the form of an adduct or reaction product with a boron compound such as a boric oxide, boron halide, metaborate, boric acid or a mono-, di- or tri-alkyl borate. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,291, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0171] A friction modifier may optionally be present in ranges such as about 0 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % to about 8 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 4 wt %.

Molybdenum-Containing Component

[0172] The lubricating oil compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more molybdenum-containing compounds. An oil-soluble molybdenum compound may have the functional performance of an antiwear agent, an antioxidant, a friction modifier, or mixtures thereof. An oil-soluble molybdenum compound may include molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum dithiophosphinates, amine salts of molybdenum compounds, molybdenum xanthates, molybdenum thioxanthates, molybdenum sulfides, molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum alkoxides, a trinuclear organo-molybdenum compound, and/or mixtures thereof. The molybdenum sulfides include molybdenum disulfide. The molybdenum disulfide may be in the form of a stable dispersion. In one embodiment the oil-soluble molybdenum compound may be selected from the group consisting of molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, amine salts of molybdenum compounds, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the oil-soluble molybdenum compound may be a molybdenum dithiocarbamate.

[0173] Suitable examples of molybdenum compounds which may be used include commercial materials sold under the trade names such as Molyvan 822, Molyvan A, Molyvan 2000 and Molyvan 855 from R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Ltd., and Sakura-Lube S-165, S-200, S-300, S-310G, S-525, S-600, S-700, and S-710 available from Adeka Corporation, and mixtures thereof. Suitable molybdenum components are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,381; US RE 37,363 E1; US RE 38,929 E1; and US RE 40,595 E1, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0174] Additionally, the molybdenum compound may be an acidic molybdenum compound. Included are molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, and other alkaline metal molybdates and other molybdenum salts, e.g., hydrogen sodium molybdate, MoOCl.sub.4, MoO.sub.2Br.sub.2, Mo.sub.2O.sub.3Cl.sub.6, molybdenum trioxide or similar acidic molybdenum compounds. Alternatively, the compositions can be provided with molybdenum by molybdenum/sulfur complexes of basic nitrogen compounds as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,263,152; 4,285,822; 4,283,295; 4,272,387; 4,265,773; 4,261,843; 4,259,195 and 4,259,194; and US Patent Publication No. 2002/0038525, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0175] Another class of suitable organo-molybdenum compounds are trinuclear molybdenum compounds, such as those of the formula Mo.sub.3S.sub.kL.sub.nQ.sub.z and mixtures thereof, wherein S represents sulfur, L represents independently selected ligands having organo groups with a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compound soluble or dispersible in the oil, n is from 1 to 4, k varies from 4 through 7, Q is selected from the group of neutral electron donating compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and ethers, and z ranges from 0 to 5 and includes non-stoichiometric values. At least 21 total carbon atoms may be present among all the ligands' organo groups, such as at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 carbon atoms. Additional suitable molybdenum compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,685, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0176] The oil-soluble molybdenum compound may be present in an amount sufficient to provide about 0.5 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 300 ppm, or about 20 ppm to about 250 ppm of molybdenum.

Titanium-Containing Compounds

[0177] Another class of additives includes oil-soluble titanium compounds. The oil-soluble titanium compounds may function as antiwear agents, friction modifiers, antioxidants, deposit control additives, or more than one of these functions. In an embodiment the oil soluble titanium compound may be a titanium (IV) alkoxide. The titanium alkoxide may be formed from a monohydric alcohol, a polyol, or mixtures thereof. The monohydric alkoxides may have 2 to 16, or 3 to 10 carbon atoms. In an embodiment, the titanium alkoxide may be titanium (IV) isopropoxide. In an embodiment, the titanium alkoxide may be titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexoxide. In an embodiment, the titanium compound may be the alkoxide of a 1,2-diol or polyol. In an embodiment, the 1,2-diol comprises a fatty acid mono-ester of glycerol, such as oleic acid. In an embodiment, the oil soluble titanium compound may be a titanium carboxylate. In an embodiment the titanium (IV) carboxylate may be titanium neodecanoate.

