COMPACT ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR MUNITION

Abstract

A compact munition antenna system that includes a curvilinear transmit antenna on a top and bottom of a ring-shaped substrate, and a curvilinear receive antenna on the top and bottom of the substrate. The transmit antenna and receive antenna are positioned opposite one another on the substrate, and are separated by a pair of isolation barriers to reduce coupling of the two antennas. The munition antenna system may be mounted on a metal cylindrical portion of a guidance system in a nose section of the munition, using a vertical convex surface of the cylindrical portion and a horizontal surface of the munition as a reflector for improving antenna performance.

Claims

1. A system for mounting in a nose section of a munition, comprising: a guidance system defining a central axis and having a circumference and an outside surface; a substrate having an inner edge and an outer edge and including a top surface and a bottom surface, and positioned adjacent to the outside surface of the guidance system; an antenna system including: a first plurality of conductive segments positioned on the top surface of the substrate at a first radial distance from the inside edge of the substrate, one or more of the first plurality of conductive segments comprising curved conductive segments defining a first curvature a second plurality of conductive segments positioned on the bottom surface of the substrate at a second radial distance from the inside edge of the substrate, one or more of the second plurality of conductive segments comprising curved conductive segments defining a second curvature, the second plurality of conductive segments positioned axially below the first plurality of conductive segments, such that a portion of the first plurality of conductive segments overlies a portion of the second plurality of conductive segments.

2. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the antenna system comprises a dipole antenna.

3. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the antenna system comprises a monopole antenna.

4. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of conductive segments includes a ground plane.

5. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first curvature is the same as a curvature defined by the outside surface of the guidance system.

6. The antenna system of claim 6 wherein the first curved antenna arm is closer to the outer edge than to the inner edge of the substrate.

7. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the substrate is in contact with the outside surface of the guidance system.

8. The antenna system of claim 7, wherein the substrate is ring-shaped.

9. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the guidance system is a semi-active laser (SAL) system.

10. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein during operation, the antenna system is configured to radiate energy off of the outside surface of the guidance system.

11. The antenna system of claim 1, further comprising: a second antenna system on a second portion of the substrate, comprising: a third plurality of conductive segments positioned on the top surface of the substrate at the first radial distance from the inside edge of the substrate, one or more of the third plurality of conductive segments comprising curved conductive segments having the first curvature; and a fourth plurality of conductive segments positioned on the bottom surface of the substrate at the second radial distance from the inside edge of the substrate, one or more of the fourth plurality of conductive segments comprising curved conductive segments defining the second curvature, the fourth plurality of conductive segments positioned axially below the third plurality of conductive segments, such that a portion of the third plurality of conductive segments overlies a portion of the fourth plurality of conductive segments.

12. The antenna system of claim 11, wherein the antenna system is an antenna transmit system and the second antenna system is an antenna receive system.

13. The antenna system of claim 12, wherein the antenna transmit system is positioned on the substrate radially opposite the antenna receive system, relative to the central axis.

14. The antenna system of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of isolation barriers configured to separate and isolate the antenna transmit system and the antenna receive system.

15. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the guidance system includes a metal cylindrical portion that defines the circumference and the outside surface.

16. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of conductive segments and the second plurality of conductive segments are fed via a feedline.

17. The antenna system of claim 16, wherein the feedline extends through the substrate and connects the first and second plurality of conductive segments.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] The invention can be understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0018] FIG. 1 is a depiction of a munition having a munition antenna system in a nose section of the munition, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic of a munitions communication system, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0020] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a munition antenna system surrounding a semi-active laser (SAL) in a nose section of a munition, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0021] FIG. 4 is a top view of a munition antenna system, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0022] FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the munition antenna system of FIG. 4;

[0023] FIG. 6 is a top perspective view of the munition antenna system of FIG. 4, with the antenna rotated slightly in a counter-clockwise direction;

[0024] FIG. 7 is a side view of the munition antenna system of FIG. 4, with coaxial feedlines, according to an embodiment;

[0025] FIG. 8 is a view of a transmit antenna top portion of the antenna system depicted in FIG. 4;

[0026] FIG. 9 is a view of a transmit antenna bottom portion of the antenna system depicted in FIG. 4;

[0027] FIG. 10 is a view of a receive antenna top portion of the antenna system depicted in FIG. 5;

[0028] FIG. 11 is a view of a receive antenna bottom portion of the antenna system depicted in FIG. 5;

[0029] FIG. 12 is a front view of an embodiment of an isolation barrier of the antenna system of FIG. 3;

[0030] FIG. 13 is a simplified schematic diagram of a munition guidance system, according to an embodiment;

[0031] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an antenna reflector system that utilizes portions of a SAL, according to an embodiment;

[0032] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the antenna reflector system of FIG. 14;

[0033] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a top-loaded monopole antenna with the reflector system of FIG. 15;

[0034] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an antenna surrounding a SAL with an antenna reflector as depicted in FIG. 16, overlaid with an antenna performance chart;

[0035] FIG. 18 is a quadrifilar helix antenna system within a SAL, in a nose portion of a munition, according to an embodiment;

[0036] FIG. 19 is a front, perspective view of the quadrifilar helical antenna system of FIG. 18; and

[0037] FIG. 20 is an embodiment of a single-helix antenna system, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0038] While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of a munition 100 with an embodiment of a munition antenna system 102 is depicted. Munition 100 includes tail section 104, main body section 106 and nose section 108. Central axis A extends longitudinally along a length of munition 100 from tail section 104 to nose section 108, and typically indicates a direction of travel when launched. In the embodiment depicted, munition antenna system 102 is configured to be mounted within nose section 108, as described further below.

[0040] Munition 100 may comprise any of a variety of known of munitions, including mortars, naval and field artillery, aerial bombs, bullets, various guided weapons, such as missiles and rockets, and other various types of projectiles configured to be projected or launched. In an embodiment, munition 100 comprises a guided munition.

[0041] Referring also to FIG. 2, an embodiment of a munition communication system 120 is depicted. Munition 100 having munition antenna system 102, and on a flight path 122 is depicted. In an embodiment, communication base 124 communicates with munition 100, transmitting signals 126 to munition antenna system 102 on munition 100, and receiving signal 128 from munition antenna system 102 on munition 100. Communication base 124 may comprise a ground base as depicted, but alternatively may comprise an air base, or may comprise a satellite, or other terrestrial-based communication platforms.

[0042] In addition to, or rather than, being used for communication with an external station or device, munition antenna system 102 may be used for proximity sensing or for other functions. In such an embodiment, munition antenna system 102 transmits a signal 126 toward a target, then receives a reflected signal 128 to determine distance to a target. In an embodiment, munition antenna 102 may be used to sense proximity or distance to a target so as to determine when to detonate the munition, i.e., sensing and control of “height of burst.” In one such embodiment, munition antenna 102 system may be part of a height-of-burst sensor and control system.

