SYSTEM FOR A VEHICLE FUEL CELL WITH A MANUALLY ADJUSTABLE PRESSURE EQUALIZATION DEVICE AND A METHOD OF ADJUSTING A COOLANT PRESSURE

Abstract

A cooling system for a vehicle fuel cell system, the cooling system comprising a cooling circuit and a pressure equalization device for a coolant of the cooling circuit, wherein the pressure equalization device is manually adjustable to allow manual adjustment of the coolant pressure.

Claims

1. A cooling system for a vehicle fuel cell system, the cooling system comprising a cooling circuit and a pressure equalization device for a coolant of the cooling circuit, wherein the pressure equalization device is manually adjustable to allow manual adjustment of the coolant pressure.

2. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein pressure equalization device comprises a first portion optionally adapted to be in fluid communication with an exhaust of the vehicle fuel cell system, a second portion adapted to be in fluid communication with the cooling circuit, and a separator that is arranged to separate the first portion and the second portion.

3. The cooling system of claim 2, wherein the pressure equalization device is configured such that the separator may be pre-tensioned towards the first portion or towards the second portion, said pre-tension being independent from any force affecting the separator as a result of a fluid communication between the first portion and the exhaust.

4. The cooling system of claim 3, wherein the pressure equalization device comprises a manually operable pressurizing assembly that is adapted to be manually operated to adjust the pre-tension of the separator.

5. The cooling system of claim 4, wherein the pressurizing assembly comprises a threaded actuator for adjusting the pre-tension of the separator, wherein the pressure equalization device is configured such that the threaded actuator may be manually operated.

6. The cooling system of claim 5, wherein the pressurizing assembly comprises a resilient member that is arranged to pre-tension the separator, wherein manually turning the threaded actuator adjusts a pre-tension of the resilient member and thereby the pre-tension of the separator.

7. The cooling system of claim 4, wherein the pressure equalization device is configured such that the separator may be affected by a pressure of the exhaust and in addition by the manually operable pressurizing assembly.

8. The cooling system of claim 4, wherein the separator essentially has the shape of a piston.

9. The cooling system of claim 1, comprising or connected to a control unit that is able to determine a coolant pressure requirement of the vehicle fuel cell system and to output a signal that is indicative of a suitable manual setting for the manually adjustable pressure equalization device.

10. The cooling system of claim 4, wherein the separator essentially has the shape of a piston and the pressure equalization device comprises an elongated housing, the separator and the housing essentially functioning as a cylinder and a cooperating piston.

11. The cooling system of claim 8, wherein the separator comprises an assembly interface for attachment of the manually operable pressurizing assembly.

12. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the pressure equalization device comprises an exhaust interface for connection to an exhaust of the vehicle fuel cell system.

13. The cooling system of claim 12, wherein the pressure equalization device comprise a circuit interface for connection to the cooling circuit, and wherein the circuit interface is connected to the second portion.

14. The cooling system of claim 13, wherein the exhaust interface is positioned vertically higher than the separator and the circuit interface is positioned vertically lower than the separator.

15. A vehicle fuel cell system comprising the cooling system of claim 1.

16. A multiple vehicle fuel cell system comprising a first vehicle fuel cell system, a second vehicle fuel cell system and the cooling system of claim 1.

17. A vehicle comprising the vehicle fuel cell system of claim 15 or the multiple vehicle fuel cell system of claim 16.

18. A method of adjusting a coolant pressure of a cooling circuit for a vehicle fuel cell system comprising manually adjusting a pressure equalization device.

19. The method of claim 18, comprising obtaining from a control unit a coolant pressure requirement of the vehicle fuel cell system and on the basis thereof manually adjusting the pressure equalization device.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the cooling circuit is a single cooling circuit for a first and a second vehicle fuel cell system and manually adjusting the pressure equalization device comprises adjusting the coolant pressure on the basis of individual coolant pressure requirements of the first and the second vehicle fuel cell systems.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Examples are described in more detail below with reference to the appended drawings.

[0032] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a cooling system and a pressure equalization device for a vehicle fuel cell system according to an example.

[0033] FIG. 2 shows the pressure equalization device of FIG. 1 in more detail.

