System comprising a static microdoser for introducing an additive into a container

Abstract

The invention relates to a system for introducing an additive into a container (4) partially filled with a main liquid material. It comprises an automated conveyor for transporting the container (4) along a straight horizontal trajectory (T) at a substantially constant container speed (Vc). It further comprises a static microdoser (6) having a nozzle (9) from which at least one jet (8) of an additive issues upon passage of an opening (7) of the container (4). The system is configured to introduce a given mass of additive into the container. The nozzle of the microdoser (6) is inclined relative to a vertical direction that is perpendicular to the trajectory (T). The inclination of the nozzle, the number, the shape and the speed (Vj) of the at least one jet, the mass of additive, and the container speed (Vc) are configured such that the specific kinetic energy of the impact of the at least one jet on the free surface of the main liquid material is less than 3000 mJ/m.sup.2.

Claims

1. A system for introducing an additive into a container partially filled with a main liquid material, the system comprising an automated conveyor for transporting the container along a straight horizontal trajectory (T) at a substantially constant container speed (Vc), the system further comprising a static microdoser having a nozzle from which at least one jet of an additive issues upon passage of an opening of the container in proximity to the nozzle to introduce the additive into said container, wherein the nozzle of the microdoser is inclined relative to a vertical direction that is perpendicular to the trajectory (T), wherein the system is configured to introduce a given quantity of additive into the container, said quantity having a mass (m), the at least one jet hits a free surface of the main liquid material at a relative impact speed (V), over an area A of said free surface of the main liquid material; and the system is configured, with regard to the inclination of the nozzle, to the number, the shape and the speed (Vj) of the at least one jet, to the mass (m), and to the container speed (Vc), such that the specific kinetic energy (I) of the impact of the at least one jet on the free surface of the main liquid material, defined by the formula: $I = \frac{\frac{1}{2} m * V^{2}}{A}$ is less than 3000 mJ/m.sup.2.

2. A system according to claim 1, wherein it is configured such that the specific kinetic energy (I) is less than 2000 mJ/m.sup.2.

3. A system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one jet has vertical and horizontal speed components that are non-null, the horizontal speed component (Vx) of the jet being substantially parallel to the trajectory (T) of the container, and wherein the inclination of the nozzle, the speed of the at least one jet issued from the nozzle and the container speed (Vc) are configured such that a relative horizontal speed between the jet and the container is less than 1 m/s.

4. A system according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle is oriented such that the at least one jet issued from the nozzle forms an angle with the vertical direction comprised between 20 and 50.

5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the jet vertical speed (Vy) of the at least one jet is less than 1.2 m/s.

6. A system according to claim 1, wherein the container speed Vc is higher than 0.6 m/s.

7. A system according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle-comprises a plurality of holes, so that a plurality of jets having parallel trajectories are issued from the nozzle upon passage of the opening of the container in proximity to the nozzle.

8. A system according to claim 7, wherein the nozzle comprises two to thirty holes.

9. A system according to claim 1, wherein the system comprising a container, wherein the container has an open upper face forming its opening.

10. A system according to claim 9, wherein the container is a can.

11. A system according to claim 9, wherein the system is configured so that each jet of additive hits a free surface of the main liquid material along a straight horizontal path over a length of at least 40% of the length of the free surface of the main liquid material along this path.

12. A system according to claim 11, wherein the container has a cylindrical shape, wherein at least one jet of additive hits the free surface of the main liquid material along a diameter of the container.

13. A system according claim 12, wherein the at least one jet of additive hits the free surface-of the main liquid material over a width (W) comprised between 18% and 68% of the diameter the container.

14. A system according to claim 1, wherein the main liquid material is selected from the group consisting of water, a soda, lemonade, and a soup.

15. A system according to claim 1, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of an edible flavouring concentrate, a mineral concentrate, and a functional concentrate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Additional features and advantages of the present invention are described in, and will be apparent from, the description of the presently preferred embodiments which are set out below with reference to the drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional schematic view of a system for introducing an additive into a container having an open upper face, according to the state of the art;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a static microdoser installed above a conveyor conveying a container, the microdoser being installed according to a configuration known in the state of the art;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a static microdoser installed above a conveyor conveying a container, the microdoser being installed according to an embodiment of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 is an example cartography that can be used in an embodiment of the invention.