[0043] Applications of antennas for communication and proximity sensing are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,849,797 to Geswneder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,552,349 to Alexander, U.S. Pat. No. 9,683,814 to Dryer, U.S. Pat. No. 9,709,372 to Edwards, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,548,202 to Jennings, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Methods and systems for controlling munition detonation, e.g., height of burst applications, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,841, entitled “Methods and Systems for Controlling a Height of Munition Detonation,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0044] Referring to FIG. 3, an embodiment of a munition antenna system 102 mounted under radome 132 of nose section 108 is depicted. In this embodiment, munition 100 comprises a guided munition that includes guidance system 134. Guidance system 134 controls movement of munition 100, and may be part of a greater guidance, navigation and control system of munition 100. In an embodiment, guidance system 134 is a laser-guided system. In one such embodiment, and as depicted, guidance system 134 comprises a semi-active laser (SAL) “seeker,” or seeker system. In an embodiment, the SAL seeker system “seeks” out a target by sensing laser light reflected from a target and adjusts course toward the source of reflected laser light. In an embodiment, an external device operated by a user or other external system is used to direct laser light to the target for sensing by the incoming SAL seeker.

[0045] Referring also to FIGS. 4-7, an embodiment of munition antenna system 102 is depicted. In the embodiment depicted, munition antenna system 102 comprises substrate 172, first antenna system portion 174, which in an embodiment is an antenna transmit portion or system 174, and second antenna system portion 176, which in an embodiment is an antenna receive portion or system 176. In the depicted embodiment, munition antenna system 102 includes two antenna systems 174 and 176, however, it will be understood that munition antenna system 102 may include only one antenna system, which may be an antenna receive system or an antenna transmit system, or an antenna system configured to either receive or transmit. In another embodiment, antenna system 102 may include more than two antenna systems, such as three antenna systems, or four antenna systems. As described further below, when multiple antenna systems are included, the various antenna systems may be isolated from one another, and each may be performing the same or different transmit or receive functions.

[0046] In the embodiment depicted in the figures, and as described further below, munition antenna system 102 comprises a pair of balun-fed, printed dipole antennas.

[0047] FIG. 4 is a top view of munition antenna system 102, and depicts first or top portions 174a and 176a of antenna transmit and receive systems 174 and 176, respectively; FIG. 5 is a bottom view of munition antenna system 102, and depicts second or bottom portions 174b and 176b of antenna transmit and receive systems 174 and 176, respectively; FIG. 6 is a top perspective view of munition antenna system 102, rotated somewhat about axis A, as compared to FIG. 4; and FIG. 7 is a front view of munition antenna system 102, with thicknesses of antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive systems 176 exaggerated to better depict the antenna system structure.

[0048] FIGS. 8-9 depict top portion 174a and bottom portion 174b of antenna transmit system 174, respectively; FIGS. 10-11 depict top portion 176a and bottom portion 174b of antenna receive system 176, respectively.

[0049] Referring again to FIGS. 3-7, in an embodiment, munition antenna system 102 comprises a microstrip antenna system. In such an embodiment, substrate 172 comprises substantially-rigid substrate, such as that used in a printed-circuit board (PCB), with antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive system 176 supported by, adhered to, and/or constructed on substrate 172, as is typically accomplished with known microstrip antenna production techniques. In another embodiment, substrate 172 may comprise a flexible substrate allowing munition antenna system 102 to bend or flex to conform to the shape of a surface onto which munition antenna system 102 is mounted. In an embodiment, a rigid substrate 172 is manufactured to provide a curved portion having a curvature substantially matching a curvature of a surface of cylindrical portion 144 (see also, FIG. 3). Substrate 172 includes inner edge E.sub.I and outer edge E.sub.O. For the purposes of this description, the term “edge” is used to describe what is actually an inside surface or an outside surface, respectively, of substrate 172. Since such inside and outside surfaces, in an embodiment, comprise a relatively small height h defined by a thickness of substrate 172, the terms “inside edge” and “outside edge” are used, though the terms “inside surface” and “outside surface” could be used interchangeably.

[0050] In an embodiment, substrate 172 comprises a dielectric having a dielectric constant Er, that may be constructed as a single layer, or with multiple layers. A dielectric material may include alumina, a fluorine-series resin, such as FR-4, a PPO or PPE resin, or modified epoxy resin, depending on desired dielectric characteristics, rigidity (flexibility), mechanical strength, heat resistance, and so on.

[0051] In an embodiment, and as depicted, munition antenna system 102, and its substrate 172, form a circular ring shape, defining aperture 180, inner diameter A.sub.D, and outer diameter A.sub.OD. Substrate 172 includes width Ws, a thickness or height h, first surface 182 and second surface 184. First surface 182 may be a “top” surface, and may be planar; second surface 184 may be a “bottom” surface, and may also be planar. Substrate 172 also includes first substrate half H1, on which antenna transmit system 174 is positioned, and second substrate half H2, on which antenna receive system 176 is positioned. Isolation barriers 170 define the theoretical separation of first substrate half H1 from second substrate half H2.

[0052] Antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive system 176, in an embodiment, comprise one or more conductive materials, such as a copper or a copper alloy, which may be in the form of a relatively thin copper foil. In an embodiment, systems 174 and 176 comprise 1-ounce copper; in another embodiment, systems 174 and 176 comprise ½-ounce copper.

[0053] Microstrip antenna design, construction, materials, and so on are described in further detail in the article “Microstrip Antenna Technology”, K. Carver, et al, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 29, Issue 1, January 1981, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0054] In an embodiment, and as depicted, munition antenna system 102 comprises a pair of half-wave dipole antennas fed by a pair of baluns, which together form antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive system 176. Antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive system 176 are located on separate and distinct portions of substrate 172, and as described further below, are separated by isolation barriers 170 so as to minimize coupling of the two antenna systems.

[0055] In an embodiment, antenna transmit system 174 is positioned radially opposite antenna receive system 176, or 180° from one another, to maximize a distance between the two antenna systems. Such a configuration that keeps the radiating dipole antenna arms opposite one another, optimizes co-polarization of the two antenna systems, and also, in combination with isolation barriers 170, helps prevent unwanted coupling of the two antenna systems. However, in other embodiments, antenna systems 174 and 176 may be positioned differently on substrate 172, with respect to one another, for various reasons, such as to accommodate other electronics on substrate 172, or to accommodate other system components.