[0178] In an embodiment the oil soluble titanium compound may be present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount to provide from zero to about 1500 ppm titanium by weight or about 10 ppm to 500 ppm titanium by weight or about 25 ppm to about 150 ppm.

Transition Metal-Containing Compounds

[0179] In another embodiment, the oil-soluble compound may be a transition metal containing compound or a metalloid. The transition metals may include, but are not limited to, titanium, vanadium, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the like. Suitable metalloids include, but are not limited to, boron, silicon, antimony, tellurium, and the like.

[0180] In one embodiment, the oil-soluble compound that may be used in a weight ratio of Ca/M ranging from about 0.8:1 to about 70:1 is a titanium containing compound, wherein M is the total metal in the lubricant composition as described above. The titanium-containing compounds may function as antiwear agents, friction modifiers, antioxidants, deposit control additives, or more than one of these functions. Among the titanium containing compounds that may be used in, or which may be used for preparation of the oils-soluble materials of, the disclosed technology are various Ti (IV) compounds such as titanium (IV) oxide; titanium (IV) sulfide; titanium (IV) nitrate; titanium (IV) alkoxides such as titanium methoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium propoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium butoxide, titanium 2-ethylhexoxide; and other titanium compounds or complexes including but not limited to titanium phenates; titanium carboxylates such as titanium (IV) 2-ethyl-1-3-hexanedioate or titanium citrate or titanium oleate; and titanium (IV) (triethanolaminato)isopropoxide. Other forms of titanium encompassed within the disclosed technology include titanium phosphates such as titanium dithiophosphates (e.g., dialkyldithiophosphates) and titanium sulfonates (e.g., alkylbenzenesulfonates), or, generally, the reaction product of titanium compounds with various acid materials to form salts, such as oil-soluble salts. Titanium compounds can thus be derived from, among others, organic acids, alcohols, and glycols. Ti compounds may also exist in dimeric or oligomeric form, containing TiOTi structures. Such titanium materials are commercially available or can be readily prepared by appropriate synthesis techniques which will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. They may exist at room temperature as a solid or a liquid, depending on the particular compound. They may also be provided in a solution form in an appropriate inert solvent.

[0181] In one embodiment, the titanium can be supplied as a Ti-modified dispersant, such as a succinimide dispersant. Such materials may be prepared by forming a titanium mixed anhydride between a titanium alkoxide and a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride, such as an alkenyl- (or alkyl) succinic anhydride. The resulting titanate-succinate intermediate may be used directly or it may be reacted with any of a number of materials, such as (a) a polyamine-based succinimide/amide dispersant having free, condensable NH functionality; (b) the components of a polyamine-based succinimide/amide dispersant, i.e., an alkenyl- (or alkyl-) succinic anhydride and a polyamine, (c) a hydroxy-containing polyester dispersant prepared by the reaction of a substituted succinic anhydride with a polyol, aminoalcohol, polyamine, or mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the titanate-succinate intermediate may be reacted with other agents such as alcohols, aminoalcohols, ether alcohols, polyether alcohols or polyols, or fatty acids, and the product thereof either used directly to impart Ti to a lubricant, or else further reacted with the succinic dispersants as described above. As an example, 1 part (by mole) of tetraisopropyl titanate may be reacted with about 2 parts (by mole) of a polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride at 140-150 C. for 5 to 6 hours to provide a titanium modified dispersant or intermediate. The resulting material (30 g) may be further reacted with a succinimide dispersant from polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride and a polyethylenepolyamine mixture (127 grams+diluent oil) at 150 C. for 1.5 hours, to produce a titanium-modified succinimide dispersant.

[0182] Another titanium containing compound may be a reaction product of titanium alkoxide and C.sub.6 to C.sub.25 carboxylic acid. The reaction product may be represented by the following formula:

##STR00001##

wherein n is an integer selected from 2, 3 and 4, and R is a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 5 to about 24 carbon atoms, or by the formula:

##STR00002##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are the same or different and are selected from a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 5 to about 25 carbon atoms. Suitable carboxylic acids may include, but are not limited to caproic acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid, neodecanoic acid, and the like.

