Golf club head

Abstract

A golf club head includes a body defining an interior cavity. The body includes a sole positioned at a bottom portion of the golf club head, a crown positioned at a top portion, and a skirt positioned around a periphery between the sole and crown. The body has a forward portion and a rearward portion. The club head includes a face positioned at the forward portion of the body. In some embodiments, the crown includes a lattice-like structure having thin regions surrounded by a web of relatively thicker regions. In some embodiments, the club head includes one or more stiffening tubes attached between the sole and the crown to improve the acoustic performance of the golf club head.

Claims

1. A golf club head comprising: a club head body having a crown portion, a sole portion, a heel, a toe, and a striking face, with the club head body defining a cavity; an adjustable head-shaft connection assembly that is operable to adjust at least one of a loft angle or a lie angle of a golf club formed when the golf club head is attached to a golf club shaft via the head-shaft connection assembly; and one or more elongated stiffening members positioned within the cavity and connecting the crown portion to the sole portion, wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members having a first end attached to the crown portion and a second end attached to the sole portion, and an elongated intermediate portion spanning across the cavity from the first end to the second end; wherein the intermediate portion is suspended within the cavity such that the intermediate portion does not contact any portion of the crown portion or the sole portion and the one or more elongated stiffening members do not contact a rear portion of the club head body; wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members are permanently secured to the club head body; and wherein the golf club head has a CG with a head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 10 mm and a head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 50 mm.

2. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members are adjacent to the striking face, a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity x-axis (Ixx) generally parallel to a head origin x-axis is 250-500 kg-mm.sup.2, a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity y-axis (Iyy) generally parallel to a head origin y-axis is 250-350 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and less than Ixx, and a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity z-axis (Izz) generally parallel to a head origin z-axis is 350-600 kg-mm.sup.2.

3. The golf club head of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the crown portion comprises a fiber reinforced material, Izz is at least 160 kg-mm.sup.2 greater than Iyy, and the one or more elongated stiffening members are co-formed with a portion of the crown portion and the sole portion thereby defining a co-formed portion of the club head body.

4. The golf club head of claim 3, wherein Izz is at least 500 kg-mm.sup.2, and at least 50 percent of the crown portion has an areal weight less than 0.4 g/cm.sup.2.

5. The golf club head of claim 4, wherein the crown portion has a crown thickness that varies.

6. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein a greatest crown thickness is at least 0.15 mm more than a minimum crown thickness.

7. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the crown thickness of a front crown portion is 0.6-1.0 mm, and the one or more elongated stiffening members are connected to the front crown portion.

8. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members are connected to a front crown portion, and the crown thickness of at least a portion of the crown portion is 0.3-0.6 mm.

9. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members have a maximum cross-sectional dimension of no more than 7 mm.

10. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein a combined mass of the one or more elongated stiffening members is approximately 8 grams or less.

11. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the striking face includes a face insert closing a front opening in the co-formed portion of the club head body, the co-formed portion of the club head body comprises a co-formed material, and the face insert is formed of a face insert material.

12. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the face insert material is different than the co-formed material.

13. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein Izz is no more than 210 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 greater than Ixx.

14. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the club head body includes at least one weight port co-formed with the one or more elongated stiffening members, the weight port configured to receive a weight formed of a weight material different than a material from which the striking face is formed.

15. The golf club head of claim 14, wherein the sole portion is formed with at least one rib in contact with a portion of the weight port.

16. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein at least one of the one or more elongated stiffening members has a portion with a front-rear thickness of 0.25-2.5 mm measured in a direction parallel to the head origin y-axis.

17. The golf club head of claim 16, wherein at least one of the one or more elongated stiffening members has a portion with a heel-toe dimension measured in a direction parallel to the head origin x-axis that is of 2-7 mm and greater than the front-rear thickness.

18. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein at least 50 percent of the sole portion has an areal weight less than 0.4 g/cm.sup.2.

19. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members has a first stiffening member length that is at least three times longer than a first stiffening member maximum cross-sectional dimension.

20. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein at least one of the one or more elongated stiffening members has a portion formed of at least two legs creating an opening through the at least one elongated stiffening member in a direction parallel to the head origin y-axis.

21. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the sole portion is formed with at least one rib that extends across a plane containing the head origin y-axis.

22. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein Iyy is within 60 kg-mm.sup.2 of Ixx, and a head origin z-axis (CG.sub.z) coordinate is less than 2 mm.

23. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein Iyy is 320-370 kg-mm 2, and a head origin z-axis (CG.sub.z) coordinate is less than 2 mm.

24. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein the intermediate portion has at least one sidewall extending between the first end and the second end, and at least a portion of the at least one sidewall is not parallel to the head origin z-axis.

25. A golf club head comprising: a club head body having a crown portion, a sole portion, a heel, a toe, and a striking face, with the club head body defining a cavity; an adjustable head-shaft connection assembly that is operable to adjust at least one of a loft angle or a lie angle of a golf club formed when the golf club head is attached to a golf club shaft via the head-shaft connection assembly; one or more elongated stiffening members positioned within the cavity adjacent to the striking face and connecting the crown portion to the sole portion and co-formed with a portion of the crown portion and the sole portion thereby defining a co-formed portion, wherein the one or more elongated stiffening members having a first end attached to the crown portion and a second end attached to the sole portion, and an elongated intermediate portion spanning across the cavity from the first end to the second end; wherein the intermediate portion is suspended within the cavity such that the intermediate portion does not contact any portion of the crown portion or the sole portion and the one or more elongated stiffening members do not contact a rear portion of the club head body; wherein the striking face includes a face insert closing a front opening in the co-formed portion of the club head body, the co-formed portion of the club head body comprises a co-formed material, and the face insert is formed of a face insert material; wherein at least 50 percent of the crown portion has an areal weight less than 0.4 g/cm.sup.2; wherein the golf club head has: a CG with a head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 10 mm and a head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 50 mm; a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity x-axis (Ixx) generally parallel to a head origin x-axis is 250-500 kg-mm.sup.2; a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity y-axis (Iyy) generally parallel to a head origin y-axis is 250-350 kg-mm.sup.2 and less than Ixx; and a moment of inertia about a golf club head center of gravity z-axis (Izz) generally parallel to a head origin z-axis is 350-600 kg-mm.sup.2, at least 160 kg-mm.sup.2 greater than Iyy, and no more than 210 kg-mm.sup.2 greater than Ixx.

26. The golf club head of claim 25, wherein at least one of the one or more elongated stiffening members has a portion formed of at least two legs creating an opening through the at least one elongated stiffening member in a direction parallel to the head origin y-axis.

27. The golf club head of claim 25, wherein the intermediate portion has at least one sidewall extending between the first end and the second end, and at least a portion of the at least one sidewall is not parallel to the head origin z-axis.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements.

(2) FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of an exemplary embodiment of a golf club head.

(3) FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 is a side elevation view from a toe side of the golf club head of FIG. 1.

(5) FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of the golf club of FIG. 1 illustrating club head origin and center of gravity origin coordinate systems.

(6) FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the golf club of FIG. 1 illustrating the club head origin and center of gravity origin coordinate systems.

(7) FIG. 6 is a side elevation view from a toe side of the golf club of FIG. 1 illustrating the club head origin and center of gravity origin coordinate systems.

(8) FIGS. 7A-B are rear elevation and top plan views, respectively, of an exemplary embodiment of a golf club head showing (in dashed lines) a lattice-like structure formed on the interior surface of the crown.

(9) FIGS. 8A-B are rear elevation and top plan views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of a golf club head showing (in dashed lines) a lattice-like structure formed on the interior surface of the crown.

(10) FIG. 9 is a top plan view of still another exemplary embodiment of a golf club head showing (in dashed lines) a lattice-like structure formed on the interior surface of the crown.

(11) FIG. 10A is a front view of an exemplary embodiment of a golf club head with a forward portion of the club head removed for clarity.

(12) FIG. 10B is a top view of the golf club head embodiment shown in FIG. 10A with a portion of the crown removed for clarity.

(13) FIG. 11A is a front view of another exemplary embodiment of a golf club head with a forward portion of the club head removed for clarity.

(14) FIG. 11B is a top view of the golf club head embodiment shown in FIG. 11A with a portion of the crown removed for clarity.

(15) FIG. 12A is a front view of still another exemplary embodiment of a golf club head with a forward portion of the club head removed for clarity.

(16) FIG. 12B is a top view of the golf club head embodiment shown in FIG. 12A with a portion of the crown removed for clarity.

(17) FIG. 13A is a front view of a golf club head, according to another embodiment.

(18) FIG. 13B is a side view of the golf club head of FIG. 13A.

(19) FIG. 13C is a rear view of the golf club head of FIG. 13A.

(20) FIG. 13D is a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG. 13A.

(21) FIG. 13E is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 13B, taken along line 13E-13E.

(22) FIG. 13F is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 13C, taken along line 13F-13F.

(23) FIG. 14 is an exploded perspective view of the golf club head of FIG. 13A.

(24) FIG. 15A is a bottom view of a body of the golf club head of FIG. 13A, showing a recessed cavity in the sole.

(25) FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 15A, taken along line 15B-15B.

(26) FIG. 15C is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 15A, taken along line 15C-15C.

(27) FIG. 15D is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a raised platform or projection formed in the sole of the club head of FIG. 15A.

(28) FIG. 15E is a bottom view of a body of the golf club head of FIG. 13A, showing an alternative orientation of the raised platform or projection.

(29) FIG. 16A is top view of an adjustable sole portion of the golf club head of FIG. 13A.

(30) FIG. 16B is a side view of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 16A.

(31) FIG. 16C is a cross-sectional side view of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 16A.

(32) FIG. 16D is a perspective view of the bottom of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 16A.

(33) FIG. 16E is a perspective view of the top of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 16A.

(34) FIG. 17A is a plan view of the head of a screw that can be used to secure the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 16A to a club head.

(35) FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view of the screw of FIG. 17A, taken along line A-A.

(36) FIG. 18 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a golf club head having a removable shaft, in accordance with another embodiment.

(37) FIGS. 19 and 20 are front elevation and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a shaft sleeve of the assembly shown in FIG. 18.

(38) FIG. 21A is a front elevational view of a golf club head in accordance with one embodiment.

(39) FIG. 21B is a side elevational view of the golf club head of FIG. 21A.

(40) FIG. 21C is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 21A.

(41) FIG. 21D is a side elevational view of the golf club head of FIG. 21A.

(42) FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a golf club head having a removable shaft, in accordance with one embodiment.

(43) FIG. 23 is an exploded cross-sectional view of the shaft-club head connection assembly of FIG. 22.

(44) FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 22, taken along the line 24-24 of FIG. 22.

(45) FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the shaft sleeve of the connection assembly shown in FIG. 22.

(46) FIG. 26 is an enlarged perspective view of the lower portion of the sleeve of FIG. 25.

(47) FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of the sleeve of FIG. 25.

(48) FIG. 28 is a top plan view of the sleeve of FIG. 25.

(49) FIG. 29 is a bottom plan view of the sleeve of FIG. 25.

(50) FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view of the sleeve, taken along the line 30-30 of FIG. 27.

(51) FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the hosel insert of the connection assembly shown in FIG. 22.

(52) FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of the hosel insert of FIG. 22.

(53) FIG. 33 is a top plan view of the hosel insert of FIG. 31.

(54) FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of the hosel insert of FIG. 22, taken along the line 34-34 of FIG. 32.

(55) FIG. 35 is a bottom plan view of the screw of the connection assembly shown in FIG. 22.

(56) FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 22 identifying lengths used in calculating the stiffness of components of the shaft-head connection assembly.

(57) FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view of a golf club head having a removable shaft, according to another embodiment.

(58) FIG. 38 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a golf club head having a removable shaft, in accordance with another embodiment.

(59) FIG. 39 is an exploded cross-sectional view of the shaft-club head connection assembly of FIG. 38.

(60) FIG. 40 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 38, taken along the line 40-40 of FIG. 38.

(61) FIG. 41 is a perspective view of the shaft sleeve of the connection assembly shown in FIG. 38.

(62) FIG. 42 is an enlarged perspective view of the lower portion of the shaft sleeve of FIG. 41.

(63) FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view of the shaft sleeve of FIG. 41.

(64) FIG. 44 is a top plan view of the shaft sleeve of FIG. 41.

(65) FIG. 45 is a bottom plan view of the shaft sleeve of FIG. 41.

(66) FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view of the shaft sleeve, taken along line 46-46 of FIG. 43.

(67) FIG. 47 is a side elevational view of the hosel sleeve of the connection assembly shown in FIG. 48.

(68) FIG. 48 is a perspective view of the hosel sleeve of FIG. 47.

(69) FIG. 49 is a top plan view of the hosel sleeve of FIG. 47, as viewed along longitudinal axis B defined by the outer surface of the lower portion of the hosel sleeve.

(70) FIG. 50 is a cross-sectional view of the hosel sleeve, taken along line 50-50 of FIG. 47.

(71) FIG. 51 is a cross-sectional view of the hosel sleeve of FIG. 47.

(72) FIG. 52 is a top plan view of the hosel sleeve of FIG. 47.

(73) FIG. 53 is a bottom plan view of the hosel sleeve of FIG. 47.

(74) FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view of the hosel insert of the connection usually shown in FIG. 38.

(75) FIG. 55 is a top plan view of the hosel insert of FIG. 54.

(76) FIG. 56 is a cross-sectional view of the hosel insert, taken along line 56-56 of FIG. 54.

(77) FIG. 57 is a bottom plan view of the hosel insert of FIG. 54.

(78) FIG. 58 is a cross-sectional view of the washer of the connection assembly shown in FIG. 38.

(79) FIG. 59 is a bottom plan view of the washer of FIG. 58.

(80) FIG. 60 is a cross-sectional view of the screw of FIG. 38.

(81) FIG. 61 is a cross-sectional view depicting the screw-washer interface of a connection assembly where the hosel sleeve longitudinal axis is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the hosel opening.

(82) FIG. 62 is a cross-sectional view depicting a screw-washer interface of a connection assembly where the hosel sleeve longitudinal axis is offset from the longitudinal axis of the hosel opening.

(83) FIG. 63A is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a golf club head having a removable shaft, in accordance with another embodiment.

(84) FIG. 63B shows the golf club head of FIG. 63A with the screw loosened to permit removal of the shaft from the club head.

(85) FIG. 64 is a perspective view of the shaft sleeve of the assembly shown in FIG. 63A.

(86) FIG. 65 is a side elevation view of the shaft sleeve of FIG. 64.

(87) FIG. 66 is a bottom plan view of the shaft sleeve of FIG. 64.

(88) FIG. 67 is a cross-sectional view of the shaft sleeve taken along line 67-67 of FIG. 66.

(89) FIG. 68 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a shaft sleeve and

(90) FIG. 69 is a top plan view of a hosel insert that is adapted to receive the shaft sleeve.

(91) FIG. 70 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a shaft sleeve and

(92) FIG. 71 is a top plan view of a hosel insert that is adapted to receive the shaft sleeve.

(93) FIG. 72 is a side elevational view of a golf club head having an adjustable sole plate, in accordance with one embodiment.

(94) FIG. 73 is a bottom plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 68.

(95) FIG. 74 is a side elevation view of a golf club head having an adjustable sole portion, according to another embodiment.

(96) FIG. 75 is a rear elevation view of the golf club head of FIG. 74.

(97) FIG. 76 is a bottom plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 74.

(98) FIG. 77 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head taken along line 77-77 of FIG. 74.

(99) FIG. 78 is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head taken along line 78-78 of FIG. 76.

(100) FIG. 79 is a graph showing the effective face angle through a range of lie angles for a shaft positioned at a nominal position, a lofted position and a delofted position.

(101) FIG. 80 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a golf club head having a removable shaft, in accordance with another embodiment.

(102) FIGS. 81 and 82 are front elevation and cross-sectional views, respectively, of the shaft sleeve of the assembly shown in FIG. 80.

(103) FIG. 83A is an exploded assembly view of a golf club head, in accordance with another embodiment.

(104) FIG. 83B is an assembled view of the golf club head of FIG. 83A.

(105) FIG. 84A is a top cross-sectional view of a golf club head, in accordance with another embodiment.

(106) FIG. 84B is a front cross-section view of the golf club head of FIG. 84A.

(107) FIG. 85A is a cross-sectional view of a golf club head face plate protrusion.

(108) FIG. 85B is a rear view of a golf club face plate protrusion.

(109) FIG. 86 is an isometric view of a tool.

(110) FIG. 87A is an isometric view of a golf club head.

(111) FIG. 87B is an exploded view of the golf club head of FIG. 87A.

(112) FIG. 87C is a side view of the golf club head of FIG. 87A.

(113) FIG. 87D is a side view of the golf club head of FIG. 87A.

(114) FIG. 87E is a front view of the golf club head of FIG. 87A.

(115) FIG. 87F is a top view of the golf club head of FIG. 87A.

(116) FIG. 87G is a cross-sectional top view of the golf club head of FIG. 87A.

(117) FIG. 88 is an isometric view of a golf club head.

(118) FIG. 89A is a front view of a golf club head, according to another embodiment.

(119) FIG. 89B is a side view of the golf club head of FIG. 89A.

(120) FIG. 89C is a rear view of the golf club head of FIG. 89A.

(121) FIG. 89D is a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG. 89A.

(122) FIG. 89E is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 89B, taken along line A-A.

(123) FIG. 89F is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 89C, taken along line H-H FIG. 90 is an exploded perspective view of the golf club head of FIG. 89A.

(124) FIG. 91A is a bottom view of a body of the golf club head of FIG. 89A, showing a recessed cavity in the sole.

(125) FIG. 91B is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 91A, taken along line G-G.

(126) FIG. 91C is a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG. 91A, taken along line E-E.

(127) FIG. 91D is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a raised platform or projection formed in the sole of the club head of FIG. 91A.

(128) FIG. 91E is a bottom view of a body of the golf club head of FIG. 89A, showing an alternative orientation of the raised platform or projection.

(129) FIG. 92A is top view of an adjustable sole portion of the golf club head of FIG. 89A.

(130) FIG. 92B is a side view of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 92A.

(131) FIG. 92C is a cross-sectional side view of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 92A.

(132) FIG. 92D is a perspective view of the bottom of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 92A.

(133) FIG. 92E is a perspective view of the top of the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 92A.

(134) FIG. 93A is a plan view of the head of a screw that can be used to secure the adjustable sole portion of FIG. 92A to a club head.

(135) FIG. 93B is a cross-sectional view of the screw of FIG. 93A, taken along line A-A.

(136) FIG. 94 is an exploded view of a golf club head, according to yet another embodiment.

(137) FIG. 95 is an assembled view of the golf club head of FIG. 94.

(138) FIGS. 96-100 are front, top, heel side, toe side, and bottom views, respectively, of a body of the club head of FIG. 94.

(139) FIG. 101 is a top-down cross-sectional view of the body of FIG. 94 showing the internal features of the sole.

(140) FIG. 102 is a cross-sectional side view of the body of FIG. 94 showing the internal features of the heel portion of the body.

(141) FIG. 103 is a cross-sectional side view of the body of FIG. 94 showing the internal features of the toe portion of the body.

(142) FIGS. 104-106 are cross-sectional perspective views of the body of FIG. 104 showing the internal features of the body.

(143) FIGS. 107A and B are cross-sectional side views of the sole of the body of FIG. 94, taken along a front-rear plane, showing an exemplary adjustable sole piece secured to a sole port with a fastener.

(144) FIG. 108 is a cross-sectional side view of the sole port of FIG. 105A, taken along a toe-heel plane.

(145) FIG. 109 is a bottom plan view of a raised platform of the sole port of FIG. 105A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(146) The following disclosure describes embodiments of golf club heads for wood-type clubs (e.g., drivers, fairway woods, rescue clubs, hybrid clubs, etc.) that incorporate structures providing improved weight distribution, improved sound characteristics, improved adjustability features, and/or combinations of the foregoing characteristics. The disclosed embodiments should not be construed as limiting in any way. Instead, the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in various combinations and subcombinations with one another. Furthermore, any features or aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be used in various combinations and subcombinations with one another. The disclosed embodiments are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combination thereof, nor do the disclosed embodiments require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved.

(147) The present disclosure makes reference to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, wherein like numerals designate like parts throughout. The drawings illustrate specific embodiments, but other embodiments may be formed and structural changes may be made without departing from the intended scope of this disclosure. Directions and references may be used to facilitate discussion of the drawings but are not intended to be limiting. For example, certain terms may be used such as up, down, upper, lower, horizontal, vertical, left, right, and the like. These terms are used, where applicable, to provide some clarity of description when dealing with relative relationships, particularly with respect to the illustrated embodiments. Such terms are not, however, intended to imply absolute relationships, positions, and/or orientations. Accordingly, the following detailed description shall not to be construed in a limiting sense.

(148) I. Golf Club Heads

(149) A. Normal Address Position

(150) Club heads and many of their physical characteristics disclosed herein will be described using normal address position as the club head reference position, unless otherwise indicated. FIGS. 1-3 illustrate one embodiment of a wood-type golf club head at normal address position. FIG. 1 illustrates a front elevation view of golf club head 10100, FIG. 2 illustrates a top plan view of the golf club head 10100, and FIG. 3 illustrates a side elevation view of the golf club head 10100 from the toe side. By way of preliminary description, the club head 10100 includes a hosel 10120 and a ball striking club face 10118. At normal address position, the club head 10100 is positioned on a plane 10125 above and parallel to a ground plane 10117.

(151) As used herein, normal address position means the club head position wherein a vector normal to the center of the club face 10118 lies in a first vertical plane (a vertical plane is perpendicular to the ground plane 10117), the centerline axis 10121 of the club shaft lies in a second vertical plane, and the first vertical plane and the second vertical plane perpendicularly intersect.

(152) B. Club Head Features

(153) A wood-type golf club head, such as the golf club head 10100 shown in FIGS. 1-3, includes a hollow body 10110 defining a crown portion 10112, a sole portion 10114, a skirt portion 10116, and a ball striking club face 10118. The ball striking club face 10118 can be integrally formed with the body 10110 or attached to the body. The body 10110 further includes a hosel 10120, which defines a hosel bore 10124 adapted to receive a golf club shaft. The body 10110 further includes a heel portion 10126, a toe portion 10128, a front portion 10130, and a rear portion 10132.

(154) The club head 10100 also has a volume, typically measured in cubic-centimeters (cm.sup.3), equal to the volumetric displacement of the club head, assuming any apertures are sealed by a substantially planar surface, using the method described in the Procedure for Measuring the Club Head Size of Wood Clubs, Revision 1.0, Section 5 (Nov. 21, 2003), as specified by the United States Golf Association (USGA) and the R&A Rules Limited (R&A).

(155) As used herein, crown means an upper portion of the club head above a peripheral outline 10134 of the club head as viewed from a top-down direction and rearward of the topmost portion of a ball striking surface 10122 of the ball striking club face 10118. As used herein, sole means a lower portion of the club head 10100 extending upwards from a lowest point of the club head when the club head is at the normal address position. In some implementations, the sole 10114 extends approximately 50% to 60% of the distance from the lowest point of the club head to the crown 10112. In other implementations, the sole 10114 extends upwardly from the lowest point of the golf club head 10110 a shorter distance. Further, the sole 10114 can define a substantially flat portion extending substantially horizontally relative to the ground 10117 when in normal address position or can have an arced or convex shape as shown in FIG. 1. As used herein, skirt means a side portion of the club head 10100 between the crown 10112 and the sole 10114 that extends across a periphery 10134 of the club head, excluding the striking surface 10122, from the toe portion 10128, around the rear portion 10132, to the heel portion 10126. As used herein, striking surface means a front or external surface of the ball striking club face 10118 configured to impact a golf ball. In some embodiments, the striking surface 10122 can be a striking plate attached to the body 10110 using known attachment techniques, such as welding. Further, the striking surface 10122 can have a variable thickness. In certain embodiments, the striking surface 10122 has a bulge and roll curvature (discussed more fully below).

(156) The body 10110, or any parts thereof, can be made from a metal alloy (e.g., an alloy of titanium, an alloy of steel, an alloy of aluminum, and/or an alloy of magnesium), a composite material (e.g., a graphite or carbon fiber composite) a ceramic material, or any combination thereof. The crown 10112, sole 10114, skirt 10116, and ball striking club face 10118 can be integrally formed using techniques such as molding, cold forming, casting, and/or forging. Alternatively, any one or more of the crown 10112, sole 10114, skirt 10116, or ball striking club face 10118 can be attached to the other components by known means (e.g., adhesive bonding, welding, and the like).

(157) In some embodiments, the striking face 10118 is made of a composite material, while in other embodiments, the striking face 10118 is made from a metal alloy (e.g., an alloy of titanium, steel, aluminum, and/or magnesium), ceramic material, or a combination of composite, metal alloy, and/or ceramic materials.

(158) When at normal address position, the club shaft extends along the club shaft axis 10121 and is disposed at a lie angle 10119 relative to the plane 10125 parallel to the ground plane 10117 (as shown in FIG. 1) and the club face has a loft angle 10115 (as shown in FIG. 3). Referring to FIG. 1, the lie angle 10119 refers to the angle between the centerline axis 10121 of the club shaft and the ground plane 10117 at normal address position. Referring to FIG. 3, loft angle 10115 refers to the angle between a tangent line 10127 to the club face 10118 and a vector 10129 normal to the ground plane at normal address position.

(159) FIGS. 4-6 illustrate coordinate systems that can be used in describing features of the disclosed golf club head embodiments. FIG. 4 illustrates a front elevation view of the golf club head 10100, FIG. 5 illustrates a top plan view of the golf club head 10100, and FIG. 6 illustrates a side elevation view of the golf club head 10100 from the toe side. As shown in FIGS. 4-6, a center 10123 is disposed on the striking surface 10122. For purposes of this description, the center 10123 is defined as the intersection of the midpoints of a height (H.sub.ss) and a width (W.sub.ss) of the striking surface 10122. Both H.sub.ss and W.sub.ss are determined using the striking face curve (S.sub.ss). The striking face curve is bounded on its periphery by all points where the face transitions from a substantially uniform bulge radius (face heel-to-toe radius of curvature) and a substantially uniform roll radius (face crown-to-sole radius of curvature) to the body. H.sub.ss is the distance from the periphery proximate to the sole portion of S.sub.ss (also referred to as the bottom radius of the club face) to the periphery proximate to the crown portion of S.sub.ss (also referred to as the top radius of the club face) measured in a vertical plane (perpendicular to ground) that extends through the center 10123 of the face (e.g., this plane is substantially normal to the x-axis). Similarly, W.sub.ss is the distance from the periphery proximate to the heel portion of S.sub.ss to the periphery proximate to the toe portion of S.sub.ss measured in a horizontal plane (e.g., substantially parallel to ground) that extends through the center 10123 of the face (e.g., this plane is substantially normal to the z-axis). In other words, the center 10123 along the z-axis corresponds to a point that bisects into two equal parts a line drawn from a point just on the inside of the top radius of the striking surface (and centered along the x-axis of the striking surface) to a point just on the inside of the bottom radius of the face plate (and centered along the x-axis of the striking surface). For purposes of this description, the center 10123 is also referred to as the geometric center of the golf club striking surface 10122. See also U.S.G.A. Procedure for Measuring the Flexibility of a Golf Clubhead, Revision 2.0 for the methodology to measure the geometric center of the striking face.

(160) C. Golf Club Head Coordinates

(161) Referring to FIGS. 4-6, a club head origin coordinate system is defined such that the location of various features of the club head (including a club head center-of-gravity (CG) 10150) can be determined. A club head origin 10160 is illustrated on the club head 10100 positioned at the center 10123 of the striking surface 10122.

(162) The head origin coordinate system defined with respect to the head origin 10160 includes three axes: a z-axis 10165 extending through the head origin 10160 in a generally vertical direction relative to the ground 10117 when the club head 10100 is at the normal address position; an x-axis 10170 extending through the head origin 10160 in a toe-to-heel direction generally parallel to the striking surface 10122 (e.g., generally tangential to the striking surface 10122 at the center 10123) and generally perpendicular to the z-axis 10165; and a y-axis 10175 extending through the head origin 10160 in a front-to-back direction and generally perpendicular to the x-axis 10170 and to the z-axis 10165. The x-axis 10170 and the y-axis 10175 both extend in generally horizontal directions relative to the ground 10117 when the club head 10100 is at the normal address position. The x-axis 10170 extends in a positive direction from the origin 10160 towards the heel 10126 of the club head 10100. The y-axis 10175 extends in a positive direction from the head origin 10160 towards the rear portion 10132 of the club head 10100. The z-axis 10165 extends in a positive direction from the origin 10160 towards the crown 10112.

(163) D. Center of Gravity

(164) Generally, the center of gravity (CG) of a golf club head is the point at which the entire weight of the golf club head may be considered as concentrated so that if supported at this point the head would remain in equilibrium in any position.

(165) Referring to FIGS. 4-6, a CG 10150 is shown as a point inside the body 10110 of the club head 10100. The location of the club CG 10150 can also be defined with reference to the club head origin coordinate system. For example, and using millimeters as the unit of measure, a CG 10150 that is located 3.2 mm from the head origin 10160 toward the toe of the club head along the x-axis, 36.7 mm from the head origin 10160 toward the rear of the club head along the y-axis, and 4.1 mm from the head origin 10160 toward the sole of the club head along the z-axis can be defined as having a CG.sub.x of 3.2 mm, a CG.sub.y of 36.7 mm, and a CG.sub.z of 4.1 mm.

