Apparatus, kit and a method for the provision and use of Electromagnetic Fields with respect to a bioreaction

Abstract

A kit and a method for improving the quality, acceleration of change in and or improving the yield from a bioreaction of a bioreaction mixture. The bioreaction mixture is typically held in an inner space in a vessel, such as a biomanufacturing vessel, with means for movement of the bioreaction mixture and one or more modules are provided to emit one or more electromagnetic fields to which the bioreaction mixture is exposed over a period of time.

Claims

1. Apparatus for improving the yield and/or acceleration and/or quality of a bioreaction, the apparatus comprising; a vessel formed from a plurality of walls comprising at least one side wall and a base forming an internal space suitable for holding a bioreaction mixture, means to cause movement of said mixture, and one or more modules, said module comprising a housing and a transmitter disposed within said housing, said transmitter being capable of emitting one or more electromagnetic fields, wherein the one or more modules are proximal to at least one portion of said walls which is made from a material which is substantially transparent to said one or more electromagnetic fields, and/or wherein the one or more modules are disposed in the said internal space.

2-6. (canceled)

7. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the means to cause movement are electrical and/or mechanical movement means and comprise any, or any combination of; an agitator within the vessel internal space; an agitator external to the vessel internal space; a means for imparting vibration to the vessel and/or bioreaction mixture; a wave generator; an input flow of material into the internal space and/or an output flow of material from said internal space.

8-9. (canceled)

10. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the one or modules are located in the means for movement of the bioreaction mixture located in the inner space.

11. (canceled)

12. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the said means to cause movement move said bioreaction mixture so as to periodically expose substantially all of said bioreaction mixture to the one or more electromagnetic fields emitted from the one or more modules and/or to retain cells in the bioreaction mixture substantially in suspension in the bioreaction mixture.

13. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises a frame, and the vessel is a bag made from a flexible, resilient, plastic material and is supported by the frame.

14. (canceled)

15. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic fields emitted by the transmitter are a series of pulsed electromagnetic fields and the apparatus includes control means for controlling the form of the one or more electromagnetic fields emitted from the one or more modules.

16. (canceled)

17. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the bioreaction mixture includes water, and the one or more electromagnetic fields are emitted at a frequency so as to cause rotation of the molecular dipole of water contained in the bioreaction mixture.

18. (canceled)

19. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the control means control emission of the one or more electromagnetic fields at a frequency or frequencies in the range of 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz.

20. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the one or more electromagnetic fields are emitted at a plurality of different frequencies in a random sequence during a period of time.

21. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein when there are two or more modules, said control means allow the one or more electromagnetic fields emitted therefrom to be emitted in a synchronised manner.

22-25. (canceled)

26. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more locators for locating the one or more modules proximal to, or within the vessel.

27. (canceled)

28. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more modules are disposed in the internal space and further comprise at least one buoyancy portion for holding the one or more modules at a depth in the bioreaction mixture when the bioreaction mixture comprises a liquid.

29. Apparatus according to claim 28 wherein there are two or more modules, at least one of which has a buoyancy portion of a selected form to retain the same at a different depth than another module or modules in the bioreaction mixture when the bioreaction mixture comprises a liquid.

30. (canceled)

31. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the vessel includes one or more hollow elongated members which extend from the at least one wall, the base, and/or a lid such that the one or more elongated members are not in fluid communication with the internal space, and wherein at least one of the one or more hollow elongated members comprises the at least one portion made from a material which is transparent to electromagnetic fields.

32. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more modules are two or more modules, and each of the two or more modules is located at a node of another module.

33. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more modules are two or more modules located in an array which extends along a single axis or is provided to extend along a plurality of axes.

34-35. (canceled)

36. Apparatus according to claim 33 wherein the said modules are located in the array with a spacing within a range of 5-10 cm between adjacent modules in the array.

37. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more modules include a wireless receiver to allow reception of signals to cause a change in at least one operating parameter of the module to be transmitted wirelessly and received by the same, and said change implemented.

38. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus includes a charging and/or control unit to which the one or more modules, when not in use, are connected electrically and/or data connected so as to allow charging and/or control of activation.

39. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the said bioreaction mixture is any, or any combination of, a biofuel, cultures of genetically modified cells and organisms, insulin, monoclonal antibodies, growth hormones, interferon, interleukins, blood factor VIIa, blood factor VIII, blood factor IX, erythropoietin, gonadotrophin, glucagon, vaccine antigenic sequences, mammalian cell culture.

40. A kit for improving the yield and/or acceleration and/or quality of a bioreaction, the kit comprising: a vessel formed from a plurality of walls comprising at least one side wall and a base forming an internal space suitable for holding a bioreaction mixture, a means to move said mixture, and one or more modules, said module comprising a housing and a transmitter disposed within said housing, said transmitter being capable of emitting one or more electromagnetic fields, wherein location means are provided to allow the one or more modules to be positioned proximal to at least one portion of said walls made from a material which is substantially transparent to said one or more electromagnetic fields, and/or wherein the one or more modules are disposed in the said internal space.

41. A kit according to claim 40 wherein the vessel is formed by a frame and a sheet material supported on the frame so as to form said internal space.

42. A method for improving the yield and/or acceleration and/or quality of a bioreaction, the method comprising the steps of: providing a vessel formed from a plurality of walls comprising at least one side wall and a base forming an internal space for holding a bioreaction mixture, moving said bioreaction mixture in said internal space, and providing one or more modules, said module comprising a housing and a transmitter disposed within said housing, said transmitter being capable of emitting one or more electromagnetic fields, emitting said one or more electromagnetic fields from said one or more modules into at least a portion of the internal space; and wherein the one or more modules are proximal to at least one portion of said walls made from a material which is substantially transparent to said one or more electromagnetic fields, and/or wherein the one or more modules are disposed in the said internal space.

43. A method according to claim 42 wherein the method comprises the step of introducing a cell-culture media into the internal space of the vessel and introducing one or more cells into the cell-culture media to form a bioreaction mixture.

44. A method according to claim 42 wherein the bioreaction mixture includes water, and one or more electromagnetic fields are emitted at a frequency to rotate the water molecules and modulate the same.

45. (canceled)

46. A method according to claim 44 wherein the electric field component of the wave of the one or more electromagnetic fields is modulated by matching of a frequency range of the one or more electromagnetic fields so that a time for the hydrogen bonds to be broken substantially corresponds to half a cycle of the frequency of emission.

47. A method according to claim 43 wherein the bioreaction mixture is moved during application of the one or more electromagnetic fields.

48. A method according to claim 43, further comprising a step of applying one or more electromagnetic fields to cell-culture media prior to the introduction of the one or more cells thereto.

49. A method according to claim 42 wherein the emitting of the one or more electromagnetic fields includes applying pulsed electromagnetic fields to the bioreaction mixture.

50. A method according to claim 42, wherein the one or more electromagnetic fields have a frequency between 2.4 to 2.5 GHz and/or is emitted in pulses in the range of 0.5-1.5 milliseconds (ms) in duration and/or the said pulses are spaced apart by rest periods which are in the range of 40-66 ms and/or the pulses are emitted within a range of 12-20 pulses per second.

51. A method according to claim 42, wherein the one or more cells are yeast cells, and the bioreaction is for the production of bio-ethanol, or the one or more cells are mammalian cells, and the bioreaction is for the production of nucleic acids or peptides, or the one or more cells are hybridoma cells, or the one or more cells are insect cells, and the bioreaction is for the production of nucleic acids or peptides.

52-54. (canceled)

55. A module provided to emit one or more electromagnetic fields, said module comprises: a housing, a power source, a transmitter to emit one or more electromagnetic fields, control means to allow control of said one or more electromagnetic fields, wherein the one or more electromagnetic fields are controllable such that over a period of time they are emitted at a predetermined frequency or a range of predetermined frequencies and are emitted continuously or as a series of pulses with a gap between said pulses of emission, and said module locatable in, or in proximity to a liquid mixture such that at least part of the mixture lies in range of the emitted electromagnetic fields.

56. Apparatus for improving the yield and/or acceleration and/or quality of a change in condition of a liquid mixture, the apparatus comprising; a vessel formed from a plurality of walls comprising at least one side wall and a base forming an internal space for holding said mixture, means to cause movement of said mixture, and one or more modules, said module comprising a housing and a transmitter disposed within said housing, said transmitter being capable of emitting one or more electromagnetic fields, wherein the one or more modules are proximal to at least one portion of said walls which is made from a material which is substantially transparent to said one or more electromagnetic fields, and/or wherein the one or more modules are disposed in the said internal space.