[0034] FIG. 3 is an exemplary system diagram of the cooling system in accordance with the one of FIG. 1, but adapted for two fuel cell systems.

[0035] FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of adjusting a coolant pressure of a cooling circuit for a vehicle fuel cell system, the method comprising manually adjusting a pressure equalization device similar to the one of FIGS. 1 to 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The detailed description set forth below provides information and examples of the disclosed technology with sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 1 illustrates a cooling system 1 for a vehicle fuel cell system 100 (indicated as a dashed rectangle). The cooling system 1, connected to two vehicle fuel cell system 100, 200, is shown in more detail in FIG. 3. Herein, the vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200 are only schematically depicted and not illustrated or described in detail, as the disclosure primarily relates to cooling thereof. As is illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, the cooling system 1 comprises a single cooling circuit 10 for the fuel cell system(s). In other words, one and the same cooling circuit 1 may be connected to one or two fuel cell systems 100, 200. The cooling circuit 10 is illustrated as passing through the fuel cell systems 100, 200 to transfer heat by means of schematically illustrated heat changers. Typically, the cooling circuit 10 passes through undepicted fuel cell stacks of the fuel cell systems 100, 200 to remove or supply heat. The cooling system 1 may comprise a pump, a radiator and a fan as is illustrated to the right in FIG. 3. There may further be provided a three-way valve and a bypass line for fully or partly bypassing the radiator, e.g., during warmup, see FIG. 3. The coolant pressure may be adjusted by adjustment of the pump speed, but the present disclosure relates to adjustment of the coolant pressure by means of a pressure equalization device.

[0038] In FIG. 3, a solid line (e.g., denoted 10) represents a coolant flow line or cooling circuit. A dash double-dot line represents a cathode supply line and cathode exhaust line, or more generally an air flow line, and a dashed line represents a communication, e.g., a wired or a wireless communication.

[0039] The cooling systems 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 comprise a pressure equalization device 20, which is shown in more detail in FIG. 2. The pressure equalization device 20 is manually adjustable to allow manual adjustment of the coolant pressure. In the present example, the pressure equalization device 20 comprises a first portion 20e, a second portion 20c and a separator 20s that is arranged to separate the first portion 20e and the second portion 20c. The first portion 20e may, as is illustrated, be adapted to be in fluid communication with an exhaust 110 of the vehicle fuel cell system 100. The second portion 20e is adapted to be in fluid communication with the cooling circuit 10.

[0040] As is best understood from FIG. 2. The pressure equalization device 20 may be configured such that the separator 20s may be pre-tensioned towards the first portion 20e or towards the second portion 20c.

[0041] As will be described in more detail, in the present example air (exhaust) and coolant are separated by the separator 20s in the form of a piston which may be pressed by a resilient member 22r in the form of a spring. The spring compression may be adjusted by a threaded actuator 22t in the form of an infinite screw which changes the vertical position of one end, here an upper end, of the resilient member 22r e.g., via a seat 22s. The threaded actuator 22t is to be manually adjusted by an operator e.g., a service technician or workshop personnel, until the desired static coolant pressure is reached. Referring still to FIG. 2, the pre-tension is independent from any force affecting the separator 20s as a result of a fluid communication between the first portion 20e and the exhaust 110.

[0042] Thus, the present pressure equalization device 20 comprises a manually operable pressurizing assembly 22 that is adapted to be manually operated to adjust the pre-tension of the separator 20s, to adjust the static coolant pressure. In the present example, the pressurizing assembly 22 comprises a threaded actuator 22t for adjusting the pre-tension of the separator 20s and pressure equalization device 20 is configured such that the threaded actuator 22t may be manually operated. More precisely, the threaded actuator 22h may comprise a handle (illustrated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3) 22h that may be grasped by hand and turned by the operator. As is shown, the threaded actuator 22t may cooperate with a seat 22s, or spring seat, which may move axially within the housing 28 of the present pressure equalization device 20 as the threaded actuator 22t is turned. The resilient member (in this case compression spring) 22r may be arranged between the seat 22s and the separator 20s. More precisely, one end of the resilient member 22r may be attached to an assembly interface 20si of the separator 20s. As is also shown, the pressure equalization device 20 may comprise a resilient member guide that is arranged to guide the resilient member 22r to avoid the resilient member 22r bending or buckling. In the present example, the resilient member guide comprises two telescoping tubes. An upper tube is attached to an upper end of the pressure equalization device 20 and a lower tube is attached to the assembly interface 20si.