(166) The CG can also be used to define a coordinate system with the CG as the origin of the coordinate system. For example, and as illustrated in FIGS. 4-6, the CG origin coordinate system defined with respect to the CG origin 10150 includes three axes: a CG z-axis 10185 extending through the CG 10150 in a generally vertical direction relative to the ground 10117 when the club head 10100 is at normal address position; a CG x-axis 10190 extending through the CG origin 10150 in a toe-to-heel direction generally parallel to the striking surface 10122, and generally perpendicular to the CG z-axis 10185; and a CG y-axis 10195 extending through the CG origin 10150 in a front-to-back direction and generally perpendicular to the CG x-axis 10190 and to the CG z-axis 10185. The CG x-axis 10190 and the CG y-axis 10195 both extend in generally horizontal directions relative to the ground 10117 when the club head 10100 is at normal address position. The CG x-axis 10190 extends in a positive direction from the CG origin 10150 to the heel 10126 of the club head 10100. The CG y-axis 10195 extends in a positive direction from the CG origin 10150 towards the rear portion 10132 of the golf club head 10100. The CG z-axis 10185 extends in a positive direction from the CG origin 10150 towards the crown 10112. Thus, the axes of the CG origin coordinate system are parallel to corresponding axes of the head origin coordinate system. In particular, the CG z-axis 10185 is parallel to z-axis 10165, CG x-axis 10190 is parallel to x-axis 10170, and CG y-axis 10195 is parallel to y-axis 10175.

(167) As best shown in FIG. 6, FIGS. 4-6 also show a projected CG point 10180 on the golf club head striking surface 10122. The projected CG point 10180 is the point on the striking surface 10122 that intersects with a line passes through the CG 10150 and that is normal to a tangent line of the ball striking club face 10118 at the projected CG point 10180. This projected CG point 10180 can also be referred to as the zero-torque point because it indicates the point on the ball striking club face 10118 that is centered with the CG 10150. Thus, if a golf ball makes contact with the club face 10118 at the projected CG point 10180, the golf club head will not twist about any axis of rotation since no torque is produced by the impact of the golf ball.

(168) E. Mass Moments of Inertia

(169) Referring to FIGS. 4-6, golf club head moments of inertia are typically defined about the three CG axes that extend through the golf club head center-of-gravity 10150. For example, a moment of inertia about the golf club head CG x-axis 10190 can be calculated by the following equation
I.sub.xx=(z.sup.2+y.sup.2)dm(1)
where y is the distance from a golf club head CG xz-plane to an infinitesimal mass, dm, and z is the distance from a golf club head CG xy-plane to the infinitesimal mass, dm. The golf club head CG xz-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG x-axis 10190 and the golf club head CG z-axis 10185. The CG xy-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG x-axis 10190 and the golf club head CG y-axis 10195.

(170) The moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (I.sub.xx) is an indication of the ability of the golf club head to resist twisting about the CG x-axis. A higher moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (I.sub.xx) indicates a higher resistance to the upward and downward twisting of the golf club head 10100 resulting from high and low off-center impacts with the golf ball.

(171) Similarly, a moment of inertia about the golf club head CG z-axis 10185 can be calculated by the following equation
I.sub.zz=(x.sup.2+y.sup.2)dm(1)
where x is the distance from a golf club head CG yz-plane to an infinitesimal mass, dm, and y is the distance from a golf club head CG xz-plane to the infinitesimal mass, dm. The CG yz-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG y-axis 10195 and the golf club head CG z-axis 10190. The golf club head CG xz-plane is a plane defined by the golf club head CG x-axis 10190 and the golf club head CG z-axis 10185.

(172) The moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (I.sub.zz) is an indication of the ability of the golf club head to resist twisting about the CG z-axis. A higher moment of inertia about the CG z-axis (I.sub.zz) indicates a higher resistance to the toeward and heelward twisting of the golf club head 100 resulting from toe-side and heel-side off-center impacts with the golf ball.

(173) F. Adjusting Golf Club Head Mass

(174) Golf club heads can use one or more weight plates, weight pads, or weight ports in order to change the mass moment of inertia of the golf club head, to change the center of gravity to a desired location, or for other purposes. For example, certain embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads have one or more integral weight pads cast into the golf club head at predetermined locations (e.g., in the sole of the golf club head) that change the location of the club head's center-of-gravity. Also, epoxy can be added to the interior of the club head through the club head's hosel opening to obtain a desired weight distribution. Alternatively, one or more weights formed of high-density materials (e.g., tungsten or tungsten alloy) can be attached to the sole or other portions of the golf club head. Such weights can be permanently attached to the club head. Furthermore, the shape of such weights can vary and is not limited to any particular shape. For example, the weights can have a disc, elliptical, cylindrical, or other shape.

(175) The golf club head 10100 can also define one or more weight ports formed in the body 10110 that are configured to receive one or more weights. For example, one or more weight ports can be disposed in the crown 10112, the sole 10114, and/or the skirt 10116. The weight port can have any of a number of various configurations to receive and retain any of a number of weights or weight assemblies, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,407,447 and 7,419,441, which are incorporated herein by reference. Inclusion of one or more weights in the weight port(s) provides a customized club head mass distribution with corresponding customized moments of inertia and center-of-gravity locations. Adjusting the location of the weight port(s) and the mass of the weights and/or weight assemblies provides various possible locations of center-of-gravity and various possible mass moments of inertia using the same club head.

(176) G. Adjusting Golf Club Head Lie, Loft, and Face Angles

(177) In some implementations, an adjustable mechanism is provided on the sole 10114 to decouple the relationship between face angle and hosel/shaft loft, e.g., to allow for separate adjustment of square loft and face angle of a golf club. For example, some embodiments of the golf club head 10100 include an adjustable sole portion that can be adjusted relative to the club head body 10110 to raise and lower the rear end of the club head relative to the ground. Further detail concerning the adjustable sole portion is provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0312437, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(178) For example, FIGS. 13-17 illustrate a golf club head 18000 according to an embodiment that also includes an adjustable sole portion. As shown in FIGS. 13A-13F, the club head 18000 comprises a club head body 18002 having a heel 18005, a toe 18007, a rear end 18006, a forward striking face 18004, a top portion or crown 18021, and a bottom portion or sole 18022. The body also includes a hosel 18008 for supporting a shaft (not shown). The sole 18022 defines a leading edge surface portion 18024 adjacent the lower edge of the striking face 18004 that extends transversely across the sole 18022 (e.g., the leading edge surface portion 18024 extends in a direction from the heel 18005 to the toe 18007 of the club head body). The hosel 18008 can be adapted to receive a removable shaft sleeve 18009, as disclosed herein.

(179) The sole 18022 further includes an adjustable sole portion 18010 (also referred to as a sole piece) that can be adjusted relative to the club head body 18002 to a plurality of rotational positions to raise and lower the rear end 18006 of the club head relative to the ground. This can rotate the club head about the leading edge surface portion 18024 of the sole 18022, changing the sole angle. As best shown in FIG. 14, the sole 18022 of the club head body 18002 can be formed with a recessed cavity 18014 that is shaped to receive the adjustable sole portion 18010.

(180) As best shown in FIG. 16A, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can be triangular. In other embodiments, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can have other shapes, including a rectangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, circle, oval, star or combinations thereof. Desirably, although not necessarily, the sole portion 18010 is generally symmetrical about a center axis as shown. As best shown in FIG. 16C, the sole portion 18010 has an outer rim 18034 extending upwardly from the edge of a bottom wall 18012. The rim 18034 can be sized and shaped to be received within the walls of the recessed cavity 18014 with a small gap or clearance between the two when the adjustable sole portion 18010 is installed in the body 18002. The bottom wall 18012 and outer rim 18034 can form a thin-walled structure as shown. At the center of the bottom surface 18012 can be a recessed screw hole 18030 that passes completely through the adjustable sole portion 18010.

(181) A circular, or cylindrical, wall 18040 can surround the screw hole 18030 on the upper/inner side of the adjustable sole portion 18010. The wall 18040 can also be triangular, square, pentagonal, etc., in other embodiments. The wall 18040 can be comprised of several sections 18041 having varying heights. Each section 18041 of the wall 18040 can have about the same width and thickness, and each section 18041 can have the same height as the section diametrically across from it. In this manner, the circular wall 18040 can be symmetrical about the centerline axis of the screw hole 18030. Furthermore, each pair of wall sections 18041 can have a different height than each of the other pairs of wall sections. Each pair of wall sections 18041 is sized and shaped to mate with corresponding sections on the club head to set the sole portion 18010 at a predetermined height, as further discussed below.

(182) For example, in the triangular embodiment of the adjustable sole portion 18010 shown in FIG. 16E, the circular wall 18040 has six wall sections 18041a, b, c, d, e and f that make up three pairs of wall sections, each pair having different heights. Each pair of wall sections 18041 project upward a different distance from the upper/inner surface of the adjustable sole portion 18010. Namely, a first pair is comprised of wall sections 18041a and 18041b; a second pair is comprised of 18041c and 18041d that extend past the first pair; and a third pair is comprised of wall sections 18041e and 18041f that extend past the first and second pairs. Each pair of wall sections 18041 desirably is symmetrical about the centerline axis of the screw hole 18030. The tallest pair of wall sections 18041e, 18041f can extend beyond the height of the outer rim 18034, as shown in FIGS. 16B and 16C. The number of wall section pairs (three) desirably equals the number of planes of symmetry (three) of the overall shape (see FIG. 16A) of the adjustable sole portion 18010. As explained in more detail below, a triangular adjustable sole portion 18010 can be installed into a corresponding triangular recessed cavity 18014 in three different orientations, each of which aligns one of the pairs of wall sections 18041 with mating surfaces on the sole portion 18010 to adjust the sole angle.

(183) The adjustable sole portion 18010 can also include any number ribs 18044, as shown in FIG. 16E, to add structural rigidity. Such increased rigidity is desirable because, when installed in the body 18002, the bottom wall 18012 and parts of the outer rim 18034 can protrude below the surrounding portions of the sole 18022 and therefore can take the brunt of impacts of the club head 18000 against the ground or other surfaces. Furthermore, because the bottom wall 18012 and outer rim 18034 of the adjustable sole portion 18010 are desirably made of thin-walled material to reduce weight, adding structural ribs is a weight-efficient means of increasing rigidity and durability.

(184) The triangular embodiment of the adjustable sole portion 18010 shown in FIG. 16E includes three pairs of ribs 18044 extending from the circular wall 18040 radially outwardly toward the outer rim 18034. The ribs 18044 desirably are angularly spaced around the center wall 18040 in equal intervals. The ribs 18044 can be attached to the lower portion of the circular wall 18040 and taper in height as they extend outward along the upper/inner surface of the bottom wall 18012 toward the outer wall 18034. As shown, each rib can comprise first and second sections 18044a, 18044b that extent from a common apex at the circular wall 18040 to separate locations on the outer wall 18034. In alternative embodiments, a greater or fewer number of ribs 18044 can be used (e.g., greater or fewer than three ribs 18044).

(185) As shown in FIG. 15A-C, the recessed cavity 18014 in the sole 18022 of the body 18002 can be shaped to fittingly receive the adjustable sole portion 18010. The cavity 18014 can include a cavity side wall 18050, an upper surface 18052, and a raised platform, or projection, 18054 extending down from the upper surface 18052. The cavity wall 18050 can be substantially vertical to match the outer rim 18034 of the adjustable sole portion 18010 and can extend from the sole 18022 up to the upper surface 18052. The upper surface 18052 can be substantially flat and proportional in shape to the bottom wall 18012 of the adjustable sole portion 18010. As best shown in FIG. 14, the cavity side wall 18050 and upper surface 18052 can define a triangular void that is shaped to receive the sole portion 18010. In alternative embodiments, the cavity 18014 can be replaced with an outer triangular channel for receiving the outer rim 18034 and a separate inner cavity to receive the wall sections 18041. The cavity 18014 can have various other shapes, but desirably is shaped to correspond to the shape of the sole portion 18010. For example, if the sole portion 18010 is square, then the cavity 18014 desirably is square.

(186) As shown in FIG. 15A, the raised platform 18054 can be geometrically centered on the upper surface 18052. The platform 18054 can be bowtie-shaped and include a center post 18056 and two flared projections, or ears, 18058 extending from opposite sides of the center post, as shown in FIG. 15D. The platform 18054 can also be oriented in different rotational positions with respect to the club head body 18002. For example, FIG. 15E shows an embodiment wherein the platform 18054 is rotated 90-degrees compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 15A. The platform can be more or less susceptible to cracking or other damage depending on the rotational position. In particular, durability tests have shown that the platform is less susceptible to cracking in the embodiment shown in FIG. 15E compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 15A.

(187) In other embodiments, the shape of the raised platform 18054 can be rectangular, wherein the center post and the projections collectively form a rectangular block. The projections 18058 can also have parallel sides rather than sides that flare out from the center post. The center post 8056 can include a threaded screw hole 18060 to receive a screw 18016 (see FIG. 17) for securing the sole portion 18010 to the club head. In some embodiments, the center post 18056 is cylindrical, as shown in FIG. 15D. The outer diameter D1 of a cylindrical center post 18056 (FIG. 15D) can be less than the inner diameter D2 of the circular wall 18040 of the adjustable sole portion 18010 (FIG. 16A), such that the center post can rest inside the circular wall when the adjustable sole portion 18010 is installed. In other embodiments, the center post 18056 can be triangular, square, hexagonal, or various other shapes to match the shape of the inner surface of the wall 18040 (e.g., if the inner surface of wall 18040 is non-cylindrical).

(188) The projections 18058 can have a different height than the center post 18056, that is to say that the projections can extend downwardly from the cavity roof 18052 either farther than or not as far as the center post. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the projections and the center post have the same height. FIG. 14 also depicts one pair of projections 18058 extending from opposite sides of the center post 18056. Other embodiments can include a set of three or more projections spaced apart around the center post. Because the embodiment shown in FIG. 14 incorporates a triangular shaped adjustable sole portion 18010 having three pairs of varying height wall sections 18041, the projections 18058 each occupy about one-sixth of the circumferential area around of the center post 18056. In other words, each projection 18058 spans a roughly 60-degree section (see FIG. 15D) to match the wall sections 18041 that also each span a roughly 60-degree section of the circular wall 18040 (see FIG. 16A). The projections 18058 do not need to be exactly the same circumferential width as the wall sections 18041 and can be slightly narrower that the width of the wall sections. The distance from the centerline axis of the screw hole 18060 to the outer edge of the projections 18058 can be at least as great as the inner radius of the circular wall 18040, and desirably is at least as great as the outer radius of the circular wall 18040 to provide a sufficient surface for the ends of the wall sections 8041 to seat upon when the adjustable sole portion 18010 is installed in the body 18002.

(189) A releasable locking mechanism or retaining mechanism desirably is provided to lock or retain the sole portion 18010 in place on the club head at a selected rotational orientation of the sole portion. For example, at least one fastener can extend through the bottom wall 18012 of the adjustable sole portion 18010 and can attach to the recessed cavity 18014 to secure the adjustable sole portion to the body 18002. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the locking mechanism comprises a screw 18016 that extends through the recessed screw hole 18030 in the adjustable sole portion 18010 and into a threaded opening 18060 in the recessed cavity 18014 in the sole 18022 of the body 18002. In other embodiments, more than one screw or another type of fastener can be used to lock the sole portion in place on the club head.

(190) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can be installed into the recessed cavity 18014 by aligning the outer rim 18034 with the cavity wall 18050. As the outer rim 18034 telescopes inside of the cavity wall 18050, the center post 18056 can telescope inside of the circular wall 18040. The matching shapes of the outer rim 18034 and the cavity wall 18050 can align one of the three pairs of wall sections 18041 with the pair of projections 18058. As the adjustable sole portion 18010 continues to telescope into the recessed cavity 18014, one pair of wall sections 18041 will abut the pair of projections 18058, stopping the adjustable sole portion from telescoping any further into the recessed cavity. The cavity wall 18050 can be deep enough to allow the outer rim 18034 to freely telescope into the recessed cavity without abutting the cavity roof 18052, even when the shortest pair of wall sections 18041a, 1041b abuts the projections 18058. While the wall sections 18041 abut the projections 18058, the screw 18016 can be inserted and tightened as described above to secure the components in place. Even with only one screw in the center, as shown in FIG. 13D, the adjustable sole portion 18010 is prevented from rotating by its triangular shape and the snug fit with the similarly shaped cavity wall 18050.

(191) As best shown in FIG. 13C, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can have a bottom surface 18012 that is curved (see also FIG. 16B) to match the curvature of the leading surface portion 18024 of the sole 18022. In addition, the upper surface 18017 of the head of the screw 18016 can be curved (see FIG. 17B) to match the curvature of the bottom surface of the adjustable sole portion 18010 and the leading surface portion 18024 of the sole 18022.

(192) In the illustrated embodiment, both the leading edge surface 18024 and the bottom surface 18012 of the adjustable sole portion 18010 are convex surfaces. In other embodiments, surfaces 18012 and 18024 are not necessarily curved surfaces but they desirably still have the same profile extending in the heel-to-toe direction. In this manner, if the club head 18000 deviates from the grounded address position (e.g., the club is held at a lower or flatter lie angle), the effective face angle of the club head does not change substantially, as further described below. The crown-to-face transition or top-line would stay relatively stable when viewed from the address position as the club is adjusted between the lie ranges described herein. Therefore, the golfer is better able to align the club with the desired direction of the target line.

(193) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13D, the triangular sole portion 18010 has a first corner 18018 located toward the heel 18005 of the club head and a second corner 18020 located near the middle of the sole 18022. A third corner 18019 is located rearward of the screw 18016. In this manner, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can have a length (from corner 18018 to corner 18020) that extends heel-to-toe across the club head less than half the width of the club head at that location of the club head. The adjustable sole portion 18010 is desirably positioned substantially heelward of a line L (see FIG. 13D) that extends rearward from the center of the striking face 18004 such that a majority of the sole portion is located heelward of the line L. Studies have shown that most golfers address the ball with a lie angle between 10 and 20 degrees less than the intended scoreline lie angle of the club head (the lie angle when the club head is in the address position). The length, size, and position of the sole portion 18010 in the illustrated embodiment is selected to support the club head on the ground at the grounded address position or any lie angle between 0 and 20 degrees less than the lie angle at the grounded address position while minimizing the overall size of the sole portion (and therefore, the added mass to the club head). In alternative embodiments, the sole portion 18010 can have a length that is longer or shorter than that of the illustrated embodiment to support the club head at a greater or smaller range of lie angles. For example, in some embodiments, the sole portion 8010 can extend past the middle of the sole 18022 to support the club head at lie angles that are greater than the scoreline lie angle (the lie angle at the grounded address position).

(194) The adjustable sole portion 18010 is furthermore desirably positioned entirely rearward of the center of gravity (CG) of the golf club head, as shown in FIG. 13D. In some embodiments, the golf club head has an adjustable sole portion and a CG with a head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 10 mm and a head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate greater than about 10 mm or less than about 50 mm. In certain embodiments, the club head has a CG with an origin x-axis coordinate between about 5 mm and about 5 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate greater than about 0 mm and an origin z-axis (CG.sub.z) coordinate less than about 0 mm. In one embodiment, the CG.sub.z is less than 2 mm.

(195) The CGy coordinate is located between the leading edge surface portion 18024 that contacts the ground surface and the point where the bottom wall 18012 of the adjustable sole portion 18010 contacts the ground surface (as measured along the head origin-y-axis).

(196) The sole angle of the club head 18000 can be adjusted by changing the distance the adjustable sole portion 18010 extends from the bottom of the body 18002. Adjusting the adjustable sole portion 18010 downwardly increases the sole angle of the club head 18000 while adjusting the sole portion upwardly decreases the sole angle of the club head. This can be done by loosening or removing the screw 18016 and rotating the adjustable sole portion 18010 such that a different pair of wall sections 18041 aligns with the projections 18058, then re-tightening the screw. In a triangular embodiment, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can be rotated to three different discrete positions, with each position aligning a different height pair of wall sections 18041 with the projections 18058. In this manner, the sole portion 18010 can be adjusted to extend three different distances from the bottom of the body 18002, thus creating three different sole angle options.

(197) In particular, the sole portion 18010 extends the shortest distance from the sole 18022 when the projections 18058 are aligned with wall sections 18041a, 18041b; the sole portion 18010 extends an intermediate distance when the projections are aligned with wall sections 18041c, 18041d; and the sole portion extends the farthest distance when the projections 18058 are aligned with wall sections 18041e, 18041f. Similarly, in an embodiment of the adjustable sole portion 18010 having a square shape, it is possible to have four different sole angle options.

(198) In alternative embodiments, the adjustable sole portion 18010 can include more than or fewer than three pairs of wall sections 18041 that enable the adjustable sole portion to be adjusted to extend more than or fewer than three different discrete distances from the bottom of body 18002.

(199) The sole portion 18010 can be adjusted to extend different distances from the bottom of the body 18002, as discussed above, which in turn causes a change in the face angle 10030 of the club. In particular, adjusting the sole portion 18010 such that it extends the shortest distance from the bottom of the body 18002 (e.g., the projections 18058 are aligned with sections 18041a and 18041b) can result in an increased face angle or open the face and adjusting the sole portion such that it extends the farthest distance from the bottom of the body (e.g., the projections are aligned with sections 18041e and 18041f) can result in a decreased face angle or close the face. In particular embodiments, adjusting the sole portion 18010 can change the face angle of the golf club head 18000 about 0.5 to about 12 degrees. Also, the hosel loft angle can also be adjusted to achieve various combinations of square loft, grounded loft, face angle and hosel loft. Additionally, hosel loft can be adjusted while maintaining a desired face angle by adjusting the sole angle accordingly.

(200) It can be appreciated that the non-circular shape of the sole portion 18010 and the recessed cavity 18014 serves to help prevent rotation of the sole portion relative to the recessed cavity and defines the predetermined positions for the sole portion. However, the adjustable sole portion 18010 could have a circular shape (not shown). To prevent a circular outer rim 18034 from rotating within a cavity, one or more notches can be provided on the outer rim 18034 that interact with one or more tabs extending inward from the cavity side wall 18050, or vice versa. In such circular embodiments, the sole portion 18010 can include any number of pairs of wall sections 18041 having different heights. Sufficient notches on the outer rim 18034 can be provided to correspond to each of the different rotational positions that the wall sections 18041 allow for.

(201) In other embodiments having a circular sole portion 18010, the sole portion can be rotated within a cavity in the club head to an infinite number of positions. In one such embodiment, the outer rim of the sole portion and the cavity side wall 18050 can be without notches and the circular wall 18040 can comprise one or more gradually inclining ramp-like wall sections (not shown). The ramp-like wall sections can allow the sole portion 18010 to gradually extend farther from the bottom of the body 18002 as the sole portion is gradually rotated in the direction of the incline such that projections 18058 contact gradually higher portions of the ramp-like wall sections. For example, two ramp-like wall sections, each extending about 180-degrees around the circular wall 18040, can be included, such that the shortest portion of each ramp-like wall section is adjacent to the tallest portion of the other wall section. In such an embodiment having an analog adjustability, the club head can rely on friction from the screw 18016 or other central fastener to prevent the sole portion 18010 from rotating within the recessed cavity 18014 once the position of the sole portion is set.

(202) The adjustable sole portion 18010 can also be removed and replaced with an adjustable sole portion having shorter or taller wall sections 18041 to further add to the adjustability of the sole angle of the club 18000. For example, one triangular sole portion 18010 can include three different but relatively shorter pairs of wall sections 18014, while a second sole portion can include three different but relatively longer pairs of wall sections. In this manner, six different sole angles 12018 can be achieved using the two interchangeable triangular sole portions 18010. In particular embodiments, a set of a plurality of sole portions 18010 can be provided. Each sole portion 18010 is adapted to be used with a club head and has differently configured wall sections 18041 to achieve any number of different sole angles and/or face angles.

(203) In particular embodiments, the combined mass of the screw 18016 and the adjustable sole portion 18010 is between about 2 and about 11 grams, and desirably between about 4.1 and about 4.9 grams. Furthermore, the recessed cavity 18014 and the projection 18054 can add about 1 to about 10 grams of additional mass to the sole 18022 compared to if the sole had a smooth, 0.6 mm thick, titanium wall in the place of the recessed cavity 18014. In total, the golf club head 18000 (including the sole portion 18010) can comprise about 3 to about 21 grams of additional mass compared to if the golf club head had a conventional sole having a smooth, 0.6 mm thick, titanium wall in the place of the recessed cavity 18014, the adjustable sole portion 18010, and the screw 18016.

(204) A club shaft is received within the hosel bore 10124 and, in some embodiments, may be aligned with the centerline axis 10121. In some embodiments, a connection assembly is provided that allows the shaft to be easily disconnected from the club head 10100. In still other embodiments, the connection assembly provides the ability for the user to selectively adjust the loft-angle 10115 and/or lie-angle 10119 of the golf club. For example, in some embodiments, a sleeve is mounted on a lower end portion of the shaft and is configured to be inserted into the hosel bore 10124. The sleeve has an upper portion defining an upper opening that receives the lower end portion of the shaft, and a lower portion having a plurality of longitudinally extending, angularly spaced external splines located below the shaft and adapted to mate with complimentary splines in the hosel opening 10124. The lower portion of the sleeve defines a longitudinally extending, internally threaded opening adapted to receive a screw for securing the shaft assembly to the club head 10100 when the sleeve is inserted into the hosel opening 10124. Further detail concerning the shaft connection assembly is provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0197424, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(205) For example, FIG. 18 shows an embodiment of a golf club assembly that includes a club head 13050 having a hosel 13052 defining a hosel opening 13054, which in turn is adapted to receive a hosel insert 10200. The hosel opening 13054 is also adapted to receive a shaft sleeve 13056 mounted on the lower end portion of a shaft (not shown in FIG. 18) as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0197424. The hosel opening 13054 extends from the hosel 13052 through the club head and opens at the sole, or bottom surface, of the club head. Generally, the club head is removably attached to the shaft by the sleeve 13056 (which is mounted to the lower end portion of the shaft) by inserting the sleeve 13056 into the hosel opening 13054 and the hosel insert 10200 (which is mounted inside the hosel opening 13054), and inserting a screw 10400 upwardly through an opening in the sole and tightening the screw into a threaded opening of the sleeve, thereby securing the club head to the sleeve 13056.

(206) The shaft sleeve 13056 has a lower portion 13058 including splines that mate with mating splines of the hosel insert 10200, an intermediate portion 13060 and an upper head portion 13062. The intermediate portion 13060 and the head portion 13062 define an internal bore 13064 for receiving the tip end portion of the shaft. In the illustrated embodiment, the intermediate portion 13060 of the shaft sleeve has a cylindrical external surface that is concentric with the inner cylindrical surface of the hosel opening 13054. In this manner, the lower and intermediate portions 13058, 13060 of the shaft sleeve and the hosel opening 13054 define a longitudinal axis B. The bore 13064 in the shaft sleeve defines a longitudinal axis A to support the shaft along axis A, which is offset from axis B by a predetermined angle 13066 determined by the bore 13064. As described in more detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0197424, inserting the shaft sleeve 13056 at different angular positions relative to the hosel insert 10200 is effective to adjust the shaft loft and/or the lie angle.

(207) In the embodiment shown, because the intermediate portion 13060 is concentric with the hosel opening 13054, the outer surface of the intermediate portion 13060 can contact the adjacent surface of the hosel opening, as depicted in FIG. 18. This allows easier alignment of the mating features of the assembly during installation of the shaft and further improves the manufacturing process and efficiency. FIGS. 19 and 20 are enlarged views of the shaft sleeve 13056. As shown, the head portion 13062 of the shaft sleeve (which extends above the hosel 13052) can be angled relative to the intermediate portion 13060 by the angle 13066 so that the shaft and the head portion 13062 are both aligned along axis A. In alternative embodiments, the head portion 13062 can be aligned along axis B so that it is parallel to the intermediate portion 13060 and the lower portion 13058.

(208) H. Club Head Volume and Mass

(209) Embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads disclosed herein can have a variety of different volumes. For example, certain embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads are for drivers and have a club head volume of between 250 and 460 cm.sup.3 and a club head mass of between 180 and 210 grams. Other embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads have a volume larger than 460 cm.sup.3 and/or have a mass of greater than 210 g. If such a club head is desired, it can be constructed as described above by enlarging the size of the strike plate and the outer shell of the golf club head.

(210) II. Golf Club Head Crown Construction

(211) Discretionary mass generally refers to the mass of material that can be removed from various structures providing mass. In some cases, the mass is removed for the purpose of reducing overall club mass to allow for higher club head speeds. In other cases, the removed mass can be distributed elsewhere to other structures within the golf club head to achieve desired mass properties, or to allow for the addition of adjustability features which typically add mass to the club head.

(212) Club head walls provide one source of discretionary mass. A reduction in wall thickness reduces the wall mass and provides mass that can be distributed elsewhere. For example, in some current golf club heads, one or more walls of the club head can have a thickness less than approximately 0.7 mm. In some examples, the crown 10112 can have a thickness of approximately 0.65 mm throughout at least a majority of the crown. In addition, the skirt 10116 can have a similar thickness, whereas the sole 10114 can have a greater thickness (e.g., more than approximately 1.0 mm). Thin walls, particularly a thin crown 10112, provide significant discretionary mass. To achieve a thin wall on the club head body 10110, such as a thin crown 10112, club head bodies 10110 have been formed from alloys of steel, titanium, aluminum, or other metallic materials. In other examples, the thin walls of the club head body are formed of a non-metallic material, such as a composite material, ceramic material, thermoplastic, or any combination thereof.

(213) Club head durability and manufacturability (e.g., ability to cast thin walls) present limits on the ability of club head designers and club head manufacturers to achieve mass savings from the use of thin wall construction for the crown portion 10112 of golf club heads. Several embodiments of club head crown construction described herein are able to achieve such savings while maintaining suitable durability and manufacturability.

(214) Turning to FIGS. 7A-B, 8A-B, and 9, several embodiments of golf club head crown portions are shown. Each of the illustrated embodiments includes a club head crown having a lattice-like structure having thin regions that are surrounded by and strengthened by a web of relatively thicker regions. The resulting crown designs provide mass savings for the club head while maintaining suitable durability and manufacturability.