[0056] Referring specifically to FIGS. 4 and 5, in an embodiment, and as depicted, antenna transmit system 174 includes a first or top transmit portion 174a located or positioned on first or top surface 182 of substrate 172, and a second or transmit bottom portion 174b located or positioned on second or bottom surface 184 of substrate 172. In this embodiment, top portion 174a, on top side 182 of substrate 172, is substantially positioned above or over bottom portion 174b, which is on bottom side 184 of substrate 172. In other words, top portion 174a is substantially overlying bottom portion 174b in an axial direction, spaced apart by substrate 172. As such, top portion 174a extends in a top plane defined by top surface 182, and bottom portion 174b extends in a bottom plane defined by bottom surface 184, the top plane being parallel to the bottom plane. Locating top portion 174a on top surface 182 over or above bottom portion 174b on bottom surface 184, as compared to placing both top and bottom portion on a same surface of substrate 172, such as on top surface 182, results in a more compact antenna design. Having a more compact antenna also achieves the result that all portions of antenna transmit system 174 can be spaced further away from antenna receive system 176 on substrate 172, eliminating or reducing coupling of system 174 from system 176.

[0057] In an alternate embodiment, “top” (first) transmit portion 174a may be located on bottom surface 184, and “bottom” (second″) transmit portion 174b may be located on top surface 182.

[0058] In an embodiment, and as depicted, antenna receive system 176 includes a first or top receive portion 176a located or positioned on first or top surface 182 of substrate 172, and a second or receive bottom portion 176b located or positioned on second or bottom surface 184 of substrate 172. In this embodiment, top receive portion 176a, on top side 182 of substrate 172, is substantially positioned above or over bottom portion 176b, which is on bottom side 184 of substrate 172, in the same manner as described above for transmit portions 174a and 174b.

[0059] In an alternate embodiment, “top” (first) receive portion 176a may be located on bottom surface 184, and “bottom” (second″) receive portion 176b may be located on top surface 182.

[0060] Referring to FIGS. 4, 5, 8 and 9, top transmit antenna portion 174a and bottom transmit antenna portion 174b, which together comprise an embodiment of antenna transmit system 174 are depicted.

[0061] Referring specifically to FIGS. 4 and 8, an embodiment of top transmit antenna portion 174a is depicted. Top transmit antenna portion 174a as depicted includes a plurality of connected segments, including first top transmit segment 174a1, second top transmit segment 174a2, third top transmit segment 174a3, fourth top transmit segment 174a4 and fifth top transmit segment 174a5. Top transmit antenna portion 174a may include more or fewer conductive segments, depending on a number of desired design factors, such as desired antenna dimensions, substrate 172 size, transmission frequencies f.sub.0, system impedance, and other such design factors. Further, although described as individual segments, it will be understood that in an embodiment, the multiple segments 174a1 to 174a5 may be manufactured as a typical micro-strip antenna, such that the segments are integrally formed to comprise a single, continuous, generally planar, conductive structure.

[0062] In an embodiment, segment 174a1 is a first transmit radiating antenna arm of top transmit antenna portion 174a, and segments 174a2 to 174a5 together form a first or top balun portion of top transmit antenna portion 174a, also referred to as top transmit balun portion B.sub.TT. As described further below, bottom transmit antenna portion 174b includes a second radiating arm, such that antenna transmit system 174 comprises a dipole antenna, which may be a half-wave dipole antenna.

[0063] In an embodiment segment 174a1 (first or top transmit radiating antenna arm), also referred to herein as top transmit arm 174a1, comprises a curvilinear conductive segment extending circumferentially on substrate 172, bounded by a pair of curved, circumferentially-extending edges and a pair of linear, radially extending edges at each end. In an embodiment a curvature of top transmit arm 174a1 is approximately the same as a curvature defined by outer and inner edges E.sub.O and E.sub.I of ring-shaped substrate 172. In an embodiment, top transmit arm 174a1 extends circumferentially between edges E.sub.O and E.sub.I, adjacent or near edge E.sub.O, with limited, or no space, between top transmit arm 174a1 and edge E.sub.O. Top transmit arm 174a1 extends in a counter-clockwise direction from segment 174a2 toward segment 174a5.

[0064] In other embodiments not depicted, top transmit arm 174a1 may define a linear shape that may be defined by four straight edges, i.e., define a rectangle. In such an embodiment, top transmit arm 174a1 may still extend generally circumferentially on top surface 182, though not entirely, due to the linear nature of the segment.

[0065] Top transmit arm 174a1 defines length L.sub.1 and width W.sub.174a1. In an embodiment in which top transmit arm 174a1 defines a curvilinear shape, as depicted, length L.sub.1 defines an arc-length. Length L.sub.1 and width W.sub.174a1 are determined based on desired radiating frequencies of antenna system transmit portion 174a. It should be noted that the dipole arms 174a1, 176a1, 174b1, 176b1 can also consist of other shapes such as trapezoidal shapes, triangular shapes and so on for frequency Band-width control mechanisms.

[0066] In an embodiment, top transmit arm 174a1 is located a radial distance d1 from outside surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144. Generally, distance d1 is determined based on the predetermined operating (transmission or receiving) frequency f.sub.0 of munition antenna system 102. In one such embodiment, distance d1 is equal to, or approximately equal to, one-quarter of a wavelength of frequency f.sub.0 (λ/4).

[0067] Distance d1 may defined more specifically as a radial distance from outside surface 148 to a width-wise center portion of top transmit arm 174a1. In an alternate embodiment, distance d1 may be defined as a radial distance from outside surface 148 to a radially-closest edge of top transmit arm 174a1, which is the distance from surface 148 to a center of top transmit arm 174a1, less half of the width W.sub.175a1 of top transmit arm 174a1.

[0068] In an embodiment, because top transmit arm 174a1 wraps about cylindrical surface 148 with a curvature substantially the same as a curvature of surface 148, all points along a center line and also inner and outer edge lines of top transmit arm 174a1 are at a distance d1 from cylindrical portion 144.

[0069] Distances from other transmit and receive arms of munition antenna system 102 may also be determined in the same fashion, such that, in an embodiment, all dipole antenna arms are located a distance λ/4 from surface 148.

[0070] Top transmit balun portion B.sub.TT, as described above, includes conductive segments 174a2 to 174a5, defining lengths L.sub.2 to L.sub.5, and widths W.sub.174a2 to W.sub.174a5, respectively. Top transmit balun portion B.sub.TT defines first or distal end 190 which is distal to top transmit arm 174a1 and second or proximal end 192, which is proximate to top transmit arm 174a1.

[0071] In an embodiment, segments 174a3, 174a4 and 174a5 each define a curvilinear shape and are aligned along a common arc, such that the three segments share a common curvature, which in an embodiment is a same curvature of edges E.sub.I and E.sub.O of substrate 172. In such an embodiment, the portion of balun portion B.sub.TT defined by segments 174a3, 174a4 and 174a5 extends circumferentially along top surface 182 between edges E.sub.I and E.sub.O. In other words, balun portion B.sub.TT, and in particular, segments 174a3, 174a4 and 174a5, wrap around cylindrical portion 144. In other embodiments, segments 174a3, 174a4 and 174a5 may define linear shapes, e.g., rectangles without curves.

