Laser-marked medical components from elastomers

Abstract

A medical device component is provided. The medical device component may include a body having a first surface being at least partially formed from a markable material having a first color, the markable material having a characteristic that an area exposed to laser irradiation of a predetermined wavelength of ultraviolet light changes to a second color different from the first color; a film covering at least a portion of the first surface of the body, the film having a transmittance at the predetermined wavelength of ultraviolet light of at least 5%; and a visible mark on the markable material at the first surface of the body covered by the film. The visible mark may include one or more areas of the markable material at the first surface having the second color. Methods of manufacturing the medical device component are also provided.

Claims

1. A medical device comprising: a medicament; and a component comprising: a body made of at least an elastomeric material, the elastomeric material having a first color, the elastomeric material being configured to change to a second color different from the first color when exposed to laser irradiation of a wavelength within the range of ultraviolet light; a film contacting the medicament and covering at least a portion of the body; and a visible mark at least partially on the portion of the body covered by the film, wherein: the film provides a barrier between the body and the medicament, the film has a transmittance at a wavelength within the range of ultraviolet light of at least 5%, the film comprises a material selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), perfluoroelastomer (FFPM), fluoroelastomer polymer (FPM), polyethylene (PE), cyclic olefin polymer (COP), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polypropylene (PP), and combinations thereof, the visible mark comprises one or more areas of the elastomeric material having the second color as a result of exposure to laser irradiation, through the film, of the wavelength within the range of ultraviolet light, and the film, after the laser irradiation through the film, demonstrates no visible degradation and is free of the visible mark.

2. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the visible mark is a machine-readable code.

3. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the machine-readable code is a Data Matrix code.

4. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric material comprises inorganic filler materials.

5. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the visible mark codes at least one of manufacturing information or patient information.

6. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the visible mark codes a uniform resource locator that directs to a website containing metadata associated with the component of the medical device.

7. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the visible mark codes a unique identifier associated with the component of the medical device.

8. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the film is applied directly on the body.

9. A method for manufacturing a medical device component that contacts a medicament, the method comprising: forming a body from an elastomeric material having a first color; applying a film directly over at least a portion of the body, the film being configured to provide a barrier between the body and the medicament, and the film comprising a material selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), perfluoroelastomer (FFPM), fluoroelastomer polymer (FPM), polyethylene (PE), cyclic olefin polymer (COP), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polypropylene (PP), and combinations thereof; and exposing one or more areas of the portion of the body and the film to laser irradiation of a wavelength within the range of ultraviolet light of at least 5% to change the one or more areas to a second color different from the first color, thereby forming a visible mark on a surface of the body, wherein the film has a transmittance at the wavelength within the range of ultraviolet light, and exposing the film to the laser irradiation does not demonstrate visible degradation or form the visible mark on the film.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the elastomeric material comprises inorganic filler materials.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the inorganic filler materials in the one or more areas of the portion of the body absorb the laser irradiation to create the second color.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the visible mark includes at least one of a graphical symbol or a machine-readable code.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the machine-readable code is a Data Matrix code.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein exposing the one or more areas of the portion of the body to the laser irradiation includes rastering the laser irradiation across a plurality of areas of the portion of the body.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein exposing the one or more areas of the portion of the body to the laser irradiation includes translating a laser across a plurality of areas of the portion of the body.

16. The method of claim 9, further comprising applying a mask over a surface of the film over the portion of the body prior to exposing the one or more areas of the portion of the body to the laser irradiation.

17. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the body from the elastomeric material having the first color comprises: removing the body from a mold; and washing the body.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising exposing a second area of the portion of the body and the film to the laser irradiation to form a second visible mark on the surface of the body.

19. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the body from the elastomeric material having the first color comprises: removing the body from a mold; and trimming the body.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising exposing a second area of the portion of the body and the film to the laser irradiation to form a second visible mark on the surface of the body.

21. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the body from the elastomeric material having the first color comprises: removing the body from a mold; and inspecting the body.