[0183] In an embodiment the oil soluble titanium compound may be present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount to provide from 0 to 3000 ppm titanium by weight or 25 to about 1500 ppm titanium by weight or about 35 ppm to 500 ppm titanium by weight or about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm.

Viscosity Index Improvers

[0184] The lubricating oil compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more viscosity index improvers. Suitable viscosity index improvers may include polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ethylene/propylene copolymers, polyisobutenes, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymers, styrene/maleic ester copolymers, hydrogenated styrene/butadiene copolymers, hydrogenated isoprene polymers, alpha-olefin maleic anhydride copolymers, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyalkyl styrenes, hydrogenated alkenyl aryl conjugated diene copolymers, or mixtures thereof. Viscosity index improvers may include star polymers and suitable examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,905 B2.

[0185] The lubricating oil compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more dispersant viscosity index improvers in addition to a viscosity index improver or in lieu of a viscosity index improver. Suitable viscosity index improvers may include functionalized polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have been functionalized with the reaction product of an acylating agent (such as maleic anhydride) and an amine; polymethacrylates functionalized with an amine, or esterified maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers reacted with an amine.

[0186] The total amount of viscosity index improver and/or dispersant viscosity index improver may be about 0 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 12 wt %, or about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %, of the lubricating oil composition.

Other Optional Additives

[0187] Other additives may be selected to perform one or more functions required of a lubricating fluid. Further, one or more of the mentioned additives may be multi-functional and provide functions in addition to or other than the function prescribed herein.

[0188] A lubricating oil composition according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise other performance additives. The other performance additives may be in addition to specified additives of the present disclosure and/or may comprise one or more of metal deactivators, viscosity index improvers, ashless TBN boosters, friction modifiers, antiwear agents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, dispersants, dispersant viscosity index improvers, extreme pressure agents, antioxidants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swelling agents and mixtures thereof. Typically, fully-formulated lubricating oil will contain one or more of these performance additives.

[0189] Suitable metal deactivators may include derivatives of benzotriazoles (typically tolyltriazole), dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives, 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazoles, or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazoles; foam inhibitors including copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexylacrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; demulsifiers including trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers; pour point depressants including esters of maleic anhydride-styrene, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides.

[0190] Suitable foam inhibitors include silicon-based compounds, such as siloxane.

[0191] Suitable pour point depressants may include a polymethylmethacrylates or mixtures thereof. Pour point depressants may be present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0 wt % to about 1 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 0.5 wt %, or about 0.02 wt % to about 0.04 wt % based upon the final weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0192] Suitable rust inhibitors may be a single compound or a mixture of compounds having the property of inhibiting corrosion of ferrous metal surfaces. Non-limiting examples of rust inhibitors useful herein include oil-soluble high molecular weight organic acids, such as 2-ethylhexanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, behenic acid, and cerotic acid, as well as oil-soluble polycarboxylic acids including dimer and trimer acids, such as those produced from tall oil fatty acids, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Other suitable corrosion inhibitors include long-chain alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in the molecular weight range of about 600 to about 3000 and alkenylsuccinic acids in which the alkenyl group contains about 10 or more carbon atoms such as, tetrapropenylsuccinic acid, tetradecenylsuccinic acid, and hexadecenylsuccinic acid. Another useful type of acidic corrosion inhibitors are the half esters of alkenyl succinic acids having about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms in the alkenyl group with alcohols such as the polyglycols. The corresponding half amides of such alkenyl succinic acids are also useful. A useful rust inhibitor is a high molecular weight organic acid. In some embodiments, an engine oil is devoid of a rust inhibitor.

