FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR SYSTEM CAPABLE OF REGENERATING FLUIDIZED PARTICLES AND OPERATING METHOD THEREOF

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles and operating method thereof, more particularly to a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles including: a fluidized reactor into which a fluidizing gas is injected; a regeneration fluidized bed reactor with a gas inlet and a gas outlet; a solid moving path that is connected between the fluidized bed reactor and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to transfer solid particles; a first control valve that is installed on one side of the solid moving path; and a second control valve that is installed on the gas outlet of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

Claims

1. A fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles comprising: a fluidized reactor into which a fluidizing gas is injected; a regeneration fluidized bed reactor with a gas inlet and a gas outlet; a solid moving path that is connected between the fluidized bed reactor and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to transfer solid particles; a first control valve that is installed on one side of the solid moving path; and a second control valve that is installed on the gas outlet of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

2. The fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 1, wherein the gas inlet is configured to inject a regeneration fluidizing gas or inert gas into the lower part of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor, and the gas outlet is configured to discharge a regeneration gas or inert gas to the upper part of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

3. The fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 2, comprising: a first measuring system that measures a pressure or differential pressure within the fluidized bed reactor.

4. The fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 3, comprising: a second measuring system that measures a pressure or differential pressure within the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

5. The fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 4, further comprising: a controller that controls the first control valve and the second control valve based on values measured by the first measuring system and the second measuring system.

6. The fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 1, wherein a cross-sectional area of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the fluidized bed reactor.

7. An operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to claim 1, comprising: a first step of closing a first control valve, opening a second control valve, and injecting a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed reactor; a second step of injecting an inert gas into a regeneration fluidized bed reactor, when required; a third step of opening the first control valve to allow fluidized particles to move from the fluidized bed reactor to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor through a solid moving path; a fourth step of closing the first control valve; a fifth step of exchanging the inert gas with a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor; a sixth step of exchanging the regeneration fluidizing gas with an inert gas; a seventh step of opening the first control valve, closing the second control valve, increasing an internal pressure of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to be higher than an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor, and moving solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor; and an eighth step of closing the first control valve and opening the second control valve.

8. The operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 7, comprising: a ninth step of opening the second control valve and stopping gas injection into the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

9. The operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 8, wherein in the third step, when a pressure P1 of the fluidized bed reactor and a pressure P2 of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor are the same, the particles are moved until a height H1 of a solid bed within the fluidized bed reactor and a height H2 of a solid bed within the regeneration fluidized bed reactor become the same.

10. The operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 9, wherein in the fourth step, the first control valve is closed to prevent particle movement between the fluidized bed reactor and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor, and a product gas in the fluidized bed reactor is purged, wherein the completion of the purging is detected by analyzing a concentration and flow rate of a gas discharged from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

11. The operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 10, wherein in the fifth step, the completion of the regeneration reaction is detected by analyzing a concentration and flow rate of a gas discharged from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor, and in the sixth step, the regeneration fluidizing gas is exchanged with an inert gas in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to purge the regeneration fluidized bed reactor, wherein the completion of the purging is detected by analyzing a concentration and flow rate of a gas discharged from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor.

12. The operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles of claim 11, wherein in the seventh step, solids are moved until a height H4 of the solid bed within the fluidized bed reactor and a height H5 of the solid bed within the regeneration fluidized bed reactor become the same, wherein to achieve this, as H4 approaches H5, a flow rate of the inert gas supplied to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor is reduced to control the height.

13. An operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to claim 2, comprising: a first step of closing a first control valve, opening a second control valve, and injecting a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed reactor; a second step of injecting an inert gas into a regeneration fluidized bed reactor, when required; a third step of opening the first control valve to allow fluidized particles to move from the fluidized bed reactor to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor through a solid moving path; a fourth step of closing the first control valve; a fifth step of exchanging the inert gas with a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor; a sixth step of exchanging the regeneration fluidizing gas with an inert gas; a seventh step of opening the first control valve, closing the second control valve, increasing an internal pressure of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to be higher than an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor, and moving solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor; and an eighth step of closing the first control valve and opening the second control valve.

14. An operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to claim 3, comprising: a first step of closing a first control valve, opening a second control valve, and injecting a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed reactor; a second step of injecting an inert gas into a regeneration fluidized bed reactor, when required; a third step of opening the first control valve to allow fluidized particles to move from the fluidized bed reactor to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor through a solid moving path; a fourth step of closing the first control valve; a fifth step of exchanging the inert gas with a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor; a sixth step of exchanging the regeneration fluidizing gas with an inert gas; a seventh step of opening the first control valve, closing the second control valve, increasing an internal pressure of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to be higher than an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor, and moving solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor; and an eighth step of closing the first control valve and opening the second control valve.

