MECHANICAL STRUCTURAL PART AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

Abstract

It is provided a mechanical structural part and a method of manufacturing the same. The mechanical structural part comprises a chemical composition containing C: 0.45% to 0.51%, Si: 0.15% to 0.35%, Mn: 0.60% to 0.90%, P: 0.030% or less, S: 0.025% or less, Al: 0.040% to 0.059%, Cr: 0.10% to 0.50%, and N: 0.0060% to 0.0100%, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and a hardened layer by induction hardening and tempering treatment, wherein an area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less in the hardened layer is 80% or more, and a number ratio of grains each having a grain size twice or more than a mode of grain size in the hardened layer is 5% or less.

Claims

1. A mechanical structural part comprising: a chemical composition containing, in mass %, C: 0.45% to 0.51%, Si: 0.15% to 0.35%, Mn: 0.60% to 0.90%, P: 0.030% or less, S: 0.025% or less, Al: 0.040% to 0.059%, Cr: 0.10% to 0.50%, and N: 0.0060% to 0.0100%, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and a hardened layer by induction hardening and tempering treatment, wherein an area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less in the hardened layer is 80% or more, and a number ratio of grains each having a grain size twice or more than a mode of grain size in the hardened layer is 5% or less.

2. The mechanical structural part according to claim 1, wherein the part has a shaft-shaped portion.

3. A method for manufacturing a mechanical structural part, the method comprising subjecting a steel material having a chemical composition containing, in mass %, C: 0.45% to 0.51%, Si: 0.15% to 0.35%, Mn: 0.60% to 0.90%, P: 0.030% or less, S: 0.025% or less, Al: 0.040% to 0.059%, Cr: 0.10% to 0.50%, and N: 0.0060% to 0.0100%, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities to hot rolling at a rolling speed VSL satisfying the following formula (1) to form a steel bar or wire rod, and forging the steel bar or wire rod to be subjected to induction hardening at 900 C. to 1150 C. and then tempering: $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{VSL}100/\mathrm{DL}\left(m/s\right),& \left(1\right)\end{array}$ where VSL is a rolling speed (m/s) just before passing through a final stage of rolling, and DL is a diameter (mm) of a rolled material after the rolling is completed.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the Accompanying Drawings:

[0041] FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating a correlation between the area ratio of prior austenite grains each having a grain size of 80 m or less and the center runout (eccentricity) in the hardened layer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In the following, one form for implementing this disclosure will be described in detail, starting with the chemical composition of the steel applied to a mechanical structural part of this disclosure. Here, % indicating the content of each element is mass %, unless otherwise stated.

C: 0.45% to 0.51%

[0043] C is an essential element to ensure the strength of the hardened layer of the part when the part is subjected to induction heat treatment. When the C content is less than 0.45%, the strength of the part is insufficient. On the other hand, when the C content exceeds 0.51%, the amount of strain after induction heat treatment increases. For the above reasons, the C content is specified to be in the range of 0.45% to 0.51%. From the viewpoint of balancing strength and amount of strain, the C content is desirably 0.47% or more. Similarly, the C content is desirably 0.49% or less.

Si: 0.15% to 0.35%

[0044] Si has actions of reducing oxygen inclusions by deoxidation action of the steel and suppressing hardness reduction in tempering heat treatment. That is, Si has an effect of improving the mechanical properties of the product. On the other hand, excessive addition of Si will reduce cold workability due to hardening of the material. For the above reasons, the Si content is specified to be in the range of 0.15% to 0.35%. A more desirable range of the Si content is 0.20% or more. A more desirable range of the Si content is 0.30% or less.

Mn: 0.60% to 0.90%

[0045] Mn has an action of greatly improving hardenability. Thus, Mn needs to be added at 0.60% or more. On the other hand, an increase in amount of addition of Mn increases hardness of the material and decreases cold workability. However, the Mn content is allowed up to 0.90%. For the above reasons, the Mn content is specified to be in the range of 0.60% to 0.90%. A more desirable range of the Mn content is 0.70% or more. A more desirable range of the Mn content is 0.80% or less.

P: 0.030% or less (including 0%)

[0046] P has an action of segregating at the prior austenite grain boundary after induction hardening, thereby reducing fatigue resistance of the hardened layer. Therefore, it is preferable to keep the P content as low as possible. For the above reason, the P content is specified to be in the range of 0.030% or less. The P content is more preferably decreased to 0.012% or less. Of course, the P content may be 0%.