[0193] The rust inhibitor, if present, can be used in an amount sufficient to provide about 0 wt % to about 5 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 3 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt %, based upon the final weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0194] In general terms, a suitable crankcase lubricant may include additive components in the ranges listed in the following table.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Wt. % Wt. % Component (Broad) (Typical) Dispersant(s) 0.0-10% 1.0-8.5% Antioxidant(s) 0.0-5.0 0.01-3.0 Metal Detergent(s) 0.1-15.0 0.2-8.0 Ashless TBN booster(s) 0.0-1.0 0.01-0.5 Corrosion Inhibitor(s) 0.0-5.0 0.0-2.0 Metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate(s) 0.1-6.0 0.1-4.0 Ash-free amine phosphate salt(s) 0.0-3.0 0.0-1.5 Antifoaming agent(s) 0.0-5.0 0.001-0.15 Antiwear agent(s) 0.0-10.0 0.0-5.0 Pour point depressant(s) 0.0-5.0 0.01-1.5 Viscosity index improver(s) 0.0-20.00 0.25-10.0 Dispersant viscosity index improver(s) 0.0-10.0 0.0-5.0 Friction modifier(s) 0.01-5.0 0.05-2.0 Base oil(s) Balance Balance Total 100 100

[0195] The percentages of each component above represent the weight percent of each component, based upon the weight of the final lubricating oil composition. The remainder of the lubricating oil composition consists of one or more base oils.

[0196] Additives used in formulating the compositions described herein may be blended into the base oil individually or in various sub-combinations. However, it may be suitable to blend all of the components concurrently using an additive concentrate (i.e., additives plus a diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent). Additives used in formulating the compositions described herein may be blended into the base oil individually or in various sub-combinations. However, it may be suitable to blend all of the components concurrently using an additive concentrate (i.e., additives plus a diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent).

[0197] The present disclosure provides novel lubricating oil blends specifically formulated for use as automotive engine lubricants. Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide lubricating oils suitable for engine applications that provide improvements in one or more of the following characteristics: low speed pre-ignition events, antioxidancy, antiwear performance, rust inhibition, fuel economy, water tolerance, air entrainment, seal protection, deposit reduction, i.e. passing the TEOST 33 test, and foam reducing properties.

[0198] Fully formulated lubricants conventionally contain an additive package, referred to herein as a dispersant/inhibitor package or DI package, that will supply the characteristics that are required in the formulations. Suitable DI packages are described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,204,012 and 6,034,040 for example. Among the types of additives included in the additive package may be dispersants, seal swell agents, antioxidants, foam inhibitors, lubricity agents, rust inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, demulsifiers, viscosity index improvers, and the like. Several of these components are well known to those skilled in the art and are generally used in conventional amounts with the additives and compositions described herein.

[0199] The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the methods and compositions of the present disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in the field, and which are obvious to those skilled in the art, are within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. All patents and publications cited herein are fully incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

EXAMPLES

[0200] Fully formulated lubricating oil compositions containing conventional additives were made and tested in a boosted internal combustion engine to determine their influence on low speed pre-ignition events. Each of the lubricating oil compositions contained a major amount of a base oil, a base conventional DI package and one or more viscosity index improver(s), wherein the base DI package (less the viscosity index improver) provided about 8 to about 12 percent by weight of the lubricating oil composition. The base DI package contained conventional amounts of dispersant(s), antiwear additive(s), antifoam agent(s), and antioxidant(s) as set forth in Table 3 below. Specifically, the base DI package contained a succinimide dispersant, a borated succinimide dispersant, a molybdenum-containing compound in an amount sufficient to deliver about 80 ppm of molybdenum to the lubricating oil composition, an organic friction modifier, one or more antioxidant(s), and one or more antiwear agents (unless specified otherwise). The base DI package and base oil were also blended with about 5 to about 10 wt % of one or more viscosity index improver(s). A Group I base oil was used as a diluent for the viscosity index improver(s). The major amount of base oil (about 78 to about 87 wt %) was a Group III base oil. The components that were varied are specified in the Tables and discussion of the Examples below. All the values listed are stated as weight percent of the component in the lubricating oil composition (i.e., active ingredient plus diluent oil, if any), unless specified otherwise.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Base DI Package Composition Component Wt. % Antioxidant(s) 0.5 to 2.5 Antiwear agent(s), including any metal 0.7 to 5.0 dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate Antifoaming agent(s) 0.001 to 0.01 Detergent(s)* 0.0 Dispersant (s) 2.0 to 6.0 Metal-containing friction modifier(s) 0.05 to 1.25 Metal free friction modifier(s) 0.01 to 0.5 Pour point depressant(s) 0.05 to 0.5 Process oil 0.25 to 1.0 *The amount and type of detergent is varied in the following experiments, so for purposes of the base formulation, the detergent amount is set to zero in Table 3.

