Quasi-solid-state electrolyte based on ionic liquid for use in lithium battery and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte in a lithium battery and a preparation method thereof. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte is of a porous network structure, which is obtained by a condensation reaction of a lithium salt, ionic liquid, a silane coupling agent and a catalyst, and has a high ionic conductivity. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte can stabilize a stripping/deposition process of lithium metal and inhibit growth of lithium dendrites, and shows a low overpotential and long-term cycle stability in a constant current polarization process. The interface impedance of a lithium metal sheet and the quasi-solid-state electrolyte is low, and is hardly increased with the age of the battery.

Claims

1. An ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for use in a lithium battery, wherein the quasi-solid-state electrolyte is of a porous network structure which is obtained by a condensation reaction of a lithium salt, ionic liquid, a silane coupling agent and a catalyst; wherein: the lithium salt is one or more of LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3 and LiC(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3; the silane coupling agent is an organosilicon compound containing an acryloyl group selected from the group consisting of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane, γ-methylacryloyloxypropylmethyldimethoxylsilane, and 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltriethoxylsilane; and the catalyst is formic acid, acetic acid or water.

2. The ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid is an ionic liquid in which the anion is a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salt.

3. The ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the ionic liquid is one or more of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, N-methyl,propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, N-methyl,butylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, N-methyl,propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and N-methyl,butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.

4. A preparation method of the ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps as follows: (1) firstly dissolving a lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3 and LiC(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 in an ionic liquid in a glove box filled with a protective gas and having a moisture content less than 1 ppm and performing uniform stirring to obtain an ionic liquid electrolyte; then adding a silane coupling agent selected from the group consisting of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane, γ-methylacryloyloxypropylmethyldimethoxylsilane, and 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltriethoxylsilane, performing uniform mixing, finally adding a catalyst and performing uniform mixing to obtain a reaction system; and (2) removing the reaction system from the glove box, and placing the reaction system in a vacuum drying oven with a relative vacuum degree of −70 KPa to −100 KPa, and performing drying at 25° C.-90° C. to obtain the quasi-solid-state electrolyte; wherein the protective gas is nitrogen gas or argon gas with a purity not less than 99%.

5. The preparation method of the ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte according to claim 4, wherein in the ionic liquid electrolyte, the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.35 mol/L-2 mol/L, the mass ratio of the silane coupling agent to the ionic liquid electrolyte is (0.15-0.6):1, and the molar ratio of the catalyst to the silane coupling agent is (5.5-8.5):1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is surface scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in Example 1.

(2) FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the acryloyl-modified SiO.sub.2 prepared in Example 1.

(3) FIG. 3 is a cross-section scanning electron microscope image of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in Example 1.

(4) FIG. 4 is a constant current electroplating/stripping diagram measured at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm.sup.2 of a lithium symmetrical battery prepared by using the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) The present disclosure will be further described in conjunction with the drawings and detailed embodiments.

(6) In the following examples:

(7) Assembly of the lithium symmetrical battery: in a glove box filled with argon gas having a purity greater than or equal to 99%, a lithium metal sheet, a quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in the example, a lithium metal sheet are successively placed in a button battery case of Type 2032, and then two sheet of battery cases are compacted and fastened by a tablet press to obtain a lithium metal symmetrical battery.

(8) After the assembled lithium symmetrical battery is allowed to stand at 30° C. for 48 hours, an electrochemical performance test is conducted: a test of alternating current impedance is conducted at a electrochemical workstation (CHI660D, Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co., Ltd), the frequency range of the test is 10 Hz-105 Hz, the AC amplitude is 5 mV, and the test temperature is 30° C.; a deposition/stripping test of lithium metal is conducted by using an LAND battery test system (Type CT2001A, Wuhan Jinnuo Electronic Co., Ltd), the constant current density of the test is 0.1 mA/cm.sup.2, and the deposition capacity is 0.1 mAh.