[0072] In an embodiment, widths W of segments 174a2 to 174a5 are different from one another, such that top balun portion B.sub.TT comprises a tapered balun portion. More specifically, in the embodiment depicted width W174a5 is wider than width W174a4, which is wider than width W174a3. Width W174a2, in an embodiment, is approximately a same width as width W174a3, which may be approximately the same as width W174a1 of top transmit arm 174a1. In other words, in an embodiment, a width of top transmit balun portion B.sub.TT is widest at distal end 190 and narrowest at proximal end 192. As such, a width of top transmit balun portion B.sub.TT progressively decreases in a direction from distal end 190 to proximal end 192 and top transmit arm 174a1. Although depicted as decreasing in a discrete or stepwise manner, i.e., transitioning from one distinct segment width to the next, it will be understood that a width of top transmit balun portion B.sub.TT may decrease linearly, or smoothly, over its length (the sum of L5 to L2), gradually decreasing in width.

[0073] More generally, dimensions of balun portion BTT, (and other balun portions B.sub.BT, B.sub.BR, and B.sub.TR) such as various widths and lengths of the portions of balun portion B.sub.TT discussed above, are determined so as to create an impedance match for feeding the balanced dipole operating at a particular design frequency.

[0074] In an embodiment, balun portion B.sub.TT extends less than one-quarter of a circumference of ring-shaped substrate 172, the circumference being defined by either of edge E.sub.I or E.sub.O. In another embodiment, balun portion B.sub.TT extends approximately one-quarter of a circumference of ring-shaped substrate 172. In other embodiments, balun portion B.sub.TT extends more than one-quarter of a circumference of ring-shaped substrate 172, but less than one-half of a circumference of substrate 172. As designs of balun portion B.sub.TT having longer length extend further about the circumference of substrate 172, and about cylindrical portion 144, antenna transmit system 174 becomes closer to antenna receive system 176, increasing the chances of unwanted coupling. The extent that balun portion B.sub.TT extends circumferentially about cylindrical portion 144 will be based on a combination of overall balun length and a diameter of cylindrical portion 144. Overall balun length is determined primarily by impedance matching needs and operating frequency, and a diameter of cylindrical portion 144 may vary from SAL to SAL. When possible, and within operating design characteristics, balun lengths may be selectively varied to ensure a compact design.

[0075] Referring also to FIG. 7, in an embodiment, top balun portion B.sub.TT is connected to an antenna feedline, feedline 210, which in an embodiment, and as depicted schematically, is a coaxial-cable feedline having a first conductor 212, which may be a signal conductor, and a second conductor 214, which may be a ground conductor. As depicted, segment 174a5 is in electrical connection with first conductor 212 of feedline 210, and segment 174b5 is in electrical connection with second conductor 214 of feedline 210.

[0076] In an embodiment, segment 174a5 is sized so as to match an expected impedance of antenna feedline 210, including first conductor 212 so as to balance the feedline with the antenna load. In an embodiment, segment 174a5 is sized to have an impedance of 50 ohms, though segment 174a5 may be sized to have other impedances above or below 50 ohms, such as 75 ohms, or other impedances.

[0077] In an embodiment, segment 174a3 is also sized to balance the load. In an embodiment, the dipole antenna has a 73 ohm impedance, and balun B.sub.TT, is sized to balance a 50 ohm coaxial load with a 73 ohm dipole antenna.

[0078] Length and width of segment 174a, which functions as a quarter-wavelength transformer, will generally be determined by the operating frequency of the antenna. In an embodiment, segment 174a is sized to have an impedance of 60 ohms.

[0079] As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, a dipole must be fed in an balanced manner, where a coaxial feed is unbalanced. In an embodiment, the receive and transmit antennas are designed to match an industry standard 50 ohm coaxial cable to a 73 ohm dipole. Balun B.sub.TT (and other balun portions B.sub.BT, B.sub.BR, and B.sub.TR) creates an unbalanced to balanced transformation from our coaxial connection to our dipole, at the same time the quarter wave transformer is implemented to create our 50 ohm to 73 ohm transformation. Thusly, 174a5 is determined as a microstrip 50 ohm impedance, 174a3 is determined as the 73 ohm impedance to match the dipole. Then 174a4 length is determined as a quarter wavelength of the structure (not free space) in which the impedance is taken as approximately 60 ohms. As such, and in an embodiment, segment 174b5 width>>174a5 width but 174b5 length=174a5, where>>indicates at least twice as wide, In an embodiment, the remaining segments have the same widths and lengths (174a4=174b4, 174a3=174b3, 174a2=174b2).

[0080] Further, it will be understood that the depicted connection of feedline 210 to antenna system transmit portion 174 is schematic only, and that an actual connection, in an embodiment, might entail conductor 212 extending through substrate 172, and possibly through bottom transmit antenna portion 174b to be connected to a bottom or other portion of segment 174a5.

[0081] Referring to FIGS. 5 and 9, an embodiment of bottom transmit antenna portion 174b is depicted. In an embodiment, bottom transmit antenna portion 174b is very similar to top transmit portion 174a, with some differences including that bottom transmit portion 174b is on bottom surface 184, rather than top surface 182, that bottom transmit arm 174b1 extends in a clockwise direction, rather than counter-clockwise direction, and that a bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT defines a larger overall conductive area, all as described further below.

[0082] Top transmit antenna portion 174b as depicted includes a plurality of connected segments, including first top transmit segment 174b1, second top transmit segment 174b2, third top transmit segment 174b3, fourth top transmit segment 174b4 and fifth top transmit segment 174b5. Top transmit antenna portion 174b may include more or fewer conductive segments, depending on a number of desired design factors, such as desired antenna dimensions, substrate 172 size, transmission frequencies f.sub.0, system impedance, and others. Transmitting and receiving frequencies, in an embodiment are at least 500 MHz; in some embodiments, the frequencies may be above 500 MHz and up to 100 GHz; in other embodiments, the frequency may be above 100 GHz, such as up to several hundred GHz and beyond. Further, although described as individual segments, it will be understood that in an embodiment, the multiple segments 174b1 to 174b5 may be manufactured as a typical micro-strip antenna, such that the segments are integrally formed to comprise a single, continuous conductive structure.

[0083] In an embodiment, segment 174b1 is a second transmit radiating antenna arm of bottom transmit antenna portion 174b1, and segments 174b2 to 174b5 together form a second or bottom balun portion of bottom transmit antenna portion 174a, also referred to as bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT. Second transmit radiating antenna arm of bottom transmit antenna portion 174b forms the second arm of a dipole antenna of antenna transmit system 174. Bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT, together with top balun portion B.sub.TT form a transmit balun B.sub.T for antenna transmit system 174.