[0201] Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) events were measured in a GM 2.0 Liter, 4 cylinder Ecotec turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDi) engine. One complete LSPI fired engine test consisted of 4 test cycles. Within a single test cycle, two operational stages or segments are repeated in order to generate LSPI events. In stage A, when LSPI is most likely to occur, the engine is operated at about 2000 rpm and about 18,000 kPa brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). In stage B, when LSPI is not likely to occur, the engine is operated at about 1500 rpm and about 17,000 kPa BMEP. For each stage, data is collected over 25,000 engine cycles. The structure of a test cycle is as follows: stage A-stage A-stage B-stage B-stage A-stage A. Each stage is separated by an idle period. Because LSPI is statistically significant during stage A, the LSPI event data that was considered in the present examples only included LSPI events generated during stage A operation. Thus, for one complete LSPI fired engine test, data was typically generated over a total of 16 stages and was used to evaluate performance of comparative and inventive oils.

[0202] LSPI events were determined by monitoring peak cylinder pressure (PP) and when 2% of the combustible material in the combustion chamber burns (MFB02). The threshold for peak cylinder pressure is calculated for each cylinder and for each stage and is typically 65,000 to 85,000 kPa. The threshold for MFB02 is calculated for each cylinder and for each stage and typically ranges from about 3.0 to about 7.5 Crank Angle Degree (CAD) After Top Dead Center (ATDC). An LSPI was recorded when both the PP and MFB02 thresholds were exceeded in a single engine cycle. LSPI events can be reported in many ways. In order to remove ambiguity involved with reporting counts per engine cycle, where different fired engine tests can be conducted with a different number of engine cycles, the relative number of LSPI events of comparative and inventive oils were reported as an LSPI Ratio. In this way improvement relative to some standard response is clearly demonstrated.

[0203] All of the reference oils are commercially available engine oils that meet all ILSAC GF-5 performance requirements, including passage of the TEOST-33 test discussed below.

[0204] In the following examples, the LSPI Ratio was reported as a ratio of the LSPI events of a test oil relative to the LSPI events of Reference Oil R-1. Reference oil R-1 was formulated from about 80.7 wt. % of a Group III base oil, 12.1 wt. % of HiTEC 11150 PCMO Additive Package available from Afton Chemical Corporation and 7.2 wt. % of a 35 SSI ethylene/propylene copolymer viscosity index improver. HiTEC 11150 passenger car motor oil additive package is an API SN, ILSAC-GF-5, and ACEA A5/B5 qualified DI package. R-1 also showed the following and properties and partial elemental analysis:

TABLE-US-00004 Reference Oil R-1 10.9 Kinematic Viscosity at 100 C., (mm.sup.2/sec) 3.3 TBS, APPARENT_VISCOSITY, cPa 2438 calcium (ppmw) <10 magnesium (ppmw) 80 molybdenum (ppmw) 772 phosphorus (ppmw) 855 zinc (ppmw) 9.0 Total Base Number ASTM D-2896 (mg KOH/g) 165 Viscosity Index

[0205] Considerable improvement in LSPI is recognized when there is greater than 50% reduction in LSPI events relative to R-1 (an LSPI Ratio of less than 0.5). A further improvement in LSPI is recognized when there is greater than 70% reduction in LSPI events (an LSPI Ratio of less than 0.3), an even further improvement in LSPI is recognized when there is greater than 75% reduction in LSPI events (an LSPI Ratio of less than 0.25), and an even further improvement in LSPI is recognized when there is greater than 80% reduction in LSPI events relative to R-1 (an LSPI Ratio of less than 0.20), and an even further improvement in LSPI is recognized when there is greater than 90% reduction in LSPI events relative to R-1 (an LSPI Ratio of less than 0.10). The LSPI Ratio for R-1 reference oil is thus deemed to be 1.00.

