Abstract
The drainage system is for flat surfaces, especially roofs, terraces, baths, car parks, designed for drainage of water or other liquids from the area of the surface. The drainage system includes at least one rectangular plate, the lower surface of which is substantially flat and the upper surface is non-flat. At points on the upper surface, the inclination of at least a part of the upper surface is smoothly variable.
Claims
1. A drainage system for flat surfaces, the system comprising; at least one rectangular plate, the lower surface of which is flat and the upper surface is non-flat, wherein, at points on the upper surface, at least on a part of the upper surface, the inclination of the upper surface is smoothly variable.
2. The drainage system, according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface is shaped as a slice of the lateral surface of an elliptical cone, and wherein the points on the upper surface have an inclination smoothly varying from the smallest inclination for the longer axis of the cone base to the largest inclination for the shorter axis of the cone base.
3. The drainage system according to claim 2, wherein the elliptical cone is a straight cone.
4. The drainage system according to claim 2, wherein the elliptical cone is an inclined cone.
5. The drainage system according to claim 2, further comprising: at least one plate, the upper surface of which is shaped as a cylinder section or the plate is wedge-shaped.
6. The drainage system according to claim 2, further comprising: at least one plate, the upper surface of which is flat.
7. The drainage system according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface of the plate is shaped as a slice of the side surface of a pyramid, the base of which is a rectangle with rounded corners, and wherein the points on the upper surface have a slope varying from the smallest slope at the shorter side of the pyramid base to the largest slope at the longer side of the pyramid base.
8. The drainage system according to claim 1, wherein at least one plate is square.
9. The drainage system according to claim 1, further comprising: a flat plate adapted for or in which a drain hole is provided.
10. The drainage system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least two plates adapted to provide a drain hole or in which a drain hole is provided at an interface between said plates.
11. The drainage system according to claim 1, wherein at least one plate has a mark made on the upper surface to indicate the direction of drainage of water or other liquid.
12. The drainage system according to claim 11, wherein the mark is comprised of an arrow or arrowhead.
13. The drainage system according to claim 11, wherein the mark is comprised of a line or strip of variable width.
14. The drainage system according to claim 11, wherein the mark is located at the side of the plate with the smallest thickness.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of the roof covering from the state of the art for a rectangular roof with one centrally located drain.
[0030] FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view through the roof covering of FIG. 1.
[0031] FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the first example of a drainage system with a centrally located drain.
[0032] FIG. 3a shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the second example of a drainage system with a centrally located drain.
[0033] FIGS. 4a, 4b, 4c show cross-sectional views of the roofing panels from FIG. 3.
[0034] FIG. 5. shows a cross-sectional view through the roof covering of FIG. 3.
[0035] FIG. 5a shows a cross-sectional view through the roof covering from FIG. 3a.
[0036] FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the third example in the implementation of a drainage system with a centrally located drain.
[0037] FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the fourth example of execution with the drain at the long side of the rectangular roof.
[0038] FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the fifth example of execution with two drains at the shorter sides of the rectangular roof.
[0039] FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the sixth example of execution, where the roof covering trough is in the form of an inclined elliptical cone.
[0040] FIG. 10 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the seventh example covering a trough in the form of a sloping elliptical cone.
[0041] FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the eighth example of execution, in which the roof covering basin is in the form of a pyramid with rounded edges.
[0042] FIGS. 12a, 12b, 12c show cross-sectional views through the roofing panels of FIG. 11.
[0043] FIG. 13 shows a schematic view of the roof covering in the ninth example of execution, in which the roof covering basin is in the form of a sloping pyramid.
[0044] FIG. 14 shows a perspective view of a single plate of the liquid drainage system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] FIG. 1 shows a roof covering 100 of rectangular shape, known from the state of the art, in which plates 101 are used which, when laid on the roof, form a basin 102 in the shape of a cone with a circular base. To make the shape of the basin visible, the levels 103 shown by dashed lines are indicated, the levels 103 being circular in shape. The single panel 101 of the roof covering has a bottom surface 104 substantially flat and an upper surface 105 which is formed as a slice of the side surface of a cone with a circular base. The slope of the upper surface 105 of the plate 101, generally the surface over which rainwater flows, is the same for all plates 101 and is indicated in the cross-section shown in FIG. 2 as the y-angle. In FIG. 2, the T-T cross-section shows the attic 106 (the wall topping the building) and the side edge 107 of the roofing (the edge of the roofing at the attic), the side edge 107 being parabola-shaped. The height difference between the lowest point H1 and the highest point H2 of the side edge 107 of the roof covering 100 is denoted as d.