S: 0.025% or less (including 0%)

[0047] S exists as sulfur inclusions and is an effective element for improving machinability by cutting. However, the addition exceeding 0.025% of S adversely affects manufacturability during casting. Thus, the upper limit of the S content is 0.025%. When improvement in machinability by cutting is required, 0.010% or more of S may be added. The preferred range of the S content is 0.010% to 0.015%. When the machinability by cutting is not a consideration, the S content may be 0%.

Al: 0.040% to 0.059%

[0048] Al combines with N to form AlN. Thus, Al has an action of suppressing the coarsening of austenite grains during rolling and induction hardening of a steel bar and a wire rod. Al is an important element in this disclosure because austenite grain size control during rolling and induction hardening of the steel bar and wire rod is effective in strain control. When the Al content is low, the above effect is not expected. On the other hand, excessive Al content leads to an increase in inclusions, which increases the number of initiation points of fatigue fracture and causes a reduction in fatigue strength. For the above reasons, the Al content is specified to be in the range of 0.040% to 0.059%. The Al content is preferably 0.045% or more. The Al content is preferably 0.055% or less.

Cr: 0.10% to 0.50%

[0049] Cr effectively improves the hardenability and strength of steel. On the other hand, as the Cr content increases, a decrease in workability due to increased hardness is inevitable. For the above reasons, the Cr content is specified to be in the range of 0.10% to 0.50%. The Cr content is preferably 0.10% or more. The Cr content is preferably 0.20% or less.

N: 0.0060% to 0.0100%

[0050] N combines with Al to form AlN. Thus, N is an important element in this disclosure as is Al. An N content of 0.0060% or more is necessary to control austenite grain size during rolling and induction hardening of the steel bar and wire rod. On the other hand, an increase in the N content generates cracks during solidification. The cracks will remain as defects in subsequent processes. If the defects remain, the steel cannot be used as a product because the defects open up to make cracks be significantly more likely to be generated. For the above reasons, the N content is specified to be in the range of 0.0060% to 0.0100%. The N content is preferably 0.0060% or more. The N content is preferably 0.0080% or less.

[0051] In the mechanical structural part of this disclosure, the balance of the chemical composition is Fe and impurities. Impurities are those that are introduced during the industrial manufacture of steel material, from ores and scrap as raw materials or from manufacturing environment, etc., and are acceptable to the extent that they do not adversely affect the properties of this embodiment.

[0052] The following describes the specification in this disclosure regarding the prior austenite grain size of the hardened layer by induction heat treatment.

[0053] The mechanical structural part of this disclosure is formed into a part shape, such as a shape having a shaft portion, using steel with the above-described chemical composition, and then subjected to induction heat treatment of induction hardening and tempering. In the hardened layer formed by this induction heat treatment, it is necessary that the area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less is 80% or more, and that the number ratio of grains each having a grain size twice or more than the mode of grain size is 5% or less.

[Hardened Layer]

[0054] In the mechanical structural part of this disclosure, the formed body that has become the part shape is subjected to induction heat treatment of induction hardening and tempering to form a hardened layer on the surface layer. This hardened layer is a portion hardened by induction heat treatment. Specifically, the hardness (e.g., Vickers hardness) distribution is measured from the surface toward the center of the part after induction heat treatment, and in the resulting hardness distribution, a depth position where a predetermined hardness (e.g., HV 450) is maintained is defined as an effective hardened case depth (ECD). The region of this effective hardened case depth is defined as a hardened layer.

[Area Ratio of Crystal Grains Each Having Prior Austenite Grain Size of 80 m or Less being 80% or More]

[0055] This specification regarding the prior austenite grain size is an indicator of the properties of prior austenite grains that can suppress strain after induction heat treatment. As FIG. 1 illustrates a relationship between the area ratio of prior austenite grains each having a grain size of 80 m or less and the center runout (a center runout of 0.25% or less achieves suppression of strain in the part) in the example described below, when the area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less satisfies 80% or more, the center runout can be effectively suppressed, i.e., strain in the part can be suppressed. The reason why the crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less is targeted is that prior austenite grains each having a grain size of larger than 80 m have a significant impact on center runout suppression, and the desired center runout suppression capability can be obtained by regulating the crystal grains of more than 80 m. Therefore, the area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of more than 80 m is specified to be less than 20%. In other words, the area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less is specified to be 80% or more.