22. The method of claim 21, further comprising exposing a second area of the portion of the body and the film to the laser irradiation to form a second visible mark on the surface of the body.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a front side perspective view of a stopper including a laser-created visible mark thereon in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional elevational view of a stopper including a laser-created visible mark thereon in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of a stopper including a laser-created visible mark thereon in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention formed thereon using a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(5) FIG. 4A is an enlarged plan view of a portion of the laser-created visible mark on the stopper of FIG. 3 with a focus at a top of an overlying film surface;

(6) FIG. 4B is an enlarged plan view of a portion of the laser-created visible mark on the stopper of FIG. 3 with a focus on a surface of the stopper material located below the overlying film;

(7) FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart of an exemplary method of manufacturing a stopper in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

(8) FIG. 6 is a schematic flow chart of an exemplary method of manufacturing and serially marking a stopper in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial top plan view of a stopper including a plurality of laser-created visible marks thereon in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention;

(10) FIGS. 8A and 8B are top perspective views of a plunger rod having surface marks according to another embodiment of the present invention;

(11) FIG. 9A is a top plan magnified view of a plastic cap of a seal having a surface mark according to another embodiment of the present invention;

(12) FIG. 9B is a side magnified view of an aluminum seal having a surface mark according to another embodiment of the present invention;

(13) FIG. 10A is a top perspective view of an elastomeric stopper having surface marks assembled in a closure with a transparent cap according to another embodiment of the present invention;

(14) FIG. 10B is a magnified view of one of the surface marks in the assembly of FIG. 10A;

(15) FIG. 11 is top perspective view of various elastomeric plungers having surface marks according to yet another embodiment of the present invention;

(16) FIG. 12A is a top plan view of a molded panel containing a plurality of molded stoppers; and

(17) FIG. 12B is a magnified view of the top surface of the molded stoppers of FIG. 12A having a surface mark according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(18) Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The words lower, bottom, upper, top, front, back, and rear designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The words inwardly and outwardly refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the component being discussed, and designated parts thereof, in accordance with the present disclosure. Unless specifically set forth herein, the terms a, an, and the are not limited to one element, but instead should be read as meaning at least one. At least one may occasionally be used for clarity or readability, but such use does not change the interpretation of a, an, and the. The terminology includes the words noted above, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import.

(19) It should also be understood that the terms about, approximately, generally, substantially and like terms, used herein when referring to a dimension or characteristic of a component of the invention, indicate that the described dimension/characteristic is not a strict boundary or parameter and does not exclude minor variations therefrom that are functionally similar. At a minimum, such references that include a numerical parameter would include variations that, using mathematical and industrial principles accepted in the art (e.g., rounding, measurement or other systematic errors, manufacturing tolerances, etc.), would not vary the least significant digit.

(20) In certain aspects, by using an ultraviolet (UV) laser, drug-contact elastomer components can be marked/serialized to produce a safe, clean, and sterilization compatible product. A precise mark can be applied to a molded or finished product, even if an optional film has already been applied. This technology, particularly where the mark is created under the film, poses very little risk to the drug product, as any potentially created extractables would not be present at the surface of the component. Moreover, the technology may be preferable for components used in cryogenic applications because exposure to large temperature differentials are unlikely to substantially affect the mark, unlike labels that utilize adhesives. This technology is broadly applicable to elastomer components utilizing inorganic fillers, and can be extensible to other polymer components, especially those which can be covered in compatible films or other transparent layers.

(21) Referring to FIGS. 1-3, there are shown examples of a medical device component, such as a stopper 10, in accordance with various preferred embodiments. The stopper 10 includes a body 12 that is preferably formed at least partially of an elastomeric material having a first color, such as synthetic or natural rubber, e.g., butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, halogenated butyl rubber (e.g., bromobutyl rubber), ethylene propylene terpolymer, silicone rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, combinations thereof, or the like, which preferably contains inorganic filler materials, such as titanium dioxide or the like. In other embodiments, the body 12 may at least partially be made from polymers having high amounts of carbon black, resulting in the first color of the body 12 material being darker. Such materials are markable, as will be explained further below. The body 12 preferably has a longitudinal axis L and a first surface 12a that is oriented transverse, and more preferably, substantially perpendicular to, to the longitudinal axis L. In some embodiments, the first surface 12a may come into contact with medicament. The body 12 includes additional surfaces that may be connected or adjacent to the first surface 12a, may extend parallel or be concentric with the longitudinal axis L, and the like. For example, the body 12 may have a cylindrical shape, such as that shown in FIG. 1, with one or more ribs concentrically formed around the longitudinal axis L for sealing the stopper 10 within a container or the like, such as a syringe (not shown).