(215) For example, FIGS. 7A-B show a golf club head 10700 including a hollow body 10710 defining a crown portion 10712, a sole portion 10714, a skirt portion 10716, and a ball striking club face 10718. The body 10710 further includes a hosel 10720, which defines a hosel bore 10724 adapted to receive a golf club shaft. The body 10710 further includes a heel portion 10726, a toe portion 10728, a front portion 10730, and a rear portion 10732. The body 10710 is preferably formed of a titanium alloy. In other embodiments, the body 10710 is formed of other materials, such as a steel alloy, an aluminum alloy, a composite material, or another of the materials described herein.

(216) The crown 10712 of the illustrated embodiment includes a forward crown portion 10736 and a rearward crown portion 10738. The rearward crown portion 10738 is defined by the presence of a lattice-like structure 10740 that includes a plurality of thin regions 10742 that are surrounded by a web of relatively thicker regions 10744. The forward crown portion 10736 extends between the striking face 10718 at the front portion 10730 of the club head and the rearward crown portion 10738 toward the rear portion 10732 of the club head. The rearward crown portion 10738 extends between the forward crown portion 10736 and the rear portion 10732 of the club head. In the embodiment shown, each of the forward crown portion 10736 and the rearward crown portion 10738 extends substantially over the full width of the crown 10712 from the heel portion 10726 to the toe portion 10728. In alternative embodiments, either or both of the forward crown portion 10736 and rearward crown portion 10738 may extend over only a portion of the full toe-to-heel width of the crown 10712.

(217) In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A-B, the thin regions 10742 of the lattice-like structure 10740 each have an elliptical shape defining a major axis a and a minor axis b. In these embodiments, the length of the major axis a is from about 12 mm to about 26 mm, such as from about 15 mm to about 23 mm, or about 17 mm to about 21 mm, and the length of the minor axis b is from about 3 mm to about 13 mm, such as from about 5 mm to about 11 mm, or from about 6.5 mm to about 9.5 mm. Alternative embodiments include thin regions 10742 having larger elliptical shapes, smaller elliptical shapes, or shapes other than elliptical. For example, in some embodiments, the thin regions 10742 have a rectangular, oval, or other regular or irregular elongated shape having a length dimension and a width dimension, with the length dimension being from about 12 mm to about 26 mm, such as from about 15 mm to about 23 mm, or about 17 mm to about 21 mm, and the width dimension being from about 3 mm to about 13 mm, such as from about 5 mm to about 11 mm, or from about 6.5 mm to about 9.5 mm.

(218) In the embodiment shown, at least a portion of the thin regions 10742and preferably all of the thin regions 10742are arranged such that the major axes a of substantially all of the thin regions 10742 are generally aligned with or parallel to one another, and the minor axes b of substantially all of the thin regions 10742 are generally aligned with or parallel to one another. The resulting matrix of thin regions 10742 includes thin regions 10742 that are aligned along their major axes a in a plurality of substantially parallel rows 10752. Within each row 10752, a first end of each thin region 10742 is spaced from a second end of an adjacent thin region 10742 by a substantially uniform minimum distance c. Adjacent rows 10752 of thin regions include thin regions 10742 that are staggered relative to each other such that the minor axis b of each thin region 10742 is substantially aligned with the thick region 10744 extending between a pair of adjacent thin regions in the adjacent rows 10752 on either side of the thin region 10742. Moreover, the minor axis b of each thin region 10742 is substantially nested within the spacing created by a pair of thin regions 10742 in adjacent rows 10752, such that the distance between adjacent rows 10752 is less than the length of the minor axes b of the thin regions 10742 included in the adjacent rows 10752. As a result, the thick regions 10744 define a non-linear path between adjacent rows 10752 of thin regions.

(219) The thin regions 10742 in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A-B have a thickness of from about 0.3 mm to about 0.6 mm, such as from about 0.35 mm to about 0.5 mm, or about 0.4 mm. The thick regions 10744 in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A-B have a thickness of from about 0.5 mm to about 0.8 mm, such as from about 0.55 mm to about 0.7 mm, or about 0.6 mm. There is a thickness differential between the thin regions and the thick regions in the lattice-like structure. In some embodiments, the thickness differential is at least 0.05 mm, such as at least 0.1 mm, such as at least 0.15 mm. The foregoing thicknesses refer to the components of the golf club head 10710 after all manufacturing steps have been taken, including construction (e.g., casting, stamping, welding, brazing, etc.), finishing (e.g., polishing, etc.), and any other steps.

(220) The forward crown portion 10736 of the golf club head 10710 may be constructed to have a relatively greater thickness than either the thin regions 10742 or thick regions 10744 of the lattice-like structure 10740 in order to provide greater durability to the golf club head. For example, in some embodiments, the forward crown portion 10736 has a thickness of from about 0.6 to about 1.0 mm, such as from about 0.7 to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.8 mm. In other embodiments, the forward crown portion 10736 has a thickness that is substantially the same as the thickness of the thick regions 10744 of the lattice-like structure 10740.

(221) As noted previously, the golf club head 10700 may be constructed by techniques such as molding, cold forming, casting, and/or forging. Alternatively, any one or more of the crown 10712, sole 10714, skirt 10716, or ball striking club face 10718 can be attached to the other components by known means (e.g., adhesive bonding, welding, and the like). In one embodiment, the crown 10712, sole 10714, skirt 10716, and hosel 10720 are formed by a casting process, and the club face 10718 is subsequently attached via welding in a separate process. In another embodiment, the crown 10712 is formed separately from the other components of the golf club head 10700, such as by stamping, forging, or casting, and the crown 10712 is subsequently attached to the other components via welding in a separate process.

(222) In some embodiments, the crown 10712 is formed by initially casting the crown having a uniform thickness (e.g., no thin regions 10742 or thick regions 10744). Instead, a plurality of protrusions are formed extending on the external surface of the crown 10712. The protrusions define a pattern corresponding with the thin regions 10742 ultimately to be included on the internal surface of the crown 10712. These protrusions are then removed from the exterior surface of the crown 10712 via a polishing procedure to achieve a smooth external crown surface, leaving the lattice-like structure 10740 formed on the interior surface of the crown 10712.

(223) Turning next to FIGS. 8A-B, an alternative embodiment of a lattice-like structure 10840 formed on the interior surface of a golf club head crown portion 10812 is shown. A golf club head 10800 includes a hollow body 10810 defining a crown portion 10812, a sole portion 10814, a skirt portion 10816, and a ball striking club face 10818. The body 10810 further includes a hosel 10820, which defines a hosel bore 10824 adapted to receive a golf club shaft. The body 10810 further includes a heel portion 10826, a toe portion 10828, a front portion 10830, and a rear portion 10832. The body 10810 is preferably formed of a titanium alloy. In other embodiments, the body 10810 is formed of other materials, such as a steel alloy, an aluminum alloy, a composite material, or another of the materials described herein.

(224) The crown 10812 of the illustrated embodiment includes a forward crown portion 10836 and a rearward crown portion 10838. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A-B, the lattice-like structure 10840 includes a first plurality of thin regions 10842 each having an elliptical shape defining a major axis a and a minor axis b. In these embodiments, the length of the major axis a is from about 12 mm to about 26 mm, such as from about 15 mm to about 23 mm, or about 17 mm to about 21 mm, and the length of the minor axis b is from about 3 mm to about 13 mm, such as from about 5 mm to about 11 mm, or from about 6.5 mm to about 9.5 mm. Alternative embodiments include thin regions 10842 having larger elliptical shapes, smaller elliptical shapes, or shapes other than elliptical.

(225) The embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A-B also includes a second plurality of thin regions 10846 occupying the rearward-most portion of the crown 10812. Each of the second plurality of thin regions 10846 is larger (in surface area) than each of the first plurality of thin regions 10842. In the embodiment shown, each of the second plurality of thin regions 10846 is non-elliptical in shape.

(226) In the embodiment shown, at least a portion of the first plurality of thin regions 10842and preferably all of the first plurality of thin regions 10842are arranged such that the major axes a of substantially all of the thin regions 10842 are generally aligned with or parallel to one another, and the minor axes b of substantially all of the thin regions 10842 are generally aligned with or parallel to one another. The resulting matrix of thin regions 10842 includes thin regions 10842 that are aligned along their minor axes b in a plurality of substantially parallel rows 10852. Within each row 10852, a first side of each thin region 10842 is spaced from a second side of an adjacent thin region 10842 by a substantially uniform minimum distance c. Adjacent rows 10852 of thin regions include thin regions 10842 that are staggered relative to each other such that the major axis a of each thin region 10842 is substantially aligned with the thick region 10844 extending between a pair of adjacent thin regions in the adjacent rows 10852 on either side of the thin region 10842. Moreover, the major axis a of each thin region 10842 is substantially nested within the spacing created by a pair of thin regions 10842 in adjacent rows 10852, such that the distance between adjacent rows 10852 is less than the length of the major axes a of the thin regions 10842 included in the adjacent rows 10852. As a result, the thick regions 10844 define a non-linear path between adjacent rows 10852 of thin regions.

(227) The thin regions 10842 and 10846 in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A-B have a thickness of from about 0.3 mm to about 0.6 mm, such as from about 0.35 mm to about 0.5 mm, or about 0.4 mm. The thick regions 10844 in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A-B have a thickness of from about 0.5 mm to about 0.8 mm, such as from about 0.55 mm to about 0.7 mm, or about 0.6 mm. There is a thickness differential between the thin regions and the thick regions in the lattice-like structure. In some embodiments, the thickness differential is at least 0.05 mm, such as at least 0.1 mm, such as at least 0.15 mm. The foregoing thicknesses refer to the components of the golf club head 10810 after all manufacturing steps have been taken, including construction (e.g., casting, stamping, welding, brazing, etc.), finishing (e.g., polishing, etc.), and any other steps.

(228) The forward crown portion 10836 of the golf club head 10810 may be constructed to have a relatively greater thickness than either the thin regions 10842, 10846 or thick regions 10844 of the lattice-like structure 10840 in order to provide greater durability to the golf club head. For example, in some embodiments, the forward crown portion 10836 has a thickness of from about 0.6 to about 1.0 mm, such as from about 0.7 to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.8 mm. In other embodiments, the forward crown portion 836 has a thickness that is substantially the same as the thickness of the thick regions 10844 of the lattice-like structure 10840.

(229) In FIG. 9, another alternative embodiment of a lattice-like structure 10940 formed on the interior surface of a golf club head crown portion 10912 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the lattice-like structure 10940 in the rearward crown portion 10938 includes a plurality of hexagonally-shaped thin regions 10942 that are surrounded by a web of relatively thicker regions 10944.

(230) Depending upon the volume of the golf club head and the materials used in the crown portion, mass savings achieved by the foregoing crown portion designs may be greater than about 2 g, such as greater than about 4 g, or greater than about 6 g. The mass savings are in comparison to a crown having a constant thickness that is substantially the same as the thick regions of the lattice-like structures of the golf club head crown portions described above in relation to FIGS. 7A-B, 8A-B, and 9. In addition, durability testing was conducted by comparing the durability of golf club heads having a constant thickness crown (corresponding to the thickness of the thicker web regions 10744) to golf club heads having a crown with a lattice-like structure such as the embodiments shown in and described with reference to FIGS. 7A-B above. The inventive golf club heads were found to have durability that was well within an acceptable range for normal use.

(231) Exemplary golf club heads were constructed having a crown portion 10712 that included the lattice-like structure shown in FIGS. 7A-B. The exemplary golf club heads are described by reference to the information included in Table 1:

(232) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Body material SS Ti alloy Ti alloy Thin region thickness 0.45 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm Thick region thickness 0.6 mm 0.6 mm 0.6 mm Thin region surface area 3470 mm.sup.2 4208 mm.sup.2 5318 mm.sup.2 (internal crown surface) Crown surface area 7081 mm.sup.2 9661 mm.sup.2 11790 mm.sup.2 (external crown surface) Ratio of thin region surface 0.49 0.44 0.45 area (internal) to crown surface area (external) Mass savings from thin 4.1 gm 1.9 gm 2.4 gm regions

(233) The thin region surface area data presented in Table 1 represents the cumulative surface area of the thin regions 10742 on the internal surface of the crown 10712 of each of the exemplary golf club heads. The crown surface area data represents the total surface area of the external surface of the crown 10712. The mass savings from thin regions is the mass of the material that is effectively removed from the crown by the provision of the thin regions 10742. The mass savings is determined by multiplying the cumulative thin region surface area by the depth of the thin regions to obtain a cumulative thin region volume, which is then multiplied by the crown material density to obtain a mass savings.

(234) The data in Table 1 shows that the inventive golf club heads described herein include a very large portion of the crown 712 that is occupied by thin regions of a lattice-like structure. More particularly, the inventive golf club heads achieve a ratio of thin region internal surface area to crown external surface area of between 0.40 to 0.55, such as between 0.40 to 0.50, such as between 0.44 to 0.50.

(235) III. Golf Club Head Stiffening Members

(236) Thin walled golf club heads, particularly wood-type golf club heads, can produce an undesirably low frequency sound (e.g., less than about 3,000 Hz) when striking a golf ball. In order to stiffen the club head structure, and to thereby increase the frequency of the sound vibrations produced by the golf club head, one or more stiffening members (e.g., stiffening tubes) may be attached (e.g., via welding) to the interior of the body of the club head.

(237) Described below are several embodiments of golf club heads having one or more stiffening members mounted within an interior cavity of the club head. The one or more stiffening members can be positioned anywhere within the interior cavity. In particular embodiments, the golf club head has an unsupported area, e.g., a pocket, depression, or concave portion, on an external portion of the club head. In specific implementations, the one or more stiffening members connect with and/or extend at least partially along or within the unsupported area to improve properties, such as acoustical characteristics, of the golf club head upon impacting a golf ball.

(238) Referring to FIGS. 10A-B, and according to one particular embodiment, a wood-type golf club head 11000 is shown. The golf club head 11000 includes a hollow body 11010 defining a crown portion 11012, a sole portion 11014, a skirt portion 11016, and a ball striking club face 11018. The ball striking club face 11018 can be integrally formed with the body 11010 or attached to the body. The body 11010 further includes a hosel 11020, which defines a hosel bore 11024 adapted to receive a golf club shaft. The body 11010 further includes a heel portion 11026, a toe portion 11028, a front portion 11030, and a rear portion 11032.

(239) The crown 11012, sole 11014, and skirt 11016 can have any of various shapes and contours. In the specific embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A-B, the crown 11012 and skirt 11016 have generally rounded, convex profiles. The sole 11014 is generally convex in shape, but includes a plurality of steps 11062 that create localized concave portions within the interior cavity of the club head 11000. As used herein, a convex portion is defined as a portion of the golf club head body having an external surface that curves, bulges, or otherwise projects generally outward away from the interior portion of the body. Likewise, a concave portion can be defined as a portion of the golf club head body having an external surface that curves, bulges or otherwise projects generally inward toward the interior portion of the body.

(240) In some embodiments, the club head body 11010 is thin-walled. For example, the crown portion 11012 and skirt portion 11016 each may have an average thickness of from about 0.6 mm to about 1.0 mm, such as from about 0.65 mm to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.7 mm to about 0.8 mm. The sole portion 11014 may have an average thickness of from about 0.8 mm to about 1.8 mm, such as from about 1.0 mm to about 1.6 mm, or about 1.0 mm to about 1.4 mm. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A-B, the club head body 11010 is constructed by forming at least the crown portion 11012, sole portion 11014, and club face 11018 as separate components that are welded or brazed together. The crown portion 11012 and sole portion 11014 may be formed by casting, stamping, forging, or other processes known to those skilled in the art. In other, alternative embodiments, the club head body 11010 is constructed by casting at least the crown portion 11012, sole portion 11014, and skirt portion 11016 together and subsequently attaching a club striking face 11018 via a welding or adhesive process.

(241) The golf club head 11000 includes one or more stiffening members, such as stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, 11074. As used herein, a stiffening member is defined generally as a structure having any of various shapes and sizes projecting or extending from any portion of the golf club head to provide structural support to, improved performance of, and/or acoustical enhancement of the golf club head. Stiffening members can be co-formed with, coupled to, secured to, or attached to, the golf club head. In more specific implementations, a stiffening tube includes a tubular, thin-walled structure which may be solid or may be hollow. In other embodiments, the stiffening tube has a conical, I-beam, or other cross-sectional shape that promotes stiffness. The stiffening tubes may be formed of a metallic alloy (e.g., titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, steel alloy), a polymer-fiber composite material, or other material providing an appropriate combination of stiffness and light weight.

(242) In the illustrated embodiment, the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 comprise tubes formed of a titanium alloy and having an outer diameter of from about 2 mm to about 7 mm, such as from about 3 mm to about 6 mm, or about 4 mm to about 5 mm. The illustrated stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 have a wall thickness of from about 0.25 mm to about 2.5 mm, such as from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, or from about 0.4 mm to about 1.0 mm, or about 0.5 mm.

(243) In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A-B, a first stiffening tube 11071 and a second stiffening tube 11072 each extend between and are attached to each of the sole 11014 and the crown 11012. The first stiffening tube 11071 is attached to the sole 11014 adjacent to a step 11062 formed in the sole. The first stiffening tube 11071 extends generally upward from the sole 11014 at a slight angle away from vertical toward the heel side 11026 of the club head. The second stiffening tube 11072 is attached to the sole 11014 at the step 11062 and toward the heel side 11026 relative to the first stiffening tube 11071. The second stiffening tube 11072 extends generally upward from the sole 11014 at a larger angle away from vertical toward the heel side 11026 of the golf club head relative to the angle of the first stiffening tube 11071. A third stiffening tube 11073 is attached at a first end to the sole 11014 and at a second end to the second stiffening tube 11072 near its midpoint. A fourth stiffening tube 11074 is attached at a first end to the step 11062 formed on the sole 11014 and near the toe portion 11028, and at a second end to the skirt at the toe portion 11028.

(244) Referring to FIGS. 11A-B, another embodiment of a wood-type golf club head 1100 is shown. The golf club head 11100 includes a hollow body 11110 defining a crown portion 11112, a sole portion 11114, a skirt portion 11116, and a ball striking club face 11118. The ball striking club face 11118 can be integrally formed with the body 11110 or attached to the body. The body 11110 further includes a hosel 11120, which defines a hosel bore 11124 adapted to receive a golf club shaft. The body 11110 further includes a heel portion 11126, a toe portion 11128, a front portion 11130, and a rear portion 11132.

(245) In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 11A-B, each of a first stiffening tube 11171, a second stiffening tube 11172, a third stiffening tube 11173, and a fourth stiffening tube 11174 is attached at a first end to the sole 11114 of the golf club head and at a second end to the crown 11112 of the golf club head. The four stiffening tubes 11171, 11172, 11173, and 11174 are generally aligned near the rear portion 11132 of the golf club head extending substantially from the rear heel side 11126 to the rear toe side 11128 of the club head.

(246) The components of the club head 11100 and the stiffening tubes 11171, 11172, 11173, and 11174 of the FIGS. 11A-B embodiment may be constructed of the same or similar materials and have generally the same or similar sizes and shapes as the corresponding components of the club head 11000 and the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A-B and described above.

(247) Yet another embodiment of a golf club 11200 head is shown in FIGS. 12A-B, in which a single stiffening tube 11271 extends between the crown portion 11212 and sole portion 11214 of the club head. The stiffening tube 11271 is preferably formed of a polymer-fiber composite material. In the embodiment shown, the stiffening tube 11271 is attached to the sole 11214 such that a base portion of the stiffening tube 11271 surrounds a port adapted to attach an adjustable sole portion such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0312347, which was incorporated by reference above.

(248) In some embodiments of the golf club head 11000 shown and described above in relation to FIGS. 10A-B, the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 are attached to the crown 11012 and sole 11014 via a welding procedure. For example, in some embodiments in which the crown 11012 and sole 11014 are formed as separate components, the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 are welded to their respective locations on the sole 11014 component prior to joining the crown 11012 to the sole 11014. In some of these embodiments, the crown 11012 is provided with a hole at each location in which one of the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 is to be attached to the crown 11012. The hole(s) are slightly larger than the cross-sectional dimension of the end(s) of the stiffening tube(s) 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074, such that the ends of each of the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 extend a short distance through the respective hole in the crown 11012 when the crown 11012 is joined to the sole 11014, such as via welding or brazing. After the crown 11012 is attached to the sole 11014 and/or other portions of the club head body 11010, the ends of each of the stiffening tubes 11071, 11072, 11073, and 11074 are welded to the crown 11012 from the exterior of the club head body 11010. After welding, the club head body 11010 is polished and otherwise finished to remove any remnants of the welding process and to render the exterior surface of the crown 11012 smooth.

(249) In other embodiments, such as the golf club head 11100 illustrated in FIGS. 11A-B and the golf club head 11200 illustrated in FIGS. 12A-B, one or both ends of each of the stiffening tubes 11171, 11172, 11173, 11174, and/or 11271 are attached to the crown 11112, 11212 and/or the sole 11114, 11214 via one or more attachment brackets 11176, 11276. The attachment brackets 11176, 11276 may be attached to the crown 11112, 11212 and/or the sole 11114, 11214 via welding, adhesive, or other process. In some embodiments, the brackets 11176, 11276 include a slot by which a stiffening tube 11171, 11172, 11173, 11174, and/or 11271 may slide into engagement with the bracket 11176, 11276.

(250) In some of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 10A-B, 11A-B, and 12A-B, the stiffening tubes are attached to the sole, crown, or other portion of the golf club head (or to another stiffening tube) such that the stiffening tubes are not under a compression or tension load when the golf club head is not in use. In other words, the stiffening tubes have supporting dimensions (e.g., lengths) that are the same as the corresponding dimensions of the interior of the club head body to which the stiffening tubes are attached so that those dimensions would not substantially change (when the golf club head is not in use) even if the supporting tubes were removed from the structure.

(251) The stiffening tubes of the present disclosure are lightweight and compact. By way of example only, in specific implementations, the combined mass of the stiffening tubes of the golf club head embodiments shown and described above in relation to FIGS. 10A-B and 11A-B can be approximately 8 grams or less, such as 6 grams or less. Of course, in other implementations, the particular dimensions of the ribs may vary, and optimal dimensions and combined mass may be different for different head designs.

(252) Preferably, the overall frequency of the golf club head, e.g., the average of the first mode frequencies of the crown, sole and skirt portions of the golf club head, generated upon impact with a golf ball is greater than 3,000 Hz. Frequencies above 3,000 Hz provide a user of the golf club with an enhanced feel and satisfactory auditory feedback. However, a golf club head having a larger volume and/or having relatively thin walls can reduce the first mode vibration frequencies to undesirable levels. The addition of the stiffening tubes described herein can significantly increase the first mode vibration frequencies, thus allowing the first mode frequencies to approach a more desirable level and improving the feel of the golf club to a user.

(253) For example, golf club head designs were modeled using commercially available computer aided modeling and meshing software, such as Pro/Engineer by Parametric Technology Corporation for modeling and Hypermesh by Altair Engineering for meshing. The golf club head designs were analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) software, such as the finite element analysis features available with many commercially available computer aided design and modeling software programs, or stand-alone FEA software, such as the ABAQUS software suite by ABAQUS, Inc.

(254) The golf club head design was made of titanium and shaped similar to the head shown in FIGS. 11A-B, except that several iterations were run in which the golf club head had different combinations of the stiffening tubes 11171, 11172, 11173, and 11174 present or absent. Referring to Table 2 below, the predicted first or normal mode frequency of the golf club head, i.e., the frequency at which the head will oscillate when the golf club head impacts a golf ball, was obtained using FEA software for the various golf club head designs and is shown. The club head mass for each of the designs is also listed in Table 2.

(255) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Description First Mode Mass No stiffening tubes 2247 Hz 181.1 g Stiffening tube 1172 only 2801 Hz 183.2 g Stiffening tubes 1172 and 1173 2977 Hz 184.2 g Stiffening tubes 1171 and 1173 2896 Hz 183.9 g Stiffening tubes 1173 and 1174 2723 Hz 184.5 g Stiffening tubes 1171 and 1172 2816 Hz 183.8 g Stiffening tubes 1172 and 1174 3027 Hz 184.4 g Stiffening tubes 1171 and 1174 2573 Hz 184.1 g Stiffening tubes 1171, 1172, and 1173 3020 Hz 184.7 g Stiffening tubes 1171, 1173, and 1174 3315 Hz 185.1 g Stiffening tubes 1171, 1172, 1173, and 1174 3435 Hz 185.9 g

(256) As shown in Table 2, the predicted first mode frequency of the golf club head without any stiffening tubes is well below the preferred lower limit of 3,000 Hz. By adding stiffening tubes in the manner shown, the predicted first mode frequency of the golf club head can be increased into a more desirable frequency range. Based on the results of the analysis, the impact of having stiffening tubes attached to the interior surfaces of a golf club head on the first mode frequency is quite significant.

(257) Now turning attention to FIGS. 21A-109, and referring first to FIGS. 21A-21D, there is shown characteristic angles of golf clubs by way of reference to a golf club head 300 having a removable shaft 50, according to one embodiment. The club head 300 comprises a centerface, or striking face, 310, scorelines 320, a hosel 330 having a hosel opening 340, and a sole 350. The hosel 330 has a hosel longitudinal axis 60 and the shaft 50 has a shaft longitudinal axis. In the illustrated embodiment, the ideal impact location 312 of the golf club head 300 is disposed at the geometric center of the striking surface 310 (see FIG. 21A). The ideal impact location 312 is typically defined as the intersection of the midpoints of a height (Hss) and width (Wss) of the striking surface 310.

(258) Both Hss and Wss are determined using the striking face curve (Sss). The striking face curve is bounded on its periphery by all points where the face transitions from a substantially uniform bulge radius (face heel-to-toe radius of curvature) and a substantially uniform roll radius (face crown-to-sole radius of curvature) to the body (see e.g., FIG. 21). In the illustrated example, Hss is the distance from the periphery proximate the sole portion of Sss to the periphery proximate the crown portion of Sss measured in a vertical plane (perpendicular to ground) that extends through the geometric center of the face. Similarly, Wss is the distance from the periphery proximate the heel portion of Sss to the periphery proximate the toe portion of Sss measured in a horizontal plane (e.g., substantially parallel to ground) that extends through the geometric center of the face. See USGA Procedure for Measuring the Flexibility of a Golf Clubhead, Revision 2.0 for the methodology to measure the geometric center of the striking face.

(259) As shown in FIG. 21A, a lie angle 10 (also referred to as the scoreline lie angle) is defined as the angle between the hosel longitudinal axis 60 and a playing surface 70 when the club is in the grounded address position. The grounded address position is defined as the resting position of the head on the playing surface when the shaft is supported at the grip (free to rotate about its axis) and the shaft is held at an angle to the ground such that the scorelines 320 are horizontal (if the club does not have scorelines, then the lie shall be set at 60-degrees). The centerface target line vector is defined as a horizontal vector which is perpendicular to the shaft when the club is in the address position and points outward from the centerface point. The target line plane is defined as a vertical plane which contains the centerface target line vector. The square face address position is defined as the head position when the sole is lifted off the ground, and the shaft is held (both positionally and rotationally) such that the scorelines are horizontal and the centerface normal vector completely lies in the target line plane (if the head has no scorelines, then the shaft shall be held at 60-degrees relative to ground and then the head rotated about the shaft axis until the centerface normal vector completely lies in the target line plane). The actual, or measured, lie angle can be defined as the angle 10 between the hosel longitudinal axis 60 and the playing surface 70, whether or not the club is held in the grounded address position with the scorelines horizontal. Studies have shown that most golfers address the ball with actual lie angle that is 10 to 20 degrees less than the intended scoreline lie angle 10 of the club. The studies have also shown that for most golfers the actual lie angle at impact is between 0 and 10 degrees less than the intended scoreline lie angle 10 of the club.

(260) As shown in FIG. 21B, a loft angle 20 of the club head (referred to as square loft) is defined as the angle between the centerface normal vector and the ground plane when the head is in the square face address position. As shown in FIG. 21D, a hosel loft angle 72 is defined as the angle between the hosel longitudinal axis 60 projected onto the target line plane and a plane 74 that is tangent to the center of the centerface. The shaft loft angle is the angle between plane 74 and the longitudinal axis of the shaft 50 projected onto the target line plane. The grounded loft 80 of the club head is the vertical angle of the centerface normal vector when the club is in the grounded address position (i.e., when the sole 350 is resting on the ground), or stated differently, the angle between the plane 74 of the centerface and a vertical plane when the club is in the grounded address position.

(261) As shown in FIG. 21C, a face angle 30 is defined by the horizontal component of the centerface normal vector and a vertical plane (target line plane) that is normal to the vertical plane which contains the shaft longitudinal axis when the shaft 50 is in the correct lie (i.e., typically 60 degrees+/5 degrees) and the sole 350 is resting on the playing surface 70 (the club is in the grounded address position).

(262) The lie angle 10 and/or the shaft loft can be modified by adjusting the position of the shaft 50 relative to the club head. Traditionally, adjusting the position of the shaft has been accomplished by bending the shaft and the hosel relative to the club head. As shown in FIG. 21A, the lie angle 10 can be increased by bending the shaft and the hosel inward toward the club head 300, as depicted by shaft longitudinal axis 64. The lie angle 10 can be decreased by bending the shaft and the hosel outward from the club head 300, as depicted by shaft longitudinal axis 62. As shown in FIG. 21C, bending the shaft and the hosel forward toward the striking face 310, as depicted by shaft longitudinal axis 66, increases the shaft loft. Bending the shaft and the hosel rearward toward the rear of the club head, as depicted by shaft longitudinal axis 68, decreases the shaft loft. It should be noted that in a conventional club the shaft loft typically is the same as the hosel loft because both the shaft and the hosel are bent relative to the club head. In certain embodiments disclosed herein, the position of the shaft can be adjusted relative to the hosel to adjust shaft loft. In such cases, the shaft loft of the club is adjusted while the hosel loft is unchanged.