[0043] Referring to the preceding paragraph, the pressurizing assembly 22 may comprise a resilient member 22r that is arranged to pre-tension the separator 20s, wherein manually turning the threaded actuator 22t adjusts a pre-tension of the resilient member 22r.

[0044] As a result of a connection to an exhaust 110 of the vehicle fuel cell system 100, the pressure equalization device 20 may be configured such that the separator 20s may be affected by a pressure of the exhaust 110 and in addition be affected by the manually operable pressurizing assembly 22.

[0045] As has been mentioned and as is illustrated in FIG. 2, the separator 20s may essentially have the shape of a piston. Thus, the separator 20s may be movable. The pressure equalization device 20 may comprise an elongated housing 28 within which the separator 20s (piston) may travel. As is shown, the piston 20s may comprise a central assembly interface 20si to which the pressurizing assembly 22 may be attached. The pressurizing assembly 22 may selectively push and pull the separator 20s (piston). The piston 20s may be of circular cross-section and the housing 28 may be circular cylindrical, optionally with opposing domed ends.

[0046] Referring in particular to FIG. 2, the present pressure equalization device 20 comprises an exhaust interface 24 for connection to an exhaust 110 of the vehicle fuel cell system 100. The exhaust interface 24 may comprise a through-hole in the housing 28. Typically, the exhaust interface 24 is connected to the first portion 20e. In the present example, the exhaust interface 24 is positioned vertically higher than the separator 20s, more precisely vertically higher than the separator 20s may travel. Furth, the present pressure equalization device 20 comprises a cooling circuit interface or circuit interface 26 for connection to the cooling circuit 10. The circuit interface 26 is connected to the second portion 20c. In the present example, the circuit interface 26 is positioned vertically lower than the separator 20s, more precisely vertically lower than the separator 20s may travel.

[0047] As is illustrated in FIG. 3, the cooling system 1 may comprise a control unit 50 that is able to determine a coolant pressure requirement of the vehicle fuel cell system 100 and to output a signal that is indicative of a suitable manual setting for the manually adjustable pressure equalization device 20. Alternatively, the cooling system 1 may be connected to such a control unit 50, which does not form part of the cooling system 1.

[0048] As is to be apprehended, the cooling systems 1 herein described may form part of a vehicle fuel cell system 100. Referring again to FIG. 3, such a vehicle fuel cell system 100 may form part of a multiple vehicle fuel cell system 300 comprising also a second vehicle fuel cell system 200 and the cooling system 1. The cooling circuit 1 may be a single cooling circuit that serves several vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200 of a multiple vehicle fuel cell system 300. As is indicated in FIG. 3, the vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200 or multiple vehicle fuel cell system 300 may be comprised in a vehicle 400.

[0049] As has been mentioned, fuel cell systems 100, 200 typically each comprise undepicted fuel cell stacks. These typically comprise bipolar plates, electrical connections, inputs and outputs for cathode gas (typically air) and anode gas (such as hydrogen). The bipolar plates may be particularly susceptible to damage as a result of insufficient coolant pressure adjustment. In FIG. 3, is illustrated the anode gas flow to and from the fuel cell systems 100, 200. To the left, anode gas, in this case ambient air, enters into a respective air intake of the fuel cell systems. Air filters are arranged downstream the respective air intakes.

[0050] Next, the air passes through respective blowers or compressors, before passing through respective optional supply air coolers and entering into the respective fuel cell systems. Inside the fuel cell systems 100, 200, the air reacts with the fuel to create electric energy, used e.g., to propel the heavy-duty vehicle 400. The air then exits the fuel cell systems 100, 200 through the first vehicle fuel cell system exhaust 110 and the second vehicle fuel cell system exhaust 210, respectively. As is shown, first and second turbines may be arranged to harvest energy from the first and second vehicle fuel cell system exhausts 110, 210. The first exhaust 110 is connected to the pressure equalization device 20. More precisely, an air flow line extends from between first air exhaust 110 and the first turbine to pressure equalization device 20. There may be undepicted coolant lines connecting the supply air coolers to the cooling circuit 10.