(22) At least a portion of a surface of the body 12, and in certain embodiments preferably at least a portion of the first surface 12a, may be covered by a film 14 (FIGS. 2, 4A) as a barrier material between the elastomeric material of the body 12 and any medicament (not shown) with which the body 12 may come into contact. Common films 14 for such use may include, but are not limited to, materials containing tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), perfluoroelastomer (FFPM), fluoroelastomer polymer (FPM), polyethylene (PE), cyclic olefin polymer (COP), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polypropylene (PP), combinations thereof, and the like.

(23) As shown in FIGS. 1-4B, and 7, the stopper 10 preferably includes a visible mark 16 formed on a surface of the body 12. Preferably, the visible mark 16 is formed on a surface of the body 12 that is highly visible at least during manufacture of the stopper, such as the first surface 12a, and may also be visible during use of the final medical device (not shown). The visible mark 16 may be at least one of machine-readable or human-readable. The visible mark 16 shown in FIGS. 3, 4A, and 4B is a Data Matrix ECC 200 code, primarily due to the code's high data density and error correcting features. However, other machine-readable codes, such as other Data Matrix codes, other two-dimensional bar codes (e.g., QR codes or the like), one-dimensional or stacked bar codes, or the like may be used. For human-readable visible marks 16, such as shown in FIG. 7, alphanumeric characters, logos, instructional images or messages, or the like can be used. The visible mark 16 can encode or provide data related to, for example, unique product or component identifiers, manufacturing data, tracking information, expiration data, use instructions, and the like. Being human-readable, readable by a smartphone or the like, or with a dedicated vision system, the stopper 10 can be tracked by manufacturers and their customers, caregivers, and/or patients.

(24) The visible mark 16 is preferably made on a surface of the body 12 using UV laser irradiation such that one or more areas of the markable material in the body 12 exposed to the laser irradiation change to a second color different from the first color. The laser radiation is, for example, absorbed by the inorganic filler materials in the body 12, which subsequently degrade to produce a dark area. In other embodiments, such as those utilizing carbon black, the laser absorption may cause lighter areas exhibiting a foamed appearance. Such UV lasers are commercially available from, for example, DPSS Lasers, Inc. of Santa Clara, California. In one embodiment, the visible mark 16 can be formed using a laser (not shown) having a 355 nm wavelength, which is in the ultraviolet range. Other wavelengths and/or types of lasers, such as CO.sub.2 lasers or the like, can be used as well, depending on the material of the body 12 that is sought to be marked. The process is non-contact, and generates few, if any particles.

(25) As previously mentioned, the laser may use a mirror (not shown) to raster across the surface of the body 12 to form the visible mark 16. In another method, an XY carriage may be used to translate a laser over the portion of the surface of the body 12 to which the visible mark 16 will be applied. In yet another method, a mask having a plurality of openings may be applied to the surface of the body 12 prior to irradiating the surface with a laser. The openings may be arranged, such that upon removal of the mask, the desired visible mark 16 is left on the surface of the body 12. Laser parameters, such as power, speed, spot size, and the like may be optimized to achieve the desired effect in the visible mark 16. In addition, the stopper 10 can be stationary during the marking process, or may be in motion, such as on a production line, during marking.

(26) As would be appreciated by one of skill in the art, dimensions of the marks and the cells (squares representing a bit of the code) incorporated into the various embodiments of the present invention are not limited. For example, as computing power of devices increases with every new generation of technology, the complexity and number of cells within a mark may also increase, and is, therefore, only limited by the ability of the device to successfully read and process the information provided by the marks, and by the marking resolution capabilities of the laser and material. In some applications, such as anti-counterfeit applications, it may be preferable to design a small, e.g., microscopic, mark having a high cell count. In other applications, such as high-speed manufacturing lines, it may be desirable to have larger area marks that are easily perceptible for inspection and less complex with an optimal number of cells to minimize processing time.