(9) Scanning electron microscope: Type Quanta 600, FEI Company, Holland;

(10) Thermogravimetric analyzer: Type TG209F1, Netzsch Company, Germany.

Example 1

(11) (1) In a glove box filled with argon gas having a purity greater than or equal to 99% and having a moisture content less than 1 ppm, firstly 0.91 g of LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2 was dissolved in 4.6 g of N-methyl,propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and stirred for 24 hours to obtain an ionic liquid electrolyte; then 2.8 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane was added and uniform mixing was conducted; and finally 2.5 mL of formic acid with a purity of greater than 98% was added, and stirring was continued for 8 minutes to obtain a reaction system; and

(12) (2) The reaction system obtained in the step (1) was removed from the glove box, and placed in a vacuum drying oven with a relative vacuum degree of −80 KPa, and dried at 50° C. for 7 days to obtain an ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for use in a lithium battery.

(13) From the SEM image in FIG. 1, it can be seen that, the surface of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example was smooth without crack. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte obtained was washed with an acetonitrile solvent for three times to remove the ionic liquid, then vacuum-dried at 70° C. for 12 hours, to obtain acryloyl modified SiO.sub.2, SEM morphology characterization was conducted on the acryloyl modified SiO.sub.2, as can be seen from FIG. 2, the acryloyl-modified SiO.sub.2 has a porous network structure, and this structure was beneficial for loading a great amount of the ionic liquid. It is known from FIGS. 2 and 3 that, in the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example, the ionic liquid was filled into the porous network structure. By test, it is determined that the electrical conductivity at 25° C. of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example was 1.37×10.sup.−3 s/cm, the electrochemical window was 0-4.5 V (vs Li/Li.sup.+), and the initial thermal decomposition temperature was 340° C.

(14) The quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example and the lithium sheet were assembled into a lithium symmetrical battery, and an electrochemical performance test was conducted: according to the test result shown in FIG. 4, it is known that the overpotential of the lithium symmetrical battery was 70 mV at a current density of 0.1 mV/cm.sup.2, with a stable cycle for 600 hours and no short circuit occurred; after the cycle of 600 hours, no lithium dendrite appeared on the interface of the lithium sheet.

Example 2

(15) (1) In a glove box filled with argon gas having a purity greater than or equal to 99% and having a moisture content less than 1 ppm, firstly 1.82 g of LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2 was dissolved in 4.6 g of N-methyl,propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and stirred for 24 hours to obtain an ionic liquid electrolyte; then 0.7 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane and 0.82 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltriethoxylsilane were added and uniform mixing was conducted; and finally 1.25 mL of formic acid with a purity greater than 98% was added, and stirring was continued for 8 minutes to obtain a reaction system; and

(16) (2) The reaction system obtained in the step (1) was removed from the glove box, and placed in a vacuum drying oven with a relative vacuum degree of −100 KPa, and dried at 70° C. for 7 days to obtain an ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for use in a lithium battery.

(17) From the SEM image of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example, it is known that the surface of the prepared quasi-solid-state electrolyte was smooth without crack, and the ionic liquid was filled into the porous network structure. By test, it is determined that the electrical conductivity at 25° C. of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example was 1.02×10.sup.−3 s/cm, the electrochemical window was 0-5.0 V (vs Li/Li.sup.+), and the initial thermal decomposition temperature was 340° C.

(18) The quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example and the lithium sheet were assembled into a lithium symmetrical battery, and an electrochemical performance test was conducted. According to the test result, it is know that the overpotential of the lithium symmetrical battery was 60 mV at a current density of 0.032 mV/cm.sup.2, with a stable cycle of 1000 hours and no short circuit occurred; after the cycle of 1000 hours, no lithium dendrite appeared on the interface of the lithium sheet.