[0206] The TEOST-33 test is a bench test that may be used to evaluate oxidative degradation and/or thermal cooking of engine oil. According to the test, about 100 mL of test oil is used in a 12 cycle/2 hour test. The test results in bulk oxidation of the oil (about 100 grams) on a hollow heated rod (TEOST depositor rod) that will accumulate the deposits over the test period. The test oil flows over the rod at about 0.5 grams per minute while the test piece is cycled 12 times over a temperature ranging from 200-480 C. the total deposit is the performance parameter measured. The total deposit is the sum of the deposit on the rod and the deposit in the oil which is removed by filtration. The more deposit measured indicates poorer performance of the additive composition. Specifically, a test oil having a weight gain of 30 mg or less passes the TEOST 33 test.

[0207] TBN measurements given in the tables below were determined using the method of ASTM D2896. TBN measurements were used to report the total TBN of the fully formulated example fluids in Table 5 below.

Example 1

[0208] In the following examples, the impact of the incorporation of magnesium in varying amounts on the LSPI Ratio was determined A combination of an overbased calcium detergent, a low based/neutral calcium detergent, and an overbased magnesium detergent were formulated in the same lubricating oil formulation. R-1, as stated above, by replacing the overbased calcium sulfonate detergent of R-1 with the detergent combinations listed in the tables below. R-2 is a commercial product that contains a calcium detergent and a magnesium compound. It was determined by ICP analysis that R-2 contained about 1240 ppmw of Ca, and about 730 ppmw of Mg, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0209] Two samples were tested to compare the impact of an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent on the LSPI Ratio, as measured in R-1. C-1 contained an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent that provided 1600 ppmw of Ca to the lubricating oil, and C-2 contained an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent that provided 1100 ppmw of Ca to the lubricating oil.

[0210] In I-3, C-3, I-1, and I-2, overbased calcium sulfonate and overbased magnesium sulfonate detergents were present in varying amounts. In addition, formulations I-1, and I-2 contained a low based/neutral calcium sulfonate detergent in an amount sufficient to deliver 125 ppmw Ca to the lubricating oil. Formulation I-3 contained a low-based calcium phenate detergent in an amount sufficient to deliver 125 ppmw Ca to the lubricating oil composition. The composition and results of testing each of these formulations are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Description R-1 R-2 C-1 C-2 C-3 I-1 I-2 I-3 OB Ca S, 2400 1600 1100 1100 1300 1300 1400 ppmw LB Ca Ph, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 ppmw LB/N Ca S, 0 0 0 0 125 125 0 ppmw Total Ca, 2400 1240 1600 1100 1125 1425 1450 1525 ppmw Mg, ppmw 0 730 0 0 250 400 135 120 TEOST 33 Pass Pass Fail Fail Fail Pass Pass Pass LSPI Ratio 1.00 0.15 0.22 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.11 0.1

[0211] Commercial oils, R-1 and R-2, are included as reference oils to demonstrate the current state of the art. Oil R-1 contained an overbased calcium-containing detergent and had a high calcium content. Oil R-2 contained a calcium-containing detergent and has a relatively low calcium content, and a high magnesium content. R-1 and R-2 meet all performance requirements for ILSAC GF-5 and, as such, would demonstrate a passing performance in the TEOST-33 bench oxidation test. Comparative examples C-1, C-2 and C-3 are not commercially available fluids but are designed to demonstrate technical problems experienced by one skilled in the art when the detergent system is modified to meet LSPI performance needs.

[0212] In Table 4, formulations R-1, C-1 and C-2 demonstrate that decreasing the total calcium content in the lubricating oil composition reduces the LSPI Ratio. When the Ca content in the lubricating oil was decreased from 2400 ppmw to 1600 ppmw to 1100 ppmw, the LSPI Ratio also decreased to a low of 0.05. Although C-1 and C-2 provide significantly reduced LSPI Ratios, both failed the TEOST-33 Test.