15. An operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to claim 4, comprising: a first step of closing a first control valve, opening a second control valve, and injecting a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed reactor; a second step of injecting an inert gas into a regeneration fluidized bed reactor, when required; a third step of opening the first control valve to allow fluidized particles to move from the fluidized bed reactor to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor through a solid moving path; a fourth step of closing the first control valve; a fifth step of exchanging the inert gas with a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor; a sixth step of exchanging the regeneration fluidizing gas with an inert gas; a seventh step of opening the first control valve, closing the second control valve, increasing an internal pressure of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to be higher than an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor, and moving solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor; and an eighth step of closing the first control valve and opening the second control valve.

16. An operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to claim 5, comprising: a first step of closing a first control valve, opening a second control valve, and injecting a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed reactor; a second step of injecting an inert gas into a regeneration fluidized bed reactor, when required; a third step of opening the first control valve to allow fluidized particles to move from the fluidized bed reactor to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor through a solid moving path; a fourth step of closing the first control valve; a fifth step of exchanging the inert gas with a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor; a sixth step of exchanging the regeneration fluidizing gas with an inert gas; a seventh step of opening the first control valve, closing the second control valve, increasing an internal pressure of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to be higher than an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor, and moving solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor; and an eighth step of closing the first control valve and opening the second control valve.

17. An operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to claim 6, comprising: a first step of closing a first control valve, opening a second control valve, and injecting a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed reactor; a second step of injecting an inert gas into a regeneration fluidized bed reactor, when required; a third step of opening the first control valve to allow fluidized particles to move from the fluidized bed reactor to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor through a solid moving path; a fourth step of closing the first control valve; a fifth step of exchanging the inert gas with a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor; a sixth step of exchanging the regeneration fluidizing gas with an inert gas; a seventh step of opening the first control valve, closing the second control valve, increasing an internal pressure of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor to be higher than an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor, and moving solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor; and an eighth step of closing the first control valve and opening the second control valve.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] The accompanying drawings of this specification exemplify a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the spirit of the present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and thus it will be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to only contents illustrated in the accompanying drawings;

[0051] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a typical gas-solid fluidized bed,

[0052] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed capable of making-up and discharging fluidized particles,

[0053] FIG. 3 is an exemplary case where fluidized particles are continuously regenerated and recirculated.

[0054] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,

[0055] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the signal flow of a controller according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,

[0056] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,

[0057] FIG. 7 is a table showing the operation method for each operating step according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,

[0058] FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the first step.

[0059] FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the third step.

[0060] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the seventh step.

[0061] FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the eighth step, and

[0062] FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the ninth step.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0063] Hereinafter, the aforementioned aims, other aims, features and advantageous effects of the present disclosure will be understood easily referring to preferable embodiments related to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to embodiments described in this specification, and may be embodied into other forms. Preferably, the embodiments in this specification are provided in order to allow disclosed contents to be exhaustive and to communicate the concept of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0064] In this specification, when a certain element is placed on another element, this means that it may be formed directly thereon or that the third element may be interposed between them. Further, in the drawings, the thickness of an element may be overstated in order to explain the technical content thereof efficiently.

[0065] The embodiments described in this specification will explained with reference to a cross-sectional view and/or a plane view. In the drawings, the thickness of a film and a region may be overstated in order to explain the technical content thereof efficiently. Accordingly, the form of exemplary drawings for a fabrication method and/or an allowable error et cetera may be reformed. Thus, the embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited to specific forms illustrated herein, but may include variations in the form resulting from the fabrication method. For example, the region illustrated with perpendicular lines may have a form to be rounded or with a predetermined curvature. Thus, regions exemplified in the drawings have attributes, and shapes thereof exemplify specific forms rather than limiting the scope of the present disclosure. In the various embodiments of this specification, terms such as first and second et cetera are used to describe various elements, but these elements should not be limited to such terms. These terms are merely used to distinguish one element from others. The embodiments explained and exemplified herein may include complementary embodiments thereto.

[0066] The terms used in this specification is to explain the embodiments rather than limiting the present disclosure. In this specification, the singular expression includes the plural expression unless specifically stated otherwise. The terms, such as comprise and/or comprising do not preclude the potential existences of one or more elements.