(6) FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional schematic view showing a nozzle that can be used in an embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a container seen from above, as illustration of an aspect of the invention;

(8) FIG. 7 is another schematic view of a container seen from above, as illustration of an aspect of the invention;

(9) FIG. 8 is a graph showing the influence, on the splashing phenomenon, of the specific kinetic energy transferred at the impact of the additive to the main liquid material present in the container.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional schematic view of a system for introducing an additive into a container having an open upper face, according to the state of the art. The system of FIG. 1 uses dynamic injectors 1, 2. The dynamic injectors 1, 2, are installed on a large rotating wheel called carousel 3.

(11) Containers 4 such as cans are transported on a conveyor belt 5, along a horizontal and linear trajectory T. Although only one container 4 is shown in FIG. 1, it should be understood that the conveyor belt 5 generally carries a number of containers next to each other.

(12) The carousel 3 comprising a plurality of dynamic injectors 1, 2 is synchronized with the passage of each container 4 to maximize the time in which an injector is above the opening of the container 4. This implies that the speed at the periphery of the carousel equals the running speed of the conveyor belt 5.

(13) This maximizes the time available for injecting an additive into each container 4, also called dosing time.

(14) Such device is generally used in the food industry to add an additive into a food product. More particularly, it is commonly used to introduce an aroma into a beverage, such as water or a soda. The container 4 (e.g. a can for a beverage) has thus already been partially filled with a main liquid material when it arrives under a dynamic injector for injection of an additive. By partially it is meant that a sufficient free volume remains in the container to receive the additive.

(15) In all the present disclosure, additive should be understood as designating a liquid in an amount up to 5%, preferably 0.05% to 1%, preferably 0.1% 0.5% by volume, of the main liquid material in the final product. As non-exhaustive examples, additive can be a flavouring or aroma (for example orange, peach, lemon, etc.), a tea or coffee extract, a fruit juice, a mineral mother solution, etc. The additive can be a mineral liquid concentrate, or a so-called functional concentrate such as an additive comprising a vitamin, caffeine or another coffee extract. The expression functional concentrate refers to a product that has an effect on the consumer, such as a product that is probiotic, prophylactic, etc.

(16) Thanks to the relatively large dosing time due to the fact that the dynamic injector follows the container along a portion of its linear trajectory T, the flow rate used for injecting the additive can be kept at a level that does not cause splashing.

(17) It is however apparent in FIG. 1 that such systems for injecting an additive into a container is complex. The carousel must indeed be driven in rotation and each of the dynamic injectors it carries must be supplied with additive. The dynamic injectors 1, 2 must be synchronized with the carousel 3. In other words, the actuation of each dynamic injector 1, 2 to inject an additive is controlled depending on the angular position of the carousel 3. This is necessary to ensure that a container opening is present under the dynamic injector when fluid additive is injected. When changing the additive used (for example when changing the aroma), purging and cleaning the dynamic injectors can be long and complicated.

(18) For those reasons, the use of a simpler device can be envisioned. Static microdosers are known devices for introducing a small quantity of liquid into a product. FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a static microdoser 6 installed above a conveyor conveying a container, the microdoser 6 being installed according to a configuration known in the state of the art.

(19) In such configuration, the microdoser 6 is positioned above the conveyor (e.g. the conveyor belt) carrying the containers 4. The container 4 follows the linear trajectory T at a constant container speed Vc. When the opening 7 of the container 4 is under the microdoser 6, a jet 8 (or multiple jets 8) of additive issues from a nozzle 9 of the microdoser 6. More particularly, the injection is synchronized with the container motion so that the head and the tail of the jet enters the container by its opening. This requires some anticipation of the microdoser opening, as the container opening 7 is not yet in line with the nozzle 9 when the injections starts.

(20) The opening is constituted, in the represented example, by an open upper face of the container 4.

(21) The nozzle 9 is oriented perpendicular to the conveyor carrying the container 4, which defines a substantially horizontal plane. The jet 8 is thus vertical. It has no horizontal component. The jet 8 has a jet speed Vj when it reaches the free surface 10. Indeed, the jet velocity can change from the nozzle 9 to the free surface due to gravity and air friction.