(27) As the area of the visible mark 16 increases, the size of each cell may also proportionally increase in size, so that a device, such as a smartphone, is capable of successfully reading and processing the information provided by the mark 16. The visible mark 16 may also be optimized by reducing the size of the cells within the visible mark 16 to allow for a maximum amount of information to be encoded while still being able to be recognized and processed successfully by the reading device. Preferred minimum cell sizes within a mark having a specified size are provided in Table 1.

(28) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Total Mark Size (mm) Cell Size (m) 1.0 71. 1.4 100 2.1 150 2.8 200

(29) According to one embodiment of the present invention, a marking method may be accomplished for a component having a pre-applied film by using a laser that emits light at a wavelength for which the film is transparent. For example, a plurality of components in the form of stoppers may be manufactured in a first step by compression molding a sheet of elastomeric material to produce a panel, such as the molded panel of FIG. 12A. Either during or after the compression molding step, a polymeric film, such as ETFE, may be applied to one or more surfaces of the stopper. After application of the film, a laser that emits light at a wavelength of 355 nm may be used to mark the surface of one or more stoppers that may be coated with an ETFE film because ETFE is transparent with respect to that particular wavelength of light. Thus, the laser can be used to form the visible mark 16 on the body 12 even after an ETFE film 14 is formed thereon, as the radiation can pass through the film 14 without causing damage thereto. The film 14 preferably has a transmittance at the laser wavelength (often a predetermined wavelength in the UV range) of at least 5%, more preferably of at least 10%, more preferably of at least 20%, more preferably of at least 30%, more preferably of at least 40%, more preferably of at least 50%, more preferably of at least 60%, more preferably of at least 70%, and most preferably of at least 80%.

(30) Referring to FIG. 12B, the marking 17 may be applied to the top surface of a stopper 10, preferably outside of a target area 11. The target area 11, bounded by a circle, identifies the area through which a syringe needle (not shown) should be inserted in order to extract the contents of a container (not shown) that is sealed with the stopper 10. The marking 17 is preferably outside of the target area to prevent potential contact between the contents of the container and the portions of the stopper 10 treated with the laser that formed the marking 17. After formation of the markings 17, each stopper 10 may be removed from the molded panel by cutting or trimming the excess elastomeric material around each stopper 10 using a blade or similar tool, as known by those of skill in the art.

(31) Optical microscopic observations, such as those shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, have demonstrated that no visible degradation to the film 14 is generated by the laser. Thus, other lasers may be paired with other polymer films or covers (e.g., polypropylene or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) caps or the like) that are essentially transparent to the respective wavelength to accomplish the same result, i.e. the formation of a visible mark on the surface of the component and underneath a pre-applied film or cover. As a result of this effect, creation of the visible mark 16 can occur any time after molding of the stopper 10, allowing inclusion of additional data throughout the manufacturing process while minimally impacting current manufacturing processes. Visible marks 16 have also been shown to withstand steam sterilization temperatures (e.g., up to 121 C.) for various materials.

(32) For some methods according to the various embodiments of the present invention, the marking may be applied to the component after the component has been incorporated into an assembly. For example, an elastomeric stopper may be incorporated into a transparent cap, such as the DAIKYO PLASCAP RUV closures manufactured by Daikyo Seiko Ltd. Upon selection of an appropriate transparent material for the cap and a corresponding wavelength of light emitted by the laser, such that the light will be substantially transmitted through, rather than absorbed by, the cap and film, a marking may be applied to the surface of the elastomeric stopper after being assembled in the transparent cap (FIGS. 10A and 10B). Similarly, in another example, the surface of various types of elastomeric plungers (FIG. 11) may be marked with an appropriate wavelength laser either before or after the plunger is inserted into a transparent syringe or cartridge barrel. Again, a wavelength of light should be selected, such that the light is not substantially absorbed by the transparent material (e.g., glass, polymeric material, or the like) of the cartridge or syringe barrel.

(33) FIG. 5 shows one exemplary method 100 for manufacturing a medical device components, such as a stopper 10. At step 102, a body 12 may be provided having a surface and being at least partially formed from the markable material, such as the rubber with inorganic filler materials described above. The body 12 may be molded according to conventional techniques. At step 104, a film 14, such as the ETFE described above, may thereafter be formed to cover at least a portion of the surface of the body 12, and includes covering at least a portion of the markable material (e.g., where the body 12 may be formed partially of the markable material and partially of some other material designed for structural support and/or aesthetics).