[0056] Here, the prior austenite grain size can be obtained by properly corroding and observing the part after induction heat treatment. For example, after corroding the hardened layer formed on the part surface layer with a picric acid solution to reveal the prior austenite grain boundary, the prior austenite grain microstructure can be photographed and processed by image processing software to obtain the equivalent circle diameter of each prior austenite grain and determine the area ratio of the crystal grains of 80 m or less.

[Number Ratio of Grains Each Having Grain Size Twice or More than Mode of Grain Size being 5% or Less]

[0057] By specifying the number ratio of grains each having a grain size twice or more than the mode of grain size to 5% or less in the hardening layer, strain and eccentricity of the part after induction hardening can be suppressed. Even when the area ratio of prior austenite grains in the previous section is satisfied, if a certain small number of prior austenite grains are significantly coarsened than the other grains (specifically, twice or more than the mode of grain size), eccentricity is not suppressed to the desired degree. Thus, the inventors found that the above conditions are appropriate as the criteria for suppressing eccentricity.

[0058] Here, the mode of grain size can be obtained by properly corroding and observing the part after induction heat treatment. For example, the mode of grain size can be obtained by, after corroding the hardened layer formed on the part surface layer with a picric acid solution to reveal the prior austenite grain boundary, photographing and processing the prior austenite grain microstructure by image processing software to obtain a histogram of grain size. Furthermore, the histogram can be used to determine the number ratio of grains each having a grain size twice or more than the mode of grain size.

[0059] The following describes a method for manufacturing a mechanical structural part of this disclosure.

[0060] That is, a steel material having the above chemical composition is subjected to hot rolling at a rolling speed that satisfies the following formula (1) to form a steel bar or wire rod, and the bar or wire is forged to a part shape and then subjected to induction hardening at 900 C. to 1150 C. to manufacture a mechanical structural part. The steel material is, for example, cast steel, slab, etc., with a billet as a typical example, but is not limited to these.

[0061] Here, in order to satisfy the above-mentioned specification regarding the prior austenite grain size in the hardened layer, in addition to the adjustment of the above-mentioned chemical composition, it is necessary to subject a steel material, for example, cast steel, to hot rolling at a rolling speed that satisfies the following formula (1) to form a steel bar or wire rod:

Note

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{VSL}100/\mathrm{DL}\left(m/s\right),& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

[0062] where VSL is a rolling speed (m/s) just before passing through the final stage of rolling, and DL is a diameter (mm) of the rolled material after the rolling is completed.

[0063] Formula (1) above is an indicator that indicates the rolling speed at which cast steel is subjected to hot rolling to be a steel bar or wire rod, which will be a forged material to form a mechanical structural part. Appropriate rolling speed according to the diameter of the steel bar or wire rod can reduce the temperature gradient inside the rolled material and control the microstructure of the rolled material. By using a rolling speed that satisfies this formula, the time required for cooling the inside of the rolled material can be guaranteed, and the temperature difference between the surface layer and the inside of the rolled material can be suppressed, resulting in a homogeneous post-rolling microstructure. Therefore, when the rolling speed and diameter of the rolled material do not satisfy Formula (1) above, the prior austenite grain size in the final part will not satisfy the above conditions even if the heat treatment conditions during induction heat treatment described below are satisfied.

[0064] Furthermore, from the viewpoint of strain suppression, it is preferable to use a rolling speed where the constant on the right side of Formula (1) is specified to be from 100 to 90. In other words, hot rolling at a rolling speed that satisfies the following formula (2) is preferable for suppressing strain:

Note

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{VSL}90/\mathrm{DL}\left(m/s\right),& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

[0065] where VSL is a rolling speed (m/s) just before passing through the final stage of rolling, and DL is a diameter (mm) of the rolled material after the rolling is completed.

[0066] Incidentally, it is basically appropriate to use the diameter of the rolled material just before the final stage of rolling as an indicator that indicates the rolling speed. However, the final stage of rolling of a steel bar or wire rod is usually a minor rolling reduction for arranging dimensions, and the change in diameter is minute. Thus, the diameter after the rolling is completed can be used as an indicator that indicates the rolling speed.

[0067] The steel bar or wire rod manufactured as above is subjected to hot forging and/or cold forging, cutting, or other processing to finish it into a part shape, and are then subjected to induction heat treatment to be a part. In order for the prior austenite grains in the hardened layer after induction heat treatment to satisfy the above grain size conditions, the temperature of induction hardening needs to be 900 C. to 1150 C.

