ADJUSTABLE DEFORMING COMPOSITE STRUCTURE BASED ON HYDROGEN-INDUCED EXPANSION EFFECT AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR

Abstract

An adjustable deforming composite structure based on a hydrogen-induced expansion effect and a preparation method therefor are provided. The hydrogen-induced expansion effect means metals absorb hydrogen under a hydrogen-containing atmosphere and at a temperature to produce a volume expansion effect. Reactions between the metals and hydrogen are reversible reactions. When a hydrogen partial pressure is reduced or the temperature is increased, the hydrogen in the metals is removed, and the metals are restored to an original shape. Under a stimulation of external hydrogen and heat, a composite of a hydrogen-absorbing metal and other non-hydrogen-absorbing materials undergo an adjustable deformation according to a design, and a material undergoes reversible shape changes. The preparation method is applied to composite materials for a 4D printing and is used for an intelligent shape adjustment at a medium to high temperature.

Claims

1. An adjustable deforming composite structure based on a hydrogen-induced expansion effect, wherein a composite is composed of a metal and a material, the metal has a hydrogen-absorbing expansion capability, and the material does not have the hydrogen-absorbing expansion capability or has a hydrogen-absorbing expansion capability less than the hydrogen-absorbing expansion capability of the metal under identical conditions.

2. The adjustable deforming composite structure according to claim 1, wherein the metal comprises titanium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, palladium, rare earth, and alloys of the titanium, the vanadium, the zirconium, the hafnium, the palladium, and the rare earth.

3. The adjustable deforming composite structure according to claim 1, wherein the material comprises at least one of carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, copper alloy, titanium-aluminum alloy, superalloy, and refractory alloy.

4. The adjustable deforming composite structure according to claim 1, wherein the composite composed of the metal and the material is in a metallurgical bonding at a joint, the metal and the material have a plasticity under a deforming activation with a material elongation of >2%, and there are no macro or micro cracks in the adjustable deforming composite structure when an entire material deforms due to an expansion of the metal.

5. A deforming activation method for the adjustable deforming composite structure according to claim 1, wherein a deformation comprises the following steps: step 1: placing the composite composed of the metal and the material under a hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere, and providing a temperature for the metal to absorb hydrogen, to expand the metal, wherein the metal is a hydrogen absorbing metal, causing the deformation to a whole of the composite to obtain a deformed composite, wherein the deformation of the composite comprises elongation, bending, and twisting, step 2 is required for an object needing to be restored to an original shape after the deformation in the step 1 is completed; step 2: placing the deformed composite obtained in the step 1 under a gas atmosphere without hydrogen or has a low hydrogen content, and providing a temperature for the metal to release hydrogen, to shrink the metal, causing the whole of the composite to be restored to the original shape.

6. The deforming activation method according to claim 5, wherein a deformation amount of the composite is controlled by controlling a hydrogen absorption amount of the metal by adjusting a hydrogen content, a hydrogen concentration, or a hydrogen partial pressure under the hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere, or a temperature during the deformation, and the hydrogen content, the hydrogen concentration, the hydrogen partial pressure, or the temperature is determined by physical and chemical properties of the metal.

7. A method for preparing the adjustable deforming composite structure according to claim 1, comprising: preparing the adjustable deforming composite structure by a conventional metal preparation and processing method, the conventional metal preparation and processing method comprising at least one of rolling, forging, extrusion, diffusion welding, friction welding, and explosive cladding; or preparing the adjustable deforming composite structure by a metal thin film preparation method, the metal thin film preparation method comprising at least one of chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and electroplating; or preparing the adjustable deforming composite structure by an additive manufacturing method, the additive manufacturing technology comprising at least one of powder-bed laser printing, electron beam selective melting, powder feeding laser or electron beam printing, electron beam freeform fabrication, binder jetting 3D printing, and powder stereolithography.

8. The method for preparing the composite structure according to claim 7, further comprising: additive manufacturing the material on a base under a hydrogen-containing atmosphere to obtain a hydrogen-containing composite structure; or using a hydrogen absorption on the metal as the base, and then additive manufacturing metal on the base under the hydrogen-containing atmosphere, to obtain the hydrogen-containing composite structure; or preparing a thin film of the metal on the material as the base under the hydrogen-containing atmosphere to obtain the hydrogen-containing composite structure; or using the hydrogen absorption on the metal as the base, and then preparing the thin film of the material under the hydrogen-containing atmosphere, to obtain the hydrogen-containing composite structure.

9. The method for preparing the hydrogen-containing composite structure according to claim 8, wherein a deformation is implemented by: placing the hydrogen-containing composite structure under a gas atmosphere without hydrogen or has a low hydrogen content, and providing a temperature for the metal to release hydrogen, to shrink the metal, wherein the metal is a hydrogen absorbing metal, causing the deformation to a whole of the composite to obtain a deformed composite, wherein the deformation of the composite comprises elongation, bending, and twisting; and a repetition of a restoration-deformation process of the deformed composite is controlled by the hydrogen absorption and release.