[0084] In an embodiment, segment 174b1 (second or bottom transmit radiating antenna arm), also referred to herein as bottom transmit arm 174b1, comprises a curvilinear conductive segment extending circumferentially on bottom surface 184 of substrate 172, bounded by a pair of curved, circumferentially-extending edges and a pair of linear, radially extending edges at each end. In an embodiment a curvature of bottom transmit arm 174b1 is approximately the same as a curvature defined by an outer and inner edges E.sub.O and E.sub.I of ring-shaped substrate 172. In an embodiment, bottom transmit arm 174b1 extends circumferentially between edges E.sub.O and E.sub.I, adjacent or near edge E.sub.O, with limited, or no space, between top transmit arm 174b1 and edge E.sub.O.

[0085] In other embodiments not depicted, bottom transmit arm 174b1 may define a linear shape that may be defined by four straight edges, e.g., a rectangle. In such an embodiment, bottom transmit arm 174b1 may still extend generally circumferentially on bottom surface 184, though not entirely circumferentially, due to the linear nature of the segment.

[0086] Bottom transmit arm 174b1 defines length L.sub.1 and width W.sub.174b1. In an embodiment in which bottom transmit arm 174b1 defines a curvilinear shape, as depicted, length Li is an arc-length. Length L.sub.1 and width W.sub.174b1 are determined based on desired radiating frequencies and bandwidth of antenna system transmit portion 174b.

[0087] In an embodiment, bottom transmit arm 174b1 may be the same, or substantially the same, size and area as top transmit arm 174a1, sharing a same length L.sub.1 and width, though bottom transmit arm 174b1 extends circumferentially in an opposite direction as compared to top transmit arm 174a1, i.e., extends clockwise rather than counter-clockwise, according to the orientation of the figures.

[0088] In an embodiment, bottom transmit arm 174b1 is located a distance d1 from outside surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144, which may be λ/4 as described above with respect to top transmit arm 174a1.

[0089] Bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT, as described above, includes conductive segments 174b2 to 174b5, defining lengths L.sub.2 to L.sub.5, and widths W.sub.174b2 to W.sub.174b5, respectively. Bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT defines first or distal end 194 which is distal to top transmit arm 174b1 and second or proximal end 196, which is proximal to top transmit arm 174b1.

[0090] In an embodiment, segments 174b3, 174b4 and 174b5 each define a curvilinear shape and are aligned along a common arc, such that the three segments share a common curvature, which in an embodiment is a same curvature of edges E.sub.I and E.sub.O of substrate 172. In such an embodiment, the portion of balun portion B.sub.BT defined by segments 174b3, 174b4 and 174b5 extends circumferentially along top surface 182 between edges E.sub.I and E.sub.O. In other embodiments, segments 174a3, 174a4 and 174a5 may define linear shapes.

[0091] In an embodiment, widths W of segments 174b2 to 174b5 are different from one another. More specifically, in the embodiment depicted, width W.sub.174b5 is wider than width W.sub.174b4, which is wider than width W.sub.174b3. Width W.sub.174b2 is approximately a same width as width W.sub.174b3, which may be approximately the same as width W.sub.174b1 of bottom transmit arm 174b1. In other words, in an embodiment, a width of bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT is widest at distal end 194 and narrowest at proximal end 196.

[0092] As such, a width of bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT progressively decreases in a direction from distal end 194 to proximal end 196 and bottom transmit arm 174b1. Although depicted as decreasing in a discrete or stepwise manner, i.e., transitioning from one distinct segment width to the next, it will be understood that a width of bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT may decrease linearly, or smoothly and gradually, over its length (the sum of L5 to L2), gradually decreasing in width.

[0093] In an embodiment, bottom transmit balun portion B.sub.BT extends less than one-quarter of a circumference of ring-shaped substrate 172. In another embodiment, balun portion B.sub.BT extends approximately one-quarter of a circumference of ring-shaped substrate 172. In other embodiments, balun portion B.sub.BT extends more than one-quarter of a circumference of ring-shaped substrate 172, but less than one-half of a circumference of substrate 172. As designs of balun portion B.sub.BT having longer length extend further about the circumference of substrate 172, portions of the feed to antenna transmit system 174 becomes closer to antenna receive system 176, increasing the chances of unwanted coupling.

[0094] In an embodiment, and as depicted, the width of bottom segment 174b5 is not the same as the width of corresponding top segment 174a5 located above segment 174b5. In an embodiment, and as depicted, segment 174b5 may be wider than segment 174a5. Referring specifically to FIG. 7, in one such embodiment, segment 174b5 serves as a ground plane and a point of connection to second/ground conductor 214 of feed line 212. In one such embodiment, a width of segment 174b5 is determined based at least in part on ease of connection to ground conductor 214. In an embodiment, ground conductor 214 comprises a multi-strand conductor mesh or shield of a coaxial cable, the shield defining a diameter that is approximately the same width as segment 174b5, or slightly smaller than width W.sub.174b5, for ease of mechanical connection.

[0095] Referring to FIGS. 4, 5, 10 and 11, top receive antenna portion 176a and bottom transmit antenna portion 176b, which together comprise an embodiment of antenna receive system 176, are depicted. In an embodiment, and as depicted, antenna receive system 176 is substantially the same as antenna transmit system 174. Consequently, the above description regarding antenna transmit system 174 and its components applies to antenna receive system 176. Nonetheless, a partial description of antenna receive system 176 is described below with respect to the figures.

[0096] Referring specifically to FIG. 10, an embodiment of top receive antenna portion 176a, which is substantially the same as top transmit antenna portion 174a, is depicted. In an embodiment, top receive antenna portion 176a includes connected conductive segments 176a1, 176a2, 176a3, 176a4 and 176a5. Segment 176a1 forms a first or top dipole antenna transmit arm 176b1, while segments 176a2, 176a3, 176a4 and 176a5, in combination, form top receive balun portion BTR.

[0097] Referring specifically to FIG. 11, an embodiment of bottom receive antenna portion 176b, which is substantially the same as bottom transmit antenna portion 174b, is depicted. In an embodiment, bottom receive antenna portion 176b includes connected conductive segments 176b1, 176b2, 176b3, 176b4 and 176b5. Segment 176b1 forms a second or bottom dipole antenna receive arm 176b1, while segments 176b2, 176b3, 176b4 and 176b5, in combination, form bottom receive balun portion B.sub.BR.

[0098] Top receive balun portion B.sub.TR and bottom receive balun portion B.sub.BR in combination form antenna receive balun B.sub.R for antenna system receive portion 176.