[0046] The liquid drainage system according to the invention makes it possible to develop a covering for roofs, terraces, baths, car parks and any other essentially flat surface. FIG. 3 shows a roof covering in the first example of implementation on a rectangular roof, in which square plates 1 are used, which together form a basin 2 shaped as the side surface of an elliptical cone, i.e. one whose base is an ellipse. The aforementioned cone is directed with its apex downwards (FIG. 5), and the shape of the basin 2 having a central depression is made visible by means of the horizontals 3 shown by dotted lines. The base ellipse has a longer axis a essentially parallel to the longer side K of the roof and a shorter axis b parallel to the shorter side M (the entire axes of the base of the cone are not shown). The cone is a straight cone, i.e. the axis of the cone (at the intersection of axes a and b) is perpendicular to the base of the cone. The single slab 1 of the roofing has a bottom surface 4 substantially flat and an upper surface 5, which is formed as a slice of the side surface of an elliptical cone.
[0047] The slope of the upper surface 5 of the slab 1 is smoothly variable and is shown in the cross-sections shown in FIGS. 4a, 4b, 4c, the cross-sections being indicated in FIG. 3 and being positioned so as to show the slope of the upper surface 5 towards the drain, i.e. they are determined by planes passing through the drain or the area at the drain. In the drawing, for the purpose of explaining the invention, greater gradients are shown than are actually used. On cross-section A-A shown in FIG. 4a, the slope of the roof surface and, at the same time, the slope of the upper surface 5 of plate 1 of the roofing system at point A1 within the longer axis a of the base of the cone and, therefore, of the axis a of the basin 2 is indicated by angle 1 with respect to the horizontal plane, similarly, on cross-section B-B at point A2 (FIG. 4b) the slope of the upper surface 5 of plate 1 in the area between the longer axis a and the shorter axis b is indicated by angle a2, and on cross-section C-C at point A3 (FIG. 4c) marks with angle 3 the inclination of the upper surface 5 of slab 1 within the shorter b axis, which is also the b axis of basin 2. For the cross-sections shown, the inclination relationship can be described as 3>2>1, i.e. the inclination along the longer a axis is the smallest and along the shorter b axis the largest, while additional cross-sections through slabs 1 can be determined by showing the inclination for subsequent points up to An.
[0048] The inclination of the upper surface 5 of the plate 1 is smoothly variable around the drain 8, the plate 1 can be made generally rectangular, the proportions of the lengths of the sides of the plates being individually selected for the covering in each case. The drain 8 is centrally located in the basin 2 on a flat plate 10 (FIG. 3). In the system according to the invention, a flat plate 10 can be used in which the drain 8 will only be made during the installation of the roofing. Arrows 11 are shown on several of the plates to indicate the direction of drainage of water or other liquid from the basin 2, and which facilitate the laying of the plates on a roof or other flat surface, the arrows 11 may be replaced by any other indicators/characters i.e. elements indicating the direction of drainage. The actual gradients are small, making it easy to make a mistake, the arrows or other free marks applied to the top surface of the slab serve to verify the correct alignment of the slabs, both during and after laying. A roofer seeing the boards marked with drainage direction marks will easily spot a misplaced board.
[0049] FIG. 5 shows a cross-section through the roofing from FIG. 3, the cross-section shows attic 6 at the longer side K of the roof in cross-section R-R. At the parapet 6, the side edge 7 of the roof covering is visible, with the height difference of the lowest point G1 and the highest point G2 of the side edge 7 indicated as d1.
[0050] FIG. 3a shows a roof covering made analogous to the roof covering of FIG. 3, whereby the drain 8 is centrally located at the junction of four adjacent plates 1. The drain 8 can be located at the junction of two adjacent plates 1, generally at the junction of at least two plates 1. The plates 1 can have undercuts made, which together form the drain 8 or undercuts can be made in the plates 1 during assembly. FIG. 5a shows a cross-section through the roof covering of FIG. 3a.
[0051] In the second example of implementation shown in FIG. 6, the roofing basin 2 is formed as the side surface of an elliptical cone, the surface of the roofing basin 2 being divided into four parts 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D which are sections of an elliptical cone separated by flat surfaces 9 which reach the drain 8. The plates of the flat top surface 9 may be in the form of a wedge. The surface 9 may be in the form of a slice of a cylindrical surface. The top surface 5 of the roofing plate 1 comprises at least a section of the side surface of an elliptical cone, the slope of the top surface 5 being smoothly variable for points around the drain 8. The top surface 5 of the roofing plate 1 may comprise a section of both a conical and a flat surface. Rainwater flows down the conical surface or down the flat (possibly cylindrical) surface.