[0051] Referring next to FIG. 4, and also the herein described apparatuses, a method 500 of adjusting a coolant pressure of a cooling circuit 10 for a vehicle fuel cell system 100 comprises manually adjusting 540 a pressure equalization device 20. Typically, manually adjusting 540 the pressure equalization device 20 comprises manually operating an actuator 22t for example by means of a handle 22h of the pressure equalization device 20. The actuator 22t may for example be a threaded actuator 22t in the form of an infinite screw as described herein. Thus, manually adjusting 540 the pressure equalization device 20 may comprise manually turning the actuator 22t.

[0052] Further, the method 500 may comprise obtaining 530, from a control unit 50, a coolant pressure requirement of the vehicle fuel cell system 100 and on the basis thereof manually adjusting 540 the pressure equalization device 20. The cooling circuit 10 may be a single cooling circuit 10 for a first and a second vehicle fuel cell system 100, 200 and manually adjusting 540 the pressure equalization device 20 may comprise adjusting the coolant pressure on the basis of individual coolant pressure requirements of the first and the second vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200.

[0053] In some examples, manually adjusting 540 the coolant pressure by manually adjusting 540 the pressure equalization device 20 comprises setting the coolant pressure between the coolant pressure requirement of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100 and the coolant pressure requirement of the second vehicle fuel cell system 200.

[0054] As is shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with the present disclosure the cooling circuit 10 may be connected to an exhaust 110 of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100 and the method 500 may comprise continuously adjusting 520 the coolant pressure by the cooling circuit 10 being connected to the exhaust 110 of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100. The coolant pressure may be continuously adjusted as the pressure of the exhaust 110 may continuously vary during operation. Thus, continuously adjusting 520 the coolant pressure means that the coolant pressure is adapted in dependence of the pressure of the exhaust 110.

[0055] Referring again to FIG. 3, the cooling circuit 10 does not need to be connected to an exhaust 210 of the second vehicle fuel cell system 200. Different coolant pressure requirements of the first and the second fuel cell systems 100, 200 may be caused by variation in performance and/or state of health. Typically, the coolant pressure requirement of a fuel cell system may increase with load. Higher load results in higher exhaust pressure and thus, in accordance with the present disclosure, higher coolant pressure (since the pressure equalization device 20 connected to the exhaust 110). Now, the first fuel cell system 100 may have a first pressure corridor, meaning acceptable lower and higher coolant pressures for each load point. Similarly, the second fuel cell system 200 may have a second pressure corridor, which may differ from the first pressure corridor e.g., because of a variation in state of health between the fuel cell systems 100, 200. By adjusting the pressure equalization device 20, the coolant pressure may be adjusted to be within both the first and the second pressure corridors. The present pressure equalization device 20 thus allows the cooling circuit 10 being connected to the exhaust 110 of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100 only. In undepicted embodiment, the cooling circuit 10 may instead be connected to the exhaust 210 of the second vehicle fuel cell system 200 only.

[0056] Referring still to FIG. 3, the method 500 typically comprises running 510 the first and second vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200. Further, if the first portion 20e is in fluid communication with the exhaust 110 of the vehicle fuel cell system 100, the method 500 may comprise continuously adjusting 520 the coolant pressure.

[0057] A method of adjusting a coolant pressure of a single cooling circuit 10 for a first and a vehicle second fuel cell system 100, 200 is next described with reference to FIG. 3. The method may for example be applied to the herein described vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200 and cooling system 1 and to simplify understanding the method is described also with reference to the example of FIG. 1 to FIG. 3. Thus, the cooling circuit 10 is connected to the exhaust 110 of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100 but not connected to the exhaust 210 of the second fuel cell system 200.

[0058] The method comprises running the first and second vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200, and meanwhile continuously adjusting the coolant pressure by the cooling circuit 10 being connected to the exhaust 110 of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100.