10. A method of using the adjustable deforming composite structure according to claim 1, wherein the adjustable deforming composite structure is used in at least one of the following fields: sealing, fastening, press and release, robots, and intelligent deformable structures.

11. The deforming activation method according to claim 5, wherein the metal comprises titanium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, palladium, rare earth, and alloys of the titanium, the vanadium, the zirconium, the hafnium, the palladium, and the rare earth.

12. The deforming activation method according to claim 5, wherein the material comprises at least one of carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, copper alloy, titanium-aluminum alloy, superalloy, and refractory alloy.

13. The deforming activation method according to claim 5, wherein the composite composed of the metal and the material is in a metallurgical bonding at a joint, the metal and the material have a plasticity under a deforming activation with a material elongation of >2%, and there are no macro or micro cracks in the adjustable deforming composite structure when an entire material deforms due to an expansion of the metal.

14. The method according to claim 7, wherein the metal comprises titanium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, palladium, rare earth, and alloys of the titanium, the vanadium, the zirconium, the hafnium, the palladium, and the rare earth.

15. The method according to claim 7, wherein the material comprises at least one of carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, copper alloy, titanium-aluminum alloy, superalloy, and refractory alloy.

16. The method according to claim 7, wherein the composite composed of the metal and the material is in a metallurgical bonding at a joint, the metal and the material have a plasticity under a deforming activation with a material elongation of >2%, and there are no macro or micro cracks in the adjustable deforming composite structure when an entire material deforms due to an expansion of the metal.

17. The method according to claim 10, wherein the metal comprises titanium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, palladium, rare earth, and alloys of the titanium, the vanadium, the zirconium, the hafnium, the palladium, and the rare earth.

18. The method according to claim 10, wherein the material comprises at least one of carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, copper alloy, titanium-aluminum alloy, superalloy, and refractory alloy.

19. The method according to claim 10, wherein the composite composed of the metal and the material is in a metallurgical bonding at a joint, the metal and the material have a plasticity under a deforming activation with a material elongation of >2%, and there are no macro or micro cracks in the adjustable deforming composite structure when an entire material deforms due to an expansion of the metal.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a working principle according to the present disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of deformation/restoration of a two-dimensional deformable adjustable composite structure designed by the present disclosure.

[0046] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of deformation/restoration of a three-dimensional deformable adjustable composite structure designed by the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] The following further describes the present disclosure in detail with reference to examples.

[0048] In the present disclosure, there is no cracking and peeling off on a composite of metal A and material B during heating.

EXAMPLE 1

[0049] 1. A 316L stainless steel plate with a thickness of 10 mm was used as a 3D laser printing base.

[0050] 2. A titanium alloy powder (composition: Ti-6Al-4V) with an average particle size less than 75 μm was put into a powder feeding barrel of a 3D laser printer, a distance between a laser transmitter and the base was adjusted, a program was loaded for printing according to the shape shown in FIG. 2, and then the printed product was cooled.

[0051] 3. A composite of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel plate was obtained and then annealed.

[0052] 4. The machined composite was placed in a hydrogen furnace to be heated to 650° C. in a vacuum, a hydrogen gas was introduced at normal pressure, the hydrogen gas and the heat were kept for 2 h, and then the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0053] 5. The composite with both the titanium alloy and the stainless steel significantly bent and deformed was taken out of the hydrogen furnace.

[0054] 6. The composite with the titanium alloy and the stainless steel significantly bent and deformed was placed in a vacuum furnace and vacuumized (a vacuum level is less than 10.sup.−3 Pa), the temperature was increased to 750° C. to be kept for 5 h, and the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0055] 7. The composite with both the titanium alloy and the stainless steel restored to an original shape was taken out of the vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

[0056] The conditions were the same as in Example 1 except that an argon gas was introduced instead of the hydrogen gas in the step (4). The obtained composite of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel was not bent and deformed.

EXAMPLE 2

[0057] 1. An Inconel718 superalloy with a thickness of 10 mm was used as a 3D electron beam printing base.

[0058] 2. A titanium alloy powder (composition: Ti-6Al-4V) with an average particle size less than 100 μm was put into a powder feeder of a 3D electron beam printer, the powder was preheated, electron beam printing wad performed on the superalloy with the powder according to the shape shown in FIG. 3, and then the printed product was cooled.

[0059] 3. A composite structure of the titanium alloy and the superalloy was obtained.

[0060] 4. The machined composite was placed in a hydrogen furnace to be heated to 650° C. in a vacuum, a hydrogen gas (the pressure of the hydrogen gas was 1 bar) was introduced, the hydrogen gas and the heat were kept for 2 h, and then the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0061] 5. The composite with both the titanium alloy and the superalloy significantly bent and deformed was taken out of the hydrogen furnace.

[0062] 6. The composite with the titanium alloy and the superalloy significantly bent and deformed was placed in a vacuum furnace and vacuumized (a vacuum level is less than 10.sup.−3 Pa), the temperature was increased to 750° C. to be kept for 4 h, and the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0063] 7. The composite with both the titanium alloy and the superalloy restored to an original shape was taken out of the vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

[0064] The conditions were the same as in Example 2 except that an argon gas was introduced instead of the hydrogen gas in the step (4). The obtained composite of the titanium alloy and the superalloy was not bent and deformed.