(34) At step 106, after the film 14 is formed, the visible mark 16 may be formed on the surface of the body 12 covered by the film 14 by exposing one or more areas of the markable material to laser irradiation of a predetermined wavelength (such as in the UV wavelength range), thereby changing the color of the exposed areas. This exposure can include, for example, rastering the laser irradiation across a plurality of areas on the body 12 to form spatially extending visible marks 16 (e.g., the machine readable code in FIGS. 1-4B) and/or a plurality of visible marks 16 (e.g., visible marks 16a-16d in FIG. 7).

(35) In one aspect, it is desirable to be able to incrementally add information to a medical device component, such as the stopper 10, throughout the manufacturing process. This can be done by, for example, adding additional data matrix codes, or by extending an already present visible mark 16 (i.e., adding more symbols or characters).

(36) FIG. 6 shows one example of a portion of a manufacturing process 200 for the stopper 10 in this manner. At step 202, the stopper 10 is molded in a conventional manner, which preferably includes application of the film 14 in appropriate locations. At step 204, the stopper 10 is laser marked in a first area of the body 12 with a molding process indicator before it is moved to the next process. The molding process indicator, and other similar process indicators, may be a coded mark (similar to the visible mark 16 in FIGS. 1-4B) containing data (e.g., a time stamp, parameter information related to the molding process, or the like) or a unique ID or URL linking to an updatable database in which information related to completed process steps, like molding, can be identified and described. Alternatively, the molding process indicator can be a graphical symbol representing that the molding step has been completed (e.g., the visible mark 16a in FIG. 7), or other like marks.

(37) At step 206, the stopper 10 is trimmed from its mold and at step 208, a trimming process indicator is formed on the stopper 10 in a second area of the body 12 through laser marking (see e.g., the visible mark 16b in FIG. 7). At step 210, the stopper 10 is washed in a conventional process. At step 212, the stopper 10 is laser marked in a third area of the body 12 with a washing process indicator (see e.g., the visible mark 16c in FIG. 7). At step 214, the stopper 10 may be visually inspected for defects, either manually or by an inspection machine. At step 216, a visual inspection process indicator is laser marked in a fourth area of the body 12 onto the stopper 10 (see e.g., the visible mark 16d in FIG. 7). Where the visible mark 16 is a machine-readable code that is added onto following each relevant process, the various marking areas can be adjacent to one another, or each step may invoke its own separate and independent code. While various process steps are shown in FIG. 6, and each is followed by a laser-created process indicator, the illustrated process is not limiting and variations in the steps, the number of laser-created process indicators, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

(38) The above-described process is beneficial in that the need for a server query or operation during a manufacturing process can be removed. A high speed filling line does not tolerate significant latency, and while the visible mark 16 can store limited data, there is no latency in retrieval, and can therefore be implemented on a high speed line.

(39) In certain embodiments, the visible mark 16 can be used for unique serialization. As briefly described earlier, after each processing step, a database (not shown) may be updated with information related to the unique visible mark 16 of each stopper 10. For example, a time stamp and metadata can be appended to entry for the specific visible mark 16 in a table as the component is scanned at each step. In one embodiment, the visible mark 16 can include a short URL or unique ID, and each component can point to a manufacturer controlled website, API, or database with a log where individuals can retrieve data or metadata associated with the component (e.g., lot/batch information, process parameter information, drug safety details, interaction details, administration details, recall information, expiration dates, and the like). Components can then be tracked by geography, time, users, and the like. Drug manufacturers, pharmacies, healthcare providers and the like may also be allowed to add information associated with the particular component.

(40) With this process, information can be used to, for example, find defective mold cavities, identify where waste is being generated in a manufacturing system, provide traceability, assign unique patient IDs for emerging cell therapies, or to inform a patient about every person who enabled their treatment. The database can, in some instances, be pre-fetched prior to device manufacturing (for example, if a plurality of stoppers are all already uniquely marked) in order to reduce lag.