[0068] The above temperature range is specified on the basis that, within the chemical composition range of this disclosure, complete austenite transformation occurs during heating and that no significant austenite grain growth occurs during heating. The commonly known conditions for tempering heat treatment after induction hardening are acceptable.

EXAMPLES

[0069] The following describes the structures and function effects of the present disclosure in more detail, by way of examples. However, this disclosure is not limited to the following examples and may be changed appropriately within the scope conforming to the purpose of this disclosure, all of such changes being included within the technical scope of this disclosure.

[0070] Continuous-cast steel produced through continuous casting by smelting steel having each chemical composition presented in Table 1 was processed into billets and then hot-rolled into round bars with various diameters. The hot rolling conditions are as follows: diameter DL of the rolled material after the rolling is completed=30 mm; and rolling speed VSL just before passing through the final stage of rolling=3.0 m/s. The properties required for steel for mechanical structural use were investigated for the resulting round bars. The hardness of each round bar after hot rolling was measured as a property required for the steel for mechanical structural use, i.e., a property of the steel itself. Furthermore, the hardness distribution was measured after induction heat treatment, as described below, of the round bar to evaluate the hardenability.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Steel Chemical composition (mass %) No. C Si Mn P S Al Cr N Remarks 1 0.50 0.17 0.63 0.011 0.011 0.048 0.31 0.0069 Conforming Example 2 0.51 0.15 0.84 0.010 0.011 0.045 0.47 0.0098 Conforming Example 3 0.51 0.33 0.82 0.012 0.015 0.052 0.41 0.0074 Conforming Example 4 0.47 0.33 0.80 0.030 0.023 0.056 0.42 0.0068 Conforming Example 5 0.50 0.17 0.73 0.029 0.018 0.040 0.25 0.0083 Conforming Example 6 0.45 0.21 0.64 0.029 0.020 0.052 0.48 0.0087 Conforming Example 7 0.49 0.22 0.85 0.016 0.018 0.052 0.41 0.0085 Conforming Example 8 0.49 0.18 0.67 0.012 0.012 0.042 0.32 0.0060 Conforming Example 9 0.46 0.25 0.65 0.007 0.024 0.053 0.30 0.0085 Conforming Example 10 0.45 0.30 0.75 0.016 0.023 0.048 0.27 0.0098 Conforming Example 11 0.45 0.15 0.67 0.024 0.019 0.042 0.50 0.0073 Conforming Example 12 0.50 0.26 0.60 0.030 0.018 0.057 0.38 0.0071 Conforming Example 13 0.47 0.28 0.80 0.012 0.010 0.052 0.14 0.0098 Conforming Example 14 0.47 0.23 0.79 0.012 0.014 0.056 0.20 0.0094 Conforming Example 15 0.45 0.24 0.86 0.013 0.022 0.053 0.46 0.0070 Conforming Example 16 0.50 0.30 0.79 0.026 0.025 0.043 0.37 0.0088 Conforming Example 17 0.51 0.35 0.79 0.011 0.024 0.047 0.24 0.0065 Conforming Example 18 0.45 0.25 0.73 0.020 0.011 0.049 0.29 0.0078 Conforming Example 19 0.50 0.26 0.88 0.015 0.021 0.049 0.10 0.0095 Conforming Example 20 0.53 0.28 0.86 0.018 0.015 0.050 0.48 0.0086 Comparative Example 21 0.44 0.26 0.74 0.013 0.011 0.048 0.49 0.0082 Comparative Example 22 0.48 0.12 0.72 0.025 0.015 0.059 0.30 0.0099 Comparative Example 23 0.51 0.34 0.58 0.028 0.011 0.052 0.43 0.0061 Comparative Example 24 0.46 0.24 0.84 0.033 0.021 0.040 0.41 0.0068 Comparative Example 25 0.48 0.17 0.83 0.010 0.024 0.063 0.16 0.0077 Comparative Example 26 0.48 0.16 0.66 0.024 0.017 0.039 0.37 0.0088 Comparative Example 27 0.46 0.23 0.82 0.018 0.020 0.044 0.09 0.0093 Comparative Example 28 0.46 0.19 0.73 0.017 0.025 0.049 0.47 0.0059 Comparative Example

[0071] As the hardness measurement, the Vickers hardness was measured at 300 gf, at a depth position of of the diameter of the round bar from the peripheral surface of the round bar. The measurement was taken at 10 arbitrary points, and the average value was calculated and evaluated. The Vickers hardness here is desirably HV 195 or less from the viewpoint of cold workability.