(263) Adjusting the shaft loft is effective to adjust the square loft of the club by the same amount. Similarly, when shaft loft is adjusted and the club head is placed in the address position, the face angle of the club head increases or decreases in proportion to the change in shaft loft. Hence, shaft loft is adjusted to effect changes in square loft and face angle. In addition, the shaft and the hosel can be bent to adjust the lie angle and the shaft loft (and therefore the square loft and the face angle) by bending the shaft and the hosel in a first direction inward or outward relative to the club head to adjust the lie angle and in a second direction forward or rearward relative to the club head to adjust the shaft loft.

(264) Head-Shaft Connection Assembly

(265) Now with reference to FIGS. 22-24, there is shown a golf club comprising a golf club head 300 attached to a golf club shaft 50 via a removable head-shaft connection assembly, which generally comprises in the illustrated embodiment a shaft sleeve 100, a hosel insert 200 and a screw 400. The club head 300 is formed with a hosel opening, or passageway, 340 that extends from the hosel 330 through the club head and opens at the sole, or bottom surface, of the club head. Generally, the club head 300 is removably attached to the shaft 50 by the sleeve 100 (which is mounted to the lower end portion of the shaft 50) by inserting the sleeve 100 into the hosel opening 340 and the hosel insert 200 (which is mounted inside the hosel opening 340), and inserting the screw 400 upwardly through the opening in the sole and tightening the screw into a threaded opening of the sleeve, thereby securing the club head 300 to the sleeve 100.

(266) By way of example, the club head 300 comprises the head of a wood-type golf club. All of the embodiments disclosed in the present specification can be implemented in all types of golf clubs, including but not limited to, drivers, fairway woods, utility clubs, putters, wedges, etc.

(267) As used herein, a shaft that is removably attached to a club head means that the shaft can be connected to the club head using one or more mechanical fasteners, such as a screw or threaded ferrule, without an adhesive, and the shaft can be disconnected and separated from the head by loosening or removing the one or more mechanical fasteners without the need to break an adhesive bond between two components.

(268) The sleeve 100 is mounted to a lower, or tip end portion 90 of the shaft 50. The sleeve 100 can be adhesively bonded, welded or secured in equivalent fashion to the lower end portion of the shaft 50. In other embodiments, the sleeve 100 may be integrally formed as part of the shaft 50. As shown in FIG. 22, a ferrule 52 can be mounted to the end portion 90 of the shaft just above shaft sleeve 100 to provide a smooth transition between the shaft sleeve and the shaft and to conceal the glue line between the shaft and the sleeve. The ferrule also helps minimize tip breakage of the shaft.

(269) As best shown in FIG. 23, the hosel opening 340 extends through the club head 300 and has hosel sidewalls 350. A flange 360 extends radially inward from the hosel sidewalls 350 and forms the bottom wall of the hosel opening. The flange defines a passageway 370, a flange upper surface 380 and a flange lower surface 390. The hosel insert 200 can be mounted within the hosel opening 340 with a bottom surface 250 of the insert contacting the flange upper surface 380. The hosel insert 200 can be adhesively bonded, welded, brazed or secured in another equivalent fashion to the hosel sidewalls 350 and/or the flange to secure the insert 200 in place. In other embodiments, the hosel insert 200 can be formed integrally with the club head 300 (e.g., the insert can be formed and/or machined directly in the hosel opening).

(270) To restrict rotational movement of the shaft 50 relative to the head 300 when the club head 300 is attached to the shaft 50, the sleeve 100 has a rotation prevention portion that mates with a complementary rotation prevention portion of the insert 200. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the shaft sleeve has a lower portion 150 having a non-circular configuration complementary to a non-circular configuration of the hosel insert 200. In this way, the sleeve lower portion 150 defines a keyed portion that is received by a keyway defined by the hosel insert 200. In particular embodiments, the rotational prevention portion of the sleeve comprises longitudinally extending external splines 500 formed on an external surface 160 of the sleeve lower portion 150, as illustrated in FIGS. 25-26 and the rotation prevention portion of the insert comprises complementary-configured internal splines 240, formed on an inner surface 250 of the hosel insert 200, as illustrated in FIGS. 31-34. In alternative embodiments, the rotation prevention portions can be elliptical, rectangular, hexagonal or various other non-circular configurations of the sleeve external surface 160 and a complementary non-circular configuration of the hosel insert inner surface 250.

(271) In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 23, the screw 400 comprises a head 410 having a surface 420, and threads 430. The screw 400 is used to secure the club head 300 to the shaft 50 by inserting the screw through passageway 370 and tightening the screw into a threaded bottom opening 196 in the sleeve 100. In other embodiments, the club head 300 can be secured to the shaft 50 by other mechanical fasteners. When the screw 400 is fully engaged with the sleeve 100, the head surface 420 contacts the flange lower surface 390 and an annular thrust surface 130 of the sleeve 100 contacts a hosel upper surface 395 (FIG. 22). The sleeve 100, the hosel insert 200, the sleeve lower opening 196, the hosel opening 340 and the screw 400 in the illustrated example are co-axially aligned.

(272) It is desirable that a golf club employing a removable club head-shaft connection assembly as described in the present application have substantially similar weight and distribution of mass as an equivalent conventional golf club so that the golf club employing a removable shaft has the same feel as the conventional club. Thus, it is desired that the various components of the connection assembly (e.g., the sleeve 100, the hosel insert 200 and the screw 400) are constructed from light-weight, high-strength metals and/or alloys (e.g., T6 temper aluminum alloy 7075, grade 5 6Al-4V titanium alloy, etc.) and designed with an eye towards conserving mass that can be used elsewhere in the golf club to enhance desirable golf club characteristics (e.g., increasing the size of the sweet spot of the club head or shifting the center of gravity to optimize launch conditions).

(273) The golf club having an interchangeable shaft and club head as described in the present application provides a golfer with a club that can be easily modified to suit the particular needs or playing style of the golfer. A golfer can replace the club head 300 with another club head having desired characteristics (e.g., different loft angle, larger face area, etc.) by simply unscrewing the screw 400 from the sleeve 100, replacing the club head and then screwing the screw 400 back into the sleeve 100. The shaft 50 similarly can be exchanged. In some embodiments, the sleeve 100 can be removed from the shaft 50 and mounted on the new shaft, or the new shaft can have another sleeve already mounted on or formed integral to the end of the shaft.

(274) In particular embodiments, any number of shafts are provided with the same sleeve and any number of club heads is provided with the same hosel configuration and hosel insert 200 to receive any of the shafts. In this manner, a pro shop or retailer can stock a variety of different shafts and club heads that are interchangeable. A club or a set of clubs that is customized to suit the needs of a consumer can be immediately assembled at the retail location.

(275) With reference now to FIGS. 25-30, there is shown the sleeve 100 of the club head-shaft connection assembly of FIGS. 22-24. The sleeve 100 in the illustrated embodiment is substantially cylindrical and desirably is made from a light-weight, high-strength material (e.g., T6 temper aluminum alloy 7075). The sleeve 100 includes a middle portion 110, an upper portion 120 and a lower portion 150. The upper portion 120 can have a wider thickness than the remainder of the sleeve as shown to provide, for example, additional mechanical integrity to the connection between the shaft 50 and the sleeve 100. In other embodiments, the upper portion 120 may have a flared or frustoconical shape, to provide, for example, a more streamlined transition between the shaft 50 and club head 300. The boundary between the upper portion 120 and the middle portion 110 comprises an upper annular thrust surface 130 and the boundary between the middle portion 110 and the lower portion 150 comprises a lower annular surface 140. In the illustrated embodiment, the annular surface 130 is perpendicular to the external surface of the middle portion 110. In other embodiments, the annular surface 130 may be frustoconical or otherwise taper from the upper portion 120 to the middle portion 110. The annular surface 130 bears against the hosel upper surface 395 when the shaft 50 is secured to the club head 300.

(276) As shown in FIG. 27, the sleeve 100 further comprises an upper opening 192 for receiving the lower end portion 90 of the shaft 50 and an internally threaded opening 196 in the lower portion 150 for receiving the screw 400. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper opening 192 has an annular surface 194 configured to contact a corresponding surface 70 of the shaft 50 (FIG. 23). In other embodiments, the upper opening 192 can have a configuration adapted to mate with various shaft profiles (e.g., a constant inner diameter, plurality of stepped inner diameters, chamfered and/or perpendicular annular surfaces, etc.). With reference to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 27, splines 500 are located below opening 192 (and therefore below the lower end of the shaft) to minimize the overall diameter of the sleeve. The threads in the lower opening 196 can be formed using a Spiralock tap.

(277) As noted above, the rotation prevention portion of the sleeve 100 for restricting relative rotation between the shaft and the club comprises a plurality of external splines 500 formed on an external surface of the lower portion 150 and gaps, or keyways, between adjacent splines 500. Each keyway has an outer surface 160. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 25-26, 29-30, the sleeve comprises eight angularly spaced splines 500 elongated in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve 100. Referring to FIGS. 26 and 30, each of the splines 500 in the illustrated configuration has a pair of sidewalls 560 extending radially outwardly from the external surface 160, beveled top and bottom edges 510, bottom chamfered corners 520 and an arcuate outer surface 550. The sidewalls 560 desirably diverge or flair moving in a radially outward direction so that the width of the spline near the outer surface 550 is greater than the width at the base of the spline (near surface 160). With reference to features depicted in FIG. 30, the splines 500 have a height H (the distance the sidewalls 550 extend radially from the external surface 160), and a width W1 at the mid-span of the spline (the straight line distance extending between sidewalls 560 measured at locations of the sidewalls equidistant from the outer surface 550 and the surface 160). In other embodiments, the sleeve comprises more or fewer splines and the splines 500 can have different shapes and sizes.

(278) Embodiments employing the spline configuration depicted in FIGS. 26-30 provide several advantages. For example, a sleeve having fewer, larger splines provides for greater interference between the sleeve and the hosel insert, which enhances resistance to stripping, increases the load-bearing area between the sleeve and the hosel insert and provides for splines that are mechanically stronger. Further, complexity of manufacturing may be reduced by avoiding the need to machine smaller spline features. For example, various Rosch-manufacturing techniques (e.g., rotary, thru-broach or blind-broach) may not be suitable for manufacturing sleeves or hosel inserts having more, smaller splines. In some embodiments, the splines 500 have a spline height H of between about 0.15 mm to about 1.0 mm with a height H of about 0.5 mm being a specific example and a spline width W1 of between about 0.979 mm to about 2.87 mm, with a width W1 of about 1.367 mm being a specific example.

(279) The non-circular configuration of the sleeve lower portion 150 can be adapted to limit the manner in which the sleeve 100 is positionable within the hosel insert 200. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 29-30, the splines 500 are substantially identical in shape and size. Six of the eight spaces between adjacent splines can have a spline-to-spline spacing S1 and two diametrically-opposed spaces can have a spline-to-spline spacing S2, where S2 is a different than S1 (S2 is greater than S1 in the illustrated embodiment). In the illustrated embodiment, the arc angle of S1 is about 21 degrees and the arc angle of S2 is about 33 degrees. This spline configuration allows the sleeve 100 to be dually positionable within the hosel insert 200 (i.e., the sleeve 100 can be inserted in the insert 200 at two positions, spaced 180 degrees from each other, relative to the insert). Alternatively, the splines can be equally spaced from each other around the longitudinal axis of the sleeve. In other embodiments, different non-circular configurations of the lower portion 150 (e.g., triangular, hexagonal, more of fewer splines) can provide for various degrees of positionability of the shaft sleeve.

(280) The sleeve lower portion 150 can have a generally rougher outer surface relative to the remaining surfaces of the sleeve 100 in order to provide, for example, greater friction between the sleeve 100 and the hosel insert 200 to further restrict rotational movement between the shaft 50 and the club head 300. In particular embodiments, the external surface 160 can be roughened by sandblasting, although alternative methods or techniques can be used.

(281) The general configuration of the sleeve 100 can vary from the configuration illustrated in FIGS. 25-30. In other embodiments, for example, the relative lengths of the upper portion 120, the middle portion 110 and the lower portion 150 can vary (e.g., the lower portion 150 could comprise a greater or lesser proportion of the overall sleeve length). In additional embodiments, additional sleeve surfaces could contact corresponding surfaces in the hosel insert 200 or hosel opening 340 when the club head 300 is attached to the shaft 50. For example, annular surface 140 of the sleeve may contact upper spline surfaces 230 of the hosel insert 200, annular surface 170 of the sleeve may contact a corresponding surface on an inner surface of the hosel insert 200, and/or a bottom face 180 of the sleeve may contact the flange upper surface 360. In additional embodiments, the lower opening 196 of the sleeve can be in communication with the upper opening 192, defining a continuous sleeve opening and reducing the weight of the sleeve 100 by removing the mass of material separating openings 196 and 192.

(282) With reference now to FIGS. 31-34, the hosel insert 200 desirably is substantially tubular or cylindrical and can be made from a light-weight, high-strength material (e.g., grade 5 6Al-4V titanium alloy). The hosel insert 200 comprises an inner surface 250 having a non-circular configuration complementary to the non-circular configuration of the external surface of the sleeve lower portion 150. In the illustrated embodiment, the non-circulation configuration comprises splines 240 complementary in shape and size to the splines 500 of the sleeve 150. That is, there are eight splines 240 elongated in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the hosel insert 200 and the splines 240 have sidewalls 260 extending radially inward from the inner surface 250, chamfered top edges 230 and an inner surface 270. The sidewalls 260 desirably taper or converge toward each other moving in a radially inward direction to mate with the flared splines 500 of the sleeve. The radially inward sidewalls 260 have at least one advantage in that full surface contact occurs between the teeth and the mating teeth of the sleeve insert. In addition, at least one advantage is that the translational movement is more constrained within the assembly compared to other spline geometries having the same tolerance. Furthermore, the radially inward sidewalls 260 promote full sidewall engagement rather than localized contact resulting in higher stresses and lower durability.

(283) With reference to the features of FIG. 33, the spline configuration of the hosel insert is complementary to the spline configuration of the sleeve lower portion 150 and as such, adjacent pairs of splines 240 have a spline-to-spline spacing S3 that is slightly greater than the width of the sleeve splines 500. Six of the splines 240 have a width W2 slightly less than inter-spline spacing S1 of the sleeve splines 500 and two diametrically-opposed splines have a width W3 slightly less than inter-spline spacing S2 of the sleeve splines 500, wherein W2 is less than W3. In additional embodiments, the hosel insert inner surface can have various non-circular configurations complementary to the non-circular configuration of the sleeve lower portion 160.

(284) Selected surfaces of the hosel insert 200 can be roughened in a similar manner to the exterior surface 160 of the shaft. In some embodiments, the entire surface area of the insert can be provided with a roughened surface texture. In other embodiments, only the inner surface 240 of the hosel insert 200 can be roughened.

(285) With reference now to FIGS. 22-24, the screw 400 desirably is made from a light-weight, high-strength material (e.g., T6 temper aluminum alloy 7075). In certain embodiments, the major diameter (i.e., outer diameter) of the threads 430 is less than 6 mm (e.g., ISO screws smaller than M6) and is either about 4 mm or 5 mm (e.g., M4 or M5 screws). In general, reducing the thread diameter increases the ability of the screw to elongate or stretch when placed under a load, resulting in a greater preload for a given torque. The use of relatively smaller diameter screws (e.g., M4 or M5 screws) allows a user to secure the club head to the shaft with less effort and allows the golfer to use the club for longer periods of time before having to retighten the screw.

(286) The head 410 of the screw can be configured to be compatible with a torque wrench or other torque-limiting mechanism. In some embodiments, the screw head comprises a hexalobular internal driving feature (e.g., a TORX screw drive) (such as shown in FIG. 35) to facilitate application of a consistent torque to the screw and to resist cam-out of screwdrivers. Securing the club head 300 to the shaft 50 with a torque wrench can ensure that the screw 400 is placed under a substantially similar preload each time the club is assembled, ensuring that the club has substantially consistent playing characteristics each time the club is assembled. In additional embodiments, the screw head 410 can comprise various other drive designs (e.g., Phillips, Pozidriv, hexagonal, TTAP, etc.), and the user can use a conventional screwdriver rather than a torque wrench to tighten the screw.

(287) The club head-shaft connection desirably has a low axial stiffness. The axial stiffness, k, of an element is defined as
k=(EA)/LEq. 1
where E is the Young's modulus of the material of the element, A is the cross-sectional area of the element and L is the length of the element. The lower the axial stiffness of an element, the greater the element will elongate when placed in tension or shorten when placed in compression. A club head-shaft connection having low axial stiffness is desirable to maximize elongation of the screw 400 and the sleeve, allowing for greater preload to be applied to the screw 400 for better retaining the shaft to the club head. For example, with reference to FIG. 36, when the screw 400 is tightened into the sleeve lower opening 196, various surfaces of the sleeve 100, the hosel insert 200, the flange 360 and the screw 400 contact each other as previously described, which is effective to place the screw, the shaft, and the sleeve in tension and the hosel in compression.

(288) The axial stiffness of the club head-shaft connection, keff, can be determined by the equation
1/k.sub.eff=1/k.sub.screw+1/(k.sub.sleeve+k.sub.shaft)Eq. 2
where kscrew, kshaft and ksleeve are the stiffnesses of the screw, shaft, and sleeve, respectively, over the portions that have associated lengths Lscrew, Lshaft, and Lsleeve, respectively, as shown in FIG. 36. Lscrew is the length of the portion of the screw placed in tension (measured from the flange bottom 390 to the bottom end of the shaft sleeve). Lshaft is the length of the portion of the shaft 50 extending into the hosel opening 340 (measured from hosel upper surface 395 to the end of the shaft); and Lsleeve is the length of the sleeve 100 placed in tension (measured from hosel upper surface 395 to the end of the sleeve), as depicted in FIG. 36.

(289) Accordingly, kscrew, kshaft and ksleeve, can be determined using the lengths in Equation 1. Table 3 shows calculated k values for certain components and combinations thereof for the connection assembly of FIGS. 22-34 and those of other commercially available connection assemblies used with removably attachable golf club heads. Also, the effective hosel stiffness, Khosel, is also shown for comparison purposes (calculated over the portion of the hosel that is in compression during screw preload). A low keff/khosel ratio indicates a small shaft connection assembly stiffness compared to the hosel stiffness, which is desirable in order to help maintain preload for a given screw torque during dynamic loading of the head. The keff of the sleeve-shaft-screw combination of the connection assembly of illustrated embodiment is 9.27107 N/m, which is the lowest among the compared connection assemblies.

(290) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Callaway Versus Present Nakashima Opti-Fit Golf Component(s) technology (N/m) (N/m) (N/m) k.sub.sleeve (sleeve) 5.57 10.sup.7 9.65 10.sup.7 9.64 10.sup.7 4.03 10.sup.7 k.sub.sleeve + k.sub.shaft 1.86 10.sup.8 1.87 10.sup.8 2.03 10.sup.8 1.24 10.sup.8 (sleeve + shaft) k.sub.screw (screw) 1.85 10.sup.8 5.03 10.sup.8 2.51 10.sup.8 1.88 10.sup.9 k.sub.eff (sleeve + shaft + 9.27 10.sup.7 1.36 10.sup.8 1.12 10.sup.8 1.24 10.sup.8 screw) k.sub.hosel 1.27 10.sup.8 1.27 10.sup.8 1.27 10.sup.8 1.27 10.sup.8 k.sub.eff/k.sub.hosel (tension/ 0.73 1.07 0.88 0.98 compression ratio)

(291) The components of the connection assembly can be modified to achieve different values. For example, the screw 400 can be longer than shown in FIG. 36. In some embodiments, the length of the opening 196 can be increased along with a corresponding increase in the length of the screw 400. In additional embodiments, the construction of the hosel opening 340 can vary to accommodate a longer screw. For example, with reference to FIG. 37, a club head 600 comprises an upper flange 610 defining the bottom wall of the hosel opening and a lower flange 620 spaced from the upper flange 610 to accommodate a longer screw 630. Such a hosel construction can accommodate a longer screw, and thus can achieve a lower keff, while retaining compatibility with the sleeve 100 of FIGS. 25-30.

(292) In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 22-30, the cross-sectional area of the sleeve 100 is minimized to minimize Lsleeve by placing the splines 500 below the shaft, rather than around the shaft as used in prior art configurations.

Examples

(293) In certain embodiments, a shaft sleeve can have 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 splines. The height H of the splines of the shaft sleeve in particular embodiments can range from about 0.15 mm to about 0.95 mm, and more particularly from about 0.25 mm to about 0.75 mm, and even more particularly from about 0.5 mm to about 0.75 mm. The average diameter D of the spline portion of the shaft sleeve can range from about 6 mm to about 12 mm, with 8.45 mm being a specific example. As shown in FIG. 30, the average diameter is the diameter of the spline portion of a shaft sleeve measured between two points located at the mid-spans of two diametrically opposed splines.

(294) The length L of the splines of the shaft sleeve in particular embodiments can range from about 2 mm to about 10 mm. For example, when the connection assembly is implemented in a driver, the splines can be relatively longer, for example, 7.5 mm or 10 mm. When the connection assembly is implemented in a fairway wood, which is typically smaller than a driver, it is desirable to use a relatively shorter shaft sleeve because less space is available inside the club head to receive the shaft sleeve. In that case, the splines can be relatively shorter, for example, 2 mm or 3 mm in length, to reduce the overall length of the shaft sleeve.

(295) The ratio of spline width W1 (at the midspan of the spline) to average diameter of the spline portion of the shaft sleeve in particular embodiments can range from about 0.1 to about 0.5, and more desirably, from about 0.15 to about 0.35, and even more desirably from about 0.16 to about 0.22. The ratio of spline width W1 to spline H in particular embodiments can range from about 1.0 to about 22, and more desirably from about 2 to about 4, and even more desirably from about 2.3 to about 3.1. The ratio of spline length L to average diameter in particular embodiments can range from about 0.15 to about 1.7.

(296) Tables 4-6 below provide dimensions for a plurality of different spline configurations for the sleeve 100 (and other shaft sleeves disclosed herein). In Table 4, the average radius R is the radius of the spline portion of a shaft sleeve measured at the mid-span of a spine, i.e., at a location equidistant from the base of the spline at surface 160 and to the outer surface 550 of the spline (see FIG. 30). The arc length in Tables 4 and 5 is the arc length of a spline at the average radius.

(297) Table 4 shows the spline arc angle, average radius, average diameter, arc length, arc length, arc length/average radius ratio, width at midspan, width (at midspan)/average diameter ratio for different shaft sleeves having 8 splines (with two 33 degree gaps as shown in FIG. 30), 8 equally-spaced splines, 6 equally-spaced splines, 10 equally-spaced splines, 4 equally-spaced splines. Table 5 shows examples of shaft sleeves having different number of splines and spline heights. Table 6 shows examples of different combinations of lengths and average diameters for shaft sleeves apart from the number of splines, spline height H, and spline width W1.

(298) The specific dimensions provided in the present specification for the shaft sleeve 100 (as well as for other components disclosed herein) are given to illustrate the invention and not to limit it. The dimensions provided herein can be modified as needed in different applications or situations.

(299) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Spline Average Average Arc Arc length/ Width at Width/ arc angle radius diameter length Average midspan Average # Splines (deg.) (mm) (mm) (mm) radius (mm) diameter 8 (w/two 21 4.225 8.45 1.549 0.367 1.540 0.182 33 deg. gaps) 22.5 4.225 8.45 1.659 0.393 1.649 0.195 8 (equally spaced) 6 (equally 30 4.225 8.45 2.212 0.524 2.187 0.259 spaced) 10 (equally 18 4.225 8.45 1.327 0.314 1.322 0.156 spaced) 4 (equally 45 4.225 8.45 3.318 0.785 3.234 0.383 spaced) 12 (equally 15 4.225 8.45 1.106 0.262 1.103 0.131 spaced)

(300) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Spline Arc Width at Arc # height length Midspan length/ Width/ Splines (mm) (mm) (mm) Height Height 8 (w/two 0.5 1.549 1.540 3.097 3.080 33 deg. gaps) 0.25 1.549 1.540 6.194 6.160 8 (w/two 33 deg/ gaps) 0.75 1.549 1.540 2.065 2.053 8 (w/two 33 deg/ gaps) 0.5 1.659 1.649 3.318 3.297 8 (equally spaced) 0.15 14.580 6 (equally 2.212 2.187 14.748 spaced) 4 (equally 0.95 1.327 1.321 1.397 1.391 spaced) 0.15 3.318 3.234 22.122 21.558 4 (equally spaced) 0.95 1.106 1.103 1.164 1.161 12 (equally spaced)

(301) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Average sleeve Spline diameter at splines Spline length length/Average (mm) (mm) diameter 6 7.5 1.25 6 3 0.5 6 10 1.667 6 2 .333 8.45 7.5 0.888 8.45 3 0.355 8.45 10 1.183 8.45 2 0.237 12 7.5 0.625 12 3 0.25 12 10 0.833 12 2 0.167
Adjustable Lie/Loft Connection Assembly

(302) Now with reference to FIGS. 38-40, there is shown a golf club comprising a head 700 attached to a removable shaft 800 via a removable head-shaft connection assembly. The connection assembly generally comprises a shaft sleeve 900, a hosel sleeve 1000 (also referred to herein as an adapter sleeve), a hosel insert 1100, a washer 1200 and a screw 1300. The club head 700 comprises a hosel 702 defining a hosel opening, or passageway 710. The passageway 710 in the illustrated embodiment extends through the club head and forms an opening in the sole of the club head to accept the screw 1300. Generally, the club head 700 is removably attached to the shaft 800 by the shaft sleeve 900 (which is mounted to the lower end portion of the shaft 800) being inserted into and engaging the hosel sleeve 1000. The hosel sleeve 1000 is inserted into and engages the hosel insert 1100 (which is mounted inside the hosel opening 710). The screw 1300 is tightened into a threaded opening of the shaft sleeve 900, with the washer 1200 being disposed between the screw 1300 and the hosel insert 1100, to secure the shaft to the club head.

(303) The shaft sleeve 900 can be adhesively bonded, welded or secured in equivalent fashion to the lower end portion of the shaft 800. In other embodiments, the shaft sleeve 900 may be integrally formed with the shaft 800. As best shown in FIG. 39, the hosel opening 710 extends through the club head 700 and has hosel sidewalls 740 defining a first hosel inner surface 750 and a second hosel inner surface 760, the boundary between the first and second hosel inner surfaces defining an inner annular surface 720. The hosel sleeve 1000 is disposed between the shaft sleeve 900 and the hosel insert 1100. The hosel insert 1100 can be mounted within the hosel opening 710. The hosel insert 1100 can have an annular surface 1110 that contacts the hosel annular surface 720. The hosel insert 1100 can be adhesively bonded, welded or secured in equivalent fashion to the first hosel surface 740, the second hosel surface 750 and/or the hosel annular surface 720 to secure the hosel insert 1100 in place. In other embodiments, the hosel insert 1100 can be formed integrally with the club head 700.

(304) Rotational movement of the shaft 800 relative to the club head 700 can be restricted by restricting rotational movement of the shaft sleeve 900 relative to the hosel sleeve 1000 and by restricting rotational movement of the hosel sleeve 1000 relative to the club head 700. To restrict rotational movement of the shaft sleeve 900 relative to the hosel sleeve 1000, the shaft sleeve has a lower, rotation prevention portion 950 having a non-circular configuration that mates with a complementary, non-circular configuration of a lower, rotation prevention portion 1096 inside the hosel sleeve 1000. The rotation prevention portion of the shaft sleeve 900 can comprise longitudinally extending splines 1400 formed on an external surface 960 of the lower portion 950, as best shown in FIGS. 41-42. The rotation prevention portion of the hosel sleeve can comprise complementary-configured splines 1600 formed on an inner surface 1650 of the lower portion 1096 of the hosel sleeve, as best shown in FIGS. 50-51.

(305) To restrict rotational movement of the hosel sleeve 1000 relative to the club head 700, the hosel sleeve 1000 can have a lower, rotation prevention portion 1050 having a non-circular configuration that mates with a complementary, non-circular configuration of a rotation prevention portion of the hosel insert 1100. The rotation prevention portion of the hosel sleeve can comprise longitudinally extending splines 1500 formed on an external surface 1090 of a lower portion 1050 of the hosel sleeve 1000, as best shown in FIGS. 47-48 and 49. The rotation prevention portion of the hosel insert can comprise of complementary-configured splines 1700 formed on an inner surface 1140 of the hosel insert 1100, as best shown in FIGS. 54 and 56.

(306) Accordingly, the shaft sleeve lower portion 950 defines a keyed portion that is received by a keyway defined by the hosel sleeve inner surface 1096, and hosel sleeve outer surface 1050 defines a keyed portion that is received by a keyway defined by the hosel insert inner surface 1140. In alternative embodiments, the rotation prevention portions can be elliptical, rectangular, hexagonal or other non-circular complementary configurations of the shaft sleeve lower portion 950 and the hosel sleeve inner surface 1096, and the hosel sleeve outer surface 1050 and the hosel insert inner surface 1140.

(307) Referring to FIG. 38, the screw 1300 comprises a head 1330 having head, or bearing, surface 1320, a shaft 1340 extending from the head and external threads 1310 formed on a distal end portion of the screw shaft. The screw 1300 is used to secure the club head 700 to the shaft 800 by inserting the screw upwardly into passageway 710 via an opening in the sole of the club head. The screw is further inserted through the washer 1200 and tightened into an internally threaded bottom portion 996 of an opening 994 in the sleeve 900. In other embodiments, the club head 700 can be secured to the shaft 800 by other mechanical fasteners. With reference to FIGS. 38-39, when the screw 1300 is securely tightened into the shaft sleeve 900, the screw head surface 1320 contacts the washer 1200, the washer 1200 contacts a bottom surface 1120 of the hosel insert 1100, an annular surface 1060 of the hosel sleeve 1000 contacts an upper annular surface 730 of the club 700 and an annular surface 930 of the shaft sleeve 900 contacts an upper surface 1010 of the hosel sleeve 1000.