Description

[0093] Specific embodiments of the invention are now described with reference to the accompanying drawings; wherein

[0094] FIGS. 1a-e illustrates an embodiment of a module in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

[0095] FIG. 2 illustrates a charging and/or control station or bank in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

[0096] FIGS. 3a-c illustrate embodiments of use of the modules of FIGS. 1a-e in conjunction with a bioreactor vessel;

[0097] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the rotation of the dipole of water when exposed to the electromagnetic fields emitted in accordance with the invention;

[0098] FIGS. 6a-d illustrate apparatus and results from experiments performed in accordance with the invention utilising a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line and with respect to IgG production;

[0099] FIGS. 7a and b illustrate a further embodiment of the invention; and

[0100] FIGS. 8a-c illustrate graphically results obtained from a further set of experiments using a Murine Hybridoma Cell (MHC) line and with respect to IgG production.

[0101] Referring firstly to FIGS. 1a-e there is illustrated a module 2 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment the module 2 includes first and second parts 4,6 which, when attached together as indicated by arrows 8 in FIG. 1d, form an outer housing 10 which typically has a waterproof and dust proof seal. The housing may be provided with suitable sealing means depending upon the particular format of the same and the intended use of the same. In the embodiment shown there is an aperture 12 in the part 4 for the location of a button 14 which can be pressed down to operate an on/off switch 16 to activate or deactivate the module. A further aperture or zone 22 may be provided to indicate the location of emission of the electromagnetic fields and/or allow improved emission of the electromagnetic fields from the module transmitter 20 provided on printed circuit board 18 internally of the housing. Typically one transmitter will be provided per housing and module but it should be appreciated that in other embodiments one housing may have a series of transmitters located therein.

[0102] The printed circuit boards 18, 24, 26 are all located within the housing when formed and in this embodiment are held in location by means provided on the part 6 as shown in FIG. 1e. The main PCB 24 includes the control means components for the operation of the module 2 to control use of the power cell 28 and the frequency or frequencies and continuous or pulsed emission of the electromagnetic fields for a required period of time. The electromagnetic fields which are emitted in terms of frequency and/or continuous or pulsed electromagnetic fields may vary depending on the particular desired use of the modules at an instant of time. In one embodiment the module may include a receiver to allow the reception of control signals to update and/or alter the operation of the module and/or charge the module 2.

[0103] In one embodiment charging of one or more power cells located within the housing may be performed at a centralised location to which the modules are returned after use or, alternatively can be performed at a remote location, such as the end user location via a station 31, an example of which is illustrated in FIG. 2. In this embodiment two locating units 30, 32 are shown and which are stackable via support legs 34.

[0104] In this embodiment each unit has a number of locations in this case 1-6, each for the location of a module therewith and two of the modules 2, 2′ are shown in position. Each unit is provided for connection 36 to a power supply and at each location 1-6 there is provided a wireless charging facility such that when the module is in position therewith the power source 28 within the same is wirelessly charged. Furthermore, each of the locations can be provided with a means to allow data connection with the control means components within the module to allow the control means for the module to be updated. In one embodiment the updating can be with respect to a new version of control software and/or to allow the module to be usable. In this latter case the activation may be achieved by the user making a payment, perhaps via the internet or an app, or by another means and the payment allows a signal to be sent to the units to allow one, some, or all of the modules to be rendered active and usable for a predetermined time or number of uses.

[0105] FIGS. 3a and b illustrate two embodiments of the apparatus in use. In both embodiments there is shown in a schematic manner a bioreactor vessel 38 which in these embodiments, includes a support frame 40 shown in broken lines, and which includes a means for moving a bioreaction mixture within an inner space of the vessel and in this embodiment the means for moving is an agitating stirrer 42, also shown in broken lines, which is provided for rotation around shaft 44 via motor 46. Also shown is the formation of the walls of the vessel by a, typically single use, plastic sheet material bag 48 which is supported by the frame and the bag has a plurality of walls including side walls 52 and a base 54, to define an inner space 50 in which the bioreaction mixture is held. Within the inner space 50 there is provided the bioreaction mixture 56 which is provided to a level 58 and can be moved around the inner space by the stirrer 42. Additional nutrients and/or other materials can be selectively added to the bioreaction mixture 56 during the process.