[0072] The hardness distribution measurement after induction heat treatment was performed by subjecting each round bar to induction heat treatment. The induction heat treatment was performed at a frequency of 8.5 kHz, a maximum heating temperature of 1000 C., and by mobile quenching. Tempering was performed using a heating furnace under a set of conditions including a temperature at 180 C. and a time for 30 minutes. The Vickers hardness measurement was then performed at 300 gf on the vertical cross section of the axis of the round bar from the surface to the center. That is, the depth position of 1 mm from the surface of the round bar to the inside in the radial direction was set as a first point, and the Vickers hardness was then measured in 1 mm intervals to the inside in the radial direction to evaluate the hardness distribution in the radial direction. Based on the results, the layer from the surface to the position where the Vickers hardness reaches HV 450 or more was evaluated as an effective hardened case depth (ECD). The region of this effective hardened case depth is the hardened layer of this disclosure. To ensure the strength of the part, the ECD is desirably 10% or more of the diameter of the round bar.

[0073] The measurement results are presented in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Properties of material as rolled Hardness ECD Test No. Steel No. (HV) (mm) 1A 1 183 3.3 2A 2 183 3.2 3A 3 188 3.3 4A 4 180 3.0 5A 5 185 3.1 6A 6 180 3.0 7A 7 184 3.2 8A 8 185 3.0 9A 9 180 3.0 10A 10 185 3.0 11A 11 185 3.1 12A 12 188 3.2 13A 13 195 3.1 14A 14 193 3.1 15A 15 182 3.3 16A 16 183 3.2 17A 17 184 3.1 18A 18 185 3.1 19A 19 187 3.0 20A 20 217 3.1 21A 21 176 2.9 22A 22 182 2.7 23A 23 177 2.7 24A 24 187 3.0 25A 25 186 3.1 26A 26 193 3.0 27A 27 182 2.7 28A 28 195 3.0

[0074] Furthermore, using the same continuous-cast steel as that provided for the above hardness measurement and hardness distribution measurement, a billet produced from each continuous-cast steel was subjected to hot rolling and induction hardening heat treatment in the part manufacturing conditions presented in Table 3 to produce a shaft part. The part shape was a round bar with 20% area reduction rate extrusion from the steel bar after hot rolling. Each induction heat treatment was performed after adjusting the conditions so that the ECD (i.e., thickness of the hardened layer) was about 10% of the shaft diameter.

[0075] The number ratio of grains each having a grain size twice or more than the mode of grain size and the area ratio of crystal grains each having a prior austenite grain size of 80 m or less, in the hardened layer of the resulting part, were investigated.

[Number Ratio of Grains Each Having Grain Size Twice or More than Mode of Grain Size]

[0076] Observation of the prior austenite grains in the hardened layer of the part was performed by cutting out a sample from the above shaft part with the vertical cross section of the axis as the observation plane. The cut sample was corroded in a 3% picric acid solution, and an optical microscopy was used to capture 10 views of the prior austenite grain microstructure at 200x at the half position of the ECD. Based on the photographs, the prior austenite grain boundary was traced, the traced image was processed by image processing software Image J, and the diameter of each prior austenite grain was calculated by rounding it to the nearest whole number as the equivalent circle diameter. From the obtained grain size data, the grain size with the largest number of grains was defined as the mode, and the number ratio of grains each having a grain size larger twice or more than the mode to the total grain number was calculated. When there were a plurality of candidates for the mode, the smallest value among them was treated as the mode.

[Area Ratio of Crystal Grains Each Having a Prior Austenite Grain Size of 80 m or Less]

[0077] The area ratio of prior austenite grains each having a grain size of 80 m or less was calculated by image analysis of the traced image, obtained in the same manner as above.

[0078] Furthermore, the resulting part was evaluated for torsional fatigue life and part center runout.

[Torsional Fatigue Life]

[0079] Torsional fatigue life was measured using an electric servo type torsional fatigue test machine. The load was applied at 2 Hz so that the maximum shear stress was 300 MPa, and the number of repetitions until fracture was measured. When a part exhibits a fracture life of 15,000 times or more in this test, it can be said that the part has sufficient fatigue strength.

[Part Center Runout]

[0080] The strain of the part was measured using an eccentricity tester. That is, the center runout (%) was calculated by dividing the range of displacement change (difference between the maximum displacement value and the minimum displacement value) when the part was made to go around with holes, which had been drilled in the center of both ends before induction heat treatment, being supported, by the diameter of the measured portion. In this test, it can be said that the strain of the part is sufficiently suppressed when the center runout is 0.25% or less.