[0067] When describing the following specific embodiments, various kinds of specific contents are made up to explain the present disclosure in detail and to help understanding thereof. However, it will be apparent for those who have knowledge to the extent of understanding the present disclosure that the present disclosure can be used without any of these specific contents. In a certain case when describing the present disclosure, the content that is commonly known to the public but is largely irrelevant to the present disclosure is not described in order to avoid confusion.

[0068] Hereinafter, the configuration of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, is described.

[0069] Firstly, FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the signal flow of a controller according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0070] A fluidized bed reactor 10 is injected with a fluidizing gas through a fluidizing gas inlet and includes a plenum and a gas distributor.

[0071] A first measuring system 15 is configured to measure an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor 10.

[0072] A regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 includes a gas inlet 81 and a gas outlet 82.

[0073] The gas inlet 81 is configured to inject a regeneration fluidizing gas or inert gas into the lower part of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80.

[0074] The gas outlet is configured to discharge a regeneration gas or inert gas to the upper part of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80.

[0075] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a solid moving path 90 is included which is connected between the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 and transfers solid particles (fluidized particles).

[0076] A first control valve 91 is installed on one side of the solid moving path 90.

[0077] In addition, in an embodiment of the present disclosure, a second control valve 84 is installed on the gas outlet 82 of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80.

[0078] The aforementioned first measuring system 15 is configured to measure a pressure or differential pressure within the fluidized bed reactor 10.

[0079] A second measuring system 83 is configured to measure a pressure or differential pressure within the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80.

[0080] A controller 110 controls the first control valve 91 and the second control valve 84 based on values measured by the first measuring system 15 and the second measuring system 83.

[0081] Hereinafter, operating and control methods of a fluidized bed system 100 capable of regenerating fluidized particles, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, are described in detail.

[0082] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an operating method of a fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0083] FIG. 7 is a table showing the operation method for each operating step according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0084] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when a change in the composition or amount of the product gas in the fluidized bed is detected, indicating the need of regeneration of fluidized particles, the following steps are performed to regenerate the fluidized particles.

[0085] FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the first step.

[0086] At the beginning of operation, the first step S1, as shown in FIG. 5, a fluidizing gas in injected into only the fluidized bed reactor 10, and the first control valve 91 is closed. There are no fluidized particles inside the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80, and the second control valve 84 is open.

[0087] In the second step S2, an inert gas injected into the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 while the first control valve is closed and the second control valve 84 is open.

[0088] FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the third step.

[0089] In the third step S3, the first control valve 91 is opened to transfer fluidized particles from the fluidized bed reactor 10 to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 through the solid moving path 90 (fluidized particle movement: fluidized bed.fwdarw.regeneration fluidized bed).

[0090] Since the fluidizing gas and regeneration fluidizing gas are being injected into the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80, the fluidized particles within the fluidized bed reactor 10 are fluidized, exhibiting fluid and fluid-like behaviors. Since the first control valve 91 between the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 is open, particles can move through the solid moving path 90 between the two fluidized beds, similar to a U-shaped tube.

[0091] When a pressure P1 of the fluidized bed reactor 10 and a pressure P2 of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 are the same, as shown in FIG. 9, the particles are moved until a height H1 of a solid bed within the fluidized bed reactor and a height H2 of a solid bed within the regeneration fluidized bed reactor become the same.

[0092] Meanwhile, as the fluidized particles have moved from the fluidized bed reactor 10 to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80, the height H1 of the solid bed within the fluidized bed reactor as shown in FIG. 9 becomes lower compared to a height H0 of the fluidized bed reactor 10 in the first step as shown in FIG. 8. The completion of particle transfer from the fluidized bed reactor 10 to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 can be recognized by measuring differential pressures across the solid beds within both the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 (not illustrated in the present disclosure). The completion of the fluidized particle transfer can be determined when a differential pressure P1 of the solid bed in the fluidized bed reactor 10 decreases slightly and becomes equal to a differential pressure P2 of the solid bed in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80, and no further changes occur.

[0093] On the other hand, when P1 and P2 are not the same, the height of the solid bed inside the fluidized bed reactor 1) and the height of the solid bed inside the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 are maintained while the difference between P1 and P2 is equal to the difference between P1 and P2 (differential pressure P).

[0094] In the fourth step S4, the first control valve 91 is closed to prevent particle movement between the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 (step of stopping particle movement and purging regeneration fluid bed).

[0095] Even during this step, the fluidizing gas and regeneration fluidizing gas are being injected into the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80. Therefore, reaction gases (fluidized bed reactor fluidizing gas and product gas generated by the reaction occurring in the fluidized bed reactor) that may be entrained with the particles can be purged. The completion of the purging is detected by analyzing a concentration and flow rate of a gas discharged from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 (not illustrated in the present disclosure).