Example 3

(19) (1) In a glove box filled with argon gas having a purity greater than or equal to 99% and having a moisture content less than 1 ppm, firstly 4.368 g of LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2 was dissolved in 4.6 g of N-methyl,propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 10.1 g of N-methyl,propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and stirred for 24 hours to obtain an ionic liquid electrolyte; then 1.4 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane, 0.82 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltriethoxylsilane and 0.65 g of γ-methylacryloyloxypropylmethyldimethoxylsilane were added and uniform mixing was conducted; and finally 1.62 g of high-purity water was added, and stirring was continued to be performed for 15 minutes to obtain a reaction system; and

(20) (2) The reaction system obtained in the step (1) was removed from the glove box, and placed in a vacuum drying oven with a relative vacuum degree of −90 KPa, and dried at 90° C. for 5 days to obtain an ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for use in a lithium battery.

(21) Form the SEM image of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example, it is known that the surface of the prepared quasi-solid-state electrolyte was smooth without crack, and the ionic liquid was filled into the porous network structure. By test, it is known that the electrical conductivity at 25° C. of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example was 1.8×10.sup.−3 s/cm, the electrochemical window was 0-5.0 V (vs Li/Li.sup.+), and the initial thermal decomposition temperature was 340° C.

Example 4

(22) (1) In a glove box filled with argon gas having a purity greater than or equal to 99% and having a moisture content less than 1 ppm, firstly 0.182 g of LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2 and 0.100 g of LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3 were dissolved in 2.3 g of N-methyl,propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 2.3 g of N-methyl,butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and stirred for 24 hours to obtain an ionic liquid electrolyte; then 2.8 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane were added and uniform mixing was conducted; and finally 3.6 mL of formic acid with a purity greater than 98% was added, and stirring was continued for 8 minutes to obtain a reaction system; and

(23) (2) The reaction system obtained in the step (1) was removed from the glove box, and placed in a vacuum drying oven with a relative vacuum degree of −100 KPa, and dried at 80° C. for 7 days to obtain an ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for use in a lithium battery.

(24) The surface of the prepared quasi-solid-state electrolyte was smooth without crack, and the ionic liquid was filled into the porous network structure. By test, it is known that the electrical conductivity at 25° C. of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example was 1.02×10.sup.−5 s/cm, the electrochemical window was 0-5.0 V (vs Li/Li.sup.+), and the initial thermal decomposition temperature was 340° C.

Example 5

(25) (1) In a glove box filled with argon gas having a purity greater than or equal to 99% and having a moisture content less than 1 ppm, firstly 0.662 g of LiC(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and 0.247 g of LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3 were dissolved in 4.6 g of N-methyl,butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and stirred for 24 hours to obtain an ionic liquid electrolyte; then 2.8 g of 3-methylacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane was added and uniform mixing was conducted; and finally 3.6 mL of formic acid with a purity greater than 98% was added, and stirring was continued for 8 minutes to obtain a reaction system; and

(26) (2) The reaction system obtained in the step (1) was removed from the glove box, and placed in a vacuum drying oven with a relative vacuum degree of −100 KPa, and dried at 70° C. for 7 days to obtain an ionic liquid-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte for use in a lithium battery.

(27) The surface of the prepared quasi-solid-state electrolyte was smooth without crack, and the ionic liquid was filled into the porous network structure. By test, it is known that the electrical conductivity at 25° C. of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example was 1.12×10.sup.−3 s/cm, the electrochemical window was 0-5.0 V (vs Li/Li.sup.+), and the initial thermal decomposition temperature was 340° C.

(28) The quasi-solid-state electrolyte prepared in this example and a lithium sheet were assembled into a lithium symmetrical battery, and an electrochemical performance test was conducted: according to the test result, it is known that the overpotential of the lithium symmetrical battery was 0.4 mV at a current density of 0.5 mV/cm.sup.2, with a stable cycle of 1000 hours and no short circuit occurred; after the cycle of 1000 hours, no lithium dendrite appeared on the interface of the lithium sheet.

(29) In conclusion, the above are merely preferable examples of the present disclosure, and not intended to restrict the protection scope of the present disclosure. Any modifications, equivalents, substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present disclosure are all included in the protection scope of the present disclosure.