OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF FLOW PARAMETERS

Abstract

A method of fluid flow measurement includes a emitting a light beam into a pipe through which a fluid flows, the light beam illuminating the fluid flowing in the pipe, using a light detector array to detect light caused by scattering of the beam with particles found in the fluid, the light beam being outside a field of view of the light detector array, dividing the field of view of the light detector array into layers, and determining an instantaneous flow velocity in each of the layers as a function of signals transmitted from the light detector array in each of the layers.

Claims

1. A fluid flow measurement method comprising: emitting a light beam into a pipe through which a fluid flows, said light beam illuminating the fluid flowing in said pipe; using a light detector array to detect light caused by scattering of said beam with particles found in said fluid, said light beam being outside a field of view of said light detector array; dividing the field of view of said light detector array into layers; and determining an instantaneous flow velocity in each of said layers as a function of signals transmitted from said light detector array in each of said layers.

2. The method according to claim 1, comprising using said instantaneous velocities of said layers to create a map a distribution of local velocities of the fluid flowing in the pipe.

3. The method according to claim 2, comprising measuring changes in said map over time to derive changes in viscosity of the fluid over time.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a time interval for each of the instantaneous velocity measurements is determined by a frame rate of said light detector array and a number of adjacent frames required for the instantaneous velocity measurement.

5. The method according to claim 4, averaging said instantaneous velocity measurements for each of said layers over a time interval to determine a variability of flow regime and temporal behavior of pressure at an inlet of the pipe.

6. The method according to claim 1, comprising taking into consideration a density of said fluid and said instantaneous flow velocity in each of said layers to calculate a mass flow rate in each of said layers.

7. The method according to claim 6, comprising summing said mass flow rates to determine total mass flow rate.

8. The method according to claim 6, comprising using said mass flow rates to determine average mass flow rate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

[0011] FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of an optical fluid flow velocity measurement system, in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which illustrates an optical fluid flow velocity measurement system 10, in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention.

[0013] The system and method measure the instantaneous and average velocity profile together with the mass flowrate and volume flowrate of fluids flowing through a pipe section during a short time interval. This provides high measurement accuracy regardless of the spatial or temporal heterogeneity of the flow rate.

[0014] In FIG. 1, a light source 11 emits a monochromatic light sheet 12, which is projected (via a first window, which could be part of the pipe) across a pipe section 14, preferably at the center of the pipe though which the liquid flows. A light detector array, such as a digital camera 16 (shown partially in broken lines), disposed perpendicularly to the light propagation direction (at a second window, which could be part of the pipe) records the illuminated flow by recording the scattered signal from particulates in the flowing liquid. The vertical dimension of the projection of the camera's focal plane field of view covers a significant part of the inner pipe diameter.

[0015] The field of view of the camera is virtually divided along the vertical axis into horizontal layers whose width is selected so that the volume of liquid in the resulting cylindrical layers may be equal (this is not essential to the invention and they can be unequal). The division scheme is shown in FIG. 1 with an example of three layers with width r1, r2 and r3. The instantaneous flow velocity in each layer is determined by analysis of adjacent frames either by the time-of-flight method, correlation method or machine-learning algorithms. The measured values of the instantaneous fluid transfer velocity vectors in each layer may be different, depending on the nature of the flow. Generally near the walls it has a lower value, (indicated in the figure by v.sub.3), whereas at the pipe axis it has the largest value (indicated in the figure v.sub.1), with intermediate values at layers in between (indicated by v.sub.2 in the figure). The volumes of the layers in the field of view are indicated by V3, V1 and V2, respectively.

[0016] The invention is not limited to horizontal layers and the layers may be defined in other ways and in other coordinate systems, such as polar or spherical.

[0017] The values of the instantaneous velocities in each layer can be used to map the local velocities distribution of the flow. Additionally, by measuring the changes in the velocities distribution map one can derive the changes in the fluid viscosity over time.

[0018] The time interval for the instantaneous velocity measurement is determined by the frame rate of the camera and number of adjacent frames required for the measurement and is in the order of a few tens of milliseconds or less. The measured instantaneous values for each layer are then averaged over a time interval T which reflects the variability of the flow regime and the temporal behavior of the pressure at the inlet of the pipe, which generally vary from hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. The obtained average velocity values for each layer (ν.sub.i .sub.av) are subsequently used to determine the total mass M flow during the selected time interval T. This is done by determining the mass m.sub.i that was transferred during time T through the layer i by the formula

m.sub.i=ρ.sup.⋆S.sub.i.sup.⋆ν.sub.i.sub.av*T

[0019] where ρ denotes the fluid density and S.sub.i denotes the area of the i-th layer.

[0020] By summing the mass of all layers, one obtains the total mass transferred during time interval T. It should be noted that the instantaneous and average velocity values represent the instantaneous and average velocity profiles, respectively, and represent the regime of the flow. This method is therefore not limited to a specific flow regime and can be applied to flows in the laminar, turbulent or intermediate regimes.

[0021] It should be also noted that the accuracy of the average velocity in each layer is approximately equal to the accuracy of the instantaneous velocity measured in the same layer, which can reach very high values. The larger the number of the virtual layers, the more accurate value of the transferred mass is obtained and the accuracy of the average flow velocity V corresponding to the total mass (V=M/ρST, where S is the pipe cross section) will approach the measurement tolerance of the instantaneous flow velocity in a single layer.

[0022] This method can be also extended to a multiphase flow since the optical characteristics of each phase are generally significantly different. Changes in indices of refraction between the flows and in scattering intensities can be conveniently tagged by appropriate image-analysis algorithms and this method can be applied separately to each phase.