[0213] In Table 4, formulations C-2 and C-3 demonstrate that a combination of only an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent and an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent is not sufficient to provide an LSPI Ratio that is reduced to the desired level while still being capable of passing the TEOST-33 test. In formulation C-3, the addition of the overbased magnesium sulfonate to the lubricating oil had no effect on the LSPI Ratio as compared with formulation C-2, and both formulations C-2 and C-3 failed the TEOST-33 test. Since both of these examples contain reduced levels of overbased calcium sulfonate detergent, it is evident that an additional additive beyond the combination of an overbased calcium sulfonate and an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent is necessary to achieve the desired LSPI Ratio while still passing the TEOST-33 test.

[0214] Inventive formulations I-1 and I-2 demonstrate that the combination of an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent, a low based/neutral calcium sulfonate detergent, and an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent provides lubricating oils that significantly reduce the LSPI Ratio, and pass the TEOST-33 test. A comparison of formulations I-1 and I-2 indicates that lower levels of magnesium are desirable for reducing the LSPI Ratio. A comparison of formulations I-3 and I-2 demonstrates that different types of low based/neutral calcium detergents can be used to provide similar results for the LSPI Ratio and passage of the TEOST-33 test, when combined with an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent and an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent.

Example 2

[0215] In Example 2, the impact of the incorporation of a sodium sulfonate detergent, an overbased calcium phenate detergent and a higher concentration of molybdenum on the LSPI Ratio was determined.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Description R-1 R-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 I-1 I-4 I-5 OB Ca 2400 1100 1450 1450 0 1300 1325 600 Sulfonate, ppmw OB Ca 0 0 0 1565 0 0 500 Phenate, ppmw LB/N Ca 0 0 0 125 125 125 0 Sulfonate, ppmw Total Ca, 2400 1240 1125 1450 1450 1690 1425 1450 1100 ppmw Mg, ppmw 0 730 250 0 0 0 400 400 500 Na, ppmw 0 0 0 115 91 0 0 0 0 Molybdenum, 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 240 80 ppmw Total TBN of 9.0 7.0 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.9 7.8 8.0 7.8 Lubricant composition (ASTM 2896) TEOST 33 Pass Pass Fail Fail Pass Fail Pass Pass Pass LSPI Ratio 1.00 0.15 0.05 0.36 0.35 0.16 0.25 0.22 0.04

[0216] Commercial oils, R-1 and R-2, were again included as reference oils to demonstrate the current state of the art. The formulations of comparative examples C-4, C-5, and C-6 are not commercially available fluids but are designed to demonstrate technical problems experienced by one skilled in the art when the detergent system is modified to meet LSPI performance needs.

[0217] In Table 5, formulations C-4 and C-5 demonstrate that a sodium detergent provides a smaller reduction in the LSPI Ratio relative to the use of the magnesium detergent in the exemplified magnesium-containing compositions. Inventive examples I-1 and I-4 demonstrate that when the concentration of molybdenum is tripled in the presence of a magnesium-containing component, the LSPI Ratio is only slightly reduced.

[0218] Comparative example C-3 and inventive example I-5 demonstrate that the combination of an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent, an overbased calcium phenate detergent and an overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent provides the greatest reduction in the LSPI Ratio, as well as passing the TEOST-33 test. In addition, these examples also show that overbased calcium phenate may significantly contribute to reducing the LSPI Ratio. Formulation C-6 demonstrated that a lubricating oil composition only comprising an overbased calcium phenate detergent and a low based/neutral calcium detergent does not provide as great a reduction in the LSPI Ratio as the inventive combination of detergents, while still passing the TEOST-33 test.

Example 3

[0219] In the following example, the impact of the incorporation of an overbased calcium detergent and a magnesium sulfonate detergent on the temperature at the turbocharger coolant outflow (TCO temperature) was determined.

Turbocharger Coking Test

[0220] The turbocharger coking test events were completed in a 2012, 1.4 L Chevy Cruze calibration engine with 3 liters of test oil charge and a qualified test fuel. One complete turbocharger deposit test consisted of 2000 cycles over approximately 536 hours. Each cycle consists of two stages. The first stage consists of the engine idling for 30 seconds, followed by an increase to 3000 RPM for six and a half minutes. After this period, the engine speed is decreased to 2000 RPM for a 50 second period, until the engine is completely stopped and the second stage commences. The second stage consists of a seven and a half minute period of the engine in soak period.