(308) The hosel sleeve 1000 is configured to support the shaft 50 at a desired orientation relative to the club head to achieve a desired shaft loft and/or lie angle for the club. As best shown in FIGS. 47 and 51, the hosel sleeve 1000 comprises an upper portion 1020, a lower portion 1050, and a bore or longitudinal opening 1040 extending therethrough. The upper portion, which extends parallel the opening 1040, extends at an angle with respect to the lower portion 1050 defined as an offset angle 780 (FIG. 38). As best shown in FIG. 38, when the hosel insert 1040 is inserted into the hosel opening 710, the outer surface of the lower portion 1050 is co-axially aligned with the hosel insert 1100 and the hosel opening. In this manner, the outer surface of the lower portion 1050 of the hosel sleeve, the hosel insert 1100, and the hosel opening 710 collectively define a longitudinal axis B. When the shaft sleeve 900 is inserted into the hosel sleeve, the shaft sleeve and the shaft are co-axially aligned with the opening 1040 of the hosel sleeve. Accordingly, the shaft sleeve, the shaft, and the opening 1040 collectively define a longitudinal axis A of the assembly. As can be seen in FIG. 38, the hosel sleeve is effective to support the shaft 50 along longitudinal axis A, which is offset from longitudinal axis B by offset angle 780.

(309) Consequently, the hosel sleeve 1000 can be positioned in the hosel insert 1100 in one or more positions to adjust the shaft loft and/or lie angle of the club. For example, FIG. 40 represents a connection assembly embodiment wherein the hosel sleeve can be positioned in four angularly spaced, discrete positions within the hosel insert 1100. As used herein, a sleeve having a plurality of discrete positions means that once the sleeve is inserted into the club head, it cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis to an adjacent position, except for any play or tolerances between mating splines that allows for slight rotational movement of the sleeve prior to tightening the screw or other fastening mechanism that secures the shaft to the club head. In other words, the sleeve is not continuously adjustable and has a fixed number of finite positions and therefore has a fixed number of discrete positions.

(310) Referring to FIG. 40, crosshairs A1-A4 represent the position of the longitudinal axis A for each position of the hosel sleeve 1000. Positioning the hosel sleeve within the club head such that the shaft is adjusted inward towards the club head (such that the longitudinal axis A passes through crosshair A4 in FIG. 40) increases the lie angle from an initial lie angle defined by longitudinal axis B; positioning the hosel sleeve such that the shaft is adjusted away from the club head (such that axis A passes through crosshair A3) reduces the lie angle from an initial lie angle defined by longitudinal axis B. Similarly, positioning the hosel sleeve such that the shaft is adjusted forward toward the striking face (such that axis A passes through crosshair A2) or rearward toward the rear of the club head (such that axis A passes through the crosshair A1) will increase or decrease the shaft loft, respectively, from an initial shaft loft angle defined by longitudinal axis B. As noted above, adjusting the shaft loft is effective to adjust the square loft by the same amount. Similarly, the face angle is adjusted in proportion to the change in shaft loft. The amount of increase or decrease in shaft loft or lie angle in this example is equal to the offset angle 780.

(311) Similarly, the shaft sleeve 900 can be inserted into the hosel sleeve at various angularly spaced positions around longitudinal axis A. Consequently, if the orientation of the shaft relative to the club head is adjusted by rotating the position of the hosel sleeve 1000, the position of the shaft sleeve within the hosel sleeve can be adjusted to maintain the rotational position of the shaft relative to longitudinal axis A. For example, if the hosel sleeve is rotated 90 degrees with respect to the hosel insert, the shaft sleeve can be rotated 90 degrees in the opposite direction with respect to the hosel sleeve in order to maintain the position of the shaft relative to its longitudinal axis. In this manner, the grip of the shaft and any visual indicia on the shaft can be maintained at the same position relative to the shaft axis as the shaft loft and/or lie angle is adjusted.

(312) In another example, a connection assembly can employ a hosel sleeve that is positionable at eight angularly spaced positions within the hosel insert 1100, as represented by cross hairs A1-A8 in FIG. 40. Crosshairs A5-A8 represent hosel sleeve positions within the hosel insert 1100 that are effective to adjust both the lie angle and the shaft loft (and therefore the square loft and the face angle) relative to an initial lie angle and shaft loft defined by longitudinal axis B by adjusting the orientation of the shaft in a first direction inward or outward relative to the club head to adjust the lie angle and in a second direction forward or rearward relative to the club head to adjust the shaft loft. For example, crosshair A5 represents a hosel sleeve position that adjusts the orientation of the shaft outward and rearward relative to the club head, thereby decreasing the lie angle and decreasing the shaft loft.

(313) The connection assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 38-40 provides advantages in addition to those provided by the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 22-24 (e.g., ease of exchanging a shaft or club head) and already described above. Because the hosel sleeve can introduce a non-zero angle between the shaft and the hosel, a golfer can easily change the loft, lie and/or face angles of the club by changing the hosel sleeve. For example, the golfer can unscrew the screw 1300 from the shaft sleeve 900, remove the shaft 800 from the hosel sleeve 1000, remove the hosel sleeve 1000 from the hosel insert 1100, select another hosel sleeve having a desired offset angle, insert the shaft sleeve 900 into the replacement hosel sleeve, insert the replacement hosel sleeve into the hosel insert 1000, and tighten the screw 1300 into the shaft sleeve 900. Thus, the use of a hosel sleeve in the shaft-head connection assembly allows the golfer to adjust the position of the shaft relative to the club head without having to resort to such traditional methods such as bending the shaft relative to the club head as described above. For example, consider a golf club utilizing the club head-shaft connection assembly of FIGS. 38-40 comprising a first hosel sleeve wherein the shaft axis is co-axially aligned with the hosel axis (i.e., the offset angle is zero, or, axis A passes through crosshair B). By exchanging the first hosel sleeve for a second hosel sleeve having a non-zero offset angle, a set of adjustments to the shaft loft, lie and/or face angles are possible, depending, in part, on the position of the hosel sleeve within the hosel insert.

(314) In particular embodiments, the replacement hosel sleeves could be purchased individually from a retailer. In other embodiments, a kit comprising a plurality of hosel sleeves, each having a different offset angle can be provided. The number of hosel sleeves in the kit can vary depending on a desired range of offset angles and/or a desired granularity of angle adjustments. For example, a kit can comprise hosel sleeves providing offset angles from 0 degrees to 3 degrees, in 0.5 degree increments.

(315) In particular embodiments, hosel sleeve kits that are compatible with any number of shafts and any number of club heads having the same hosel configuration and hosel insert 1100 are provided. In this manner, a pro shop or retailer need not necessarily stock a large number of shaft or club head variations with various loft, lie and/or face angles. Rather, any number of variations of club characteristic angles can be achieved by a variety of hosel sleeves, which can take up less retail shelf and storeroom space and provide the consumer with a more economic alternative to adjusting loft, lie or face angles (i.e., the golfer can adjust a loft angle by purchasing a hosel sleeve instead of a new club).

(316) With reference now to FIGS. 41-46, there is shown the shaft sleeve 900 of the head-shaft connection assembly of FIGS. 38-40. The shaft sleeve 900 in the illustrated embodiment is substantially cylindrical and desirably is made from a light-weight, high-strength material (e.g., T6 temper aluminum alloy 7075). The shaft sleeve 900 can include a middle portion 910, an upper portion 920 and a lower portion 950. The upper portion 920 can have a greater thickness than the remainder of the shaft sleeve to provide, for example, additional mechanical integrity to the connection between the shaft 800 and the shaft sleeve 900. The upper portion 920 can have a flared or frustroconical shape as shown, to provide, for example, a more streamlined transition between the shaft 800 and club head 700. The boundary between the upper portion 920 and the middle portion 910 defines an upper annular thrust surface 930 and the boundary between the middle portion 910 and the lower portion 950 defines a lower annular surface 940. The shaft sleeve 900 has a bottom surface 980. In the illustrated embodiment, the annular surface 930 is perpendicular to the external surface of the middle portion 910. In other embodiments, the annular surface 930 may be frustroconical or otherwise taper from the upper portion 920 to the middle portion 910. The annular surface 930 bears against the upper surface 1010 of the hosel insert 1000 when the shaft 800 is secured to the club head 700 (FIG. 38).

(317) The shaft sleeve 900 further comprises an opening 994 extending the length of the shaft sleeve 900, as depicted in FIG. 43. The opening 994 has an upper portion 998 for receiving the shaft 800 and an internally threaded bottom portion 996 for receiving the screw 1300. In the illustrated embodiment, the opening upper portion 998 has an internal sidewall having a constant diameter that is complementary to the configuration of the lower end portion of the shaft 800. In other embodiments, the opening upper portion 998 can have a configuration adapted to mate with various shaft profiles (e.g., the opening upper portion 998 can have more than one inner diameter, chamfered and/or perpendicular annular surfaces, etc.). With reference to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 43, splines 1400 are located below the opening upper portion 998 and therefore below the shaft to minimize the overall diameter of the shaft sleeve. In certain embodiments, the internal threads of the lower opening 996 are created using a Spiralock tap.

(318) In particular embodiments, the rotation prevention portion of the shaft sleeve comprises a plurality of splines 1400 on an external surface 960 of the lower portion 950 that are elongated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the shaft sleeve 900, as shown in FIGS. 41-42 and 46. The splines 1400 have sidewalls 1420 extending radially outwardly from the external surface 960, bottom edges 1410, bottom corners 1422 and arcuate outer surfaces 1450. In other embodiments, the external surface 960 can comprise more splines (such as up to 12) or fewer than four splines and the splines 1400 can have different shapes and sizes.

(319) With reference now to FIGS. 47-53, there is shown the hosel sleeve 1000 of the head-shaft connection assembly of FIGS. 38-40. The hosel sleeve 1000 in the illustrated embodiment is substantially cylindrical and desirably is made from a light-weight, high-strength material (e.g., T6 temper aluminum alloy 7075). As noted above, the hosel sleeve 1000 includes an upper portion 1020 and a lower portion 1050. As shown in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 47, the upper portion 1020 can have a flared or frustroconical shape, with the boundary between the upper portion 1020 and the lower portion 1050 defining an annular thrust surface 1060. In the illustrated embodiment, the annular surface 1060 tapers from the upper portion 1020 to the lower portion 1050. In other embodiments, the annular surface 1060 can be perpendicular to the external surface 1090 of the lower portion 1050. As best shown in FIG. 38, the annular surface 1060 bears against the upper annular surface 730 of the hosel when the shaft 800 is secured to the club head 700.

(320) The hosel sleeve 1000 further comprises an opening 1040 extending the length of the hosel sleeve 1000. The hosel sleeve opening 1040 has an upper portion 1094 with internal sidewalls 1095 that are complementary configured to the configuration of the shaft sleeve middle portion 910, and a lower portion 1096 defining a rotation prevention portion having a non-circular configuration complementary to the configuration of shaft sleeve lower portion 950.

(321) The non-circular configuration of the hosel sleeve lower portion 1096 comprises a plurality of splines 1600 formed on an inner surface 1650 of the opening lower portion 1096. With reference to FIGS. 50-51, the inner surface 1650 comprises four splines 1600 elongated in the direction of the longitudinal axis (axis A) of the hosel sleeve opening. The splines 1600 in the illustrated embodiment have sidewalls 1620 extending radially inwardly from the inner surface 1650 and arcuate inner surfaces 1630.

(322) The external surface of the lower portion 1050 defines a rotation prevention portion comprising four splines 1500 elongated in the direction of and are parallel to longitudinal axis B defined by the external surface of the lower portion, as depicted in FIGS. 47 and 51. The splines 1500 have sidewalls 1520 extending radially outwardly from the surface 1550, top and bottom edges 1540 and accurate outer surfaces 1530.

(323) The splined configuration of the shaft sleeve 900 dictates the degree to which the shaft sleeve 900 is positionable within the hosel sleeve 1000. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 46 and 50, the splines 1400 and 1600 are substantially identical in shape and size and adjacent pairs of splines 1400 and 1600 have substantially similar spline-to-spline spacings. This spline configuration allows the shaft sleeve 900 to be positioned within the hosel sleeve 1000 at four angularly spaced positions relative to the hosel sleeve 1000. Similarly, the hosel sleeve 1000 can be positioned within the club head 700 at four angularly spaced positions. In other embodiments, different non-circular configurations (e.g., triangular, hexagonal, more or fewer splines, variable spline-to-spline spacings or spline widths) of the shaft sleeve lower portion 950, the hosel opening lower portion 1096, the hosel lower portion 1050 and the hosel insert inner surface 1140 could provide for various degrees of positionability.

(324) The external surface of the shaft sleeve lower portion 950, the internal surface of the hosel sleeve opening lower portion 1096, the external surface of the hosel sleeve lower portion 1050, and the internal surface of the hosel insert can have generally rougher surfaces relative to the remaining surfaces of the shaft sleeve 900, the hosel sleeve 1000 and the hosel insert. The enhanced surface roughness provides, for example, greater friction between the shaft sleeve 900 and the hosel sleeve 1000 and between the hosel sleeve 1000 and the hosel insert 1100 to further restrict relative rotational movement between these components. The contacting surfaces of shaft sleeve, the hosel sleeve and the hosel insert can be roughened by sandblasting, although alternative methods or techniques can be used.

(325) With reference now to FIGS. 54-56, the hosel insert 1100 desirably is substantially tubular or cylindrical and can be made from a light-weight, high-strength material (e.g., grade 5 6Al-4V titanium alloy). The hosel insert 1100 comprises an inner surface 1140 defining a rotation prevention portion having a non-circular configuration that is complementary to the non-circular configuration of the hosel sleeve outer surface 1090. In the illustrated embodiment, the non-circulation configuration of inner surface 1140 comprises internal splines 1700 that are complementary in shape and size to the external splines 1500 of the hosel sleeve 1000. That is, there are four splines 1700 elongated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the hosel insert 1100, and the splines 1700 have sidewalls 1720 extending radially inwardly from the inner surface 1140, chamfered top edges 1730 and inner surfaces 1710. The hosel insert 1100 can comprises an annular surface 1110 that contacts hosel annual surface 720 when the insert 1100 is mounted in the hosel opening 710 as depicted in FIG. 38. Additionally, the hosel opening 710 can have an annular shoulder (similar to shoulder 360 in FIG. 23). The insert 1100 can be welded or otherwise secured to the shoulder.

(326) With reference now to FIGS. 38-40, the screw 1300 desirably is made from a lightweight, high-strength material (e.g., T6 temper aluminum alloy 7075). In certain embodiments, the major diameter (i.e., outer diameter) of the threads 1310 is about 4 mm (e.g., ISO screw size) but may be smaller or larger in alternative embodiments. The benefits of using a screw 1300 having a reduced thread diameter (about 4 mm or less) include the benefits described above with respect to screw 400 (e.g., the ability to place the screw under a greater preload for a given torque).

(327) The head 1330 of the screw 1300 can be similar to the head 410 of the screw 400 (FIG. 35) and can comprise a hexalobular internal driving feature as described above. In additional embodiments, the screw head 1330 can comprise various other drive designs (e.g., Phillips, Pozidriv, hexagonal, TTAP, etc.), and the user can use a conventional screwdriver to tighten the screw.

(328) As best shown in FIGS. 58-62, the screw 1300 desirably has an inclined, spherical bottom surface 1320. The washer 1200 desirably comprises a tapered bottom surface 1220, an upper surface 1210, an inner surface 1240 and an inner circumferential edge 1225 defined by the boundary between the tapered surface 1220 and the inner surface 1240. As discussed above and as shown in FIG. 38, a hosel sleeve 1000 can be selected to support the shaft at a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the hosel opening. In such a case, the shaft sleeve 900 and the screw 1300 extend at a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the hosel insert 1100 and the washer 1200. Because of the inclined surfaces 1320 and 1220 of the screw and the washer, the screw head can make complete contact with the washer through 360 degrees to better secure the shaft sleeve in the hosel insert. In certain embodiments, the screw head can make complete contact with the washer regardless of the position of the screw relative to the longitudinal axis of the hosel opening.

(329) For example, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 61, the head-shaft connection assembly employs a first hosel sleeve having a longitudinal axis that is co-axially aligned with the hosel sleeve opening longitudinal axis (i.e., the offset angle between the two longitudinal axes A and B is zero). The screw 1300 contacts the washer 1200 along the entire circumferential edge 1225 of the washer 1200. When the first hosel sleeve is exchanged for a second hosel sleeve having a non-zero offset angle, as depicted in FIG. 62, the tapered washer surface 1220 and the tapered screw head surface 1320 allow for the screw 1300 to maintain contact with the entire circumferential edge 1225 of the washer 1200. Such a washer-screw connection allows the bolt to be loaded in pure axial tension without being subjected to any bending moments for a greater preload at a given installation torque, resulting in the club head 700 being more reliably and securely attached to the shaft 800. Additionally, this configuration allows for the compressive force of the screw head to be more evenly distributed across the washer upper surface 1210 and hosel insert bottom surface 1120 interface.

(330) FIG. 63A shows another embodiment of a gold club assembly that has a removable shaft that can be supported at various positions relative to the head to vary the shaft loft and/or the lie angle of the club. The assembly comprises a club head 3000 having a hosel 3002 defining a hosel opening 3004. The hosel opening 3004 is dimensioned to receive a shaft sleeve 3006, which in turn is secured to the lower end portion of a shaft 3008. The shaft sleeve 3006 can be adhesively bonded, welded or secured in equivalent fashion to the lower end portion of the shaft 3008. In other embodiments, the shaft sleeve 3006 can be integrally formed with the shaft 3008. As shown, a ferrule 3010 can be disposed on the shaft just above the shaft sleeve 3006 to provide a transition piece between the shaft sleeve and the outer surface of the shaft 3008.

(331) The hosel opening 3004 is also adapted to receive a hosel insert 200 (described in detail above), which can be positioned on an annular shoulder 3012 inside the club head. The hosel insert 200 can be secured in place by welding, an adhesive, or other suitable techniques. Alternatively, the insert can be integrally formed in the hosel opening. The club head 3000 further includes an opening 3014 in the bottom or sole of the club head that is sized to receive a screw 400. Much like the embodiment shown in FIG. 22, the screw 400 is inserted into the opening 3014, through the opening in shoulder 3012, and is tightened into the shaft sleeve 3006 to secure the shaft to the club head. However, unlike the embodiment shown in FIG. 22, the shaft sleeve 3006 is configured to support the shaft at different positions relative to the club head to achieve a desired shaft loft and/or lie angle.

(332) If desired, a screw capturing device, such as in the form of an o-ring or washer 3036, can be placed on the shaft of the screw 400 above shoulder 3012 to retain the screw in place within the club head when the screw is loosened to permit removal of the shaft from the club head. The ring 3036 desirably is dimensioned to frictionally engage the threads of the screw and has a outer diameter that is greater than the central opening in shoulder 3012 so that the ring 3036 cannot fall through the opening. When the screw 400 is tightened to secure the shaft to the club head, as depicted in FIG. 63A, the ring 3036 desirably is not compressed between the shoulder 3012 and the adjacent lower surface of the shaft sleeve 3006. FIG. 63B shows the screw 400 removed from the shaft sleeve 3006 to permit removal of the shaft from the club head. As shown, in the disassembled state, the ring 3036 captures the distal end of the screw to retain the screw within the club head to prevent loss of the screw. The ring 3036 desirably comprises a polymeric or elastomeric material, such as rubber, Viton, Neoprene, silicone, or similar materials. The ring 3036 can be an o-ring having a circular cross-sectional shape as depicted in the illustrated embodiment. Alternatively, the ring 3036 can be a flat washer having a square or rectangular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the ring 3036 can various other cross-sectional profiles.

(333) The shaft sleeve 3006 is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 64-67. The shaft sleeve 3006 in the illustrated embodiment comprises an upper portion 3016 having an upper opening 3018 for receiving and a lower portion 3020 located below the lower end of the shaft. The lower portion 3020 can have a threaded opening 3034 for receiving the threaded shaft of the screw 400. The lower portion 3020 of the sleeve can comprise a rotation prevention portion configured to mate with a rotation prevention portion of the hosel insert 200 to restrict relative rotation between the shaft and the club head. As shown, the rotation prevention portion can comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending external splines 500 that are adapted to mate with corresponding internal splines 240 of the hosel insert 200 (FIGS. 31-34). The lower portion 3020 and the external splines 500 formed thereon can have the same configuration as the shaft lower portion 150 and splines 500 shown in FIGS. 25-27 and 29-30 and described in detail above. Thus, the details of splines 500 are not repeated here.

(334) Unlike the embodiment shown in FIGS. 25-27 and 29-30, the upper portion 3016 of the sleeve extends at an offset angle 3022 relative to the lower portion 3020. As shown in FIG. 63, when inserted in the club head, the lower portion 3020 is co-axially aligned with the hosel insert 200 and the hosel opening 3004, which collectively define a longitudinal axis B. The upper portion 3016 of the shaft sleeve 3006 defines a longitudinal axis A and is effective to support the shaft 3008 along axis A, which is offset from longitudinal axis B by offset angle 3022. Inserting the shaft sleeve at different angular positions relative to the hosel insert is effective to adjust the shaft loft and/or the lie angle, as further described below.

(335) As best shown in FIG. 67, the upper portion 3016 of the shaft sleeve desirably has a constant wall thickness from the lower end of opening 3018 to the upper end of the shaft sleeve. A tapered surface portion 3026 extends between the upper portion 3016 and the lower portion 3020. The upper portion 3016 of the shaft sleeve has an enlarged head portion 3028 that defines an annular bearing surface 3030 that contacts an upper surface 3032 of the hosel 3002 (FIG. 63). The bearing surface 3030 desirably is oriented at a 90-degree angle with respect to longitudinal axis B so that when the shaft sleeve is inserted in to the hosel, the bearing surface 3030 can make complete contact with the opposing surface 3032 of the hosel through 360 degrees.

(336) As further shown in FIG. 63, the hosel opening 3004 desirably is dimensioned to form a gap 3024 between the outer surface of the upper portion 3016 of the sleeve and the opposing internal surface of the club head. Because the upper portion 3016 is not co-axially aligned with the surrounding inner surface of the hosel opening, the gap 3024 desirably is large enough to permit the shaft sleeve to be inserted into the hosel opening with the lower portion extending into the hosel insert at each possible angular position relative to longitudinal axis B. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the shaft sleeve has eight external splines 500 that are received between eight internal splines 240 of the hosel insert 200. The shaft sleeve and the hosel insert can have the configurations shown in FIGS. 30 and 33, respectively. This allows the sleeve to be positioned within the hosel insert at two positions spaced 180 degrees from each other, as previously described.

(337) Other shaft sleeve and hosel insert configurations can be used to vary the number of possible angular positions for the shaft sleeve relative to the longitudinal axis B. FIGS. 68 and 69, for example, show an alternative shaft sleeve and hosel insert configuration in which the shaft sleeve 3006 has eight equally spaced splines 500 with radial sidewalls 502 that are received between eight equally spaced splines 240 of the hosel insert 200. Each spline 500 is spaced from an adjacent spline by spacing S1 dimensioned to receive a spline 240 of the hosel insert having a width W2. This allows the lower portion 3020 of the shaft sleeve to be inserted into the hosel insert 200 at eight angularly spaced positions around longitudinal axis B (similar to locations A1-A8 shown in FIG. 40). In a specific embodiment, the spacing S1 is about 23 degrees, the arc angle of each spline 500 is about 22 degrees, and the width W2 is about 22.5 degrees.

(338) FIGS. 70 and 71 show another embodiment of a shaft sleeve and hosel insert configuration. In the embodiment of FIGS. 70 and 71, the shaft sleeve 3006 (FIG. 70) has eight splines 500 that are alternately spaced by spline-to-spline spacing S1 and S2, where S2 is greater than S1. Each spline has radial sidewalls 502 providing the same advantages previously described with respect to radial sidewalls. Similarly, the hosel insert 200 (FIG. 71) has eight splines 240 having alternating widths W2 and W3 that are slightly less than spline spacing S1 and S2, respectively, to allow each spline 240 of width W2 to be received within spacing S1 of the shaft sleeve and each spline 240 of width W3 to be received within spacing S2 of the shaft sleeve. This allows the lower portion 3020 of the shaft sleeve to be inserted into the hosel insert 200 at four angularly spaced positions around longitudinal axis B. In a particular embodiment, the spacing S1 is about 19.5 degrees, the spacing S2 is about 29.5 degrees, the arc angle of each spline 500 is about 20.5 degrees, the width W2 is about 19 degrees, and the width W3 is about 29 degrees. In addition, using a greater or fewer number of splines on the shaft sleeve and mating splines on the hosel insert increases and decreases, respectively, the number of possible positions for shaft sleeve.

(339) As can be appreciated, the assembly shown in FIGS. 63-71 is similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 38-40 in that both permit a shaft to be supported at different orientations relative to the club head to vary the shaft loft and/or lie angle. An advantage of the assembly of FIGS. 63-71 is that it includes less pieces than the assembly of FIGS. 38-40, and therefore is less expensive to manufacture and has less mass (which allows for a reduction in overall weight).

(340) FIG. 80 shows an another embodiment of a golf club assembly that is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 63A. The embodiment of FIG. 80 includes a club head 3050 having a hosel 3052 defining a hosel opening 3054, which in turn is adapted to receive a hosel insert 200. The hosel opening 3054 is also adapted to receive a shaft sleeve 3056 mounted on the lower end portion of a shaft (not shown in FIG. 80) as described herein.

(341) The shaft sleeve 3056 has a lower portion 3058 including splines that mate with the splines of the hosel insert 200, an intermediate portion 3060 and an upper head portion 3062. The intermediate portion 3060 and the head portion 3062 define an internal bore 3064 for receiving the tip end portion of the shaft. In the illustrated embodiment, the intermediate portion 3060 of the shaft sleeve has a cylindrical external surface that is concentric with the inner cylindrical surface of the hosel opening 3054. In this manner, the lower and intermediate portions 3058, 3060 of the shaft sleeve and the hosel opening 3054 define a longitudinal axis B. The bore 3064 in the shaft sleeve defines a longitudinal axis A to support the shaft along axis A, which is offset from axis B by a predetermined angle 3066 determined by the bore 3064. As described above, inserting the shaft sleeve 3056 at different angular positions relative to the hosel insert 200 is effective to adjust the shaft loft and/or the lie angle.

(342) In this embodiment, because the intermediate portion 3060 is concentric with the hosel opening 3054, the outer surface of the intermediate portion 3060 can contact the adjacent surface of the hosel opening, as depicted in FIG. 80. This allows easier alignment of the mating features of the assembly during installation of the shaft and further improves the manufacturing process and efficiency. FIGS. 81 and 82 are enlarged views of the shaft sleeve 3056. As shown, the head portion 3062 of the shaft sleeve (which extends above the hosel 3052) can be angled relative to the intermediate portion 3060 by the angle 3066 so that the shaft and the head portion 3062 are both aligned along axis A. In alternative embodiments, the head portion 3062 can be aligned along axis B so that it is parallel to the intermediate portion 3060 and the lower portion 3058.

(343) Adjustable Sole

(344) As discussed above, the grounded loft 80 of a club head is the vertical angle of the centerface normal vector when the club is in the address position (i.e., when the sole is resting on the ground), or stated differently, the angle between the club face and a vertical plane when the club is in the address position. When the shaft loft of a club is adjusted, such as by employing the system disclosed in FIGS. 38-52 or the system shown in FIGS. 63-71 or by traditional bending of the shaft, the grounded loft does not change because the orientation of the club face relative to the sole of the club head does not change. On the other hand, adjusting the shaft loft is effective to adjust the square loft of the club by the same amount. Similarly, when shaft loft is adjusted and the club head is placed in the address position, the face angle of the club head increases or decreases in proportion to the change in shaft loft. For example, for a club having a 60-degree lie angle, decreasing the shaft loft by approximately 0.6 degree increases the face angle by +1.0 degree, resulting in the club face being more open or turned out. Conversely, increasing the shaft loft by approximately 0.6 degree decreases the face angle by 1.0 degree, resulting in the club face being more closed or turned in.

(345) Conventional clubs do not allow for adjustment of the hosel/shaft loft without causing a corresponding change in the face angle. FIGS. 72-73 illustrates a club head 2000, according to one embodiment, configured to decouple the relationship between face angle and hosel/shaft loft (and therefore square loft), that is, allow for separate adjustment of square loft and face angle. The club head 2000 in the illustrated embodiment comprises a club head body 2002 having a rear end 2006, a striking face 2004 defining a forward end of the body, and a bottom portion 2022. The body also has a hosel 2008 for supporting a shaft (not shown).

(346) The bottom portion 2022 comprises an adjustable sole 2010 (also referred to as an adjustable sole portion) that can be adjusted relative to the club head body 2002 to raise and lower at least the rear end of the club head relative to the ground. As shown, the sole 2010 has a forward end portion 2012 and a rear end portion 2014. The sole 2010 can be a flat or curved plate that can be curved to conform to the overall curvature of the bottom 2022 of the club head. The forward end portion 2012 is pivotably connected to the body 2002 at a pivot axis defined by pivot pins 2020 to permit pivoting of the sole relative to the pivot axis. The rear end portion 2014 of the sole therefore can be adjusted upwardly or downwardly relative to the club head body so as to adjust the sole angle 2018 of the club (FIG. 72), which is defined as the angle between the bottom of the adjustable sole 2010 and the non-adjustable bottom surface 2022 of the club head body. As can be seen, varying the sole angle 2018 causes a corresponding change in the grounded loft 80. By pivotably connecting the forward end portion of the adjustable sole, the lower leading edge of the club head at the junction of the striking face and the lower surface can be positioned just off the ground at contact between the club head and a ball. This is desirable to help avoid so-called thin shots (when the club head strikes the ball too high, resulting in a low shot) and to allow a golfer to hit a ball off the deck without a tee if necessary.