(22) The jet 8 reaches and hits a free surface 10 of the main liquid material present in the container 4 at a right angle. The vertical speed of impact of the jet 8 on the free surface 10 is the jet speed Vj; a horizontal component Vc is also present due to the relative horizontal movement Vc.

(23) Because of the fixed nature of the static microdoser 6, the dosing time is small. It corresponds to the time where the opening 7 is in front of the nozzle 9. It depends on the size of the opening 7 and on the running speed of the conveyor (said running speed being equal to the container speed Vc). For a cylindrical container having a circular open face such as opening 7 having a diameter D, if the nozzle 9 is aligned with the trajectory of the center of the circular opening 7, the dosing time Dt is at most Dt=D/Vc.

(24) However, this configuration has proved to be unsuitable for introducing an additive into a beverage can at high speed. Indeed, the flow rate of additive and thus the jet speed must be high to manage to inject the required additive quantity (e.g. a few milliliters) in dosing time Dt. This causes splashing of liquid (main liquid material and/or additive) out of the container 4.

(25) FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a static microdoser 6 installed according to an embodiment of the invention above a conveyor conveying a container 4. The system of FIG. 3 is essentially analogous to the system of FIG. 2, except for the installation configuration of the microdoser 6.

(26) The microdoser 6 is thus positioned above the conveyor (e.g. the conveyor belt) carrying the containers 4. The container 4 follows the linear trajectory T at a constant container speed Vc.

(27) The microdoser is configured to inject an additive, in the form of a jet 8 of additive, into the container 4. The jet can be straight or slightly cone-shaped.

(28) As in FIG. 2, an open upper face of the container 4 constitutes the opening of the container shown in FIG. 3 by way of example.

(29) The container 4 (e.g. a can) is partially filled with a main liquid material. By partially it is meant that a sufficient free volume remains in the container to receive the additive. In other words, a sufficient space remains between the free surface 10 (also simply called surface) of the main liquid material and the required final fill point. After introduction of the additive, a sufficient space must remain to allow sealing of the container (e.g. of the can), and to accommodate an empty space under the lid to compensate for thermal expansions.

(30) The static microdoser 6 has, according to the invention, a nozzle 9 inclined to generate a jet 8 of additive that is also inclined relative to the generally used vertical direction of injection.

(31) More particularly, the jet 8 is inclined compared to the vertical direction at an angle .

(32) By vertical is meant orthogonal to horizontal, i.e. orthogonal to the trajectory T of the container, and usually orthogonal to a top surface of the conveyor belt 5.

(33) Thanks to the inclination of the jet 8, the jet speed Vj (when it reaches the free surface 10) can be decomposed into two components, namely a vertical component Vy and a horizontal component Vx (also called jet vertical speed Vy and jet horizontal speed Vx). According to the present invention, the horizontal component Vx of the jet speed Vj has the same orientation and direction as the container speed Vc. This results in a limitation or a cancellation of the horizontal relative speed between the jet 8 and the container 4. The horizontal relative speed between the jet 8 and the container 4 corresponds to Vx minus Vc.

(34) This limitation or cancellation of the horizontal relative speed between the container 4 and the jet 8 appears to be an important parameter to limit splashing. This means that limiting the horizontal speed of the jet when it hits the free surface 10 of the main liquid material present in the container 4 is important to limit formation of waves in the container that could result in splashing. In the envisioned applications (such as beverage canning), a relative horizontal speed between the jet and the container of less than 1.5 m/s, preferably less than 1 m/s, more preferably less than 0.7 m/s provides good results.

(35) The inclination of the jet 8 at an angle also has the corollary effect of limiting the vertical speed of the jet. For example, an inclination of =45 leads to reduction by a 2 factor of the jet vertical speed Vy. The limitation of the vertical speed Vy of the jet compared to a configuration in which =0 (i.e. the jet 8 is vertical) leads to a limitation of splashing.