EXAMPLE 3

[0065] 1. A double-layer composite plate of pure titanium and low-carbon steel was machined to form a composite with the shape shown in FIG. 2.

[0066] 2. The machined composite was placed in a hydrogen furnace to be heated to 650° C. in a vacuum, a pure hydrogen gas was introduced at normal pressure, the hydrogen gas and the heat were kept for 1 h, and then the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0067] 3. The composite with both the titanium and low-carbon steel layers significantly bent and deformed was taken out of the hydrogen furnace.

[0068] 4. The composite with the titanium and the low-carbon steel significantly bent and deformed was placed in a vacuum furnace and vacuumized (a vacuum level is less than 10.sup.−3 Pa), the temperature was increased to 750° C. to be kept for 2 h, and the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0069] 5. The composite with both the titanium and the low-carbon steel restored to an original shape was taken out of the vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3

[0070] The conditions were the same as in Example 3 except that an argon gas was introduced instead of the hydrogen gas in the step (2). The obtained composite of the titanium and the low-carbon steel was not bent and deformed.

EXAMPLE 4

[0071] 1. A double-layer composite plate of TC4 titanium alloy and 316L stainless steel was machined to form a composite with the shape shown in FIG. 3.

[0072] 2. The machined composite was placed in a hydrogen furnace to be heated to 700° C. in a vacuum, a hydrogen gas (the pressure of the hydrogen gas was 1 bar) was introduced, the hydrogen gas and the heat were kept for 1 h, and then the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0073] 3. The composite with both the TC4 titanium alloy and the 316L stainless steel significantly bent and deformed was taken out of the hydrogen furnace.

[0074] 4. The composite with the TC4 titanium alloy and the 316L stainless steel significantly bent and deformed was placed in a vacuum furnace and vacuumized (a vacuum level is less than 10.sup.−3 Pa), the temperature was increased to 800° C. to be kept for 3 h, and the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0075] 5. The composite with both the TC4 titanium alloy and the 316L stainless steel restored to an original shape was taken out of the vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4

[0076] The conditions were the same as in Example 4 except that an argon gas was introduced instead of the hydrogen gas in the step (2). The obtained composite of the TC4 titanium alloy and the 316L stainless steel was not bent and deformed.

EXAMPLE 5

[0077] 1. A double-layer composite plate of zirconium and copper metals was machined to form a composite with the shape shown in FIG. 3.

[0078] 2. The machined composite was placed in a hydrogen furnace to be heated to 800° C. in a vacuum, a hydrogen gas (the pressure of the hydrogen gas was 1 bar) was introduced, the hydrogen gas and the heat were kept for 4 h, and then the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0079] 3. The composite with both the zirconium and the copper significantly bent and deformed was taken out of the hydrogen furnace.

[0080] 4. The composite with the zirconium and the copper significantly bent and deformed was placed in a vacuum furnace and vacuumized (a vacuum level is less than 10.sup.−3 Pa), the temperature was increased to 750° C. to be kept for 10 h, and the furnace was shut down for cooling.

[0081] 5. The composite with both the zirconium and the copper restored to an original shape was taken out of the vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5

[0082] The conditions were the same as in Example 5 except that vacuum was kept with no hydrogen gas introduced in the step (2). The obtained composite of the zirconium and the copper was not bent and deformed.

EXAMPLE 6

[0083] 1. A 316L stainless steel plate with a thickness of 10 mm was used as a 3D laser printing base.

[0084] 2. A titanium alloy powder (composition: Ti-6Al-4V) with an average particle size less than 75 μm was put into a powder feeding barrel of a 3D laser printer, a hydrogen-argon mixed gas containing 5% of hydrogen was introduced, a distance between a laser transmitter and the base was adjusted, a program was loaded for printing according to the shape shown in FIG. 2, and then the printed product was cooled.

[0085] 3. A composite of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel plate was obtained and then annealed at 750° C. in a vacuum.

[0086] 4. The composite with both the titanium alloy and the stainless steel significantly bent and deformed was taken out of a vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6

[0087] The conditions were the same as in Example 6 except that an argon gas was introduced instead of the hydrogen gas in the step (2). The obtained composite of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel was not bent and deformed.

EXAMPLE 7

[0088] 1. A 316L stainless steel plate with a thickness of 0.1 mm was used as a base.

[0089] 2. A 0.2 mm titanium film was deposited on the stainless steel base with 99.99% of a titanium material as a target by using a magnetron sputtering technology, and then was cooled under a hydrogen atmosphere.

[0090] 3. A composite of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel plate was obtained and then annealed at 750° C. in a vacuum.

[0091] 4. The composite with both the titanium alloy and the stainless steel significantly bent and deformed was taken out of a vacuum furnace.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7

[0092] The conditions were the same as in Example 7 except that an argon gas was introduced instead of the hydrogen gas in the step (2). The obtained composite of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel was not bent and deformed.