(347) The club head can have an adjustment mechanism that is configured to permit manual adjustment of the sole 2010. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, an adjustment screw 2016 extends through the rear end portion 2014 and into a threaded opening in the body (not shown). The axial position of the screw relative to the sole 2010 is fixed so that adjustment of the screw causes corresponding pivoting of the sole 2010. For example, turning the screw in a first direction lowers the sole 2010 from the position shown in solid lines to the position shown in dashed lines in FIG. 72. Turning the screw in the opposite direction raises the sole relative to the club head body. Various other techniques and mechanisms can be used to affect raising and lowering of the sole 2010.

(348) Moreover, other techniques or mechanisms can be implemented in the club head 2000 to permit raising and lowering of the sole angle of the club. For example, the club head can comprise one or more lifts that are located near the rear end of the club head, such as shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 74-78, discussed below. The lifts can be configured to be manually extended downwardly through openings in the bottom portion 2022 of the club head to increase the sole angle and retracted upwardly into the club head to decrease the sole angle. In a specific implementation, a club head can have a telescoping protrusion near the aft end of the head which can be telescopingly extended and retracted relative to the club head to vary the sole angle.

(349) In particular embodiments, the hosel 2008 of the club head can be configured to support a removable shaft at different predetermined orientations to permit adjustment of the shaft loft and/or lie angle of the club. For example, the club head 2000 can be configured to receive the assembly described above and shown in FIG. 39 (shaft sleeve 900, adapter sleeve 1000, and insert 1100) to permit a user to vary the shaft loft and/or lie angle of the club by selecting an adapter sleeve 1000 that supports the club shaft at the desired orientation. Alternatively, the club head can be adapted to receive the assembly shown in FIGS. 63-67 to permit adjustment of the shaft loft and/or lie angle of the club. In other embodiments, a club shaft can be connected to the hosel 2008 in a conventional manner, such as by adhesively bonding the shaft to the hosel, and the shaft loft can be adjusted by bending the shaft and hosel relative to the club head in a conventional manner. The club head 2000 also can be configured for use with the removable shaft assembly described above and disclosed in FIGS. 21-36.

(350) Varying the sole angle of the club head changes the address position of the club head, and therefore the face angle of the club head. By adjusting the position of the sole and by adjusting the shaft loft (either by conventional bending or using a removable shaft system as described herein), it is possible to achieve various combinations of square loft and face angle with one club. Moreover, it is possible to adjust the shaft loft (to adjust square loft) while maintaining the face angle of club by adjusting the sole a predetermined amount.

(351) As an example, Table 7 below shows various combinations of square loft, grounded loft, face angle, sole angle, and hosel loft that can be achieved with a club head that has a nominal or initial square loft of 10.4 degrees and a nominal or initial face angle of 6.0 degrees and a nominal or initial grounded loft of 14 degrees at a 60-degree lie angle. The nominal condition in Table 7 has no change in sole angle or hosel loft angle (i.e., sole angle=0.0 and hosel loft angle=0.0). The parameters in the other rows of Table 7 are deviations to this nominal state (i.e., either the sole angle and/or the hosel loft angle has been changed relative to the nominal state). In this example, the hosel loft angle is increased by 2 degrees, decreased by 2 degrees or is unchanged, and the sole angle is varied in 2-degree increments. As can be seen in the table, these changes in hosel loft angle and sole angle allows the square loft to vary from 8.4, 10.4, and 12.4 with face angles of 4.0, 0.67, 2.67, 7.33, 6.00, and 9.33. In other examples, smaller increments and/or larger ranges for varying the sole angle and the hosel loft angle can be used to achieve different values for square loft and face angle.

(352) Also, it is possible to decrease the hosel loft angle and maintain the nominal face angle of 6.0 degrees by increasing the sole angle as necessary to achieve a 6.0-degree face angle at the adjusted hosel loft angle. For example, decreasing the hosel loft angle by 2 degrees of the club head represented in Table 7 will increase the face angle to 9.33 degrees. Increasing the sole angle to about 2.0 degrees will readjust the face angle to 6.0 degrees.

(353) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Face angle Hosel loft (deg) angle (deg) Square Grounded + = open Sole + = weaker loft (deg) loft (deg) = closed angle (deg) = stronger 12.4 10.0 4.00 4.0 2.0 10.4 8.0 4.00 6.0 0.0 8.4 6.0 4.00 8.0 2.0 12.4 12.0 0.67 2.0 2.0 10.4 10.0 0.67 4.0 0.0 8.4 8.0 0.67 6.0 2.0 12.4 14.0 2.67 0.0 2.0 10.4 12.0 2.67 2.0 0.0 8.4 10.0 2.67 4.0 2.0 12.4 8.0 7.33 6.0 2.0 10.4 14.0 6.00 0.0 0.0 8.4 14.0 9.33 0.0 2.0 8.4 6.0 4.00 8.0 2.0

(354) FIGS. 74-78 illustrates a golf club head 4000, according to another embodiment, that has an adjustable sole. The club head 4000 comprises a club head body 4002 having a rear end 4006, a striking face 4004 defining a forward end of the body, and a bottom portion 4022. The body also has a hosel 4008 for supporting a shaft (not shown). The bottom portion 4022 defines a leading edge surface portion 4024 adjacent the lower edge of the striking face that extends transversely across the bottom portion 4022 (i.e., the leading edge surface portion 4024 extends in a direction from the heel to the toe of the club head body).

(355) The bottom portion 4022 further includes an adjustable sole portion 4010 that can be adjusted relative to the club head body 4002 to raise and lower the rear end of the club head relative to the ground. As best shown in FIG. 76, the adjustable sole portion 4010 is elongated in the heel-to-toe direction of the club head and has a lower surface 4012 that desirably is curved to match the curvature of the leading edge surface portion 4024. In the illustrated embodiment, both the leading edge surface 4024 and the bottom surface 4012 of the sole portion 4010 are concave surfaces. In other embodiments, surfaces 4012 and 4024 are not necessarily curved surfaces but they desirably still have the same profile extending in the heel-to-toe direction. In this manner, if the club head deviates from the grounded address position (e.g., the club is held at a lower or flatter lie angle), the effective face angle of the club head does not change substantially, as further described below. The crown to face transition or top-line would stay relatively stable when viewed from the address position as the club is adjusted between the lie ranges described herein. Therefore, the golfer is better able to align the club with the desired direction of the target line. In some embodiments, the top-line transition is clearly delineated by a masking line between the painted crown and the unpainted face.

(356) The sole portion 4010 has a first edge 4018 located toward the heel of the club head and a second edge 4020 located at about the middle of the width of the club head. In this manner, the sole portion 4010 (from edge 4018 to edge 4020) has a length that extends transversely across the club head less than half the width of the club head. As noted above, studies have shown that most golfers address the ball with a lie angle between 10 and 20 degrees less than the intended scoreline lie angle of the club head (the lie angle when the club head is in the address position). The length of the sole portion 4010 in the illustrated embodiment is selected to support the club head on the ground at the grounded address position or any lie angle between 0 and 20 degrees less than the lie angle at the grounded address position. In alternative embodiments, the sole portion 4010 can have a length that is longer or shorter than that of the illustrated embodiment to support the club head at a greater or smaller range of lie angles. For example, the sole portion 4010 can extend past the middle of the club head to support the club head at lie angles that are greater than the scoreline lie angle (the lie angle at the grounded address position).

(357) As best shown in FIGS. 77 and 78, the bottom portion of the club head body can be formed with a recess 4014 that is shaped to receive the adjustable sole portion 4010. One or more screws 4016 (two are shown in the illustrated embodiment) can extend through respective washers 4028, corresponding openings in the adjustable sole portion 4010, one or more shims 4026 and into threaded openings in the bottom portion 4022 of the club head body. The sole angle of the club head can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of shims 4026, which changes the distance the sole portion 4010 extends from the bottom of the club head. The sole portion 4010 can also be removed and replaced with a shorter or taller sole portion 4010 to change the sole angle of the club. In one implementation, the club head is provided with a plurality of sole portions 4010, each having a different height H (FIG. 78) (e.g., the club head can be provided with a small, medium and large sole portion 4010). Removing the existing sole portion 4010 and replacing it with one having a greater height H increases the sole angle while replacing the existing sole portion 4010 with one having a smaller height H will decrease the sole angle.

(358) In an alternative embodiment, the axial position of each of the screws 4016 relative to the sole portion 4010 is fixed so that adjustment of the screws causes the sole portion 4010 to move away from or closer to the club head. Adjusting the sole portion 4010 downwardly increases the sole angle of the club head while adjusting the sole portion upwardly decreases the sole angle of the club head.

(359) When a golfer changes the actual lie angle of the club by tilting the club toward or away from the body so that the club head deviates from the grounded address position, there is a slight corresponding change in face angle due to the loft of the club head. The effective face angle, eFA, of the club head is a measure of the face angle with the loft component removed (i.e. the angle between the horizontal component of the face normal vector and the target line vector), and can be determined by the following equation:

(360) $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{eFA}=-\arctan \left[\frac{\left(\sin \mathrm{lie}.Math.\sin \mathrm{GL}.Math.\cos \mathrm{MFA}\right)-\left(\cos \mathrm{lie}.Math.\sin \mathrm{MFA}\right)}{\cos \mathrm{GL}.Math.\cos \mathrm{MFA}}\right]& \mathrm{Eq}.3\end{array}$

(361) where lie=measured lie anglescoreline lie angle,

(362) GL is the grounded loft angle of the club head, and

(363) MFA is the measured face angle.

(364) As noted above, the adjustable sole portion 4010 has a lower surface 4012 that matches the curvature of the leading edge surface portion 4024 of the club head. Consequently, the effective face angle remains substantially constant as the golfer holds the club with the club head on the playing surface and the club is tilted toward and away from the golfer so as to adjust the actual lie angle of the club. In particular embodiments, the effective face angle of the club head 4000 is held constant within a tolerance of +/0.2 degrees as the lie angle is adjusted through a range of 0 degrees to about 20 degrees less than the scoreline lie angle. In a specific implementation, for example, the scoreline lie angle of the club head is 60 degrees and the effective face angle is held constant within a tolerance of +/0.2 degrees for lie angles between 60 degrees and 40 degrees. In another example, the scoreline lie angle of the club head is 60 degrees and the effective face angle is held constant within a tolerance of +/0.1 degrees for lie angles between 60 degrees and 40 degrees. In several embodiments, the effective face angle is held constant within a tolerance of about +/0.1 degrees to about +1-0.5 degrees. In certain embodiments, the effective face angle is held constant within a tolerance of about less than +/1 degree or about less than +/0.7 degrees.

(365) FIG. 79 illustrates the effective face angle of a club head through a range of lie angles for a nominal state (the shaft loft is unchanged), a lofted state (the shaft loft is increased by 1.5 degrees), and a delofted state (the shaft loft is decreased by 1.5 degrees). In the lofted state, the sole portion 4010 was removed and replaced with a sole portion 4010 having a smaller height H to decrease the sole angle of the club head. In the delofted state, the sole portion was removed and replaced with a sole portion 4010 having a greater height H to increase the sole angle of the club head. As shown in FIG. 79, the effective face angle of the club head in the nominal, lofted and delofted state remained substantially constant through a lie angle range of about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees.

(366) Materials

(367) The components of the head-shaft connection assemblies disclosed in the present specification can be formed from any of various suitable metals, metal alloys, polymers, composites, or various combinations thereof.

(368) In addition to those noted above, some examples of metals and metal alloys that can be used to form the components of the connection assemblies include, without limitation, carbon steels (e.g., 1020 or 8620 carbon steel), stainless steels (e.g., 304 or 410 stainless steel), PH (precipitation-hardenable) alloys (e.g., 17-4, C450, or C455 alloys), titanium alloys (e.g., 3-2.5, 6-4, SP700, 15-3-3-3, 10-2-3, or other alpha/near alpha, alpha-beta, and beta/near beta titanium alloys), aluminum/aluminum alloys (e.g., 3000 series alloys, 5000 series alloys, 6000 series alloys, such as 6061-T6, and 7000 series alloys, such as 7075), magnesium alloys, copper alloys, and nickel alloys.

(369) Some examples of composites that can be used to form the components include, without limitation, glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), metal matrix composites (MMC), ceramic matrix composites (CMC), and natural composites (e.g., wood composites).

(370) Some examples of polymers that can be used to form the components include, without limitation, thermoplastic materials (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylic, PVC, ABS, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyether block amides, nylon, and engineered thermoplastics), thermosetting materials (e.g., polyurethane, epoxy, and polyester), copolymers, and elastomers (e.g., natural or synthetic rubber, EPDM, and Teflon).

Examples

(371) Table 8 illustrates twenty-four possible driver head configurations between a sleeve position and movable weight positions. Each configuration shown in Table 8 has a different configuration for providing a desired shot bias. An associated loft angle, face angle, and lie angle is shown corresponding to each sleeve position shown.

(372) The tabulated values in Table 8 are assuming a nominal club loft of 10.5, a nominal lie angle of 60, and a nominal face angle of 2.0 in a neutral position. In the exemplary embodiment of Table 8, the offset angle is nominally 1.0. The eight discrete sleeve positions L, N, NU, R, N-R, N-L, NU-R, and NU-L represent the different spline positions a golfer can position a sleeve with respect to the club head. Of course, it is understood that four, twelve, or sixteen sleeve positions are possible. In each embodiment, the sleeve positions are symmetric about four orthogonal positions. The preferred method to locate and lock these positions is with spline teeth engaged in a mating slotted piece in the hosel as described in the embodiments described herein. The L or left position allows the golfer to hit a draw or draw biased shot. The NU or neutral upright position enables a user to hit a slight draw (less draw than the L position). The N or neutral position is a sleeve position having little or no draw or fade bias. In contrast, the R or right position increases the probability that a user will hit a shot with a fade bias.

(373) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Config. Sleeve Toe Rear Heel Loft Face Lie No. Position Weight Weight Weight Angle Angle Angle 1 L 16 g 1 g 1 g 11.5 0.3 60 2 L 1 g 16 g 1 g 11.5 0.3 60 3 L 1 g 1 g 16 g 11.5 0.3 60 4 N 16 g 1 g 1 g 10.5 2.0 59 5 N 1 g 16 g 1 g 10.5 2.0 59 6 N 1 g 1 g 16 g 10.5 2.0 59 7 NU 16 g 1 g 1 g 10.5 2.0 61 8 NU 1 g 16 g 1 g 10.5 2.0 61 9 NU 1 g 1 g 16 g 10.5 2.0 61 10 R 16 g 1 g 1 g 9.5 3.7 60 11 R 1 g 16 g 1 g 9.5 3.7 60 12 R 1 g 1 g 16 g 9.5 3.7 60 13 N-R 16 g 1 g 1 g 9.8 3.2 59.3 14 N-R 1 g 16 g 1 g 9.8 3.2 59.3 15 N-R 1 g 1 g 16 g 9.8 3.2 59.3 16 N-L 16 g 1 g 1 g 11.2 0.8 59.3 17 N-L 1 g 16 g 1 g 11.2 0.8 59.3 18 N-L 1 g 1 g 16 g 11.2 0.8 59.3 19 NU-R 16 g 1 g 1 g 9.8 3.2 60.7 20 NU-R 1 g 16 g 1 g 9.8 3.2 60.7 21 NU-R 1 g 1 g 16 g 9.8 3.2 60.7 22 NU-L 16 g 1 g 1 g 11.2 0.8 60.7 23 NU-L 1 g 16 g 1 g 11.2 0.8 60.7 24 NU-L 1 g 1 g 16 g 11.2 0.8 60.7

(374) As shown in Table 8, the heaviest movable weight is about 16 g and two lighter weights are about 1 g. A total weight of 18 g is provided by movable weights in this exemplary embodiment. It is understood that the movable weights can be more than 18 g or less than 18 g depending on the desired CG location. The movable weights can be of a weight and configuration as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,773,360, 7,166,040, 7,186,190, 7,407,447, 7,419,441 or U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/025,469, 11/524,031, which are incorporated by reference herein. Placing the heaviest weight in the toe region will provide a draw biased shot. In contrast, placing the heaviest weight in the heel region will provide a fade biased shot and placing the heaviest weight in the rear position will provide a more neutral shot.

(375) The exemplary embodiment shown in Table 8 provides at least five different loft angle values for eight different sleeve configurations. The loft angle value varies from about 9.5 to 11.5 for a nominal 10.5 loft (at neutral) club. In one embodiment, a maximum loft angle change is about 2. The sleeve assembly or adjustable loft system described above can provide a total maximum loft change (loft) of about 0.5 to about 3 which can be described as the following expression in Eq. 4.
0.5loft3Eq. 4

(376) The incremental loft change can be in increments of about 0.2 to about 1.5 in order to have a noticeable loft change while being small enough to fine tune the performance of the club head. As shown in Table 8, when the sleeve assembly is positioned to increase loft, the face angle is more closed with respect to how the club sits on the ground when the club is held in the address position. Similarly, when the sleeve assembly is positioned to decrease loft, the face angle sits more open.

(377) Furthermore, five different face angle values for eight different sleeve configurations are provided in the embodiment of Table 8. The face angle varies from about 0.3 to 3.7 in the embodiment shown with a neutral face angle of 2.0. In one embodiment, the maximum face angle change is about 3.4. It should be noted that a 1 change in loft angle results in a 1.7 change in face angle.

(378) The exemplary embodiment shown in Table 8 further provides five different lie angle values for eight different sleeve configurations. The lie angle varies from about 59 to 61 with a neutral lie angle of 60. Therefore, in one embodiment, the maximum lie angle change is about 2.

(379) In an alternative exemplary embodiment, an equivalent 9.5 nominal loft club would have similar face angle and lie angle values described above in Table 8. However, the loft angle for an equivalent 9.5 nominal loft club would have loft values of about 1 less than the loft values shown throughout the various settings in Table 8. Similarly, an equivalent 8.5 nominal loft club would have a loft angle value of about 2 less than those shown in Table 8.

(380) According to some embodiments of the present application, a golf club head has a loft angle between about 6 degrees and about 16 degrees or between about 13 degrees and about 30 degrees in the neutral position. In yet other embodiments, the golf club has a lie angle between about 55 degrees and about 65 degrees in the neutral position. Table 9 illustrates another exemplary embodiment having a nominal club loft of 10.5, a nominal lie angle of 60, and a nominal face angle of 2.0. In the exemplary embodiment of Table 9, the offset angle of the shaft is nominally 1.5.

(381) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Sleeve Loft Face Lie Position Angle Angle Angle L 12.0 0.5 60.0 N 10.5 2.0 58.5 NU 10.5 2.0 61.5 R 9.0 4.5 60.0 N-R 9.4 3.8 58.9 N-L 11.6 0.2 58.9 NU-R 9.4 3.8 61.1 NU-L 11.6 0.2 61.1

(382) The different sleeve configurations shown in Table 9 can be combined with different movable weight configurations to achieve a desired shot bias, as already described above. In the embodiment of Table 9, the loft angle ranges from about 9.0 to 12.0 for a 10.5 neutral loft angle club resulting in a total maximum loft angle change of about 3. The face angle in the embodiment of Table 9 ranges from about 0.5 to 4.5 for a 2.0 neutral face angle club thereby resulting in a total maximum face angle change of about 5. The lie angle in Table 9 ranges from about 58.5 to 61.5 for a 60 neutral lie angle club resulting in a total maximum lie angle change of about 3.

(383) FIG. 83A illustrates one exemplary embodiment of an exploded golf club head assembly. A golf club head 6300 is shown having a heel port 6316, a rear port 6314, a toe port 6312, a heel weight 6306, a rear weight 6304, and a toe weight 6302. The golf club head 6300 also includes a sleeve 6308 and screw 6310 as previously described. The screw 6310 is inserted into a hosel opening 6318 to secure the sleeve 6308 to the club head 6300.

(384) FIG. 83B shows an assembled view of the golf club head 6300, sleeve 6308, screw 6310 and movable weights 6302,6304,6306. The golf club head 6300 includes the hosel opening 6318 which is comprised of primarily three planar surfaces or walls.

(385) Mass Characteristics

(386) A golf club head has a head mass defined as the combined masses of the body, weight ports, and weights. The total weight mass is the combined masses of the weight or weights installed on a golf club head. The total weight port mass is the combined masses of the weight ports and any weight port supporting structures, such as ribs. In one embodiment, the rear weight 6304 is the heaviest weight being between about 15 grams to about 20 grams. In certain embodiments, the lighter weights can be about 1 gram to about 6 grams. In one embodiment, a single heavy weight of 16 g and two lighter weights of 1 g is preferred.

(387) In some embodiments, a golf club head is provided with three weight ports having a total weight port mass between about 1 g and about 12 g. In certain embodiments, the weight port mass without ribs is about 3 g for a combined weight port mass of about 9 g. In some embodiments, the total weight port mass with ribbing is about 5 g to about 6 g for a combined total weight port mass of about 15 g to about 18 g.

(388) FIG. 84A illustrates a top cross-sectional view with a portion of the crown 6426 partially removed for purposes of illustration. A toe weight 6408, a rear weight 6410, and a heel weight 6412 are fully inserted into a toe weight port 6402, a rear weight port 6404, and a heel weight port 6406, respectively. A sleeve assembly 6418 of the type described herein is also shown. In one embodiment, the toe weight port 6402 is provided with at least one rib 6414 and the rear weight port 6404 is provided with at least one rib 6416. The heel weight port 6412 shown in FIG. 84A does not require a rib due to the additional stability and mass provided by the hosel recess walls 6422. Thus, in one embodiment, the heel weight port 6412 is lighter than the toe weight port 6402 and rear weight port 6404 due to the lack of ribbing. The toe weight port rib 6414 is comprised of a first rib 6414 a and a second rib 6414 b that attach the toe weight port rib to a portion of the interior wall of the sole 6424.

(389) FIG. 84B illustrates a front cross-sectional view showing the sleeve assembly 6418 and a hosel recess walls 6422. The heel weight port ribs 6416 are comprised of a first 6416 a, second 6416 b, and third 6416 c rib. The first 6416 a and second 6416 b rib are attached to the outer surface of the rear weight port 6404 and an inner surface of the sole 6424. The third rib 6416 c is attached to the outer surface of the rear weight port 6406 and an inner surface of the crown 6426.

(390) In one embodiment, the addition of the sleeve assembly 6418 and hosel recess walls 6422 increase the weight in the heel region by about 10 g to about 12 g. In other words, a club head construction without the hosel recess walls 6422 and sleeve assembly 6418 would be about 10 g to about 12 g lighter. Due to the increase in weight in the heel region, a mass pad or fixed weight that might be placed in the heel region is unnecessary. Therefore, the additional weight from the hosel recess walls 6422 and sleeve assembly 6418 provides a sufficient impact on the center of gravity location without having to insert a mass pad or fixed weight.

(391) In one exemplary embodiment, the weight port walls are roughly 0.6 mm to 1.5 mm thick and has a mass between 2 g to about 5 g. In one embodiment, the weight port walls alone weigh about 3 g to about 4 g. A hosel insert (as described above) has a weight of between 1 g to about 4 g. In one embodiment, the hosel insert is about 2 g. The sleeve that is inserted into the hosel insert weighs about 5 g to about 8 g. In one embodiment, the sleeve is about 6 g to about 7 g. The screw that is inserted into the sleeve weighs about 1 g to 2 g. In one exemplary embodiment, the screw weighs about 1 g to about 2 g.

(392) Therefore, in certain embodiments, the hosel recess walls, hosel insert, sleeve, and screw have a combined weight of about 10 g to 15 g, and preferably about 14 g. In some embodiments of the golf club head with three weight ports and three weights, the sum of the body mass, weight port mass, and weights is between about 80 g and about 220 g or between about 180 g and about 215 g. In specific embodiments the total mass of the club head is between 200 g and about 210 g and in one example is about 205 g.

(393) The above mass characteristics seek to create a compact and lightweight sleeve assembly while accommodating the additional weight effects of the sleeve assembly on the CG of the club head. Preferably, the club head has a hosel outside diameter 6428 (shown in FIG. 84B) which is less than 15 mm or even more preferably less than 14 mm. The smaller hosel outside diameter when coupled with the sleeve assembly of the embodiments described above will ensure that a excessive weight in the hosel region is minimized and therefore does not have a significant effect on CG location. In other words, a small hosel diameter when coupled with the sleeve assembly is desirable for mass and CG properties and avoids the problems associated with a large, heavy, and bulky hosel. A smaller hosel outside diameter will also be more aesthetically pleasing to a player than a large and bulky hosel.

(394) Volume Characteristics

(395) The golf club head of the present application has a volume equal to the volumetric displacement of the club head body. In several embodiments, a golf club head of the present application can be configured to have a head volume between about 110 cm.sup.3 and about 600 cm.sup.3. In more particular embodiments, the head volume is between about 250 cm.sup.3 and about 500 cm.sup.3, 400 cm.sup.3 and about 500 cm.sup.3, 390 cm.sup.3 and about 420 cm.sup.3, or between about 420 cm.sup.3 and 475 cm.sup.3. In one exemplary embodiment, the head volume is about 390 to about 410 cm.sup.3.

(396) Moments of Inertia and CG Location

(397) Golf club head moments of inertia are defined about axes extending through the golf club head CG. As used herein, the golf club head CG location can be provided with reference to its position on a golf club head origin coordinate system. The golf club head origin is positioned on the face plate at approximately the geometric center, i.e. the intersection of the midpoints of a face plate's height and width.

(398) The head origin coordinate system includes an x-axis and a y-axis. The origin x-axis extends tangential to the face plate and generally parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned with the positive x-axis extending from the origin towards a heel of the golf club head and the negative x-axis extending from the origin to the toe of the golf club head. The origin y-axis extends generally perpendicular to the origin x-axis and parallel to the ground when the head is ideally positioned with the positive y-axis extending from the head origin towards the rear portion of the golf club. The head origin can also include an origin z-axis extending perpendicular to the origin x-axis and the origin y-axis and having a positive z-axis that extends from the origin towards the top portion of the golf club head and negative z-axis that extends from the origin towards the bottom portion of the golf club head.

(399) In some embodiments, the golf club head has a CG with a head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 10 mm and a head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate greater than about 15 mm or less than about 50 mm. In certain embodiments, the club head has a CG with an origin x-axis coordinate between about 5 mm and about 5 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate greater than about 0 mm and an origin z-axis (CG.sub.z) coordinate less than about 0 mm. More particularly, in specific embodiments of a golf club head having specific configurations, the golf club head has a CG with coordinates approximated in Table 10 below. The golf club head in Table 10 has three weight ports and three weights. In configuration 1, the heaviest weight is located in the back most or rear weight port. The heaviest weight is located in a heel weight port in configuration 2, and the heaviest weight is located in a toe weight port in configuration 3.

(400) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Config- CG origin x-axis CG Y origin y-axis CG Z origin z-axis uration coordinate (mm) coordinate (mm) coordinate (mm) 1 0 to 5 31 to 36 0 to 5 1 to 4 32 to 35 1 to 4 2 to 3 33 to 34 2 to 3 2 3 to 8 27 to 32 0 to 5 4 to 7 28 to 31 1 to 4 5 to 6 29 to 30 2 to 3 3 2 to 3 27 to 32 0 to 5 1 to 2 28 to 31 1 to 4 0 to 1 29 to 30 2 to 3

(401) Table 10 emphasizes the amount of CG change that can be possible by moving the movable weights. In one embodiment, the movable weight change can provide a CG change in the x-direction (heel-toe) of between about 2 mm and about 10 mm in order to achieve a large enough CG change to create significant performance change to offset or enhance the possible loft, lie, and face angel adjustments described above. A substantial change in CG is accomplished by having a large difference in the weight that is moved between different weight ports and having the weight ports spaced far enough apart to achieve the CG change. In certain embodiments, the CG is located below the center face with a CGz of less than 0. The CGx is between about 2 mm (toe-ward) and 8 mm (heel-ward) or even more preferably between about 0 mm and about 6 mm. Furthermore, the CGy can be between about 25 mm and about 40 mm (aft of the centerface).

(402) A moment of inertia of a golf club head is measured about a CG x-axis, CG y-axis, and CG z-axis which are axes similar to the origin coordinate system except with an origin located at the center of gravity, CG.

(403) In certain embodiments, the golf club head of the present invention can have a moment of inertia (Ixx) about the golf club head CG x-axis between about 70 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. More specifically, certain embodiments have a moment of inertia about the CG x-axis between about 200 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 to about 300 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 or between about 200 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 500 kg.Math.mm.sup.2.

(404) In several embodiments, the golf club head of the present invention can have a moment of inertia (Izz) about the golf club head CG z-axis between about 200 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. More specifically, certain embodiments have a moment of inertia about the CG z-axis between about 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 to about 500 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 or between about 350 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2.

(405) In several embodiments, the golf club head of the present invention can have a moment of inertia (Iyy) about the golf club head CG y-axis between about 200 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and 400 kg.Math.mm.sup.2. In certain specific embodiments, the moment of inertia about the golf club head CG y-axis is between about 250 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and 350 kg.Math.mm.sup.2.

(406) The moment of inertia can change depending on the location of the heaviest removable weight as illustrated in Table 11 below. Again, in configuration 1, the heaviest weight is located in the back most or rear weight port. The heaviest weight is located in a heel weight port in configuration 2, and the heaviest weight is located in a toe weight port in configuration 3.

(407) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Config- I.sub.xx I.sub.yy I.sub.zz uration (kg .Math. mm.sup.2) (kg .Math. mm.sup.2) (kg .Math. mm.sup.2) 1 250 to 300 250 to 300 410 to 460 260 to 290 260 to 290 420 to 450 270 to 280 270 to 280 430 to 440 2 200 to 250 270 to 320 380 to 430 210 to 240 280 to 310 390 to 420 220 to 230 290 to 300 400 to 410 3 200 to 250 280 to 330 400 to 450 210 to 240 290 to 320 410 to 440 220 to 230 300 to 310 420 to 430
Thin Wall Construction

(408) According to some embodiments of a golf club head of the present application, the golf club head has a thin wall construction. Among other advantages, thin wall construction facilitates the redistribution of material from one part of a club head to another part of the club head. Because the redistributed material has a certain mass, the material may be redistributed to locations in the golf club head to enhance performance parameters related to mass distribution, such as CG location and moment of inertia magnitude. Club head material that is capable of being redistributed without affecting the structural integrity of the club head is commonly called discretionary weight. In some embodiments of the present invention, thin wall construction enables discretionary weight to be removed from one or a combination of the striking plate, crown, skirt, or sole and redistributed in the form of weight ports and corresponding weights.