[0059] As has been described, the pressure equalization device 20 is connected to the cooling circuit 10 and the method may thus comprise adjusting the coolant pressure by adjusting the pressure equalization device 20. Thus, the coolant pressure may be adjusted in two separate ways, firstly by the connection the exhaust 110 and secondly by the pressure equalization device 20 being adjusted. In addition, as mentioned, the coolant pressure may be adjusted by adjustment of the coolant pump speed, which is not described in further detail herein. The adjustment of the coolant pressure by the connection to the exhaust 110 may be referred to as an automatic or continuous coolant pressure adjustment. The adjustment of the coolant pressure by adjusting the pressure equalization device 20 may be referred to as a manual, discontinuous or intermittent coolant pressure adjustment.

[0060] Adjusting the coolant pressure by adjusting the pressure equalization device 20 may comprise adjusting the coolant pressure on the basis of individual coolant pressure requirements of the first and the second vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200. In more detail, adjusting the coolant pressure by adjusting the pressure equalization device 20 may comprise adjusting or setting the coolant pressure between the coolant pressure requirement of the first vehicle fuel cell system 100 and the coolant pressure requirement of the second vehicle fuel cell system 200.

[0061] The method may further comprise, referring again to the description of the example of FIG. 3, obtaining, from the control unit 50, individual coolant pressure requirements of the first and the second vehicle fuel cell systems 100, 200 and on the basis thereof adjusting the coolant pressure by adjusting the pressure equalization device 20.

[0062] Also disclosed are examples according to the following clauses:

[0063] 1. A cooling system (1) for a vehicle fuel cell system (100), the cooling system (1) comprising a cooling circuit (10) and a pressure equalization device (20) for a coolant of the cooling circuit (10), wherein the pressure equalization device (20) is manually adjustable to allow manual adjustment of the coolant pressure.

[0064] 2. The cooling system (1) of clause 1, wherein pressure equalization device (20) comprises [0065] a first portion (20e) optionally adapted to be in fluid communication with an exhaust (110) of the vehicle fuel cell system (100), [0066] a second portion (20c) adapted to be in fluid communication with the cooling circuit (10), and [0067] a separator (20s) that is arranged to separate the first portion (20e) and the second portion (20c).

[0068] 3. The cooling system (1) of clause 2, wherein the pressure equalization device (20) is configured such that the separator (20s) may be pre-tensioned towards the first portion (20e) or towards the second portion (20c), said pre-tension being independent from any force affecting the separator (20s) as a result of a fluid communication between the first portion (20e) and the exhaust (110).

[0069] 4. The cooling system (1) of clause 3, wherein the pressure equalization device (20) comprises a manually operable pressurizing assembly (22) that is adapted to be manually operated to adjust the pre-tension of the separator (20s).

[0070] 5. The cooling system (1) of clause 4, wherein the pressurizing assembly (22) comprises a threaded actuator (22t) for adjusting the pre-tension of the separator (20s), wherein the pressure equalization device (20) is configured such that the threaded actuator (22t) may be manually operated.

[0071] 6. The cooling system (1) of clause 5, wherein the pressurizing assembly (22) comprises a resilient member (22r) that is arranged to pre-tension the separator (20s), wherein manually turning the threaded actuator (22t) adjusts a pre-tension of the resilient member (22r).

[0072] 7. The cooling system (1) according to any of clauses 4 to 6, wherein the pressure equalization device (20) is configured such that the separator (20s) may be affected by a pressure of the exhaust (110) and in addition by the manually operable pressurizing assembly.

[0073] 8. The cooling system (1) according to any of clauses 4 to 7, wherein the separator (20s) essentially has the shape of a piston.

[0074] 9. The cooling system (1) according to any of clauses 4 to 7, wherein the separator (20s) essentially has the shape of a piston and the pressure equalization device (20) comprises an elongated housing (28), the separator (20s) and the housing (28) essentially functioning as a cylinder and a cooperating piston.

[0075] 10. The cooling system (1) of clause 8 or 9, wherein the separator (20s) comprises an assembly interface (20si) for attachment of the manually operable pressurizing assembly (22).