[0106] Also provided, in accordance with the invention, are a plurality of the modules 2 and in the two embodiments shown the plurality of modules 2 are provided so that, in conjunction, they can emit the one or more electromagnetic fields 60 through at least one wall, in the embodiments shown, side wall 52 of the bag 48 and into the bioreaction mixture 56 to at least create zones of electromagnetic fields through which the bioreaction mixture can be moved, and moved for a period of times which is at least part of the overall processing time for the bioreaction mixture. As illustrated in FIG. 3c with a module 2 being shown as located, in this embodiment by an adhesive layer 62 to the external surface 64 of the side wall 52. Alternatively, or in addition, mechanical location means are used to locate the module in position.

[0107] As an alternative to locating the module directly on the wall of the vessel the module may be located at a distance from the wall but sufficiently proximal so that the one or more electromagnetic fields emitted therefrom can pass through the wall and into the inner space so at allow the exposure of the bioreaction mixture thereto.

[0108] In FIG. 3a the modules 2 are provided in an array configuration in the form of a column along the axis 64 and typically to a height which matches the top level 58 of the bioreaction mixture 56 in the inner space 50. In FIG. 3b the array configuration provides a series of modules located along horizontal axes 66 and vertical axes 68 and it will be appreciated that the number of modules, the configuration of the array of the same and the operating parameters of the same will typically be predetermined with respect to the bioreaction mixture to be processed, the quantity of the bioreaction mixture, size of the reactor vessel and/or the required processing which is required to be performed.

[0109] In whichever embodiment, once the processing has been completed the modules can be removed and then reused immediately or passed for recycling and/or recharging and/or reprogramming as appropriate.

[0110] Typically, the electromagnetic fields are emitted in a range of 2.4-2.5 GHz which is an electronic frequency that when emitted into a bioreaction mixture liquid including water, H.sub.2O, which has a molecular dipole of positive 51 and negative 53 as shown in FIG. 4, rotates the dipoles 51, 53, as illustrated in FIG. 5. As at least some of the water molecules are caused to rotate 57, typically one revolution per 2.4-2.5 GHz cycle, the hydrogen H bonds are broken and reformed so that this creates a wave of disturbance around hydrated surfaces of the bioreaction mixture which is being treated, such as cell membranes. This gives rise, amongst other effects, to increased fluidity around the membrane and an improved interface with the aqueous medium and hence allows the improved quality and/or yield and/or acceleration of the process. The emission of the electromagnetic fields in the said frequency range causes modulation of the electric field component of the electromagnetic wave 55 and the matching of the frequency range of the one or more electromagnetic fields so that the time for the hydrogen bonds to be broken corresponds to half a cycle of the frequency in the range of 2.4-2.5 GHz of the water molecules. The rate of change may also be affected by the temperature of the bioreaction mixture.

[0111] In tests, the apparatus and method have been applied to the use of expression of ethanol from yeast, and have a radical beneficial effect on yeast cells (eukaryotic cells). Pressure transducers convert the evolution of CO.sub.2 into relative quantities of ethanol from which it is clear that the emission of the electromagnetic fields using the modules as herein defined not only doubles the rate of ethanol production but could also add to the total quantity of ethanol when the process is left to its conclusion.

[0112] Other uses include Nucleic acid transfection efficiency improvements, IgG Antibody yield improvement in mammalian cell lines, industrial application to single-use bioreactors (using the beneficial nature of plastic sheet material liners being transparent to the electromagnetic fields), enhancement of therapeutic protein production from yeast and application in which modules are used with conventional bioreactors.

[0113] In tests undertaken utilising a module of the type shown in FIGS. 1a-e, a bioreactor vessel from “Corning®” in the form of a disposable spinner flask, P/N: CLS3152 with a 125 mL volume provided by Sigma Aldrich, USA was used. The vessel 70 is illustrated in FIG. 6a and has an inner space 72, with an agitating stirrer 74 therein, a base 76, top or lid 78 and side walls 80 and connecting passages 82, 84. The bioreaction mixture included cell culture and was located within the inner space 72 in the experiments. More specifically, the material in this set of experiments was a monoclonal IgG producing CHO cell line and the experiments studied the effects of the use of one module and the emission of the electromagnetic fields therefrom on the antibody production from the bioreaction mixture.