(409) Thin wall construction can include a thin sole construction, i.e., a sole with a thickness less than about 0.9 mm but greater than about 0.4 mm over at least about 50% of the sole surface area; and/or a thin skirt construction, i.e., a skirt with a thickness less than about 0.8 mm but greater than about 0.4 mm over at least about 50% of the skirt surface area; and/or a thin crown construction, i.e., a crown with a thickness less than about 0.8 mm but greater than about 0.4 mm over at least about 50% of the crown surface area. In one embodiment, the club head is made of titanium and has a thickness less than 0.65 mm over at least 50% of the crown in order to free up enough weight to achieve the desired CG location.

(410) More specifically, in certain embodiments of a golf club having a thin sole construction and at least one weight and two weight ports, the sole, crown and skirt can have respective thicknesses over at least about 50% of their respective surfaces between about 0.4 mm and about 0.9 mm, between about 0.8 mm and about 0.9 mm, between about 0.7 mm and about 0.8 mm, between about 0.6 mm and about 0.7 mm, or less than about 0.6 mm. According to a specific embodiment of a golf club having a thin skirt construction, the thickness of the skirt over at least about 50% of the skirt surface area can be between about 0.4 mm and about 0.8 mm, between about 0.6 mm and about 0.7 mm or less than about 0.6 mm.

(411) The thin wall construction can be described according to areal weight as defined by the equation (Eq. 5) below:
AW=.Math.tEq. 5
In the above equation, AW is defined as areal weight, is defined as density, and t is defined as the thickness of the material. In one exemplary embodiment, the golf club head is made of a material having a density, , of about 4.5 g/cm.sup.3 or less. In one embodiment, the thickness of a crown or sole portion is between about 0.04 cm to about 0.09 cm. Therefore the areal weight of the crown or sole portion is between about 0.18 g/cm.sup.2 and about 0.41 g/cm.sup.2. In some embodiments, the areal weight of the crown or sole portion is less than 0.41 g/cm.sup.2 over at least about 50% of the crown or sole surface area. In other embodiments, the areal weight of the crown or sole is less than about 0.36 g/cm.sup.2 over at least about 50% of the entire crown or sole surface area.

(412) In certain embodiments, the thin wall construction is implemented according to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/870,913 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,186,190, which are incorporated herein by reference.

(413) Variable Thickness Faceplate

(414) According to some embodiments, a golf club head face plate can include a variable thickness faceplate. Varying the thickness of a faceplate may increase the size of a club head COR zone, commonly called the sweet spot of the golf club head, which, when striking a golf ball with the golf club head, allows a larger area of the face plate to deliver consistently high golf ball velocity and shot forgiveness. Also, varying the thickness of a faceplate can be advantageous in reducing the weight in the face region for re-allocation to another area of the club head.

(415) A variable thickness face plate 6500, according to one embodiment of a golf club head illustrated in FIGS. 85A and 85B, includes a generally circular protrusion 6502 extending into the interior cavity towards the rear portion of the golf club head. When viewed in cross-section, as illustrated in FIG. 85A, protrusion 6502 includes a portion with increasing thickness from an outer portion 6508 of the face plate 6500 to an intermediate portion 6504. The protrusion 6502 further includes a portion with decreasing thickness from the intermediate portion 6504 to an inner portion 6506 positioned approximately at a center of the protrusion preferably proximate the golf club head origin. An origin x-axis 6512 and an origin z-axis 6510 intersect near the inner portion 6506 across an x-z plane. However, the origin x-axis 6512, origin z-axis 6510, and an origin y-axis 6514 pass through an ideal impact location 6501 located on the striking surface of the face plate. In certain embodiments, the inner portion 6506 can be aligned with the ideal impact location with respect to the x-z plane.

(416) In some embodiments of a golf club head having a face plate with a protrusion, the maximum face plate thickness is greater than about 4.8 mm, and the minimum face plate thickness is less than about 2.3 mm. In certain embodiments, the maximum face plate thickness is between about 5 mm and about 5.4 mm and the minimum face plate thickness is between about 1.8 mm and about 2.2 mm. In yet more particular embodiments, the maximum face plate thickness is about 5.2 mm and the minimum face plate thickness is about 2 mm. The face thickness should have a thickness change of at least 25% over the face (thickest portion compared to thinnest) in order to save weight and achieve a higher ball speed on off-center hits.

(417) In some embodiments of a golf club head having a face plate with a protrusion and a thin sole construction or a thin skirt construction, the maximum face plate thickness is greater than about 3.0 mm and the minimum face plate thickness is less than about 3.0 mm. In certain embodiments, the maximum face plate thickness is between about 3.0 mm and about 4.0 mm, between about 4.0 mm and about 5.0 mm, between about 5.0 mm and about 6.0 mm or greater than about 6.0 mm, and the minimum face plate thickness is between about 2.5 mm and about 3.0 mm, between about 2.0 mm and about 2.5 mm, between about 1.5 mm and about 2.0 mm or less than about 1.5 mm.

(418) In certain embodiments, a variable thickness face profile is implemented according to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/006,060, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,997,820, 6,800,038, and 6,824,475, which are incorporated herein by reference.

(419) Distance Between Weight Ports

(420) In some embodiments of a golf club head having at least two weight ports, a distance between the first and second weight ports is between about 5 mm and about 200 mm. In more specific embodiments, the distance between the first and second weight ports is between about 5 mm and about 100 mm, between about 50 mm and about 100 mm, or between about 70 mm and about 90 mm. In some specific embodiments, the first weight port is positioned proximate a toe portion of the golf club head and the second weight port is positioned proximate a heel portion of the golf club head.

(421) In some embodiments of the golf club head having first, second and third weight ports, a distance between the first and second weight port is between about 40 mm and about 100 mm, and a distance between the first and third weight port, and the second and third weight port, is between about 30 mm and about 90 mm. In certain embodiments, the distance between the first and second weight port is between about 60 mm and about 80 mm, and the distance between the first and third weight port, and the second and third weight port, is between about 50 mm and about 80 mm. In a specific example, the distance between the first and second weight port is between about 80 mm and about 90 mm, and the distance between the first and third weight port, and the second and third weight port, is between about 70 mm and about 80 mm. In some embodiments, the first weight port is positioned proximate a toe portion of the golf club head, the second weight port is positioned proximate a heel portion of the golf club head and the third weight port is positioned proximate a rear portion of the golf club head.

(422) In some embodiments of the golf club head having first, second, third and fourth weights ports, a distance between the first and second weight port, the first and fourth weight port, and the second and third weight port is between about 40 mm and about 100 mm; a distance between the third and fourth weight port is between about 10 mm and about 80 mm; and a distance between the first and third weight port and the second and fourth weight port is about 30 mm to about 90 mm. In more specific embodiments, a distance between the first and second weight port, the first and fourth weight port, and the second and third weight port is between about 60 mm and about 80 mm; a distance between the first and third weight port and the second and fourth weight port is between about 50 mm and about 70 mm; and a distance between the third and fourth weight port is between about 30 mm and about 50 mm. In some specific embodiments, the first weight port is positioned proximate a front toe portion of the golf club head, the second weight port is positioned proximate a front heel portion of the golf club head, the third weight port is positioned proximate a rear toe portion of the golf club head and the fourth weight port is positioned proximate a rear heel portion of the golf club head.

(423) Product of Distance Between Weight Ports and the Maximum Weight

(424) As mentioned above, the distance between the weight ports and weight size contributes to the amount of CG change made possible in a system having the sleeve assembly described above.

(425) In some embodiments of a golf club head of the present application having two, three or four weights, a maximum weight mass multiplied by the distance between the maximum weight and the minimum weight is between about 450 g.Math.mm and about 2,000 g.Math.mm or about 200 g.Math.mm and 2,000 g.Math.mm. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the maximum weight mass multiplied by the weight separation distance is between about 500 g.Math.mm and about 1,500 g.Math.mm, between about 1,200 g.Math.mm and about 1,400 g.Math.mm.

(426) When a weight or weight port is used as a reference point from which a distance, i.e., a vectorial distance (defined as the length of a straight line extending from a reference or feature point to another reference or feature point) to another weight or weights port is determined, the reference point is typically the volumetric centroid of the weight port.

(427) When a movable weight club head and the sleeve assembly are combined, it is possible to achieve the highest level of club trajectory modification while simultaneously achieving the desired look of the club at address. For example, if a player prefers to have an open club face look at address, the player can put the club in the R or open face position. If that player then hits a fade (since the face is open) shot but prefers to hit a straight shot, or slight draw, it is possible to take the same club and move the heavy weight to the heel port to promote draw bias. Therefore, it is possible for a player to have the desired look at address (in this case open face) and the desired trajectory (in this case straight or slight draw).

(428) In yet another advantage, by combining the movable weight concept with an adjustable sleeve position (effecting loft, lie and face angle) it is possible to amplify the desired trajectory bias that a player may be trying to achieve.

(429) For example, if a player wants to achieve the most draw possible, the player can adjust the sleeve position to be in the closed face position or L position and also put the heavy weight in the heel port. The weight and the sleeve position work together to achieve the greater draw bias possible. On the other hand, to achieve the greatest fade bias, the sleeve position can be set for the open face or R position and the heavy weight is placed in the top port.

(430) Product of Distance Between Weight Ports, the Maximum Weight, and the Maximum Loft Change

(431) As described above, the combination of a large CG change (measured by the heaviest weight multiplied by the distance between the ports) and a large loft change (measured by the largest possible change in loft between two sleeve positions, Aloft) results in the highest level of trajectory adjustability. Thus, a product of the distance between at least two weight ports, the maximum weight, and the maximum loft change is important in describing the benefits achieved by the embodiments described herein.

(432) In one embodiment, the product of the distance between at least two weight ports, the maximum weight, and the maximum loft change is between about 50 mm.Math.g.Math.deg and about 6,000 mm.Math.g.Math.deg or even more preferably between about 500 mm.Math.g.Math.deg and about 3,000 mm.Math.g.Math.deg. In other words, in certain embodiments, the golf club head satisfies the following expressions in Eq. 6 and Eq. 7.
50 mm.Math.g.Math.degrees<Dwp.Math.Mhw.Math.loft<6,000 mm.Math.g.Math.degreesEq. 6
500 mm.Math.g.Math.degrees<Dwp.Math.Mhw.Math.loft<3,000 mm.Math.g.Math.degreesEq. 7
In the above expressions, Dwp, is the distance between two weight port centroids (mm), Mhw, is the mass of the heaviest weight (g), and Aloft is the maximum loft change (degrees) between at least two sleeve positions. A golf club head within the ranges described above will ensure the highest level of trajectory adjustability.

(433) Torque Wrench With respect to FIG. 86, the torque wrench 6600 includes a grip 6602, a shank 6606 and a torque limiting mechanism housed inside the torque wrench. The grip 6602 and shank 6606 form a T-shape and the torque-limiting mechanism is located between the grip 6602 and shank 6606 in an intermediate region 6604. The torque-limiting mechanism prevents over-tightening of the movable weights, the adjustable sleeve, and the adjustable sole features of the embodiments described herein. In use, once the torque limit is met, the torque-limiting mechanism of the exemplary embodiment will cause the grip 6602 to rotationally disengage from the shank 6606. Preferably, the wrench 6600 is limited to between about 30 inch-lbs. and about 50 inch-lbs of torque. More specifically, the limit is between about 35 inch-lbs. and about 45 inch-lbs. of torque. In one exemplary embodiment, the wrench 6600 is limited to about 40 inch-lbs. of torque.

(434) The use of a single tool or torque wrench 6600 for adjusting the movable weights, adjustable sleeve or adjustable loft system, and adjustable sole features provides a unique advantage in that a user is not required to carry multiple tools or attachments to make the desired adjustments.

(435) The shank 6606 terminates in an engagement end i.e. tip 6610 configured to operatively mate with the movable weights, adjustable sleeve, and adjustable sole features described herein. In one embodiment, the engagement end or tip 6610 is a bit-type drive tip having one single mating configuration for adjusting the movable weights, adjustable sleeve, and adjustable sole features. The engagement end can be comprised of lobes and flutes spaced equidistantly about the circumference of the tip.

(436) In certain embodiments, the single tool 6600 is provided to adjust the sole angle and the adjustable sleeve (i.e. affecting loft angle, lie angle, or face angle) only. In another embodiment, the single tool 6600 is provided to adjust the adjustable sleeve and movable weights only. In yet other embodiments, the single tool 6600 is provided to adjust the movable weights and sole angle only.

(437) Composite Face Insert

(438) FIG. 87A shows an isometric view of a golf club head 6700 including a crown portion 6702, a sole portion 6720, a rear portion 6718, a front portion 6716, a toe region 6704, heel region 6706, and a sleeve 6708. A face insert 6710 is inserted into a front opening inner wall 6714 located in the front portion 6716. The face insert 6710 can include a plurality of score lines.

(439) FIG. 87B illustrates an exploded assembly view of the golf club head 6700 and a face insert 6710 including a composite face insert 6722 and a metallic cap 6724. In certain embodiments, the metallic cap 6724 is a titanium alloy, such as 6-4 titanium or CP titanium. In some embodiments, the metallic cap 6725 includes a rim portion 6732 that covers a portion of a side wall 6734 of the composite insert 6722. In other embodiments, the metallic cap 6724 does not have a rim portion 6732 but includes an outer peripheral edge that is substantially flush and planar with the side wall 6734 of the composite insert 6722. A plurality of score lines 6712 can be located on the metallic cap 6724. The composite face insert 6710 has a variable thickness and is adhesively or mechanically attached to the insert ear 6726 located within the front opening and connected to the front opening inner wall 6714. The insert ear 6726 and the composite face insert 6710 can be of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/998,435, 11/642,310, 11/825,138, 11/823,638, 12/004,386, 12/004,387, 11/960,609, 11/960,610 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,267,620, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

(440) FIG. 87B further shows a heel opening 6730 located in the heel region 6706 of the club head 6700. A fastening member 6728 is inserted into the heel opening 6730 to secure a sleeve 6708 in a locked position as shown in the various embodiments described above. In certain embodiments, the sleeve 6708 can have any of the specific design parameters disclosed herein and is capable of providing various face angle and loft angle orientations as described above.

(441) FIG. 87C shows a heel-side view of the club head 6700 having the fastening member 6728 fully inserted into the heel opening 6730 to secure the sleeve 6708.

(442) FIG. 87D shows a toe-side view of the club head 6700 including the face insert 6710 and sleeve 6708.

(443) FIG. 87E illustrates a front side view of the club head 6700 face insert 6710 and sleeve 6708.

(444) FIG. 87F illustrates a top side view of the club head 6700 having the face insert 6710 and sleeve 6708 as described above.

(445) FIG. 87G illustrates a cross-sectional view through a portion of the crown 6702 and face insert 6710. The front opening inner wall 6714 located near the toe region 6704 of the club head 6700 includes a front opening outer wall 6740 that defines a substantially constant thickness between the front opening inner wall 6714 and the front opening outer wall 6740. The front opening outer wall 6740 extends around a majority of the front opening circumference. However, in a portion of the heel region 6706 of the club head 6700, the front opening outer wall 6740 is not present.

(446) FIG. 87G shows the front opening inner wall 6714 and a portion of the insert ear 6726 being integral with a hosel opening interior wall 6742. The hosel opening interior wall 6742 extends from an interior sole portion to a hosel region near the heel region 6706. In one embodiment, the insert ear 6726 extends from the hosel opening interior wall 6742 within an interior cavity of the club head 6700. Furthermore, a sole plate rib 6736 reinforces the interior of the sole 6720. In one embodiment, the sole plate rib 6736 extends in a heel to toe direction and is primarily parallel with the face insert 6710. A similar crown interior surface rib 6738 extends in a heel to toe direction along the interior surface of the crown 6702.

(447) FIG. 88 shows an alternative embodiment having a sleeve 6808, a heel region 6806, a front region 6816, a rear region 6818, a hosel opening 6828, a front opening inner wall 6814, and an insert ear 6826 as fully described above. However, FIG. 88 shows a face insert 6810 including a composite face insert 6822 with a front cover 6824. In one embodiment, the front cover 6824 is a polymer material. The face insert 6810 can include score lines located on the polymer cover 6824 or the composite face insert 6822.

(448) The club head of the embodiments described in FIGS. 87A-G and FIG. 88 can have a mass of about 200 g to about 210 g or about 190 g to about 200 g. In certain embodiments, the mass of the club head is less than about 205 g. In one embodiment, the mass is at least about 190 g. Additional mass added by the hosel opening and the insert ear in certain embodiments will have an effect on moment of inertia and center of gravity values as shown in Tables 12 and 13.

(449) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 I.sub.xx I.sub.yy I.sub.zz (kg .Math. mm.sup.2) (kg .Math. mm.sup.2) (kg .Math. mm.sup.2) 330 to 340 340 to 350 520 to 530 320 to 350 330 to 360 510 to 540 310 to 360 320 to 370 500 to 550

(450) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 CG origin x-axis CG Y origin y-axis CG Z origin z-axis coordinate (mm) coordinate (mm) coordinate (mm) 5 to 7 32 to 34 5 to 6 4 to 8 31 to 36 4 to 7 3 to 9 30 to 37 3 to 8

(451) A golf club having an adjustable loft and lie angle with a composite face insert can achieve the moment of inertia and CG locations listed in Table 12 and 13. In certain embodiments, the golf club head can include movable weights in addition to the adjustable sleeve system and composite face. In embodiments where movable weights are implemented, similar moment of inertia and CG values already described herein can be achieved.

(452) The golf club head embodiments described herein provide a solution to the additional weight added by a movable weight system and an adjustable loft, lie, and face angle system. Any undesirable weight added to the golf club head makes it difficult to achieve a desired head size, moment of inertia, and nominal center of gravity location.

(453) In certain embodiments, the combination of ultra-thin wall casting technology, high strength variable face thickness, strategically placed compact and lightweight movable weight ports, and a lightweight adjustable loft, lie, and face angle system make it possible to achieve high performing moment of inertia, center of gravity, and head size values.

(454) Furthermore, an advantage of the discrete positions of the sleeve embodiments described herein allow for an increased amount of durability and more user friendly system.

(455) Rotationally Adjustable Sole Portion

(456) As discussed above, conventional golf clubs do not allow for adjustment of the hosel/shaft loft 72 without causing a corresponding change in the face angle 30. FIGS. 74-78 illustrate one embodiment of a golf club head 4000 configured to decouple the relationship between face angle and hosel/shaft loft (and therefore square loft), that is, allow for separate adjustment of square loft 20 and face angle 30.

(457) The club head 4000 includes an adjustable sole portion 4010 that can be adjusted relative to the club head body 4002 to raise and lower the rear end of the club head relative to the ground. One or more screws 4016 can extend through respective washers 4028, corresponding openings in the adjustable sole portion 4010, one or more shims 4026 and into threaded openings in the bottom portion 4022 of the club head body. The sole angle of the club head can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of shims 4026, which changes the distance the sole portion 4010 extends from the bottom of the club head.

(458) FIGS. 89-93 illustrate a golf club head 8000 according to another embodiment that also includes an adjustable sole portion. As shown in FIGS. 89A-89F, the club head 8000 comprises a club head body 8002 having a heel 8005, a toe 8007, a rear end 8006, a forward striking face 8004, a top portion or crown 8021, and a bottom portion or sole 8022. The body also includes a hosel 8008 for supporting a shaft (not shown). The sole 8022 defines a leading edge surface portion 8024 adjacent the lower edge of the striking face 8004 that extends transversely across the sole 8022 (i.e., the leading edge surface portion 8024 extends in a direction from the heel 8005 to the toe 8007 of the club head body). The hosel 8008 can be adapted to receive a removable shaft sleeve 8009, as disclosed herein.

(459) The sole 8022 further includes an adjustable sole portion 8010 (also referred to as a sole piece) that can be adjusted relative to the club head body 8002 to a plurality of rotational positions to raise and lower the rear end 8006 of the club head relative to the ground. This can rotate the club head about the leading edge surface portion 8024 of the sole 8022, changing the sole angle 2018. As best shown in FIG. 90, the sole 8022 of the club head body 8002 can be formed with a recessed cavity 8014 that is shaped to receive the adjustable sole portion 8010.

(460) As best shown in FIG. 92A, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can be triangular. In other embodiments, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can have other shapes, including a rectangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, circle, oval, star or combinations thereof. Desirably, although not necessarily, the sole portion 8010 is generally symmetrical about a center axis as shown. As best shown in FIG. 92C, the sole portion 8010 has an outer rim 8034 extending upwardly from the edge of a bottom wall 8012. The rim 8034 can be sized and shaped to be received within the walls of the recessed cavity 8014 with a small gap or clearance between the two when the adjustable sole portion 8010 is installed in the body 8002. The bottom wall 8012 and outer rim 8034 can form a thin-walled structure as shown. At the center of the bottom surface 8012 can be a recessed screw hole 8030 that passes completely through the adjustable sole portion 8010.

(461) A circular, or cylindrical, wall 8040 can surround the screw hole 8030 on the upper/inner side of the adjustable sole portion 8010. The wall 8040 can also be triangular, square, pentagonal, etc., in other embodiments. The wall 8040 can be comprised of several sections 8041 having varying heights. Each section 8041 of the wall 8040 can have about the same width and thickness, and each section 8041 can have the same height as the section diametrically across from it. In this manner, the circular wall 8040 can be symmetrical about the centerline axis of the screw hole 8030. Furthermore, each pair of wall sections 8041 can have a different height than each of the other pairs of wall sections. Each pair of wall sections 8041 is sized and shaped to mate with corresponding sections on the club head to set the sole portion 8010 at a predetermined height, as further discussed below.

(462) For example, in the triangular embodiment of the adjustable sole portion 8010 shown in FIG. 92E, the circular wall 8040 has six wall sections 8041 a, b, c, d, e and f that make up three pairs of wall sections, each pair having different heights. Each pair of wall sections 8041 project upward a different distance from the upper/inner surface of the adjustable sole portion 8010. Namely, a first pair is comprised of wall sections 8041 a and 8041 b; a second pair is comprised of 8041 c and 8041 d that extend past the first pair; and a third pair is comprised of wall sections 8041 e and 8041 f that extend past the first and second pairs. Each pair of wall sections 8041 desirably is symmetrical about the centerline axis of the screw hole 8030. The tallest pair of wall sections 8041 e, 8041 f can extend beyond the height of the outer rim 8034, as shown in FIGS. 92B and 92C. The number of wall section pairs (three) desirably equals the number of planes of symmetry (three) of the overall shape (see FIG. 92A) of the adjustable sole portion 8010. As explained in more detail below, a triangular adjustable sole portion 8010 can be installed into a corresponding triangular recessed cavity 8014 in three different orientations, each of which aligns one of the pairs of wall sections 8041 with mating surfaces on the sole portion 8010 to adjust the sole angle 2018.

(463) The adjustable sole portion 8010 can also include any number ribs 8044, as shown in FIG. 92E, to add structural rigidity. Such increased rigidity is desirable because, when installed in the body 8002, the bottom wall 8012 and parts of the outer rim 8034 can protrude below the surrounding portions of the sole 8022 and therefore can take the brunt of impacts of the club head 8000 against the ground or other surfaces. Furthermore, because the bottom wall 8012 and outer rim 8034 of the adjustable sole portion 8010 are desirably made of thin-walled material to reduce weight, adding structural ribs is a weight-efficient means of increasing rigidity and durability.

(464) The triangular embodiment of the adjustable sole portion 8010 shown in FIG. 92E includes three pairs of ribs 8044 extending from the circular wall 8040 radially outwardly toward the outer rim 8034. The ribs 8044 desirably are angularly spaced around the center wall 8040 in equal intervals. The ribs 8044 can be attached to the lower portion of the circular wall 8040 and taper in height as they extend outward along the upper/inner surface of the bottom wall 8012 toward the outer wall 8034. As shown, each rib can comprise first and second sections 8044 a, 8044 b that extent from a common apex at the circular wall 8040 to separate locations on the outer wall 8034. In alternative embodiments, a greater or fewer number of ribs 8044 can be used (i.e., greater or fewer than three ribs 8044).

(465) As shown in FIG. 91A-C, the recessed cavity 8014 in the sole 8022 of the body 8002 can be shaped to fittingly receive the adjustable sole portion 8010. The cavity 8014 can include a cavity side wall 8050, an upper surface 8052, and a raised platform, or projection, 8054 extending down from the upper surface 8052. The cavity wall 8050 can be substantially vertical to match the outer rim 8034 of the adjustable sole portion 8010 and can extend from the sole 8022 up to the upper surface 8052. The upper surface 8052 can be substantially flat and proportional in shape to the bottom wall 8012 of the adjustable sole portion 8010. As best shown in FIG. 90, the cavity side wall 8050 and upper surface 8052 can define a triangular void that is shaped to receive the sole portion 8010. In alternative embodiments, the cavity 8014 can be replaced with an outer triangular channel for receiving the outer rim 8034 and a separate inner cavity to receive the wall sections 8041. The cavity 8014 can have various other shapes, but desirably is shaped to correspond to the shape of the sole portion 8010. For example, if the sole portion 8010 is square, then the cavity 8014 desirably is square.

(466) As shown in FIG. 91A, the raised platform 8054 can be geometrically centered on the upper surface 8052. The platform 8054 can be bowtie-shaped and include a center post 8056 and two flared projections, or ears, 8058 extending from opposite sides of the center post, as shown in FIG. 91D. The platform 8054 can also be oriented in different rotational positions with respect to the club head body 8002. For example, FIG. 91E shows an embodiment wherein the platform 8054 is rotated 90-degrees compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 91A. The platform can be more or less susceptible to cracking or other damage depending on the rotational position. In particular, durability tests have shown that the platform is less susceptible to cracking in the embodiment shown in FIG. 91E compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 91A. In other embodiments, the shape of the raised platform 8054 can be rectangular, wherein the center post and the projections collectively form a rectangular block. The projections 8058 can also have parallel sides rather than sides that flare out from the center post. The center post 8056 can include a threaded screw hole 8060 to receive a screw 8016 (see FIG. 93) for securing the sole portion 8010 to the club head. In some embodiments, the center post 8056 is cylindrical, as shown in FIG. 71D. The outer diameter D1 of a cylindrical center post 8056 (FIG. 91D) can be less than the inner diameter D2 of the circular wall 8040 of the adjustable sole portion 8010 (FIG. 92A), such that the center post can rest inside the circular wall when the adjustable sole portion 8010 is installed. In other embodiments, the center post 8056 can be triangular, square, hexagonal, or various other shapes to match the shape of the inner surface of the wall 8040 (e.g., if the inner surface of wall 8040 is non-cylindrical).

(467) The projections 8058 can have a different height than the center post 8056, that is to say that the projections can extend downwardly from the cavity roof 8052 either farther than or not as far as the center post. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 90, the projections and the center post have the same height. FIG. 90 also depicts one pair of projections 8058 extending from opposite sides of the center post 8056. Other embodiments can include a set of three or more projections spaced apart around the center post. Because the embodiment shown in FIG. 90 incorporates a triangular shaped adjustable sole portion 8010 having three pairs of varying height wall sections 8041, the projections 8058 each occupy about one-sixth of the circumferential area around of the center post 8056. In other words, each projection 8058 spans a roughly 60-degree section (see FIG. 91D) to match the wall sections 8041 that also each span a roughly 60-degree section of the circular wall 8040 (see FIG. 92A). The projections 8058 do not need to be exactly the same circumferential width as the wall sections 8041 and can be slightly narrower that the width of the wall sections. The distance from the centerline axis of the screw hole 8060 to the outer edge of the projections 8058 can be at least as great as the inner radius of the circular wall 8040, and desirably is at least as great as the outer radius of the circular wall 8040 to provide a sufficient surface for the ends of the wall sections 8041 to seat upon when the adjustable sole portion 8010 is installed in the body 8002.

(468) A releasable locking mechanism or retaining mechanism desirably is provided to lock or retain the sole portion 8010 in place on the club head at a selected rotational orientation of the sole portion. For example, at least one fastener can extend through the bottom wall 8012 of the adjustable sole portion 8010 and can attach to the recessed cavity 8014 to secure the adjustable sole portion to the body 8002. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 90, the locking mechanism comprises a screw 8016 that extends through the recessed screw hole 8030 in the adjustable sole portion 8010 and into a threaded opening 8060 in the recessed cavity 8014 in the sole 8022 of the body 8002. In other embodiments, more than one screw or another type of fastener can be used to lock the sole portion in place on the club head.

(469) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 90, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can be installed into the recessed cavity 8014 by aligning the outer rim 8034 with the cavity wall 8050. As the outer rim 8034 telescopes inside of the cavity wall 8050, the center post 8056 can telescope inside of the circular wall 8040. The matching shapes of the outer rim 8034 and the cavity wall 8050 can align one of the three pairs of wall sections 8041 with the pair of projections 8058. As the adjustable sole portion 8010 continues to telescope into the recessed cavity 8014, one pair of wall sections 8041 will abut the pair of projections 8058, stopping the adjustable sole portion from telescoping any further into the recessed cavity. The cavity wall 8050 can be deep enough to allow the outer rim 8034 to freely telescope into the recessed cavity without abutting the cavity roof 8052, even when the shortest pair of wall sections 8041 a, 8041 b abuts the projections 8058. While the wall sections 8041 abut the projections 8058, the screw 8016 can be inserted and tightened as described above to secure the components in place. Even with only one screw in the center, as shown in FIG. 89D, the adjustable sole portion 8010 is prevented from rotating by its triangular shape and the snug fit with the similarly shaped cavity wall 8050.