[0099] Referring also to FIG. 7, in an embodiment, top balun portion B.sub.TR is connected to an antenna feed line, feed line 220, which in an embodiment, and as depicted schematically, is a coaxial-cable feed line having a first conductor 222, which may be a signal conductor, and a second conductor 224, which may be a ground conductor. As depicted, segment 176a5 is in electrical connection with first conductor 222 of feed line 220, and segment 176b5 is in electrical connection with second conductor 224 of feed line 220.

[0100] In an embodiment, segment 176a5 is sized so as to match an expected impedance of antenna feed line 220, including first conductor 222 so as to balance the feed line with the antenna load. In an embodiment, segment 176a5 is sized to have an impedance of 50 ohms, though segment 176a5 may be sized to have other impedances above or below 50 ohms, such as 75 ohms, or other impedances.

[0101] Further, it will be understood that the depicted connection of feed line 220 to antenna system receive portion 176 is schematic only, and that an actual connection, in an embodiment, might entail conductor 222 extending through substrate 172, and possibly through bottom receive antenna portion 176b to be connected to a bottom or other portion of segment 176a5.

[0102] Referring specifically to FIG. 3, an embodiment of munition antenna system 102 mounted to cooperate with guidance system 134 is depicted and further described below.

[0103] In an embodiment, guidance system 134 includes housing 140 that includes base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144. Base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144 may comprise an integral housing, or may comprise separate parts combined to form housing 144. In an embodiment, base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144 comprise a metallic material.

[0104] Cylindrical portion 144 extends from base portion 142 axially and defines cavity 146 and outside diameter C.sub.OD. Cylindrical portion 144 includes outer surface 148, inner surface 150, and circumferential edge 152. In an embodiment, circumferential edge 152 may be beveled or chamfered, as depicted. Cylindrical portion 144 also includes top portion 154 and bottom portion 156. Top portion 154 includes circumferential edge 152. Bottom portion 156 is adjacent base portion 142.

[0105] In an embodiment, base portion 142 comprises a circular ring shape, which may be generally flat, defining top surface 158. In an embodiment, top surface 158 is a planar surface. Base portion 142 may define an outside diameter that is greater than outside diameter C.sub.OD of cylindrical portion 144. Base portion 142 and its top surface 158 extend radially from bottom portion 156 of cylindrical portion 144.

[0106] In an embodiment, munition antenna system 102 cooperates with portions of guidance system 134 such that portions of guidance system 134 form a part of munition antenna system 102. In an embodiment, munition antenna system 102, in addition to the components and portions described above, also include base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144 of munition 100 or guidance system 134. Base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144 may also comprise portions of a SAL. In an embodiment, base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144 comprise antenna reflector system 230.

[0107] In such an embodiment, munition antenna system 102 comprises substrate 172, antenna transmit portion 174, antenna receive portion 176, a plurality of isolation barriers 170, and antenna reflector system 230.

[0108] As will be described further below, base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144 form a unique corner reflector that cooperates with munition antenna system 102 to transmit and receive electromagnetic signals. As also described further below, isolation barriers 170 separate and isolate transmit and receive portions of munition antenna system102.

[0109] Still referring to FIG. 3, substrate 172 with transmit and receive antenna systems 174 and 176 is positioned around cylindrical portion 144, between top portion 154 and bottom portion 156, and above surface 158 of base portion 142.

[0110] Substrate 172 at bottom surface 184 is separated from top surface 158 of bottom plate 142 by a distance d2. Generally, distance d2 is determined based on the predetermined operating (transmission or receiving) frequency f.sub.0. In one such embodiment, distance d2 is equal to, or approximately equal to, one-quarter of a wavelength of frequency f.sub.0 (λ.sub.0/4). As such, in an embodiment, distance d2 may be the same as, or substantially the same as, d1, which also may be optimized to be λ.sub.0/4.

[0111] Distance d2 may alternately be defined as a distance from top surface 158 to bottom transmit antenna portion 174b, to top transmit antenna portion 174a, to bottom receive antenna portion 176b, to top receive antenna portion 176a, or to a point in substrate 172 that is approximately midway, axially, between top and bottom transmit antenna portions 174, or between top and bottom receive antenna portions 176.

[0112] Distance d2 may also be determined in part based on one or more physical characteristics of a height or diameter of cylindrical portion 144, a diameter or thickness of base portion 142, and dimensions of isolation barriers 170.

[0113] In an embodiment, distance d2 is less than 50% of a height of cylindrical portion 144 measured from surface 158 to edge 152. In another embodiment, distance d2 is between 5% and 30% of the height of cylindrical portion 144. In an embodiment, distance d2 is between 10 and 20% of the height of cylindrical portion 144.

[0114] In an embodiment, an outside diameter of base portion 142 is greater than an outside diameter A.sub.OD of substrate 172, such that all portions of substrate 172, including antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive system 176 are positioned axially above base portion 142. In another embodiment, an outside diameter of base portion 142 is equal to or less than diameter A.sub.OD. In one such embodiment, antenna transmit and receive systems 174 and 176 are still positioned axially above base portion 142.

[0115] In an embodiment, outside diameter C.sub.OD of cylindrical portion 144 is approximately the same as inside diameter A.sub.ID of substrate 172 (see also, FIG. 4). A curvature defined by outside surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144 is substantially the same as a curvature of inside edge E.sub.1 (see also, FIG. 4). Consequently, substrate 172 is in contact with outer surface 148 about edge E.sub.1, and is able to fit over and onto cylindrical portion 144. outer diameter C.sub.OD, in an embodiment, may be slightly larger than inside diameter A.sub.ID such that substrate 172 may be fit tightly against cylindrical portion 144 to aid in preventing movement of substrate 172 during launch and flight of munition 100.

[0116] In an embodiment, a curvature of one or more conductive segments 174a1-5, 174b1-5, 167a1-5 and 176b1-5 are substantially the same as the curvature defined by outside surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144. In such an embodiment, antenna transmit system 174 and antenna receive system 176 are distributed circumferentially about, or wraps around, cylindrical portion 144. In one such embodiment, antenna transmit system 174 is separated from cylindrical portion 144 a same distance at each point as compared to the separation of antenna receive system 176, creating an antenna system symmetry about cylindrical portion 144 of antenna reflector system 230.

[0117] Referring also to FIG. 12, an embodiment of an isolation septum or barrier 170 is depicted. In an embodiment, isolation barrier 170 includes main or body portion 240 defining slot 242, and one or more support portions or legs 244.

[0118] Body portion 240 includes top portion 246, bottom portion 248, first side 250, a second side (same as first side 250, but not depicted), top edge 252, bottom edge 254, distal edge 256, top proximal edge 258 and bottom proximal edge 260. Body portion 240 defines a thickness which in an embodiment defines a width of edges 252 to 260. In an embodiment, the thickness of body portion 240 is relatively small or thin as compared to an axial height or radial width, such that body portion 240 comprises a relatively flat structure. As depicted, body portion 240 is positioned to extend axially upwards in a direction from surface 158 of base portion 142 toward top portion 154 of cylindrical portion 144, and to extend radially in a direction away from surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144.