[0221] The temperature at the turbocharger coolant outflow (TCO temperature) is measured every 30 seconds. The initial baseline temperature is measured after the initial 100 cycles are completed to warm up the engine. After the test has been carried out for 1800 cycles, the TCO temperature is measured again. A passing performance is defined as less than a 13% increase in the TCO temperature from the baseline TCO temperature and engine operation with no measured boost pressure of less than 5 kPa lasting for a 10 consecutive second duration, during the entire 2000 cycle test.

[0222] To determine an additional performance parameter of this test, the ASTM Manual 20 Non-Rubbing Carbon Method is used to analyze different areas of the turbocharger upon completion of the Turbocharger Coking Test. After 2000 cycles or after run to failure, an Average Merit Rating is determined by averaging the merit ratings assigned to each of the six different areas of the turbocharger, namely the, A) Turbine Shaft Area, B) Turbine Shaft Area, C) Center housing turbine end hole, D) Center housing turbine inlet hole, E) Center housing turbine outlet hole, and F) Inlet Pipe. The Average Merit Rating is reported as a range of 0-10 merits. A 10 merit rating is the maximum and best rating, and a 0 merit rating is the minimum and worst merit rating. The composition and the result of testing the formulation is summarized in Table 6.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Description I-6 Total Ca, ppmw 1440 Mg, ppmw 463 Mo, ppmw 82 TCO Temperature Increase 3.8 @ 1800 cycles, % Average Merit Rating 8.1

[0223] In Table 6, formulation I-6 demonstrates acceptable results for the TCO temperature increase and a relatively high Average Merit Rating tests.

[0224] At numerous places throughout this specification, reference has been made to a number of U.S. patents and other documents. All such cited documents are expressly incorporated in full into this disclosure as if fully set forth herein.

[0225] Other embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. As used throughout the specification and claims, a and/or an may refer to one or more than one. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, percent, ratio, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term about, whether or not the term about is present. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.

[0226] The foregoing embodiments are susceptible to considerable variation in practice. Accordingly, the embodiments are not intended to be limited to the specific exemplifications set forth hereinabove. Rather, the foregoing embodiments are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, including the equivalents thereof available as a matter of law.

[0227] The patentees do not intend to dedicate any disclosed embodiments to the public, and to the extent any disclosed modifications or alterations may not literally fall within the scope of the claims, they are considered to be part hereof under the doctrine of equivalents.

[0228] It is to be understood that each component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed herein is to be interpreted as being disclosed for use alone or in combination with one or more of each and every other component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed herein.

[0229] It is also to be understood that each amount/value or range of amounts/values for each component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed herein is to be interpreted as also being disclosed in combination with each amount/value or range of amounts/values disclosed for any other component(s), compounds(s), substituent(s) or parameter(s) disclosed herein and that any combination of amounts/values or ranges of amounts/values for two or more component(s), compounds(s), substituent(s) or parameters disclosed herein are thus also disclosed in combination with each other for the purposes of this description.

[0230] It is further understood that each range disclosed herein is to be interpreted as a disclosure of each specific value within the disclosed range that has the same number of significant digits. Thus, a range of from 1-4 is to be interpreted as an express disclosure of the values 1, 2, 3 and 4.

[0231] It is further understood that each lower limit of each range disclosed herein is to be interpreted as disclosed in combination with each upper limit of each range and each specific value within each range disclosed herein for the same component, compounds, substituent or parameter. Thus, this disclosure to be interpreted as a disclosure of all ranges derived by combining each lower limit of each range with each upper limit of each range or with each specific value within each range, or by combining each upper limit of each range with each specific value within each range.

[0232] Furthermore, specific amounts/values of a component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed in the description or an example is to be interpreted as a disclosure of either a lower or an upper limit of a range and thus can be combined with any other lower or upper limit of a range or specific amount/value for the same component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed elsewhere in the application to form a range for that component, compound, substituent or parameter.