[0114] As shown in FIG. 6b, a module 2 in accordance with the invention, was located on the external face of the side wall 80 of the vessel and located with respect to the bioreaction mixture to be processed internally of the side wall in the inner space.

[0115] The module 2 included one transmitter for the electromagnetic fields.

[0116] Two versions of the experiment were undertaken, a first version (1) in which a module 2 in according with the invention was located at the location shown in FIG. 6b on the vessel 70 and a second, control, version (2) in which a dummy device which comprised the module housing 4 only, with no components so that there was no ability to transmit electromagnetic fields therefrom, was provided at the same location as the module 2 in version 1, with the vessel 70. The module 2 was switched on at the start of each experiment (Day 0) and placed in the said location. Sampling of the antibody yields which were achieved from experiment versions 1 and 2 of the experiments were undertaken at days 4, 6, 8 and 10 after switching on of the module.

[0117] The average results of a campaign of experiments (n=6) are shown below in Table 1 and graphically in FIG. 6c.

TABLE-US-00001 Average Yield ST. ER. ST. ER. Day post Mean Mean set up Module(1) Control(2) delta Module (1) Control (2) 4 18.438 14.272 0.292 3.259420802 2.294948094 6 33.171 24.610 0.348 3.30653162 3.632320054 8 38.715 32.355 0.197 4.308675478 4.632898692 10 40.608 35.137 0.156 2.662343771 2.516541155 ttest 0.003

[0118] A higher antibody yield was observed on each sampling day of experiment version 1 using the module 2 in comparison to the control experiment version 2, with a delta of 29%, 35%, 20% and 16% for days 4, 6, 8 and 10 respectively. A p-value of 0.003 calculated between the Module (1) experiment version and Control (2) experiment version throughout the 10 day period showed that the yield increase is statistically significant and therefore the use of the module 2 to emit the electromagnetic fields is statistically and experimentally verified to increase the yield of antibodies.

[0119] In this experiment the electromagnetic fields were emitted in a pulsed manner from the module 2 and the frequency of the emitted one or more electromagnetic fields was varied during the operation of the module over the predetermined period of time. In the experiment the electromagnetic fields were emitted at three different frequencies in a random sequence and these were 2402 MHz, 2426 Mhz, and 2480 MHz which are equivalent to Bluetooth emission protocol channels 37, 38 and 39 as illustrated in FIG. 6d.

[0120] The specific sequence of emission of the different frequencies, was random over the time period of operation of the module with the random delay of 0-10 milliseconds.

[0121] Further experiments were performed using a Murine Hybridoma Cell (MHC) line and the effect of the current invention in relation to the same on IgG production. The average of the results obtained in terms of cell counts, viability and yield for each of three runs using the invention (Version 1) are provided in the table below and graphically in FIGS. 8a-c and in comparison to a control test run (Version 2) performed on an identical culture but not using a module in accordance with the invention and in the same manner and locations using the same apparatus as set out with respect to the experiments described in relation to FIGS. 6a-b.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Antibody yield Experiment run1 Experiment run2 Experiment run3 Control(2) Active(1) Control(2) Active(1) Control(2) Active(1) Day 4 1.27 2.02 4.91 6.54 4.17 5.20 Day 6 4.28 6.46 5.00 14.85 10.69 14.88 Day 8 6.12 8.30 18.20 21.63 14.52 19.81 Day 10 7.81 12.98 19.22 26.61 19.65 22.22 delta 59.4 33.1 24.7 50.8 197.0 39.1 35.6 18.8 36.5 66.2 38.4 13.1

[0122] In the results there is an increased viability and slowing of cell growth using the module which leads to an increase in level of production by the cells and thereby an increase in cumulative yield. On average over the three controlled experiments, the use of the module 2 gave rise to a 30% increase in IgG antibody yield in comparison to the conventional control results.

[0123] This increased production rate can be exemplified by comparing the day-8 yield to day 10 and the use of the modules achieved a higher yield.

[0124] At every time point throughout the experiments, the measured yield of antibody in the version 1 results in accordance with the invention arm was consistently higher than in the control version 2 and points to an increased antibody production rate. Moreover, this increased rate was achieved with a consistently lower number of total cells indicating that the observed productivity was a consequence of the higher sustained viability and higher productivity in the current invention.