[0096] In the fifth step S5, the regeneration fluidizing gas is exchanged from an inert gas to a regeneration fluidizing gas to carry out a regeneration reaction (step of performing regeneration reaction). The completion of the regeneration reaction is detected by analyzing a concentration and flow rate of a gas discharged from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 (not illustrated in the present disclosure).

[0097] In the sixth step S6, the regeneration fluidizing gas is exchanged from a regeneration fluidizing gas to an inert gas (step of purging regeneration fluidized bed). The completion of the purging is detected by analyzing a concentration and flow rate of a gas discharged from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 (not illustrated in the present disclosure).

[0098] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the seventh step.

[0099] In the seventh step S7, after opening the first control valve 91, the second control valve 84 is closed to increase the internal pressure P2 of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 relative to the internal pressure P1 of the fluidized bed reactor 10. As P2 increases relative to P1, as shown in FIG. 10, the particles inside the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 behave similarly to the fluid in the U-shaped tube, and a height H4 of the solid bed decreases as much as the differential pressure (P=P2P1) between P1 and P2. As a height H3 of the solid inside the fluidized bed reactor 10 increases, the regenerated fluidized particles move from the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 82 to the fluidized bed reactor 10 through the solid moving path 10.

[0100] At this time, the height H3 inside the fluidized bed reactor 10 is lower than the height H0 in the first step shown in FIG. 8, and higher than the height of the solid bed in the state where the fluidized particles move from the fluidized bed reactor 10 to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 as shown in FIG. 9 (H0>H3>H1).

[0101] Meanwhile, when P2 increases excessively compared to P1, the height H4 of the solid bed inside the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 decreases further, and in severe cases, there may be no particles in the solid moving path 90. Therefore, solids are moved until the height H4 of the solid inside the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 is maintained higher than a height H5 of the solid moving path 90. To achieve this, when H4 approaches H5, the height may be controlled by reducing the flow rate of the inert gas supplied to the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80.

[0102] FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the eighth step. In the eighth step S8, as shown in FIG. 11, the first control valve 91 is closed to stop the movement of the fluidized particles (step of stopping particle movement).

[0103] FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor system capable of regenerating fluidized particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in the ninth step.

[0104] In the ninth step S9, after stopping the injection of regeneration fluidizing gas, the second control valve 84 is opened to prepare for the next step. As shown in FIG. 12, the preparation step is identical to the first step as shown in FIG. 8 in terms of Open/Close states of the valves and injection states of the fluidizing gas and regeneration fluidizing gas. However, a portion of the fluidized particles remains in the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 (H40, H4>H5). As a result, the height H3 of the solid bed inside the fluidized bed reactor 10 during the ninth step is maintained lower than the height H0 of the solid bed inside the fluidized bed reactor 10 in the first step (H0>H3).

[0105] Meanwhile, in order to minimize abrupt change in the height of the solid bed inside the fluidized bed reactor 10 due to the movement of fluidized particles between the fluidized bed reactor 10 and the generation fluidized bed reactor 80, and to minimize the consumption of inert gas and regeneration fluidizing gas, it is advantageous to make the cross-section area of the regeneration fluidized bed reactor 80 smaller than the cross-sectional area of the fluidized bed reactor 10 (i.e., the cross-sectional area of the regeneration fluidized bed is selected to be smaller than the cross-sectional area of the fluidized bed).

[0106] Further, the configuration and method of the embodiments as described above are not restrictively applied to the aforementioned apparatus and method. The whole or part of the respective embodiments may be selectively combined so as to make various modifications of the embodiments.

FIGURE REFERENCE NUMBERS

[0107] 1: cyclone [0108] 2: cyclone gas outlet [0109] 3: cyclone solid outlet [0110] 10: fluidized bed reactor [0111] 11: fluidizing gas inlet [0112] 12: plenum [0113] 13: gas distributor [0114] 14: outlet [0115] 15: first measuring system [0116] 20: fresh particle silo (storage) [0117] 30: solid feeding device [0118] 40: solid removal device [0119] 50: spent particle silo (storage) [0120] 60: first loop seal (loop seal 1) [0121] 61: loop seal 1 fluidizing gas inlet [0122] 70: second loop seal (loop seal 2) [0123] 71: loop seal 2 fluidizing gas inlet [0124] 80: regeneration fluidized bed reactor [0125] 81: gas inlet [0126] 82: gas outlet [0127] 83: second measuring system [0128] 84: second control valve [0129] 90: solid moving path [0130] 91: first control valve [0131] 100: fluidized bed system capable of regenerating fluidized particles [0132] 110: controller