(36) More generally:

(37) $Vx = Vj .Math. \sin ();$ $and Vy = Vj .Math. \cos ()$

(38) To cancel the horizontal relative speed between the container 4 and the jet 8, the inclination angle can be determined such that:

(39) $= \sin^{- 1} \frac{V c}{V j}$

(40) The nozzle can be for example oriented such that jet 8 forms an angle with the vertical direction comprised between 20 and 50, preferably between 30 and 45.

(41) Larger angles are difficult to implement due to the increasing synchronization difficulties between the can movement and the jet activation.

(42) In the present description the angle of inclination of the jet 8 is considered to be the same at the exit of the nozzle and at the point of impact on the surface of the main liquid material

(43) However, due to gravity the inclination of the jet can be modified between the outlet of the nozzle and the point of impact. The inclination that matters is that at the point of impact. The model used can advantageously take this angle variation into account.

(44) Generally speaking, the limitation or cancellation of the horizontal relative speed between the container 4 and the jet 8 and the limitation of the vertical jet speed Vy limits, for given injection conditions, the impact energy of the jet or jets of additive on the free surface of the main liquid material. The injection conditions include the volume or mass of additive introduced into a container, the dosing time, and the nozzle configuration. The specific kinetic energy (I) transferred at the impact (i.e. kinetic energy per unit area) has proven to be an important parameter that governs splashing, as detailed hereafter. While a system configuration in which the horizontal relative speed between the container 4 and the jet 8 is cancelled does not necessarily corresponds to the configuration in which the specific kinetic energy is the lowest, such configuration is however generally favorable to avoid splashing. Such system configuration, in which the horizontal relative speed between the container 4 and the jet 8 is limited (e.g. to 1 m/s or less) is therefore a good basis for avoiding splashing, and can be further optimized if necessary.

(45) Regarding the influence of nozzle inclination, the applicant has conducted several tests with nozzles at different inclinations, between 0 and 45 degrees and a container speed between 0.33 and 2 m/s. For a constant dosed volume of 0.45 g and with a multihole nozzle covering 24% of the opening width the results are shown in the following table.

(46) In this table, the splashing tendency has been characterized based on a conventional scale (from 1 to 5) in which: a wave level up to 1 corresponds to the absence of significant waves. a wave level in the range of 1-1.5 corresponds to the absence of waves above the container level; a wave level in the range of 1.5-2 corresponds to the presence of some wave of different level appearing above the container limit (i.e. above its opening) but not causing any drip; a wave level in the range of 2.5-5 corresponds to presence of waves causing increasing dripping amount.

(47) TABLE-US-00001 Jet vertical Jet rel hor Wave/ speed speed splashing (m/s) (m/s) tendency 1.10 0.77 2.5 1.10 0.44 2 1.10 0.10 1.5 1.10 0.23 1 0.90 0.10 1 0.75 0.25 1 0.75 0.09 2 0.90 0.57 2 0.90 0.57 2 0.75 0.42 1 0.75 0.58 1.5 0.90 0.43 1.5 0.90 0.76 1.5 0.75 0.91 1.5 1.10 0.56 2 1.37 0.66 5 1.15 0.66 5 0.94 0.66 3 0.94 1.33 5 1.15 1.33 5 1.37 1.33 4 1.25 0.61 2.5 1.03 0.74 1.5 0.85 0.84 2.5 0.85 0.17 2.5 1.03 0.07 2 1.25 0.06 1.5 0.85 0.51 1.5 1.03 0.41 1 0.85 1.17 2

(48) As shown in FIG. 4, the data have been exploited to build a response surface model in function of the relative horizontal speed and vertical speed, highlighting an optimal working zone.

(49) FIG. 4 is more particularly a three-dimension cartography established for a given nozzle. This cartography shows the wave level, according the above-explained conventional scale, depending on the relative horizontal speed (Vx minus Vc) and vertical speed Vy of the jet.

(50) A first zone Z1 corresponds to the zone in which no significant wave is formed, and the wave level is of 1 or less. In a second zone Z2, the wave level is in the range of 1-1.5 and corresponds to the presence of some small waves, remaining under the top end of the container. In a third zone Z3, waves are formed, some of which appearing above the container opening, but not causing any drip. A fourth zone Z4 corresponds to the zone in which the wave level is above 2, possibly causing splashing.