[0125] In one embodiment the module can be operated continuously during the predetermined period of time or alternatively, the module is controlled to operate for a certain percentage of the said predetermined period of time, such as, for example 1 hour on and 3 hours off if the overall period of time of operation of the module is 4 hours so that the module is emitting one or more electromagnetic fields for 25% of the time.

[0126] Typically, the operation of the module to emit the one or more electromagnetic fields is pre-programmed and in one embodiment, can be updated either through the manual input of a change to the control system or via the transmission of new control system data potentially wirelessly.

[0127] In any case, the frequency of the electromagnetic fields and/or the selection of continuous or pulsed electromagnetic field emissions, is selected, and may vary, depending on the particular type of bioreaction mixture which is to be processed and exposed to the emitted one or more electromagnetic fields.

[0128] In a further embodiment of the invention, as described with regard to FIGS. 7a-b, instead of the modules being located proximal to a wall of the vessel 86, shown in broken lines, a plurality or group of modules 2, 2′, 2″, 2′″ are positioned within the inner space of the vessel and in or partially in the bioreaction mixture which is to be exposed to the one or more electromagnetic fields. This arrangement is particularly useful where the bioreaction mixture 88 is in a relatively low turbulent condition i.e., no or little movement, such as by agitation of the bioreaction mixture is required such as, for example, if fermentation of the bioreaction mixture is the process. In this embodiment, the modules 2 are provided with components as previously described and, the housing 4 is provided with a liquid tight seal so as to prevent the bioreaction mixture 88 which is being processed, from entering the interior cavity of the module. The modules 2, 2′,2″,2′″ are adapted so that when placed into the bioreaction mixture 88 they will move to different depths within the bioreaction mixture, as illustrated in FIG. 7b due to the modules having different intermediate buoyancy properties or values. The different properties or values are typically achieved by placing different quantities of a weight material, or the same quantities of different types of material with different weights in, or on, the modules. The different intermediate buoyancy levels are therefore used to ensure that when a group of the modules are placed into the bioreaction mixture, the same lie at different depths within the bioreaction mixture so that the electromagnetic fields which are emitted therefrom, are emitted at different locations within the bioreaction mixture so as to ensure that a substantially uniform exposure of the bioreaction mixture to the electromagnetic fields is achieved.

[0129] This in turn, means that the user of the group, can simply place all the modules, or a selected number of the modules depending on the depth of the bioreaction mixture which is being processed, into the bioreaction mixture and be sure that by placing the appropriate modules into the bioreaction mixture, then the substantially uniform exposure to the electromagnetic fields extends throughout the bioreaction mixture from the top surface to the bottom.

[0130] In one embodiment, the said modules include indication means 90, typically on the external surface of the housing, so as to identify, the modules and the grading of the buoyancy of the modules in the group as shown in FIG. 7a.

[0131] When the modules are placed on the external surface of the container, then, while it may be preferred that the modules are placed along the one or more sidewalls of the container so as to ensure substantially uniform exposure of the bioreaction mixture within the inner space to the one or more electromagnetic fields which are emitted, in addition or alternatively, the modules may be positioned at the base and/or top wall or lid of the inner space and/or on channels or passages leading to or from the same.

[0132] In different embodiments the module can be operated continuously during the predetermined period of time or alternatively, the module is controlled to operate for a certain percentage of the said predetermined period of time, such as, for example 1 hour on and 3 hours off if the overall period of time of operation of the module is 4 hours so that the module is emitting the electromagnetic field or fields for 25% of the time.

[0133] Typically, the operation of the module to emit the electromagnetic fields, is pre-programmed and in one embodiment, can be updated either through the manual input of a change to the control system or via the transmission of new control system data, potentially wirelessly.

[0134] In any case, the frequency of the electromagnetic fields and/or the selection of continuous or pulsed electromagnetic field emissions, is selected, and may vary, depending on the particular type of bioreaction mixture which is to be processed and exposed to the emitted electromagnetic fields.

[0135] One of the key advantages of the current invention is that the modules are provided to be selectively located in positions which best suit the shape of the vessel and/or the bioreaction mixture which is to be processed at that time.