[0081] The obtained evaluation results are presented together in Table 3. FIG. 1 also illustrates the relationship between the area ratio of prior austenite grains each having a grain size of 80 m or less and the center runout in an organized way. In the FIGURE, only examples where fatigue life is in the preferred range are illustrated.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Number Area ratio ratio of of prior Part manufacturing grains each austenite conditions having grain grains each Part properties Induction size twice having grain Torsional hardening for more size of 80 fatigue Center Test Steel D.sub.L V.sub.SL temperature than mode m or less life (*) runout No. No. (mm) (m/s) ( C.) (%) (%) (times) (%) Remarks 1B 1 20 4.6 930 1.7 85.8 2.0E+04 0.22 Example 2B 2 20 4.7 1010 4.6 99.7 3.5E+04 0.18 Example 3B 3 20 4.8 1010 1.7 95.3 3.4E+04 0.19 Example 4B 4 20 5.0 1110 1.9 98.4 3.3E+04 0.19 Example 5B 5 20 4.9 920 2.0 86.8 2.2E+04 0.17 Example 6B 6 20 4.8 1000 1.0 87.6 3.7E+04 0.21 Example 7B 7 40 2.5 960 1.6 92.3 2.6E+04 0.21 Example 8B 8 40 2.0 1000 1.0 83.3 2.8E+04 0.22 Example 9B 9 40 1.8 970 4.7 96.1 1.9E+04 0.17 Example 10B 10 40 1.6 1020 4.7 90.5 1.6E+04 0.22 Example 11B 11 40 2.0 1150 0.3 82.1 3.0E+04 0.04 Example 12B 12 40 1.8 1030 0.9 87.1 2.9E+04 0.12 Example 13B 13 40 2.2 1060 1.0 85.1 3.9E+04 0.08 Example 14B 14 20 4.5 1130 0.5 92.0 4.1E+04 0.07 Example 15B 15 20 3.6 1010 1.0 85.3 2.9E+04 0.12 Example 16B 16 40 1.3 980 0.5 91.5 2.7E+04 0.12 Example 17B 17 40 1.4 920 0.8 82.1 4.3E+04 0.10 Example 18B 18 40 1.7 1130 1.0 96.5 3.6E+04 0.06 Example 19B 19 20 3.9 990 3.9 88.2 2.1E+04 0.04 Example 20B 20 20 4.1 1050 4.8 83.8 2.3E+04 0.37 Comparative Example 21B 21 20 4.6 1020 2.5 93.1 1.3E+04 0.21 Comparative Example 22B 22 20 4.6 1060 3.2 90.7 1.2E+04 0.17 Comparative Example 23B 23 20 4.5 980 2.7 97.0 1.3E+04 0.17 Comparative Example 24B 24 20 4.7 900 2.7 97.6 1.3E+04 0.23 Comparative Example 25B 25 40 1.9 970 4.9 83.0 1.2E+04 0.17 Comparative Example 26B 26 40 1.6 1130 5.9 86.0 2.1E+04 0.34 Comparative Example 27B 27 40 1.6 970 2.0 82.0 1.0E+04 0.17 Comparative Example 28B 28 40 2.3 1100 2.7 68.2 2.8E+04 0.42 Comparative Example 29B 2 20 5.4 1010 2.2 71.3 3.3E+04 0.37 Comparative Example 30B 3 20 5.4 1000 2.3 66.8 1.6E+04 0.26 Comparative Example 31B 4 20 5.2 1020 4.9 69.4 3.1E+04 0.32 Comparative Example 32B 6 40 2.7 1050 2.1 66.6 3.3E+04 0.30 Comparative Example 33B 8 40 3.0 930 3.2 77.7 2.5E+04 0.31 Comparative Example 34B 9 40 3.0 1110 4.8 79.6 3.8E+04 0.36 Comparative Example 35B 11 20 4.9 890 3.0 84.6 1.3E+04 0.18 Comparative Example 36B 13 20 4.1 880 3.7 83.4 1.0E+04 0.24 Comparative Example 37B 15 40 1.8 1170 2.3 72.7 2.2E+04 0.28 Comparative Example 38B 17 40 2.5 1180 3.2 66.7 2.3E+04 0.36 Comparative Example (*) E+04 in Torsional fatigue life indicates 10.sup.4.