[0052] In the third manufacturing example shown in FIG. 7, the basin 2 is formed analogously to the previous manufacturing example, with the drain 8 located at the longer side K of the roof. The surface of the basin 2 comprises two parts 2A, 2B being sections of an elliptical cone separated by a flat surface 9,
[0053] In the fourth example of execution shown in FIG. 8, the roof covering is shaped to form two basins 2, 2 one behind the other along the longer side K of the roof. The roof covering in this example of execution consists of two symmetrical parts which comprise sections of elliptical cones, the shape of the plates 1 being analogous to the previous examples of execution and the plane of symmetry S running in the middle of the roof transverse to the longer side K. The roof covering is provided with two drains 8, 8 centrally located with respect to the shorter sides M.
[0054] FIG. 9 shows the roof covering in the fifth example of execution, in which the panels 1 form a basin 2 in the shape of an elliptical cone inclined in such a way that the apex of the cone and the drain are situated in the corner of the roof. The shape of the basin is similarly visualised by means of spirit levels shown with dashed lines. The slope of the roof is smoothly variable, considering the points B1, B2, B3 the smallest gradient is at BI, the greater gradient is at B2 and the greatest gradient is at B3.
[0055] FIG. 10 shows a polygonal roofing with a shape that is a combination of two rectangles. The plates 1 of the roof covering are formed so as to form two basins 2, 2 having the shape of sloping elliptical pyramids. By using this shape of the basin, we have only two drains 8, 8, which are situated on one side of the roof and therefore on one side of the building. Any other positioning of the drains is possible, e.g. in corners or in a corner and at the side of the roof.
[0056] FIG. 11 shows a roof covering of rectangular shape, the plates 1 of the covering together form a basin 2 of pyramidal shape with rounded side edges and the base of this pyramidal shape is a rectangle with rounded corners. The parts of the basin that are the rounded edges of the pyramid are conical surfaces. The aforementioned pyramid is oriented with its apex downwards, centred on the roof surface, and the shape of the basin 2 is made visible by means of the horizontals 3 shown by dashed lines. The pyramid in question is a straight pyramid, where the longer side of the pyramid base is parallel to the longer side K and the shorter side of the pyramid base is situated parallel to the shorter side M, the drain 8 is centrally situated in the flat plate 10.
[0057] In FIG. 11, cross-sections situated to show the slope of the surface of the basin and the example plates towards the drain are marked. The figure shows, for clarity, higher gradients than are used in reality. On cross-section D-D in FIG. 12b the slope of the surface of the covering, i.e. the slope of the upper surface 5 of slab 1 at the shorter side of the roof at point C1 is marked with angle 01 with respect to the horizontal plane, on cross-section E-E in FIG. 12b shows the slope of the upper surface 5 of slab 1 at point C2 within the rounded edge of basin 2, and on cross-section F-F in FIG. 12c at point C3 at the longer side of the roof, the slope is shown at angle 03. The above cross-sections were determined by planes passing through the drain or the area near the drain. For the cross-sections shown, the slope relationship can be described as 3> 2> 1, with additional cross-sections through slabs 1 showing the slope for other points Bn. The slope of the top surface 5 of plate 1 is infinitely variable, plate 1 of the drainage system can be made square or rectangular.
[0058] FIG. 13 shows a roof covering in which the panels 1 form a basin 2 in the shape of a sloping pyramid such that the apex of the pyramid and the drain 8 are situated at the shorter side M of the roof. The shape of the basin is similarly shown using spirit levels. The slope of the roof is smoothly variable.
[0059] FIG. 14 shows a plate 1 of the system according to the invention, on the upper surface 5 of which a mark in the form of an arrow 11 is applied, the shown slope of the surface 5 being greater than in reality. The walls 12 and 13 of the plate 1 shown in FIG. 14 are visible, the walls 14 and 15 are invisible. The opposing walls are positioned parallel to each other, wall 12 is parallel to wall 15, wall 13 is parallel to wall 14. In the example plate 1, mark 11 is positioned at the corner of plate 1 formed by walls 12 and 13, Mark 11 is positioned at the edge where the thickness of plate 1 is smallest. Mark 11 may be in the form of a line or a strip of variable width, for example it may be in the form of a triangle resembling an arrowhead. The mark 11 may be located at any point on the surface 5, for example centrally. The mark 11 defines the orientation of the slab 1 with respect to the drain 8 of the roofing, the marks 11 on the finished roofing slabs are oriented towards the drain 8. The mark 11 simultaneously defines the orientation of the slab 1 in the roofing and shows the direction of the liquid flowing down the roofing. In the roofing fabrication examples discussed above, large arrows 11 with a length close to the overall dimensions of slab 1 are shown for the legibility of the drawing; in practice, smaller marks may be used.
[0060] The application of the drainage system, generally of liquids in the above implementation examples is referred to the roof covering, nevertheless the drainage system according to the invention can be applied to the shaping of the surface of a car park, bath house, terrace etc.