(41) The process also serves as anti-counterfeit means. By tracking each component, identification and prevention of the re-use of components is achievable where serialization is copied. It may also be desirable to prevent a hostile third party from predicting serial numbers. To prevent such activity, a visible mark 16 may contain encrypted information that can only be read by the customer. For example, the visible mark 16 may include a digital signature. As understood by those of skill in the art, the data encoded in visible mark 16 may be digitally signed. The end user can then confirm the authenticity of the message and therefore the component. Various other one-way hash, or cryptographic authentication methods (e.g., Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption or the like) can also be used to verify that messages in the visible mark 16 actually come from the component manufacturer and optionally protect those messages. Depending on the application, cryptographic keys may be used differently. In one example, the manufacturer may choose to encrypt a message with their private key, so that all authorized users may decrypt and verify the message. In another example, messages for a specific customer could be encrypted with the customer's public key, so that only the specific customer could decrypt the message.

(42) The process can also serve to serialize components to be tracked together as part of one medical device. For example, each component may have one or more visible marks 16 that can be related to one another in the database. In this manner, manufacture, sale, shipping, and usage of an entire device can be tracked, and be correlated to individual components. For example, if the visible mark 16 on the stopper 10 does not correlate with the visible mark on one of the other device components, early detection of either improper manufacture or the use of counterfeit components may be detected. Similarly, recalls of particular components can be easily traced to devices in which those components are incorporated. In another embodiment, a single one of the components may include a laser-created visible mark 16, which then serves to link to a database for which all subsequent device information (e.g., manufacturing details, drug information, gene therapy information, patient information, expiration date, serial number) and the like can be stored and tracked. Patient information may include the patient's identity, intended treatment schedule, treatment administration information (e.g., frequency and type of medical therapy/device used), and any other patient metadata, so that the visible marking 16 may be used by a system that includes a personalized treatment application. The personalized treatment application may be available on a system, such as an electronic device, e.g., smartphone, tablet, laptop, or the like.

(43) Similarly, entire shipments of components can be tracked and manufacturing information may be maintained by tying visible marks 16 together in the database. For example, a bag may contain a plurality of stoppers 10 each having an individual serial number in the form of a laser-created visible mark. Those serial numbers may be associated with one another in the database. In one exemplary operation, when the bag undergoes sterilization, the data for each stopper 10 in the bag can be updated either by scanning a tag on the bag affiliated with the stopper 10 serial numbers, or by scanning the visible mark 16 of one of the stoppers 10 and using previously established links to update the remaining stopper data.

(44) While the above embodiments illustrate a single visible mark 16 or describe a series of similar visible marks (e.g., multiple data matrix codes or graphical symbols), multiple visible marks of different characteristics may also be applied to the components. For example, one visible mark 16 may contain the relevant manufacturing data, while a second visible mark 16 may be a logo of the manufacturer. Other types of visible marks, such as visual indicators to caregivers, such as a location for needle insertion, can be used as well.

(45) While the above embodiments have been discussed in relation to elastomeric medical device components, laser marking in accordance with the invention can be utilized in other medical device components as well. For example, the laser marking may be applied to one or more surfaces of a plunger rod (FIGS. 8A and 8B) either before or after the plunger rod is inserted into a transparent syringe barrel. In another example, aluminum seals having plastic flip-top caps may be marked, either by marking the top surface of the plastic cap or by marking a pigmented lacquer containing TiO.sub.2 formed on the aluminum sidewall or by marking the aluminum itself through a clear lacquer (FIGS. 9A and 9B). Plastic seals and other pigmented plastics, as well as line seals produced from elastomer sheeting, are compatible with the laser marking process. Glass components can be laser marked, as can glass substitute components, such as those made using CRYSTAL ZENITH material manufactured by Daikyo Seiko, Ltd of Japan, using CO.sub.2 lasers or the like to burn and/or ablate material.

(46) While specific and distinct embodiments have been shown in the drawings, various individual elements or combinations of elements from the different embodiments may be combined with one another while in keeping with the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, an individual feature described herein only with respect to one embodiment should not be construed as being incompatible with other embodiments described herein or otherwise encompassed by the invention.

(47) It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the disclosure herein.