(51) Thanks to such cartography, the inclination of the nozzle (and possibly the jet speed) can be adjusted so that the system remains in an acceptable working zone, i.e. in the first zone Z1 or in the second zone Z2, and in the worst case in the third zone Z3.

(52) The obtained results suggest that, in the example conditions used for those tests, a relative horizontal speed of less than 1 m/s is necessary to obtain acceptable results. Cancelling the relative speed or obtaining a negative speed (i.e. the container has a slightly higher speed than the horizontal component of the jet speed) between 0 and 1 m/s could also generate acceptable results.

(53) Also, acceptable and good results have been obtained with jet vertical speed of less than 1.2 m/s.

(54) Generally, a spread of the mechanical energy of the jet 8 to be absorbed at the free surface 10 of the main liquid material is helpful to avoid splashing. This is why, in addition to the inclination proposed in the present invention, the applicant has developed multiple orifice nozzles such as that presented in FIG. 5.

(55) FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional schematic view showing a nozzle that can be used in an embodiment of the invention. The nozzle 9 of FIG. 5 comprises multiple injection holes 12. In the represented nozzle embodiment, the nozzle 9 comprises five holes 12.

(56) The nozzle 9 is configured so that a separate jet 8 comes out of each of the nozzle holes 12. This makes it possible to increase the free surface 10 of the main liquid material present in the container which is hit during the injection of the additive. Indeed, the total quantity of injected additive is distributed in several jets.

(57) Corollary, for the same energy per unit area of the free surface of the main liquid material impacted by the jets 8 of the nozzle 9, it is possible to inject more additive in a given time.

(58) This result will be better understood by a comparison between FIG. 6 and FIG. 7.

(59) FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are schematic views from above of a container 4, namely a cylindrical can.

(60) In FIG. 6, the nozzle used for injecting the additive has a single hole. It therefore forms a single additive jet. Consequently, the zone of the free surface of the main liquid material contained in the container impacted by the jet of additive forms a straight impact path L over said free surface. The impact path L is aligned with the trajectory T of the container. Preferably, the impact path L is aligned with the center of the container, to maximize its length.

(61) In FIG. 7, the nozzle used for injecting the additive has multiple holes aligned transversally to the can movement. It therefore forms several additive jets. Consequently, the zone of the free surface of the main liquid material contained in the container impacted by the jet of additive is formed of as many a straight impact paths L1 . . . L5 over said free surface as the number of holes present on the nozzle 9. The impact paths L1 . . . L5 are parallel. They are also parallel to the linear trajectory T of the container. Such configuration spreads the impact energy of the injected additive over the free surface of the main liquid material contained in the container 4. For a given quantity of additive injected, the flow rate and the speed of each jet can be lowered. The size (i.e. diameter or frontal surface) of each jet can be reduced, which is also beneficial for limiting splashing.

(62) The applicant has studied influence of the width of the jet or jets on the area of the free surface 10 of the main liquid where additive can be injected, in a cylindrical container.

(63) The greatest possible area is obtained with a jet (or jets) having a width W of around 49% of the diameter of the container. An area of 50% of this greatest possible area is still obtained with a jet (or jets) having a width W of around 18%, or around 68%, of the diameter of the container. Under 18% and above 68%, the area of the free surface 10 of the main liquid impacted by the jet (or jets) decreases rapidly.

(64) The applicant has thus found that the optimal inclination to combine the splashing avoidance effects of the inclination of the nozzle and of the increase of the area of the free surface of the main liquid material impacted by the jet (or jets) of additive is between 30 and 45. The optimal width W is around 49% of the can (or other circular container) diameter.

(65) Finally, the Application observed experimentally that the height of the nozzle affects the wave formation inside the can; this is due to the jet acceleration before hitting the free surface of the main liquid material when the nozzle is away from this free surface. It is therefore preferable to reduce this distance. A distance between the nozzle and the container of about 10 mm has been found to be relevant.

(66) The tests detailed above show how, for given dosage conditions, it is possible to optimize the system according to the invention to avoid splashing. More generally, it is advantageous to be able to adapt the conditions of the additive dosage in order to carry out the desired introduction of additive into the container.