(470) As best shown in FIG. 89C, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can have a bottom surface 8012 that is curved (see also FIG. 92B) to match the curvature of the leading surface portion 8024 of the sole 8022. In addition, the upper surface 8017 of the head of the screw 8016 can be curved (see FIG. 93B) to match the curvature of the bottom surface of the adjustable sole portion 8010 and the leading surface portion 8024 of the sole 8022.

(471) In the illustrated embodiment, both the leading edge surface 8024 and the bottom surface 8012 of the adjustable sole portion 8010 are convex surfaces. In other embodiments, surfaces 8012 and 8024 are not necessarily curved surfaces but they desirably still have the same profile extending in the heel-to-toe direction. In this manner, if the club head 8000 deviates from the grounded address position (e.g., the club is held at a lower or flatter lie angle), the effective face angle of the club head does not change substantially, as further described below. The crown-to-face transition or top-line would stay relatively stable when viewed from the address position as the club is adjusted between the lie ranges described herein. Therefore, the golfer is better able to align the club with the desired direction of the target line.

(472) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 89D, the triangular sole portion 8010 has a first corner 8018 located toward the heel 8005 of the club head and a second corner 8020 located near the middle of the sole 8022. A third corner 8019 is located rearward of the screw 8016. In this manner, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can have a length (from corner 8018 to corner 8020) that extends heel-to-toe across the club head less than half the width of the club head at that location of the club head. The adjustable sole portion 8010 is desirably positioned substantially heelward of a line L (see FIG. 89D) that extends rearward from the center of the striking face 8004 such that a majority of the sole portion is located heelward of the line L. As noted above, studies have shown that most golfers address the ball with a lie angle between 10 and 20 degrees less than the intended scoreline lie angle of the club head (the lie angle when the club head is in the address position). The length, size, and position of the sole portion 8010 in the illustrated embodiment is selected to support the club head on the ground at the grounded address position or any lie angle between 0 and 20 degrees less than the lie angle at the grounded address position while minimizing the overall size of the sole portion (and therefore, the added mass to the club head). In alternative embodiments, the sole portion 8010 can have a length that is longer or shorter than that of the illustrated embodiment to support the club head at a greater or smaller range of lie angles. For example, in some embodiments, the sole portion 8010 can extend past the middle of the sole 8022 to support the club head at lie angles that are greater than the scoreline lie angle (the lie angle at the grounded address position).

(473) The adjustable sole portion 8010 is furthermore desirably positioned entirely rearward of the center of gravity (CG) of the golf club head, as shown in FIG. 69D. In some embodiments, the golf club head has an adjustable sole portion and a CG with a head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate between about 10 mm and about 10 mm and a head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate greater than about 10 mm or less than about 50 mm. In certain embodiments, the club head has a CG with an origin x-axis coordinate between about 5 mm and about 5 mm, an origin y-axis coordinate greater than about 0 mm and an origin z-axis (CG.sub.z) coordinate less than about 0 mm. In one embodiment, the CG.sub.z is less than 2 mm.

(474) The CGy coordinate is located between the leading edge surface portion 8024 that contacts the ground surface and the point where the bottom wall 8012 of the adjustable sole portion 8010 contacts the ground surface (as measured along the head originy-axis).

(475) The sole angle 2018 of the club head 8000 can be adjusted by changing the distance the adjustable sole portion 8010 extends from the bottom of the body 8002.

(476) Adjusting the adjustable sole portion 8010 downwardly increases the sole angle 2018 of the club head 8000 while adjusting the sole portion upwardly decreases the sole angle of the club head. This can be done by loosening or removing the screw 8016 and rotating the adjustable sole portion 8010 such that a different pair of wall sections 8041 aligns with the projections 8058, then re-tightening the screw. In a triangular embodiment, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can be rotated to three different discrete positions, with each position aligning a different height pair of wall sections 8041 with the projections 8058. In this manner, the sole portion 8010 can be adjusted to extend three different distances from the bottom of the body 8002, thus creating three different sole angle options.

(477) In particular, the sole portion 8010 extends the shortest distance from the sole 8022 when the projections 8058 are aligned with wall sections 8041 a, 8041 b; the sole portion 8010 extends an intermediate distance when the projections are aligned with wall sections 8041 c, 8041 d; and the sole portion extends the farthest distance when the projections 8058 are aligned with wall sections 8041 e, 8041 f. Similarly, in an embodiment of the adjustable sole portion 8010 having a square shape, it is possible to have four different sole angle options.

(478) In alternative embodiments, the adjustable sole portion 8010 can include more than or fewer than three pairs of wall sections 8041 that enable the adjustable sole portion to be adjusted to extend more than or fewer than three different discrete distances from the bottom of body 8002.

(479) The sole portion 8010 can be adjusted to extend different distances from the bottom of the body 8002, as discussed above, which in turn causes a change in the face angle 30 of the club. In particular, adjusting the sole portion 8010 such that it extends the shortest distance from the bottom of the body 8002 (i.e. the projections 8058 are aligned with sections 8041 a and 8041 b) can result in an increased face angle 30 or open the face and adjusting the sole portion such that it extends the farthest distance from the bottom of the body (i.e. the projections are aligned with sections 8041 e and 8041 f) can result in a decreased face angle or close the face. In particular embodiments, adjusting the sole portion 8010 can change the face angle 30 of the golf club head 8000 about 0.5 to about 12 degrees. Also, as discussed above with respect to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 72-78, the hosel loft angle can also be adjusted to achieve various combinations of square loft, grounded loft, face angle and hosel loft. Additionally, hosel loft can be adjusted while maintaining a desired face angle by adjusting the sole angle accordingly.

(480) It can be appreciated that the non-circular shape of the sole portion 8010 and the recessed cavity 8014 serves to help prevent rotation of the sole portion relative to the recessed cavity and defines the predetermined positions for the sole portion. However, the adjustable sole portion 8010 could have a circular shape (not shown). To prevent a circular outer rim 8034 from rotating within a cavity, one or more notches can be provided on the outer rim 8034 that interact with one or more tabs extending inward from the cavity side wall 8050, or vice versa. In such circular embodiments, the sole portion 8010 can include any number of pairs of wall sections 8041 having different heights. Sufficient notches on the outer rim 8034 can be provided to correspond to each of the different rotational positions that the wall sections 8041 allow for.

(481) In other embodiments having a circular sole portion 8010, the sole portion can be rotated within a cavity in the club head to an infinite number of positions. In one such embodiment, the outer rim of the sole portion and the cavity side wall 8050 can be without notches and the circular wall 8040 can comprise one or more gradually inclining ramp-like wall sections (not shown). The ramp-like wall sections can allow the sole portion 8010 to gradually extend farther from the bottom of the body 8002 as the sole portion is gradually rotated in the direction of the incline such that projections 8058 contact gradually higher portions of the ramp-like wall sections. For example, two ramp-like wall sections, each extending about 180-degrees around the circular wall 8040, can be included, such that the shortest portion of each ramp-like wall section is adjacent to the tallest portion of the other wall section. In such an embodiment having an analog adjustability, the club head can rely on friction from the screw 8016 or other central fastener to prevent the sole portion 8010 from rotating within the recessed cavity 8014 once the position of the sole portion is set.

(482) The adjustable sole portion 8010 can also be removed and replaced with an adjustable sole portion having shorter or taller wall sections 8041 to further add to the adjustability of the sole angle 2018 of the club 8000. For example, one triangular sole portion 8010 can include three different but relatively shorter pairs of wall sections 8014, while a second sole portion can include three different but relatively longer pairs of wall sections. In this manner, six different sole angles 2018 can be achieved using the two interchangeable triangular sole portions 8010. In particular embodiments, a set of a plurality of sole portions 8010 can be provided. Each sole portion 8010 is adapted to be used with a club head and has differently configured wall sections 8041 to achieve any number of different sole angles 2018 and/or face angles 30.

(483) In particular embodiments, the combined mass of the screw 8016 and the adjustable sole portion 8010 is between about 2 and about 11 grams, and desirably between about 4.1 and about 4.9 grams. Furthermore, the recessed cavity 8014 and the projection 8054 can add about 1 to about 10 grams of additional mass to the sole 8022 compared to if the sole had a smooth, 0.6 mm thick, titanium wall in the place of the recessed cavity 8014. In total, the golf club head 8000 (including the sole portion 8010) can comprise about 3 to about 21 grams of additional mass compared to if the golf club head had a conventional sole having a smooth, 0.6 mm thick, titanium wall in the place of the recessed cavity 8014, the adjustable sole portion 8010, and the screw 8016.

(484) In other particular embodiments, at least 50% of the crown 8021 of the club head body 8002 can have a thickness of less than about 0.7 mm.

(485) In still other particular embodiments, the golf club body 8002 can define an interior cavity (not shown) and the golf club head 8000 can have a center of gravity with a head origin x-axis coordinate greater than about 2 mm and less than about 8 mm and a head origin y-axis coordinate greater than about 25 mm and less than about 40 mm, where a positive y-axis extends toward the interior cavity. In at least these embodiments, the golf club head 8000 center of gravity can have a head origin z-axis coordinate less than about 0 mm.

(486) In other particular embodiments, the golf club head 8000 can have an moment of inertia about a head center of gravity x-axis generally parallel to an origin x-axis that can be between about 200 and about 500 kg.Math.mm.sup.2 and a moment of inertia about a head center of gravity z-axis generally perpendicular to ground, when the golf club head is ideally positioned, that can be between about 350 and about 600 kg.Math.mm.sup.2.

(487) In certain embodiments, the golf club head 8000 can have a volume greater than about 400 cc and a mass less than about 220 grams.

(488) Table 14 below lists various properties of one particular embodiment of the golf club head 8000.

(489) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Address Area 11369 mm.sup.2 Bulge Radius 304.8 mm CGX 5.6 mm Roll Radius 304.8 mm CGZ 3.2 mm Face Height 62.8 mm Z Up 30.8 mm Face Width 88.9 mm Ixx (axis heel/toe) 363 kg .Math. mm.sup.2 Face Area 4514 mm 0.5 mm offset method Iyy (axis front/back) 326 kg .Math. mm.sup.2 Head Height 68.8 mm Izz (axis normal to 550 kg .Math. mm.sup.2 Head Length 119.1 mm gnd) Square Loft 10 Body Density 4.5 g/cc Lie 59 Mass 215.8 g Face Angle 3 Volume 438 cc
Internal Ribs

(490) FIGS. 94-109 show an exemplary golf club head having an adjustable sole piece, like that shown in FIGS. 89-93, and a plurality of ribs positioned on the inner surface of the sole. The ribs can reinforce and stabilize the sole, especially the area of the sole where the external adjustable sole piece is attached, and can improve the sound the club makes when striking a golf ball.

(491) The addition of a recessed sole port and an attached adjustable sole piece can undesirably change the sound the club makes during impact with a ball. For example, compared to a similar club without an adjustable sole piece, the addition of the sole piece can cause lower sound frequencies, such as first mode sound frequencies below 3,000 Hz and/or below 2,000 Hz, and a longer sound duration, such as 0.09 seconds or longer. The lower and long sound frequencies can be distracting to golfers. The ribs on the internal surface of the sole can be oriented in several different directions and can tie the sole port to other strong structures of the club head body, such as weight ports at the sole and heel of the body and/or the skirt region between the sole and the crown. One or more ribs can also be tied to the hosel to further stabilize the sole. With the addition of such ribs on the internal surface of the sole, the club head can produce higher sound frequencies when striking a golf ball on the face, such as above 2,500 Hz, above 3,000 Hz, and/or above 3,500 Hz, and with a shorter sound duration, such as less than 0.05 seconds, which can be more desirable for a golfer. In addition, with the described ribs, the sole can have a frequency, such as a natural frequency, of a first fundamental sole mode that is greater than 2,500 Hz and/or greater than 3,000 Hz, wherein the sole mode is a vibration frequency associated with a location on the sole. Typically, this location is the location on the sole that exhibits a largest degree of deflection resulting from striking a golf ball.

(492) As shown in FIGS. 94-109, exemplary golf club heads described herein can include an adjustable sole piece and internal sole ribs. Such exemplary golf club heads can also include adjustable weights at the toe and/or heel of the body, an adjustable shaft attachment system, a variable thickness face plate, thin wall body construction, and/or any other club head features described herein. While this description proceeds with respect to the particular embodiment shown in FIGS. 94-109, this embodiment is only exemplary and should not be considered as a limitation on the scope of the underlying concepts. For example, although the illustrated example includes many described features, alternative embodiments can include various subsets of these features and/or additional features.

(493) FIG. 94 shows an exploded view of an exemplary golf club head 9000, and FIG. 95 shows the head assembled. The head 9000 comprises a hollow body 9002, as shown in various views in FIGS. 96-100. The body 9002 (and thus the whole club head 9000) includes a front portion 9004, a rear portion 9006, a toe portion 9008, a heel portion 9010, a hosel 9012, a crown 9014 and a sole 9016. The front portion 9004 forms an opening that receives a face plate 9018, which can be a variable thickness, composite and/or metal face plate, as described above. The illustrated club head 9000 can also comprise an adjustable shaft connection system 9020 for coupling a shaft to the hosel 9012, the system including various components, such as a sleeve 9022 and a ferrule 9024 (more detail regarding the hosel and the adjustable shaft connection system can be found, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/077,825, 12/986,030, 12,687,003, 12/474,973 and 12/346,747, which are incorporated by reference herein). The shaft connection system 9020, in conjunction with the hosel 9012, can be used to adjust the orientation of the club head 9000 with respect to the shaft, as described in detail above.

(494) The illustrated club head 9000 also comprises an adjustable toe weight 9028 at a toe weight port 9026, an adjustable heel weight 9032 at a heel weight port 9030, and an adjustable sole piece 9036 at a sole port, or pocket, 9034, as described in detail above.

(495) FIGS. 101-108 are cross-sectional views of the body 9002 that show internal features of the body, including a plurality of ribs on the internal surfaces of the sole 9016. FIG. 101 shows a top-down view of a bottom portion of the body 9002 with top half cut-away. The sole 9016 can include multiple regions at different recessed depths that are separated by one or more sloped transition zones. In the illustrated example, the sole includes a primary sole region 9040 extending around the periphery of the sole; a recessed sole region 9042 within the primary sole region; a transition zone 9044 that forms transitions between the primary sole region and the recessed sole region; and a sole port 9034 that is recessed further within the recessed sole region 9042.

(496) As shown in FIGS. 100 and 101, the primary sole region includes the portion of the sole 9016 that surrounds the transition zone 9044 and which extends from the toe portion 9008 to the heel portion 9010 and from the front portion 9004 to the rear portion 9006. The thickness of the primary sole region can vary across the sole, with the thickness adjacent the front of the body being greater (such as about 1.0 mm to about 1.25 mm) and the thickness adjacent the rear of the body being lesser (such as about 0.5 mm to about 0.75 mm). The thicker front portion of the primary sole region 9040 can include a contact zone 9041, as shown in FIG. 100 in cross-hatching, that contacts the ground when the club head 9000 is in the address position. The contact zone 9041, along with the adjustable sole piece 9036, can be the only two portions of the club head that contact the ground when in the address position. The primary sole region 9040 can also include a hosel perimeter region 9054, as shown in FIGS. 101 and 104, at a boundary with a flared, lower portion of the hosel, or hosel base portion, 9013. The hosel perimeter region 9054 can have a thickness from about 1.1 mm to about 1.5 mm. The transition zone 9044 can extend around the recessed sole region 9042 and can define the boundary between the primary sole region 9040 and the recessed sole region 9042. The transition zone 9044 can comprise a sloped, annular wall that creates a sharp elevation change between the lower primary sole region and the raised recessed sole region. The thickness of the sole 9016 can also change across the transition zone 9044.

(497) The recessed sole region 9042 is the portion of the sole inside the transition zone 9044 and outside of the sole port 9034. The recessed sole region can have a thickness of about 0.55 mm to about 0.85 mm and can be recessed from about 2 mm to about 6 mm above the surrounding primary sole region 9040.

(498) The sole port 9034 is positioned within the recessed sole region 9042 and forms a cavity that is recessed to a greater extent than the surrounding recessed sole region 9042. The sole port 9034 can include an annular side wall 9046 and an upper wall 9048. The side wall 9046 and the upper wall 9048 can have a thickness of about 0.55 mm to about 0.85 mm, such as about 0.7 mm. As shown in FIG. 108, the upper wall 9048 can include a central disk shaped region 9056 that is thicker and raised slightly higher than the surrounding portion of the upper wall. The central region 9056 can have a diameter of about 22 mm a thickness of about 1.0 mm to about 1.35 mm. The sole pocket can also include a cylindrical wall 9058 extending upwardly from the center of the disk shaped region 9056. The cylindrical wall can have an outside diameter of about 5 mm to about 10 mm, a wall thickness of about 1 mm to about 2 mm, and a vertical height of about 1 mm to about 3 mm above the disk shaped region 9056. The cylindrical wall 9058 surrounds an aperture 9052 that extends through the sole port 9034 and is configured to receive a fastener 9078 for securing the adjustable sole piece 9036 to the external surface of the sole port. The aperture 9052 can define a central axis about which the sole port 9034 and the sole piece 9034 are substantially symmetrical. The axial length of the aperture 9052 can be about 5 mm and the diameter of the aperture can be about 3 mm.

(499) As shown in FIG. 95, the CG of the golf club head 9000 can divide the club head into four quadrants, a front-heel quadrant that is frontward and heelward of the CG, a front-toe quadrant that is frontward and toeward of the CG, a rear-heel quadrant that is rearward and heelward of the CG, and a rear-toe quadrant that is rearward and toeward of the CG. The center of the sole port 9034, e.g., the aperture 9052, can be positioned heelward and rearward of the CG (as shown in FIG. 95), or in other words, in the rear-heel quadrant of the club head. As such, a majority of the sole piece 9036 and a majority of the sole port 9034 can be positioned in the rear-heal quadrant of the club head, but a portion of the sole piece and/or a portion of the sole port can also be in the rear-toe quadrant of the club head. In some embodiments, all of the sole piece and all of the sole port can be rearward of the CG.

(500) With the aperture 9052 is located in a rear-heel quadrant, at least two ribs can converge at a convergence location near the aperture 9052. In some embodiments, at least three ribs or at least four ribs converge at a convergence location located in the rear-heel quadrant of the club head. It is understood that the number of ribs that converge in the rear-heel quadrant can be between two and ten ribs in total.

(501) One or more ribs are disposed on the internal surface of the sole 9016. The ribs can be part of the same material that forms the sole 9016 and/or the rest of the body, such a metal or metal alloy, as describe above in detail. The ribs can be formed as an integral part of the sole, such as by casting, such that the ribs and the sole are of the same monolithic structure. The bottom of the ribs can be integrally connected to sole without the need for welding or other attachment methods. In other embodiments, one or more of the ribs can be formed at least partially separate from the sole and then attached to the sole, such as by welding.

(502) As shown in FIGS. 101-106, the ribs can comprise a first rib 9060 extending from the toe portion 9008 in a rearward and heelward direction, a second rib 9062 extending from the heel portion 9010 in a rearward and heelward direction, and a third rib 9064 extending from the rear portion 9006 in a frontward direction. The first, second and third ribs converge at a convergence location. The convergence location can be positioned within a convergence zone. The convergence zone can be the region of the sole that corresponds to the sole port 9034. Thus, the first, second and third ribs 9060, 9062, 9064 can converge at a location directly above the sole port 9034, such as at the cylindrical wall 9058 and/or at the aperture 9052.

(503) The first rib 9060 can extend between the toe weight port 9026 and the cylindrical wall 9058, the second rib 9062 can extend between the heel weight port 9030 and the cylindrical wall, and the third rib 9064 can extend between the rear portion 9006 and the cylindrical wall. The ribs can also include a fourth rib 9066 that extends from the cylindrical wall 9058 in a frontward direction. The fourth rib 9066 can terminate at a forward end along the recessed sole region 9042. All four of these ribs can extend from the cylindrical wall 9058, across upper wall 9048 and the side wall 9046 of the sole port 9034, and along the recessed sole region 9042. The first, second and third ribs, 9060, 9062, 9064, respectively, can extend further across the recessed sole region 9042, across the transition zone 9044, and across the primary sole region 9040. Positioning ribs along the upper, internal surfaces of the sole port 9034 can stabilize the sole port region of the body and endow the sole with vibration and sound characteristic that are similar to that of a smooth sole that does not include an adjustable sole. Connecting multiple ribs together above the sole port, such as with the cylindrical wall, can further enhance the stabilization of the sole port region.

(504) The first rib 9060 can extend across the both the rear-heel quadrant and the rear-toe quadrant of the club head, as shown in FIG. 101. The second rib 9062 and/or the fourth rib 9066 can extend across both the rear-heel quadrant and a front-heel quadrant of the club head, depending on the exact location of the CG, which can change relative to the ribs as the adjustable weights 9028 and 9032 are adjusted. A fifth rib 9068 can extend across both the front-heel quadrant and the front-toe quadrant of the club head, and can also extend into the rear-toe quadrant depending on the exact location of the CG. The ribs as a group can extend across all four of the quadrants and can therefore better stabilize the entire sole of the club head.

(505) As shown in FIG. 103, the first rib 9060 can extend over the toe weight port 9026 and terminate in the toe portion 9008 adjacent the crown 9014. In other embodiments, the first rib can terminate at the toe weight port 9026 and an additional rib section 9061 can extend from the opposite side of the toe weight port to the crown 9014. As shown in FIG. 102, the second rib 9062 can terminate at the heel weight port 9030 and an additional rib section 9063 can extend from the opposite side of the heel weight port to the crown 9014. Extending one or more of the ribs all the way to the crown perimeter can further enhance the stabilization effects of the ribs on the sole.

(506) The ribs can further comprise the fifth rib 9068 and/or a sixth rib 9070, as shown in FIGS. 101-106. The fifth rib 9068 can extend along the sole 9016 between the hosel 9012 and the toe weight port 9026. As shown in FIG. 101, the fifth rib 9068 has a first end portion that is connected to the hosel base portion 9013 and a second end portion that is connected to the toe weight port 9026. As shown in FIGS. 101 and 106, the fifth rib 9068 can extend from the hosel 9012, across a first portion of the primary sole region 9040, such as the hosel perimeter region 9054, across a first portion of the sole transition zone 9048, across a portion of the recessed sole region 9042, across a second portion of the sole transition zone 9048, across a second portion of the primary sole region 9040, and to the toe weight port 9026. As shown in FIGS. 103 and 105, the fifth rib 9068 can terminate at the toe weight port 9026 and an additional rib section 9069 can extend from the opposite side of the toe weight port to the crown 9014.

(507) The sixth rib 9070 can be shorter that the fifth rib 9068 and can extend from the hosel base portion 9013, across the hosel perimeter region 9054, across the sole transition zone 9044, and can terminate along the recessed sole region 9070 at a location rearward of the fifth rib 9068. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth ribs, 9060, 9062, 9064, 9066, 9068, 9070, respectively, are hereinafter collectively referred to as the ribs unless otherwise specified.

(508) As shown in FIGS. 104-106, each of the ribs can have a smooth, curved upper surface and can have height dimensions (distances from the sole 9016 to the upper surface) that vary as the ribs extend laterally along the sole and across the various contours in the sole. For example, the first, second, third and fourth ribs can have smaller height dimensions (such as about 1 mm to about 3 mm) at locations above the upper wall 9048 of the sole port 9034 adjacent the cylindrical wall 9058, larger height dimensions (such as about 3 mm to about 6 mm) at locations above the recessed sole region 9042, and even larger height dimensions (such as up to about 12 mm) at locations above the primary sole region 9040. The height of these ribs can decrease as the ribs curve upward toward the perimeter of the body.

(509) The fifth rib 9068 can have a variable height that is larger (such as about 3 mm to about 12 mm) adjacent the hosel 9012 and adjacent the toe weight port 9026 and smaller (such as about 2 mm to about 5 mm) where the fifth rib crosses the recess sole region 9042. The fifth rib 9068 can decrease in height as it crosses over the sole transition zone 9044 at a first location nearer to the hosel from the hosel perimeter region 9054 to the recessed sole region 9042, and the fifth rib 9068 can increase in height as the it crosses the sole transition zone 9044 at a second location nearer to the toe from the recessed sole region 9042 to the primary sole region 9040. The sixth rib 9070 can similarly have a greater height above the hosel perimeter region 9054 and a relatively smaller height above the recessed sole region 9042. The increased height of the ribs adjacent their more rigid connection locations at the respective perimeter portions of the club head can provide the ribs with greater rigidity and/or moment resistance at those perimeter locations. In addition, the connection of ribs to relatively more rigid structures of the body 9002, such as the hosel 9012, the toe weight port 9026, the heel weight port 9030 and the cylindrical wall 9058 can also provide a more rigidity and/or moment resistance to the ribs. The increased rigidity and/or moment resistance of the ribs can provide a more optimal influence on the vibration and sound characteristics of the club head 9000 when striking a golf ball. In some embodiments, the ribs are configured to cause the club head 9000 to emit a sound frequency, when striking a golf ball, that corresponds to a sound frequency that would be emitted by the club head if the sole port 9034, the ribs, the sole piece 9036 and the sole piece fastener 9078 were removed and replaced with a smooth sole portion.

(510) One or more of the ribs can have a width dimension that is constant or nearly constant along the entire length of the rib. In some embodiments, such as the illustrated embodiment, each of the ribs has the same, constant width, such as about 0.8 mm, or greater than 0.5 mm and less than about 1.5 mm. In one embodiment, the rib has a width of about 0.7 mm. In other embodiments, different ribs can have different widths. In some embodiments, the width of one or more of the ribs can vary along the length of the rib, such as being wider nearer to the rib end portions and narrower at an intermediate portion. In general, the width of the ribs is less than the height of the ribs.

(511) One or more of the ribs can form a straight line when projected onto a plane parallel with the ground, when the club head 9000 is in the address position. In other words, one or more of the ribs can extend along a two-dimensional path between its end points. For example, from the top-down perspective shown in FIG. 101, the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth ribs 9062, 9064, 9066, 9068, 9070 extend in straight paths while the first rib 9060 extends in a slightly curved path. In other embodiments, all six ribs can extend in a straight path. The third rib 9064 and the fourth rib 9066 can extend in co-linear paths on opposite sides of the cylindrical wall 9058 and the fifth rib 9068 and the sixth rib 9070 can extend in parallel linear paths, as shown in FIG. 101. In some embodiments, the ribs can extend in at least four, at least five, or at least six different directions across the sole, as viewed from above. For example, as illustrated, the six ribs extend in four different directions, with the third rib 9064 and the fourth rib 9066 extending in the same direction and the fifth rib 9068 and the sixth rib 9070 extending in the same direction. The direction of each of the ribs can help stabilize the sole 9016 in that direction. Thus, having ribs in multiple directions desirably helps to stabilize the sole in multiple directions.

(512) It should be noted that the internal sole ribs described herein are not raised portions of the sole that correspond to recessed grooves in the external surface of sole. Instead, the ribs described herein comprise additional structural material that is positioned above the internal surface of sole. In other words, if the ribs were removed, a smooth internal sole surface would remain.

(513) The external surface of the sole port 9034 can be configured to fittingly receive the adjustable sole portion 9036, as described above in detail with respect to FIGS. 91A-E. As shown in FIGS. 100 and 109, the sole port 9034 can include a raised platform 9072 that includes at least two projections that mate with surfaces on the adjustable sole piece 9036 that are configured to receive the at least two projections to determine the axial position of the sole piece with respect to the sole port 9034. A ridge 9074 can extend around the sole port 9034 on the external surface of the sole. When the sole piece 9036 is secured within the sole port 9034, as shown in FIG. 107A, the ridge 9074 can form a sloped transition region between the recessed sole region 9042 and the downwardly projecting outer surface of the sole piece. Also shown in FIG. 107A is a resiliently deformable gasket 9076 that is inserted into the sole port 9034 around the raised platform 9072 that helps form a seal between the annular side wall of the sole piece and the upper wall of the sole port, such as to keep dirt or moisture from entering the hollow area within the sole piece, and helps reduce or prevent movement, such as rattling and vibrations, between the sole piece and sole port. In addition, the deformable gasket 9076 reduces the duration and amplitude of the mode shape associated with the sole piece which can improve the sound quality of the club head upon impact. As shown in FIGS. 107A and B, the deformable nature of the gasket 9076 keep a seal between the sole piece and the sole port throughout a range and axial and rotational positions of the sole piece. FIGS. 107A and B also show a fastener 9078 passing through the sole piece and the aperture 9052 in the upper wall of the sole piece. FIG. 108 shows a cross-sectional view of the sole port 9034 as viewed from the front of the body and cutting through the aperture 9052. This view shows the cylindrical wall 9058 surrounding the aperture 9052 as well as the ridge 9074 surrounding the sole port 9034. As shown in FIG. 95, the sole 9016 can include a marker 9092 adjacent the sole port 9034, such as directly behind the sole port. The triangular sole piece 9036 can include three indicators, such as O, N and C, that indicate that the sole piece is set such that the face angle is Open, Neutral and Closed, respectively, depending on which indicator is adjacent the marker 9092.

(514) Regardless of the configuration of the adjustable sole piece 9036 (whether it is circular, elliptical, polygonal, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, enneagonal, decagonal, or some other shape), the curvature of the bottom surface of the sole piece can be selected to match the curvature of the front contact surface 9041 at the front of the sole 9016 (see FIG. 100). The contact surface 9041 and the bottom surface of the sole piece 9036 can be the only two surfaces that contact the ground when the club head is in the address position, as described above with respect to FIGS. 91A-E. The lateral distance between the front contact surface 9041 and the center aperture of the sole piece 9036 can be from 45 mm to about 60 mm, such as about 52 mm.

(515) Having illustrated and described the principles of the illustrated embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention(s) may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only examples of the invention(s) and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention(s).