[0119] Isolation barrier 170 and its body portion 240 defines an overall height h1, which is a sum of top portion height h2, defined from a center of slot 242 to top edge 252, and bottom portion height h3, defined from bottom edge 254 to a center of slot 242.

[0120] In an embodiment, bottom portion height h3 is the same as distance d2, which is the distance from top surface 158 of base portion 142 to munition antenna system 102, which may be λ.sub.0/4.

[0121] In an embodiment, height h2 is determined based on desired isolation parameters. Depending at least in part upon the operating frequency f.sub.0, and dimensions of elements such as substrate 172 and lengths of transmit and receive antenna systems 174 and 176 (which determines their respective distances from isolation barriers 170), a relatively large height h2 will be most effective in isolating antenna systems 174 and 176. As will be described further below, other factors determine an overall isolation function in addition to isolation barrier 170 height h2. In an embodiment, height h2 is equal to, or substantially equal to, height h3, which in an embodiment is approximately λ.sub.0/4. In other embodiments, h2 may be greater than height h3. In other embodiments, h2 may be less than height h3.

[0122] Slot 242 extends radially in a direction from top and bottom proximal edges 258 and 260 toward distal edge 256. An axial height of slot 242 is large enough to receive a portion of substrate 172, such that the axial height of slot 242 is equal to, or in some instances larger than, a thickness of substrate 172. a radial length of slot 242 is long enough to receive a portion of substrate 172, and preferably, long enough to receive an entire width Ws of substrate 172, i.e., is equal to or greater than width Ws of substrate 172 (see also, FIG. 4 for width Ws).

[0123] Top length Lt, in an embodiment, is greater than bottom length Lb, such that distal edge 256 is axially inclined. In an embodiment, distal edge 256 inclines at an angle that is the same as, or substantially the same as an angle of inclination of radome 132. In an embodiment, distal edge 256 may be in contact with an inside surface of radome 132 so as to increase positional stability of munition antenna system 102 during launch and flight.

[0124] When assembled, top and bottom proximal edges 258 and 260 are proximal to surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144. Top and bottom proximal edges 258 and 260 may be in contact with surface 148 so as to maximize isolation between antenna systems 174 and 176. In an embodiment, edges isolation barrier 170 is adhered to surface 148 at edges 258 and 260 via an adhesive.

[0125] Supports 244, extend transversely from first side 250 and the second side and function to support and stabilize body portion 240. Bottom surfaces of supports 244 are in contact with top surface 158. In an embodiment, isolation barrier 170 comprises two supports 244, one extending form first side 250, and another extending from the second side.

[0126] Although a specific structural embodiment of an isolation barrier 170 is depicted and described herein, it will be understood that other structures having different shapes and sizes may be used to separate, and therefore isolate, antenna systems 174 and 176.

[0127] In an embodiment, isolation barriers 170 comprise a material that generally absorbs, rather than reflects radiation from transmit antenna system 174 and receive antenna system 176, i.e., a radiation-absorbent material. Such radiation-absorbent materials may comprise lossy material, such as Mu metals, iron-loaded silicon, carbon-loaded form ferrite-loaded silicon, and so on.

[0128] In an embodiment of, in addition to, or instead of, isolation barriers 170, munition antenna system 102 may include additional lossy material placed between bottom surface 184 of substrate 172 and top surface 158 of base portion 142. In such an embodiment, the lossy material may fill in all or a portion of the space between bottom surface 184 and top surface 158. As such, substrate 172 is supported by, and to a certain extent, cushioned by, the additional lossy material, which may absorb mechanical forces imparted on munition antenna system 102 during munition launch.

[0129] Referring to FIG. 13, a simplified schematic of a portion of munition guidance system 134 is depicted. In an embodiment, munition guidance system 134 includes controller/processor 250 receiving power from power supply and conditioning circuitry 252, and in communication with memory 254. Controller/processor 250 receives input from sensors 256, and communicates with transceiver 258, which may comprise transmit antenna system 174 and receive antenna system. Transmit antenna system 174 transmits signals at a predetermined transmit frequency, which in an embodiment is f.sub.0, and receive antenna system 176 receives signals at a predetermined receive frequency, which in an embodiment may also be frequency f.sub.0.

[0130] Referring also to FIGS. 3 and 7, in basic operation, controller 250 causes a transmit signal at a frequency f.sub.0 to be sent to transceiver 258. The transmit signal is fed via feedline 210 to transmit antenna system 174. The dipole antenna arms of transmit antenna system 174, namely top transmit arm 174a1 and bottom transmit arm 174b1 radiate an electromagnetic signal at frequency f.sub.0.

[0131] Munition antenna system 102 transmit and receive functionality are improved by positioning the respective transmit and receive antenna systems 174 and 176 as described above, to cause cylindrical portion 144 and plate portion 142 to function as antenna reflector system 230. In the embodiment, depicted, antenna reflector system 230 functions as a corner reflector, boosting gain and bandwidth of antenna systems 174 and 176.

[0132] However, unlike typical known antenna systems that include reflectors, such as a corner reflector comprising a pair of flat reflectors, or a convex parabolic reflector, the reflector system of the present invention comprises a unique corner reflector that comprises a flat radially/horizontally-extending surface, e.g., surface 158 of plate 142, and an axially/vertically-extending convex curved surface, e.g., surface 148 of cylindrical portion 158. Further, as described above, to accommodate the convex nature of curved surface 148 of antenna reflector system 230 and improve overall reflectivity and ultimately gain, the antenna arms, and even baluns, are curved to match the curvature of the reflective surface 148 of the SAL, as described above.

[0133] In addition to the use of SAL components to form a reflector system, munition antenna system 102 further improves performance characteristics through the compact design of antenna systems 174 and 176, and through the use of an isolating barrier system that includes placement of isolation barriers 170 between the antenna systems.

[0134] While much of the radiated signal from munition antenna system 102 may be transmitted in an axial direction, which is generally a munition 100 tail-to-nose direction, some portion of the radiated signal is emitted radially, or transverse to axis A, which may be received by receive antenna system 176, thereby coupling transmit antenna system 174 to receive antenna system 176. The coupling of the antenna systems 174 and 176 typically produces undesirable effects for the radar system, such as decreasing the isolation between transmit and receive channels, which can produce undesirable consequences such as false targets for the radar system.

[0135] However, with munition antenna system 102, isolation barriers 170 reduce the coupling of transmit and receive antennas 174 and 176 by absorbing portions of radially-emitted energy.