(67) Based on the above findings, additional tests have been performed to assess the influence of several parameters on splashing.

(68) The parameters changed in those tests are indicated in the following table.

(69) TABLE-US-00002 Parameter Range Note Container speed (Vc) 0.33-1.66 m/s Corresponds to the speed of the conveyor Jet speed (Vj) 1.2-4.8 m/s Speed at the impact point Nozzle distance from the 1.0-2.0 mm can Jet inclination 0-50 0 means vertical jet Types of nozzles 6 different shapes Impact width (W) 4-14 mm Depending on the type of nozzle

(70) The results obtained show that the splashing phenomenon depends on the specific energy (energy per unit area) transferred by the jet or jets to the impacted surface of the main liquid material contained in the container.

(71) More particularly, the specific kinetic energy I is taking in consideration the kinetic energy Ek transferred by the jet to the impacted surface of the can A:

(72) $I = \frac{E_{k}}{A}$

(73) The kinetic energy of the jet or jets is calculated considering the additive mass m (cumulated mass of the jet or jets, i.e. the mass of additive introduced into the container by the microdoser) and its impact speed V (relative speed between the jet or jets and the surface of the main liquid material):

(74) $E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} m * V^{2}$
For example, if Vx=Vc, V=Vy.
More generally,

(75) $V = \sqrt{V y^{2} + {(V c - V x)}^{2}}$
The impacted surface area (A) is calculated as:

(76) $A = Impact width Impact length$

(77) The Impact width depends on the jet width.

(78) The Impact length depends on the relative horizontal speed between the jet or jets and the container and on the dosing time. It can be calculated or measured with a video camera observing the impact zone of the jet or jets on the free surface of the main liquid material.

(79) For nozzles generating multiple jets that hits the main liquid material in separated areas, the impacted surface area will be calculated as the sum of the areas impacted by the jets.

(80) The quality of the injection has been evaluated in terms of wave rate, using high-speed camera recording, with the following rating: 0 corresponds to an additive injection with no product splashing out of the container; 1 corresponds to an additive injection resulting in product splashing out of the can; and 0.5 corresponds to an intermediate result, in which splashing occasionally occurs.

(81) The results are shown in FIG. 8, in which the wave rate (0, 0.5 or 1), for 110 conducted tests has been plotted in function of the specific kinetic energy I.

(82) In FIG. 8, seven graphs are represented. Each graph represents the wave rate on the y-axis and the specific kinetic energy on the x-axis.

(83) The graph at the top of FIG. 8 is the aggregation of the six graphs shown below. Each of these six graphs corresponds to the results obtained with a different nozzle. The six-tested nozzle are highly different in terms of number, size, form of their injection holes, and resulting impact width.

(84) The main teaching of these tests is that the splashing phenomenon is highly dependent on the specific kinetic energy of the impact of the jet or jets of additive on the free surface of the main liquid material present in the container.

(85) It is possible to separate roughly two zones on the graph of FIG. 8. In a first zone (no splash zone) no splashing occurs, or very infrequently. In a second zone (splash zone) splashing occurs frequently or always.

(86) The limit between these zones is around a specific kinetic energy of the order of 3000 mJ/m.sup.2. Nevertheless, in order to limit the number of occasional splashes, it is advantageous to configure the dosing system to limit the specific kinetic energy of the impact of the jet or jets to approximately 2000 mJ/m.sup.2.

(87) It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without losing its attendant advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

(88) The results and detailed embodiments are only provided by way of example. Depending on the application, the size of the container, the physical properties of the main liquid material and of the additive (e.g. their respective viscosities and more generally their mechanical behaviors) various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

(89) The invention finds a preferred, but of course not exclusive, application in the introduction of a flavouring concentrate in cans for beverages preparation, such as flavoured water and soda preparation.

System comprising a static microdoser for introducing an additive into a container

Assignee

Inventors

Cpc classification

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B67C3/208

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B65B2039/009

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/023

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B01F35/7179

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/24

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B65B3/30

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/287

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

International classification

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B67C3/22

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/02

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/20

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/24

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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B67C3/28

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

Abstract

Claims

Description