[0076] 11. The cooling system (1) of any preceding clause, wherein the pressure equalization device (20) comprises an exhaust interface (24) for connection to an exhaust (110) of the vehicle fuel cell system (100).

[0077] 12. The cooling system (1) of clause 2 and 11, wherein the exhaust interface (24) is connected to the first portion (20e).

[0078] 13. The cooling system (1) of clause 11 or 12, wherein the pressure equalization device (20) comprise a circuit interface (26) for connection to the cooling circuit (10), and wherein the circuit interface (26) is connected to the second portion (20c).

[0079] 14. The cooling system (1) of clause 13, wherein the exhaust interface (24) is positioned vertically higher than the separator (20s) and the circuit interface (26) is positioned vertically lower than the separator (20s).

[0080] 15. The cooling system (1) of any preceding clause, comprising or connected to a control unit (50) that is able to determine a coolant pressure requirement of the vehicle fuel cell system (100) and to output a signal that is indicative of a suitable manual setting for the manually adjustable pressure equalization device (20).

[0081] 16. A vehicle fuel cell system (100) comprising the cooling system (1) of any preceding clause.

[0082] 17. A multiple vehicle fuel cell system (300) comprising a first vehicle fuel cell system (100), a second vehicle fuel cell system (200) and the cooling system (1) according to any of clauses 1 to 15.

[0083] 18. The multiple vehicle fuel cell system (300) of claim 17, comprising a single cooling circuit (10).

[0084] 19. A vehicle (400) comprising the vehicle fuel cell system (100) of clause 16 or the multiple vehicle fuel cell system (300) of clause 17 or 18.

[0085] 20. A method (500) of adjusting a coolant pressure of a cooling circuit (10) for a vehicle fuel cell system (100) comprising manually adjusting (540) a pressure equalization device (20).

[0086] 21. The method (500) of clause 20, wherein manually adjusting (540) the pressure equalization device (20) comprises manually operating an actuator (22t) for example by means of a handle (22h) of the pressure equalization device (20).

[0087] 22. The method (500) of clause 21, wherein manually adjusting (540) the pressure equalization device (20) comprises manually turning the actuator (22t).

[0088] 23. The method (500) according to any of clauses 20 to 22, comprising obtaining (530) from a control unit (50) a coolant pressure requirement of the vehicle fuel cell system (100) and on the basis thereof manually adjusting (540) the pressure equalization device (20).

[0089] 24. The method (500) according to any of clauses 20 to 23, wherein the cooling circuit (10) is a single cooling circuit (10) for a first and a second vehicle fuel cell system (100, 200) and manually adjusting (540) the pressure equalization device (20) comprises adjusting the coolant pressure on the basis of individual coolant pressure requirements of the first and the second vehicle fuel cell systems (100, 200).

[0090] 25. The method (500) of clause 24, wherein manually adjusting (540) the coolant pressure by manually adjusting (540) the pressure equalization device (20) comprises setting the coolant pressure between the coolant pressure requirement of the first vehicle fuel cell system (100) and the coolant pressure requirement of the second vehicle fuel cell system (200).

[0091] 26. The method (500) according to 24 or 25, wherein the cooling circuit (10) is connected to an exhaust (110) of the first vehicle fuel cell system (100) and the method (500) comprises continuously adjusting (520) the coolant pressure by the cooling circuit (10) being connected to the exhaust (110) of the first vehicle fuel cell system (100), as the pressure of the exhaust (110) may continuously vary during operation.

[0092] 27. The method (500) of clause 26, wherein the cooling circuit (10) is not connected to an exhaust (210) of the second vehicle fuel cell system (200).

[0093] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms comprises, comprising, includes, and/or including when used herein specify the presence of stated features, integers, actions, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, actions, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0094] It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0095] Relative terms such as below or above or upper or lower or horizontal or vertical may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that these terms and those discussed above are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being connected or coupled to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being directly connected or directly coupled to another element, there are no intervening elements present.

[0096] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0097] It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the aspects described above and illustrated in the drawings; rather, the skilled person will recognize that many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims. In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed aspects for purposes of illustration only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the disclosure being set forth in the following claims.