[0136] In an embodiment, a maximum arc-length of transmit antenna system 174 and/or transmit antenna system 174 is less than one-half the circumference of the SAL housing 144, such that when the antenna systems 174 and 176 are opposite one another, there is no open-air path from antenna system 174 to antenna system 176, even without isolation barriers 170.

[0137] Referring to FIGS. 14-15, an alternate embodiments of reflector system 230 is depicted. In this embodiment, antenna reflector system 230 includes not only base portion 142 and cylindrical portion 144, but also includes reflector portion 270, which in an embodiment is a frustoconical structure. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 14, antenna system 102, having a pair of dipole antennas, as described above is depicted in combination with reflector system 230.

[0138] Referring specifically to FIG. 14 which depicts a front perspective view of antenna reflector system 230 with munition antenna system 102 mounted to cylindrical portion 144, and to FIG. 15 which depicts another perspective view of antenna reflector system 230 without munition antenna system 102. In the embodiment of FIGS. 14-16, munition antenna system 102 may comprise transmit and receive antenna systems 174 and 176, each comprising a dipole antenna, as described above with respect to FIGS. 4-12. However, antenna reflector system 230 of FIGS. 14-16 may also be used with other types of munition antenna systems 102, such as a munition antenna system 102 that includes a single dipole antenna and no isolation barriers.

[0139] In an embodiment, reflector portion 270 comprises a frustocontical structure, resembling a portion of a cone with its tip cut off. Reflector portion 270 includes inside curved surface 272, outside curved surface 274, upper edge 276 and lower edge 278. A maximum diameter of reflector portion 270 is defined by upper edge 276, and a minimum diameter of reflector portion 270 is defined by lower edge 278. In an embodiment a minimum diameter of reflector portion 270 is less than an outside diameter of plate 142.

[0140] When assembled into nose section 108 of munition 100 (see also, FIG. 1), reflector antenna portion 270 is mounted to surface 158, such that inner edge 278 is adjacent surface 158. Reflector 270 circumferentially surrounds cylindrical portion 144, with inside surface 272 confronting outside surface 148 of cylindrical portion 144. Outside surface 274 confronts a portion of surface 158 and a nose-section ring 280.

[0141] An angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 is generally obtuse, such that it is greater than 90 degrees. In an embodiment, the angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 ranges from 90 degrees to 179 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 ranges from 100 degrees to 150 degrees. In an embodiment, the angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 ranges from 110 degrees to 125 degrees. As the angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 approaches 90 degrees, the more radiation will be emitted in an axial direction. The angle between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 may be adjusted based on frequency and desired direction of radiation.

[0142] Bottom edge 278 is located a distance d4 from cylindrical portion 144. In an embodiment, distance d4 is approximately half the distance from cylindrical portion 144 to ring 280. In addition to adjusting the angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272, distance d4 is also adjustable. Adjustments in distance d4 may be made in combination with the angle between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272 based on desired frequency and directivity characteristics.

[0143] Height h4 of reflector portion 270, in an embodiment, is such that reflector portion 270 lies axially below all portions of substrate 172. Height h4 may also be adjusted in combination with d4 and the angle formed between planar surface 158 and inside surface 272, based on frequency used and desired radiation direction.

[0144] Referring to FIG. 16, in another embodiment, antenna system 230 may be combined with an alternative embodiment of antenna system 102, namely antenna system 102a. As described above, antenna system 102 may comprise one or more dipole antennas. In the embodiment of FIG. 16, antenna system 102a comprises a top-loaded monopole antenna. In this embodiment, antenna conductive portion 400 on a top side of substrate 172 completely encircles cylindrical portion 144. The reflector system, system 230 is substantially that same as described above with respect to FIGS. 14 and 15.

[0145] Referring to FIG. 17, a theoretical gain chart is depicted overlaying antenna reflector system 230 with the top-loaded monopole antenna 400 of FIG. 16. As depicted, end-firing is optimized. A standard monopole has a well known gain of about 5.19 dBi, and typically a null straight above it, in this configuration, the monopole is top loaded with a cylindrical board and conductive surface, introduced into an environment with a parabolic reflector, and it can be seen the peak gain is straight above the antenna with about 6 dBi of gain.

[0146] Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19, an antenna system 300 for mounting within a nose section of a munition 100 is depicted. In this embodiment, helical antenna system 300 is similar to munition antenna system 102, but comprises a quadrifilar helix antenna, rather than a pair of dipole antennas.

[0147] Referring specifically to FIG. 19, quadrifilar helix antenna assembly 302 is depicted. Quadrifilar helix antenna assembly 302, in the embodiment depicted, includes four helically-wound metal wire loops, wire loops 304, 306, 308 and 310, in communication with ground plane 312.

[0148] Each of the four helically-wound wire loops 304 to 310 is wound spirally, or helically upwards from ground plane 312. In an embodiment, wire loops 304 to 310 are distributed equidistantly from one another. A pitch or wrap rate of each of wire loops 304 to 310, in an embodiment, is approximately the same. Further the pitch of the wire loops may vary from antenna to antenna based on desired operating frequencies and other performance characteristics.

[0149] Referring also to FIG. 18, quadrifilar helix antenna assembly 302 is mounted or located within nose section 108 of munition 100 (see also, FIG. 1), under radome 132. Antenna system 300 is integrated into a SAL of munition 100, with each wire loop 304, 306, 308 and 310 being wound about cylindrical portion 144, though not in contact with cylindrical portion 144. In an embodiment, cylindrical portion 144 may comprise a portion of a SAL housing as described above with respect to munition antenna system 102.

[0150] In addition to quadrifilar antenna assembly 302, helical antenna system 300 may also comprise a ring-shaped substrate 172. Additional electronic components may be mounted to substrate 172, which may be in communication with wire loops 304 to 310.

[0151] Additional information on quadrifilar antennas and antenna systems are described in Steven D. Keller, et al., Quadirfilar Helix Antenna for Enhanced Air-to-Ground Communications, US Army Research Laboratory, ARL-TR-79, May 2016, and Bill Slade, The Basics of Quadrifilar Helix Antennas, www.orbanmicrowave.com, 2015, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

[0152] Referring to FIG. 20, an alternate embodiment of helical antenna system 300 includes a single-helix antenna assembly 340. In this alternate embodiment, helical antenna system 300 includes single-helix antenna assembly 340 that is located in nose section 108, and mounted about a SAL housing, such as cylindrical portion 144.

[0153] However, in this embodiment, helical antenna system 300 includes a single helical wire loop, wire loop 342, which is connected to ground plane 344, and feed line 346.

[0154] The embodiments above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Additional embodiments are within the claims. In addition, although aspects of the present invention have been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.

[0155] Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that the invention may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features of the invention may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, the invention may comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.

[0156] Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein.

[0157] For purposes of interpreting the claims for the present invention, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim.