LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING THE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE, AND THE ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND

Abstract

A light-emitting device including an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, and the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 are provided:

##STR00001##

Claims

1. A light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer; and an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00305## wherein, in Formula 1, M.sub.1 is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), or thulium (Tm), ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, and ring CY.sub.4 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.4 are each independently C or N, Y is *C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *B(R.sub.6)*, *N(R.sub.6)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.6)*, *Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, *Se*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 are each independently a single bond, *C(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, *C(R.sub.1a)*, *C(R.sub.1a)*, *C(R.sub.1a)C(R.sub.1b)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *CC*, *B(R.sub.1a)*, *N(R.sub.1a)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.1a)*, *Si(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, *P(O)(R.sub.1a)*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, a1 to a3 are each an integer from 1 to 3, * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, and R.sub.1b are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Ge(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.1(s) are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.2(s) are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.4(s) are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, b1, b2, and b4 are each independently an integer from 1 to 10, b3 is 1, b5 is an integer from 1 to 3, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), Ge(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), Ge(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), Ge(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.

2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein, the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, the interlayer further comprises a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region comprises a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

3. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer comprises the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

4. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer comprises a host and a dopant, and the dopant comprises the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

5. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the interlayer comprises: i) a first compound which is the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; and ii) a second compound comprising at least one IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a third compound comprising a group represented by Formula 3, a fourth compound which is to emit delayed fluorescence, or any combination thereof, the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound being different from each other: ##STR00306## ring CY.sub.71 and ring CY72 in Formula 3 being each independently a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, X.sub.71 in Formula 3 being a single bond or a linking group comprising O, S, N, B, C, Si, or any combination thereof, * in Formula 3 indicating a binding site to a neighboring atom in the third compound, and Compounds CBP and mCBP being excluded from the third compound: ##STR00307##

6. The light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein the interlayer comprises the first compound and the fourth compound, and the fourth compound is a compound comprising at least one cyclic group comprising a boron (B) atom and a nitrogen (N) atom each as a ring-forming atom.

7. An electronic apparatus comprising the light-emitting device of claim 1.

8. The electronic apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor comprises a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

9. An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00308## wherein, in Formula 1, M.sub.1 is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), or thulium (Tm), ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, and ring CY.sub.4 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.4 are each independently C or N, Y is *C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *B(R.sub.6)*, *N(R.sub.6)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.6)*, *Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, *Se*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 are each independently a single bond, *C(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, *C(R.sub.1a)*, *C(Ra)*, *C(R.sub.1a)C(R.sub.1b)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *CC*, *B(R.sub.1a)*, *N(R.sub.1a)*, *O* *P(R.sub.1a)*, *Si(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, *P(O)(R.sub.1a)*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, a1 to a3 are each an integer from 1 to 3, * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, and R.sub.1b are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Ge(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.1(s) are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.2(s) are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.4(s) are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, b1, b2, and b4 are each independently an integer from 1 to 10, b3 is 1, b5 is an integer from 1 to 3, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), Ge(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), Ge(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), Ge(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.

10. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, and ring CY.sub.4 are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.

11. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein ring CY.sub.1 is an imidazole group, a benzimidazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an imidazopyridazine group, and ring CY.sub.2 is a benzene group, a naphthalene group, or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group.

12. The organometallic compound claim 9, wherein X.sub.1 is C, X.sub.2 is C, and X.sub.4 is N.

13. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein a moiety represented by ##STR00309## in Formula 1 is a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(1)-1 to CY(1)-12: ##STR00310## ##STR00311## in Formulae CY(1)-1 to CY(1)-12, R.sub.10 to R.sub.13 being each independently the same as described with respect to R.sub.1 in Formula 1, c10 being an integer from 1 to 4, c11 being an integer from 1 to 3, c12 being an integer of 1 or 2, and * and * each indicating a binding site to a neighboring atom.

14. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein a moiety represented by ##STR00312## in Formula 1 is a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(2)-1 to CY(2)-8: ##STR00313## in Formulae CY(2)-1 to CY(2)-8, R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 being each independently the same as described with respect to R.sub.2 in Formula 1, but each not hydrogen, and *, * and * each indicating a binding site to a neighboring atom.

15. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein a moiety represented by ##STR00314## in Formula 1 is a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(3)-1 to CY(3)-11: ##STR00315## ##STR00316## in Formulae CY(3)-1 to CY(3)-11, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, and b5 being each the same as described in Formula 1, Z.sub.1 being the same as described with respect to R.sub.6 in Formula 1, Z.sub.2 being the same as described with respect to R.sub.7 in Formula 1, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 being optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, Y.sub.11 being C, Si, or Ge, L.sub.11 being *C(R.sub.6a)(R.sub.7a)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *B(R.sub.6a)*, *N(R.sub.6a)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.6a)*, *Si(R.sub.6a)(R.sub.7a)*, *Se*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.6a)(R.sub.7a)*, R.sub.31, R.sub.32, R.sub.6a, and R.sub.7a being each independently: hydrogen or the same as described with respect to R.sub.10a in Formula 1, R.sub.6a and R.sub.7a being optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, R.sub.10b being each independently the same as described with respect to R.sub.10a in Formula 1, c31 and c32 being each independently an integer from 1 to 4, and *, *, and * each indicating a binding site to a neighboring atom.

16. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein a moiety represented by ##STR00317## in Formula 1 is a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(4)-1 to CY(4)-16: ##STR00318## ##STR00319## in Formulae CY(4)-1 to CY(4)-16, R.sub.41 to R.sub.44 being each independently the same as described with respect to R.sub.4 in Formula 1, but each not hydrogen, and * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

17. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein L.sub.1 and L.sub.3 are each a single bond, and L.sub.2 is *O*, *S*, or *N(R.sub.1a)*.

18. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, and R.sub.1b are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, or a pyrimidinyl group; a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, or an azadibenzosilolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32); or Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: CH.sub.3, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CD.sub.3, CH.sub.2CD.sub.2H, CH.sub.2CDH.sub.2, CHDCH.sub.3, CHDCD.sub.2H, CHDCDH.sub.2, CHDCD.sub.3, CD.sub.2CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2CD.sub.2H, or CD.sub.2CDH.sub.2; or an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

19. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein the organometallic compound is represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2: ##STR00320## in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2, M.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, ring CY.sub.4, X.sub.2, X.sub.4, Y, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3, a1 to a3, R.sub.2 to R.sub.5, and b2 to b5 being each the same as described in Formula 1, and R.sub.11 to R.sub.17 being each independently the same as described with respect to R.sub.1 in Formula 1.

20. The organometallic compound of claim 9, wherein the organometallic compound is any one selected from among Compounds 1 to 200: ##STR00321## ##STR00322## ##STR00323## ##STR00324## ##STR00325## ##STR00326## ##STR00327## ##STR00328## ##STR00329## ##STR00330## ##STR00331## ##STR00332## ##STR00333## ##STR00334## ##STR00335## ##STR00336## ##STR00337## ##STR00338## ##STR00339## ##STR00340## ##STR00341## ##STR00342## ##STR00343## ##STR00344## ##STR00345## ##STR00346## ##STR00347## ##STR00348## ##STR00349## ##STR00350## ##STR00351## ##STR00352## ##STR00353## ##STR00354## ##STR00355## ##STR00356## ##STR00357## ##STR00358## ##STR00359## ##STR00360## ##STR00361## ##STR00362## ##STR00363## ##STR00364## ##STR00365## ##STR00366## ##STR00367## ##STR00368## ##STR00369## ##STR00370## ##STR00371## ##STR00372## ##STR00373## ##STR00374## ##STR00375## ##STR00376## ##STR00377## ##STR00378## ##STR00379## ##STR00380## ##STR00381## ##STR00382## ##STR00383## ##STR00384## ##STR00385## ##STR00386## ##STR00387##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0036] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the present disclosure. The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0037] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0040] FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of electronic equipment including an organic light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0041] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an exterior of a vehicle as electronic equipment including an organic light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0042] FIGS. 6A-6C are each a schematic view of an interior of a vehicle according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] Reference will now be made in more detail to one or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the present disclosure, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided for conciseness. In this regard, the presented embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, one or more embodiments are merely described in more detail, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term and/or or or may include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expressions such as at least one of, one of, and selected from, when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. For example, at least one of a, b, or c, at least one selected from a, b, and c, at least one selected from among a to c, etc., may indicate only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. The / utilized herein may be interpreted as and or as or depending on the situation.

[0044] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device may include: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer; and an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

##STR00003##

[0045] wherein, in Formula 1, M.sub.1 may be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), or thulium (Tm).

[0046] According to one or more embodiments, M may be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or gold (Au).

[0047] In Formula 1, ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, and ring CY.sub.4 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group.

[0048] According to one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, and ring CY.sub.4 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluoren-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.

[0049] According to one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.1 may be an imidazole group, a benzimidazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an imidazopyridazine group.

[0050] According to one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.2 may be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group.

[0051] According to one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.4 may be a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, or an isoquinoline group.

[0052] In Formula 1, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.4 may each independently be C or N.

[0053] According to one or more embodiments, X.sub.1 may be C, X.sub.2 may be C, and X.sub.4 may be N.

[0054] In Formula 1, Y may be *C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *B(R.sub.6)*, *N(R.sub.6)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.6)*, *Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, *Se*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)*, wherein * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0055] According to one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

##STR00004##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(1)-1 to CY(1)-12:

##STR00005## ##STR00006## [0056] wherein, in Formulae CY(1)-1 to CY(1)-12, [0057] R.sub.10 to R.sub.13 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.1, [0058] c10 may be an integer from 1 to 4, [0059] c11 may be an integer from 1 to 3, [0060] c12 may be an integer of 1 or 2, and [0061] * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0062] According to one or more embodiments, two or more neighboring ones selected from among R.sub.10(s) in the number of c10, c11 or c12 and R.sub.11 to R.sub.13 in Formulae CY(1)-1 to CY(1)-12 may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0063] According to one or more embodiments, in Formulae CY(1)-1 to CY(1)-12, R.sub.13 may be a phenyl group, biphenyl group, or terphenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0064] According to one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

##STR00007##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(2)-1 to CY(2)-8:

##STR00008## [0065] wherein, in Formulae CY(2)-1 to CY(2)-8, [0066] R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.2, but may each not be hydrogen, [0067] * , *, and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0068] According to one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

##STR00009##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(3)-1 to CY(3)-11:

##STR00010## ##STR00011## [0069] wherein, in Formulae CY(3)-1 to CY(3)-11, [0070] R.sub.3, R.sub.5, and b5 may each be the same as described herein, [0071] Z.sub.1 may be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.6, [0072] Z.sub.2 may be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.7, [0073] Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0074] Y.sub.11 may be C, Si, or Ge, [0075] L.sub.11 may be *C(R.sub.6a)(R.sub.7a)*, *C(O)*, *C(S), *B(R.sub.6a)*, *N(R.sub.6a)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.6a)*, *Si(R.sub.6a)(R.sub.7a)*, *Se*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.6a)(R.sub.7a)*, [0076] R.sub.31, R.sub.32, R.sub.6a, and R.sub.7a may each independently be: hydrogen; or the same as described with respect to R.sub.10a described herein, [0077] R.sub.6a and R.sub.7a may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, [0078] c.sub.31 and c.sub.32 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4, and, [0079] *, *, and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0080] According to one or more embodiments, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group or a phenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0081] According to one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

##STR00012##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY(4)-1 to CY(4)-16:

##STR00013## ##STR00014## [0082] wherein, in Formulae CY(4)-1 to CY(4)-16, [0083] R.sub.41 to R.sub.44 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.4, but they may each not be hydrogen, and [0084] * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0085] In Formula 1, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 may each independently be a single bond, *C(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, *C(R.sub.1a)=*, *=C(R.sub.1a)*, *C(R.sub.1a)=C(R.sub.1b)*, *C(O)*, *C(S)*, *CC*, *B(R.sub.1a)*, *N(R.sub.1a)*, *O*, *P(R.sub.1a)*, *Si(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, *P(O)(R.sub.1a)*, *S*, *S(O)*, *S(O).sub.2*, or *Ge(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b)*, wherein * and * each indicate a bonding site to a neighboring atom.

[0086] In Formula 1, a1 to a3 may each be an integer from 1 to 3.

[0087] In Formula 1, if (e.g., when) a1 is 2 or greater, two or more of L.sub.1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a2 is 2 or greater, two or more of L.sub.2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and if (e.g., when) a3 is 2 or greater, two or more of L.sub.3(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0088] According to one or more embodiments, L.sub.1 and L.sub.3 may each be a single bond, and L.sub.2 may be *O*, *S*, or *N(R.sub.1a)*.

[0089] In formula 1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, and R.sub.1b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Ge(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2). R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may each be the same as described herein.

[0090] According to one or more embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, and R.sub.1b may each independently be: hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, or C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group; [0091] a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, or a pyrimidinyl group; [0092] a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, or an azadibenzosilolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32); or [0093] Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and [0094] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: [0095] CH.sub.3, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CD.sub.3, CH.sub.2CD.sub.2H, CH.sub.2CDH.sub.2, CHDCH.sub.3, CHDCD.sub.2H, CHDCDH.sub.2, CHDCD.sub.3, CD.sub.2CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2CD.sub.2H, or CD.sub.2CDH.sub.2; or [0096] an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

[0097] In Formula 1, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.1(s) may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0098] In Formula 1, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.2(s) may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0099] In Formula 1, two or more selected from among a plurality of R.sub.4(s) may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0100] In Formula 1, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0101] In Formula 1, b1, b2, and b4 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10.

[0102] In Formula 1, b3 may be 1.

[0103] In Formula 1, b5 may be an integer from 1 to 3.

[0104] According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2:

##STR00015## [0105] wherein, in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2, [0106] M.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, ring CY.sub.4, X.sub.2, X.sub.4, Y, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3, a1 to a3, R.sub.2 to R.sub.5, and b2 to b5 may each be the same as described herein, [0107] R.sub.11 to R.sub.17 may each independent be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.1.

[0108] In Formula 1-1, two or more neighboring ones selected from among R.sub.11 to R.sub.13 may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0109] In Formula 1-2, two or more neighboring ones selected from among R.sub.13 to R.sub.17 may be optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0110] According to one or more embodiments, R.sub.13 may be a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group unsubstituted or substituted with R.sub.10a.

[0111] According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by any one selected from among Compounds 1 to 200:

##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039##

##STR00040## ##STR00041## ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## ##STR00051## ##STR00052## ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057## ##STR00058## ##STR00059## ##STR00060## ##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063## ##STR00064##

##STR00065## ##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## ##STR00069## ##STR00070## ##STR00071## ##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074## ##STR00075## ##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082## ##STR00083## ##STR00084## ##STR00085##

[0112] The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may include a group represented by Formula 1A in the structure represented by Formula 1:

##STR00086##

[0113] The group represented by Formula 1A may enhance the chemical stability of a ligand by introducing substituents at position 4 and position 5, which are the active sites of carbazole, and the substituents at position 4 and position 5 may bond to each other to form a ring, thereby inducing structural distortion of the ligand to prevent or reduce the interaction thereof with metal, so that the stability of the organometallic compound may be improved.

[0114] Therefore, an electronic device (for example, a light-emitting device) with high luminance, high efficiency, and long lifespan may be implemented by using the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

[0115] Synthesis methods of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Synthesis Examples and/or Examples provided in the disclosure.

[0116] According to one or more embodiments, [0117] the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be an anode, [0118] the second electrode of the light-emitting device may be a cathode, [0119] the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, [0120] the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and [0121] the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron control layer, or any combination thereof. [0122] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

[0123] According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

[0124] According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer may be to emit blue light, green light, or red light.

[0125] According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in the dopant. For example, in one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may act as a dopant.

[0126] According to one or more embodiments, the electron transport region of the light-emitting device may include a hole blocking layer, and the hole blocking layer may include a phosphine oxide-containing compound, a silicon-containing compound, or any combination thereof. For example, the hole blocking layer may directly contact the emission layer.

[0127] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include: i) a first compound which is the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; and ii) a second compound including at least one IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3, a fourth compound that may be to emit delayed fluorescence, or any combination thereof, wherein the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound may be different from one another:

##STR00087## [0128] wherein ring CY.sub.71 and ring CY.sub.72 in Formula 3 may each independently be a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, [0129] X.sub.71 in Formula 3 may be a single bond or a linking group including O, S, N, B, C, Si, or any combination thereof, [0130] * in Formula 3 indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom in the third compound, and [0131] Compounds CBP and mCBP may be excluded from the third compound:

##STR00088##

Descriptions of Second Compound to Fourth Compound

[0132] The second compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.

[0133] For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of the second compound or the third compound, in addition to the first compound.

[0134] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include the fourth compound, in addition to the first compound.

[0135] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include all of the first compound to the fourth compound.

[0136] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include the second compound. The interlayer may further include, in addition to the first compound and the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof.

[0137] In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be a compound in which a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound and a singlet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound (e.g., an absolute value of the difference) is at least 0 eV but not more than about 0.5 eV (or at least 0 eV but not more than about 0.3 eV).

[0138] For example, in one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be a compound including at least one cyclic group including a boron (B) atom and a nitrogen (N) atom each as a ring-forming atom.

[0139] In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group-containing compound including two or more cyclic groups that are condensed while sharing a boron (B) atom (e.g., one being a third ring and the other being a fourth ring).

[0140] According to one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include a condensed ring in which at least one third ring may be condensed with at least one fourth ring, for example, to form the condensed ring including four or more rings, [0141] wherein the third ring may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclohexene group, a cycloheptene group, a cyclooctene group, an adamantane group, a norbornene group, a norbornane group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, and [0142] the fourth ring may be a 1,2-azaborinine group, a 1,3-azaborinine group, a 1,4-azaborinine group, a 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborinine group, a 1,4-oxaborinine group, a 1,4-thiaborinine group, or a 1,4-dihydroborinine group.

[0143] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include the fourth compound. The interlayer may further include, in addition to the first compound and the fourth compound, the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof.

[0144] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include the third compound. For example, the third compound may not include (e.g., may exclude) a compound represented by CBP described herein and/or a compound represented by mCBP described herein.

[0145] According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer of the interlayer may include: i) the first compound; and ii) the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof.

[0146] The emission layer may be to emit phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound. For example, in one or more embodiments, the phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound may be blue light.

[0147] For example, in one or more embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include the first compound and the second compound, wherein the first compound and the second compound may form an exciplex.

[0148] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound, wherein the second compound and the third compound may form an exciplex.

[0149] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer in the light-emitting device may include the first compound and the fourth compound, and the fourth compound may serve to improve color purity, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan characteristics of the light-emitting device.

[0150] When at least one compound (for example, the fourth compound) including a boron (B) atom and a nitrogen (N) atom each as a ring-forming atom and the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2 are included together in a dopant, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2 may serve as a sensitizer. When the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2 serves as a sensitizer, energy of excitons generated in the emission layer may be transferred to the organometallic compound, the energy may then be transferred from the organometallic compound to remaining another dopant (for example, the fourth compound), and the remaining another dopant may serve as an emitter.

[0151] According to one or more embodiments, the second compound may include a compound represented by Formula 2:

##STR00089## [0152] wherein, in Formula 2, [0153] L.sub.61 to Los may each independently be a single bond, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0154] b61 to b63 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, [0155] X.sub.64 may be N or C(R.sub.64), X.sub.65 may be N or C(R.sub.65), X.sub.66 may be N or C(R.sub.66), and at least one selected from among X.sub.64 to X.sub.66 may be N, [0156] R.sub.61 to R.sub.66 may each be the same as described herein, and [0157] R.sub.10a may be the same as described herein.

[0158] According to one or more embodiments, the third compound may include a compound represented by Formula 3-1, a compound represented by Formula 3-2, a compound represented by Formula 3-3, a compound represented by Formula 3-4, a compound represented by Formula 3-5, or any combination thereof:

##STR00090## ##STR00091## [0159] wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, [0160] ring CY.sub.71 to ring CY.sub.74 may each independently be a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, [0161] X.sub.82 may be a single bond, B, O, S, N [(L.sub.82).sub.b82-R.sub.82], C(R.sub.82a)(R.sub.82b), or Si(R.sub.82a)(R.sub.82b), [0162] X.sub.83 may be a single bond, B, O, S, N [(L.sub.83).sub.b83-R.sub.83], C(R.sub.83a)(R.sub.83b), or Si(R.sub.83a)(R.sub.83b), [0163] X.sub.84 may be B, O, S, N [(L.sub.84).sub.b84-R.sub.84], C(R.sub.84a)(R.sub.84b), or Si(R.sub.84a)(R.sub.84b), [0164] X.sub.85 may be C or Si, [0165] L.sub.81 to L.sub.85 may each independently be a single bond, *C(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*, *Si(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*, a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a pyridine group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, wherein Q.sub.4 and Q.sub.5 may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1, [0166] b81 to b85 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, [0167] R.sub.71 to R.sub.74, R.sub.81 to R.sub.85, R.sub.82a, R.sub.82b, R.sub.83a, R.sub.83b, R.sub.84a, and R.sub.84b may each be the same as described herein, [0168] a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, and [0169] R.sub.10a may be the same as described herein.

[0170] According to one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include a compound represented by Formula 502, a compound represented by Formula 503, or any combination thereof:

##STR00092## [0171] wherein, in Formulae 502 and 503, [0172] ring A.sub.501 to ring A.sub.504 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0173] Y.sub.505 may be O, S, N(R.sub.505), B(R.sub.505), C(R.sub.505a)(R.sub.505b), or Si(R.sub.505a)(R.sub.505b), [0174] Y.sub.506 may be O, S, N(R.sub.506), B(R.sub.506), C(R.sub.506a)(R.sub.506b), or Si(R.sub.506a)(R.sub.506b), [0175] Y.sub.507 may be O, S, N(R.sub.507), B(R.sub.507), C(R.sub.507a)(R.sub.507b), or Si(R.sub.507a)(R.sub.507b), [0176] Y.sub.508 may be O, S, N(R.sub.508), B(R.sub.508), C(R.sub.508a)(R.sub.508b), or Si(R.sub.508a)(R.sub.508b), [0177] Y.sub.51 and Y.sub.52 may each independently be B, P(O), or S(O), [0178] R.sub.500a, R.sub.500b, R.sub.501 to R.sub.508, R.sub.505a, R.sub.505b, R.sub.506a, R.sub.506b, R.sub.507a, R.sub.507b, R.sub.508a, and R.sub.508b may each be the same as described herein, [0179] a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, and [0180] R.sub.10a may be the same as described herein.

Descriptions of Formulae 2, 3, 502, and 503

[0181] In Formula 2, b61 to b63 indicate the number of L.sub.61(s) to the number of L.sub.63(s), respectively, and may each be an integer from 1 to 5. If (e.g., when) b61 is 2 or greater, two or more of L.sub.61(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) b62 is 2 or greater, two or more of L.sub.62(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and if (e.g., when) b63 is 2 or greater, two or more of L.sub.63(s) may be identical to or different from each other. For example, in one or more embodiments, b61 to b63 may each independently be 1 or 2.

[0182] In Formula 2, L.sub.61 to L.sub.63 may each independently be: [0183] a single bond; or [0184] a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a dibenzoxasiline group, a dibenzothiasiline group, a dibenzodihydroazasiline group, a dibenzodihydrodisiline group, a dibenzodihydrosiline group, a dibenzodioxane group, a dibenzoxathiene group, a dibenzoxazine group, a dibenzopyran group, a dibenzodithiin group, a dibenzothiazine group, a dibenzothiopyran group, a dibenzocyclohexadiene group, a dibenzodihydropyridine group, or a dibenzodihydropyrazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenylcarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dimethyldibenzosilolyl group, a diphenyldibenzosilolyl group, O(Q.sub.31), S(Q.sub.31), Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof, and [0185] Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

[0186] According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, a bond between L.sub.61 and R.sub.61, a bond between L.sub.62 and R.sub.62, a bond between L.sub.63 and R.sub.63, a bond between two L.sub.61(s), a bond between two L.sub.62(s), a bond between two L.sub.63(s), a bond between L.sub.61 and carbon between X.sub.64 and X.sub.65 in Formula 2, a bond between L.sub.62 and carbon between X.sub.64 and X.sub.66 in Formula 2, and a bond between L.sub.63 and carbon between X.sub.65 and X.sub.66 in Formula 2 may each be a carbon-carbon single bond.

[0187] In Formula 2, X.sub.64 may be N or C(R.sub.64), X.sub.65 may be N or C(R.sub.65), X.sub.66 may be N or C(R.sub.66), and at least one selected from among X.sub.64 to X.sub.66 may be N. R.sub.64 to R.sub.66 may each be the same as described herein. For example, in one or more embodiments, two or three selected from among X.sub.64 to X.sub.66 may each be N.

[0188] In the present disclosure, R.sub.61 to R.sub.66, R.sub.71 to R.sub.74, R.sub.81 to R.sub.85, R.sub.82a, R.sub.82b, R.sub.83a, R.sub.83b, R.sub.84a and R.sub.84b, R.sub.500a, R.sub.500b, R.sub.501 to R.sub.508, R.sub.505a, R.sub.505b, R.sub.506a, R.sub.506b, R.sub.507a, R.sub.507b, R.sub.508a, and R.sub.508b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2). Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may each be the same as described herein.

[0189] For example, in one or more embodiments, R.sub.61 to R.sub.66, R.sub.71 to R.sub.74, R.sub.81 to R.sub.85, R.sub.82a, R.sub.82b, R.sub.83a, R.sub.83b, R.sub.84a and R.sub.84b, R.sub.500a, R.sub.500b, R.sub.501 to R.sub.508, R.sub.505a, R.sub.505b, R.sub.506a, R.sub.506b, R.sub.507a, R.sub.507b, R.sub.508a, and R.sub.508b in Formulae 2, 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503 may each independently be: [0190] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group; [0191] a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof; [0192] a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, or a group represented by Formula 91, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, O(Q.sub.31), S(Q.sub.31), Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof; or [0193] C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and [0194] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: [0195] CH.sub.3, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CD.sub.3, CH.sub.2CD.sub.2H, CH.sub.2CDH.sub.2, CHDCH.sub.3, CHDCD.sub.2H, CHDCDH.sub.2, CHDCD.sub.3, CD.sub.2CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2CD.sub.2H, or CD.sub.2CDH.sub.2; or [0196] an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof:

##STR00093## [0197] wherein, in Formula 91, [0198] ring CY.sub.91 and ring CY.sub.92 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0199] X.sub.91 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.91), B(R.sub.91), C(R.sub.91a)(R.sub.91b), or Si(R.sub.91a)(R.sub.91b), [0200] R.sub.91, R.sub.91a, and R.sub.91b may be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.82, R.sub.82a, and R.sub.82b, respectively, [0201] R.sub.10a may be the same as described herein, and [0202] * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0203] For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 91, [0204] ring CY.sub.91 and ring CY.sub.92 may each independently be a benzene group, a [0205] pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0206] R.sub.91, R.sub.91a, and R.sub.91b may each independently be: [0207] hydrogen or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group; or [0208] a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0209] According to one or more embodiments, R.sub.61 to R.sub.66, R.sub.71 to R.sub.74, R.sub.81 to R.sub.85, R.sub.82a, R.sub.82b, R.sub.83a, R.sub.83b, R.sub.84a and R.sub.84b, R.sub.500a, R.sub.500b, R.sub.501 to R.sub.508, R.sub.505a, R.sub.505b, R.sub.506a, R.sub.506b, R.sub.507a, R.sub.507b, R.sub.508a, and R.sub.508b in Formulae 2, 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503 may each independently be [0210] hydrogen, deuterium, F, a cyano group, a nitro group, CH.sub.3, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a group represented by one selected from among Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one selected from among Formulae 10-1 to 10-246, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(wherein Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may each be the same as described herein):

##STR00094## ##STR00095## ##STR00096## ##STR00097## ##STR00098## ##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104## ##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107## ##STR00108## ##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111## ##STR00112## ##STR00113## ##STR00114## ##STR00115## ##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120## ##STR00121## ##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124## ##STR00125## ##STR00126## ##STR00127##

##STR00128## ##STR00129## ##STR00130## [0211] wherein, in Formulae 9-1 to 9-19 and 10-1 to 10-246, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ph represents a phenyl group, D represents deuterium, and TMS represents a trimethylsilyl group.

[0212] In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503, a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 each indicate the number of R.sub.71(s) to R.sub.74(s) and the number of R.sub.501(s) to R.sub.504(s), respectively, and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20. If (e.g., when) a71 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.71(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a72 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.72(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a73 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.73(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a74 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.74(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a501 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.501(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a502 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.502(s) may be identical to or different from each other, if (e.g., when) a503 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.503(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and if (e.g., when) a504 is 2 or greater, two or more of R.sub.504(s) may be identical to or different from each other. a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.

[0213] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L.sub.61).sub.b61-R.sub.61 and a group represented by *-(L.sub.62).sub.b62-R.sub.62 may not be a phenyl group.

[0214] According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L.sub.61).sub.b61-R61 and a group represented by *-(L.sub.62).sub.b62-R62 may be identical to each other.

[0215] According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, the group represented by *-(L.sub.61).sub.b61-R61 and the group represented by *-(L.sub.62).sub.b62-R62 may be different from each other.

[0216] According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, b61 and b62 may each be 1, 2, or 3, L.sub.61 and L.sub.62 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0217] For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, R.sub.61 and R.sub.62 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), or Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), and [0218] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0219] According to one or more embodiments, [0220] the group represented by *-(L.sub.61).sub.b61-R61 in Formula 2 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26, and/or [0221] the group represented by *-(L.sub.62).sub.b62-R62 in Formula 2 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY52-1 to CY52-26, and/or [0222] the group represented by *-(L.sub.63).sub.b63-R63 in Formula 2 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY53-1 to CY53-27, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), or Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3):

##STR00131## ##STR00132## ##STR00133## ##STR00134## ##STR00135## ##STR00136## ##STR00137## ##STR00138## ##STR00139## ##STR00140## ##STR00141## ##STR00142## ##STR00143## [0223] wherein, in Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26, CY52-1 to CY52-26, and CY53-1 to CY53-27, [0224] Y.sub.63 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.63), B(R.sub.63), C(R.sub.63a)(R.sub.63b), or Si(R.sub.63a)(R.sub.63b), [0225] Y.sub.64 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.64), B(R.sub.64), C(R.sub.64a)(R.sub.64b), or Si(R.sub.64a)(R.sub.64b), [0226] Y.sub.67 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.67), B(R.sub.67), C(R.sub.67a)(R.sub.67b), or Si(R.sub.67a)(R.sub.67b), [0227] Y.sub.68 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.68), B(R.sub.68), C(R.sub.68a)(R.sub.68b), or Si(R.sub.68a)(R.sub.68b), [0228] Y.sub.63 and Y.sub.64 in Formulae CY51-16 and CY51-17 may each not be a single bond at the same time, [0229] Y.sub.67 and Y.sub.68 in Formulae CY52-16 and CY52-17 may each not be a single bond at the same time, [0230] R.sub.51a to R.sub.51e, R.sub.61 to R.sub.64, R.sub.63a, R.sub.63b, R.sub.64a, and R.sub.64b may each be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.61 in Formula 2, wherein R.sub.51a to R.sub.51e may each not be hydrogen, [0231] R.sub.52a to R.sub.52e, R.sub.65 to R.sub.68, R.sub.67a, R.sub.67b, R.sub.68a, and R.sub.68b may each be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.62 in Formula 2, wherein R.sub.52a to R.sub.52e may each not be hydrogen, [0232] R.sub.53a to R.sub.53e, R.sub.69a, and R.sub.69b may each be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.63 in Formula 2, wherein R.sub.53a to R.sub.53e may each not be hydrogen, and [0233] * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0234] For example, in one or more embodiments, [0235] in Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26 and CY52-1 to 52-26, R.sub.51a to R.sub.51e and R.sub.52a to R.sub.52e may each independently be: [0236] a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, or a group represented by Formula 91, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof; or [0237] C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3) or Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), and [0238] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may each independently be a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof, [0239] in Formulae CY51-16 and CY51-17, i) Y.sub.63 may be O or S, and Y.sub.64 may be Si(R.sub.64a)(R.sub.64b), or ii) Y.sub.63 may be Si(R.sub.63a)(R.sub.63b), and Y.sub.64 may be O or S, and [0240] in Formulae CY52-16 and CY52-17, i) Y.sub.67 may be O or S, and Y.sub.68 may be Si(R.sub.68a)(R.sub.68b), or ii) Y.sub.67 may be Si(R.sub.67a)(R.sub.67b), and Y.sub.68 may be O or S.

[0241] In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, L.sub.81 to L.sub.85 may each independently be: [0242] a single bond; [0243] *C(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-* or *Si(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*; or [0244] a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, or a benzothiadiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenylcarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dimethyldibenzosilolyl group, a diphenyldibenzosilolyl group, O(Q.sub.31), S(Q.sub.31), Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof, and [0245] Q.sub.4, Q.sub.5, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

[0246] In one or more embodiments, a group represented by

##STR00144##

in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), and/or [0247] a group represented by

##STR00145##

in Formulae 3-1 and 3-3 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), and/or [0248] a group represented by

##STR00146##

in Formulae 3-2 and 3-4 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and/or [0249] a group represented by

##STR00147##

in Formulae 3-3 to 3-5 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or [0250] a group represented by

##STR00148##

in Formula 3-5 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8):

##STR00149## ##STR00150## ##STR00151## ##STR00152## ##STR00153## ##STR00154## ##STR00155## ##STR00156## ##STR00157## ##STR00158## ##STR00159## ##STR00160## ##STR00161## ##STR00162## ##STR00163## ##STR00164## ##STR00165## ##STR00166## ##STR00167## ##STR00168## [0251] wherein, in Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8), [0252] X.sub.82 to X.sub.85, L.sub.81, b81, R.sub.81, and R.sub.85 may each be the same as described herein, [0253] X.sub.86 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.86), B(R.sub.86), C(R.sub.86a)(R.sub.86b), or Si(R.sub.86a)(R.sub.86b), [0254] X.sub.87 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.87), B(R.sub.87), C(R.sub.87a)(R.sub.87b), or Si(R.sub.87a)(R.sub.87b), [0255] each of X.sub.86 and X.sub.87 in Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8) and CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32) may not be a single bond at the same time, [0256] X.sub.88 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.88), B(R.sub.88), C(R.sub.88a)(R.sub.88b), or Si(R.sub.88a)(R.sub.88b), [0257] X.sub.89 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.89), B(R.sub.89), C(R.sub.89a)(R.sub.89b), or Si(R.sub.89a)(R.sub.89b), [0258] X.sub.88 and X.sub.89 in Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8) may each not be a single bond at the same time, and [0259] R.sub.86 to R.sub.89, R.sub.86a, R.sub.86b, R.sub.87a, R.sub.87b, R.sub.88a, R.sub.88b, R.sub.89a, and R.sub.89b may each be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.81.

Detailed Examples of Second Compound to Fourth Compound

[0260] According to one or more embodiments, the second compound may include at least one selected from among Compounds ETH1 to ETH84:

##STR00169## ##STR00170## ##STR00171## ##STR00172## ##STR00173## ##STR00174## ##STR00175## ##STR00176## ##STR00177## ##STR00178## ##STR00179## ##STR00180## ##STR00181## ##STR00182## ##STR00183## ##STR00184## ##STR00185## ##STR00186## ##STR00187## ##STR00188## ##STR00189## ##STR00190##

[0261] According to one or more embodiments, the third compound may include at least one selected from among Compounds HTH1 to HTH52:

##STR00191## ##STR00192## ##STR00193## ##STR00194## ##STR00195## ##STR00196## ##STR00197## ##STR00198## ##STR00199## ##STR00200## ##STR00201## ##STR00202## ##STR00203##

[0262] According to one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include at least one selected from among Compounds DFD1 to DFD12:

##STR00204## ##STR00205## ##STR00206##

[0263] In the compounds above, Ph represents a phenyl group, D.sub.5 represents substitution with five deuterium atoms, and D.sub.4 represents substitution with four deuterium atoms. For example, a group represented by

##STR00207##

may be substantially identical to a group represented by

##STR00208##

[0264] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may satisfy at least one selected from among Conditions 1 to 4:

Condition 1

[0265] Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (eV) of the third compound> LUMO energy level (eV) of the first compound

Condition 2

[0266] LUMO energy level (eV) of the first compound> LUMO energy level (eV) of the second compound

Condition 3

[0267] Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level (eV) of the first compound> HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound

Condition 4

[0268] HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound> HOMO energy level (eV) of the second compound.

[0269] The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may each be a negative value, and the HOMO and LUMO energy levels may each be: a value measured according to a suitable method; or a value evaluated by using a density functional theory (DFT) method.

[0270] According to one or more embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the first compound and the LUMO energy level of the second compound may be about 0.1 eV or more and about 1.0 eV or less or an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the first compound and the LUMO energy level of the third compound may be about 0.1 eV or more and about 1.0 eV or less, and an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the first compound and the HOMO energy level of the second compound may be about 1.25 eV or less (e.g., about 1.25 eV or less and about 0.2 eV or more) or an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the first compound and the HOMO energy level of the third compound may be about 1.25 eV or less (e.g., about 1.25 eV or less and about 0.2 eV or more).

[0271] When the relationships between LUMO energy level and HOMO energy level satisfy the conditions as described above, the balance between holes and electrons injected into the emission layer may be made.

[0272] The light-emitting device may have a structure of a first embodiment or a second embodiment. The first embodiment or the second embodiment may be the same as described herein.

Description of First Embodiment

[0273] According to the first embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host, the first compound may be different from the host, and the emission layer may be to emit phosphorescence or fluorescence from the first compound. For example, according to the first embodiment, the first compound may be a dopant or an emitter. For example, the first compound may be a phosphorescent dopant or a phosphorescent emitter.

[0274] Phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound may be blue light.

[0275] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant. The auxiliary dopant may serve to improve luminescence efficiency from the first compound by effectively transferring energy to the first compound, which is a dopant or an emitter.

[0276] The auxiliary dopant may be different from each of the first compound and the host.

[0277] In one or more embodiments, the auxiliary dopant may be a compound emitting delayed fluorescence.

[0278] In some embodiments, the auxiliary dopant may be a compound including at least one cyclic group including a boron (B) atom and a nitrogen (N) atom each as a ring-forming atom.

Description of Second Embodiment

[0279] According to the second embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host and a dopant, the first compound, the host, and the dopant may be different from each other, and the emission layer may be to emit phosphorescence or fluorescence (e.g., delayed fluorescence) from the dopant.

[0280] For example, the first compound in the second embodiment may serve not as a dopant but as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to the dopant (or the emitter).

[0281] In one or more embodiments, the first compound in the second embodiment may serve as an emitter and also as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to the dopant (or the emitter).

[0282] For example, in one or more embodiments, phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be blue phosphorescence or blue fluorescence (e.g., blue delayed fluorescence).

[0283] The dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be a phosphorescent dopant material (e.g., the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 described herein, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401 described herein, or any combination thereof) or any fluorescent dopant material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 501 described herein, a compound represented by Formula 502 described herein, a compound represented by Formula 503 described herein, or any combination thereof).

[0284] In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the blue light may be blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nanometers (nm) to about 490 nm, about 430 nm to about 485 nm, about 440 nm to about 475 nm, or about 455 nm to about 470 nm.

[0285] The auxiliary dopant in the first embodiment may include, for example, the fourth compound represented by Formula 502 or 503 described herein.

[0286] The host in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be any host material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 301 described herein, a compound represented by 301-1 described herein, a compound represented by Formula 301-2 described herein, or any combination thereof).

[0287] In one or more embodiments, the host in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof.

[0288] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside (e.g., on) the first electrode or a second capping layer located outside (e.g., on) the second electrode, and the at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2. More details on the first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may be the same as described herein.

[0289] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include: [0290] A first capping layer located outside (e.g., on) the first electrode and including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; [0291] a second capping layer located outside (e.g., on) the second electrode and including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; or [0292] the first capping layer and the second capping layer.

[0293] The wording (interlayer and/or capping layer) includes an organometallic compound as used herein may be understood as (interlayer and/or capping layer) may include one kind of organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 or two or more different kinds of organometallic compounds, each represented by Formula 1.

[0294] For example, in some embodiments, the interlayer and/or the capping layer may include Compound 1 only as the organometallic compound. In this regard, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer of the light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in the same layer (e.g., both (e.g., simultaneously) Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in the emission layer), or may be present in different layers (e.g., Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer, and Compound 2 may be present in the electron transport region).

[0295] The term interlayer as used herein refers to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

Description of FIG. 1

[0296] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The light-emitting device 10 may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0297] Hereinafter, a structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 are described with reference to FIG. 1.

First Electrode 110

[0298] In FIG. 1, in one or more embodiments, a substrate may be additionally provided and located under the first electrode 110 and/or on the second electrode 150. As the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include plastics with excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0299] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes may be used as a material for forming the first electrode 110.

[0300] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a transflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, to form the first electrode 110 which is a transmissive electrode, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof may be used as a material for forming the first electrode 110. In one or more embodiments, to form the first electrode 110 which is a transflective electrode or a reflective electrode, magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (AlLi), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (MgIn), magnesium-silver (MgAg), or any combination thereof may be used as a material for forming the first electrode 110.

[0301] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, in some embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

Interlayer 130

[0302] The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

[0303] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0304] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, for example, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.

[0305] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include, i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the two or more emitting units and the charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130

[0306] The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0307] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0308] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein constituent layers in each structure are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in the stated order.

[0309] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

##STR00209## [0310] wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202, [0311] L.sub.201 to L.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0312] L.sub.205 may be *O*, *S*, *N(Q.sub.201)-*, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0313] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, [0314] xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, [0315] R.sub.201 to R.sub.204 and Q.sub.201 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0316] R.sub.201 and R.sub.202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group (e.g., a carbazole group, and/or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a (e.g., see Compound HT16, and/or the like), [0317] R.sub.203 and R.sub.204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0318] na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0319] For example, in one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:

##STR00210## ##STR00211##

[0320] wherein, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, R.sub.10b and R.sub.10c may each be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.10a, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.20 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R.sub.10a as described herein.

[0321] According to one or more embodiments, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

[0322] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0323] According to one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0324] According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R.sub.201 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R.sub.202 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY204 to CY207.

[0325] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0326] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0327] According to one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.

[0328] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds HT1 to HT46, 4,4,4-[tris(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino] triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4,4-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4,4-tris[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine (2-TNATA), N,N-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB(NPD)), B-NPB, N,N-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N, N-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4-diamine (TPD), Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, 4,4-cyclohexylidene bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC), 4,4-bis[N,N-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD), 4,4,4-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:

##STR00212## ##STR00213## ##STR00214## ##STR00215## ##STR00216## ##STR00217## ##STR00218## ##STR00219## ##STR00220## ##STR00221## ##STR00222## ##STR00223## ##STR00224##

[0329] A thickness of the hole transport region may be about 50 angstrom () to about 10,000 , for example, about 100 to about 4,000 . When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be about 100 to about 9,000 , for example, about 100 to about 1,000 , and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be about 50 to about 2,000 , for example, about 100 to about 1,500 . When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within the ranges described above, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0330] The emission auxiliary layer may increase luminescence efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.

p-Dopant

[0331] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may further include, in addition to one or more of these aforementioned materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a charge-generation material).

[0332] The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

[0333] For example, in one or more embodiments, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be 3.5 eV or less.

[0334] According to one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

[0335] Non-limiting examples of the quinone derivative may include tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), and/or the like.

[0336] Non-limiting examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include dipyrazino[2,3-f: 2,3-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), a compound represented by Formula 221, and/or the like:

##STR00225## [0337] wherein, in Formula 221, [0338] R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0339] at least one selected from among R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each substituted with: a cyano group; F; Cl; Br; I; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, F, CI, Br, I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.

[0340] In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0341] Non-limiting examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and/or the like); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and/or the like); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and/or the like); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), and/or the like); and a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), and/or the like).

[0342] Non-limiting examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and/or the like.

[0343] Non-limiting examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O), a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0344] For example, the compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, metal fluoride, metal chloride, metal bromide, metal iodide, and/or the like), a metalloid halide (for example, metalloid fluoride, metalloid chloride, metalloid bromide, metalloid iodide, and/or the like), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.

[0345] Non-limiting examples of the metal oxide may include tungsten oxides (for example, WO, W.sub.2O.sub.3, WO.sub.2, WO.sub.3, W.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), vanadium oxides (for example, VO, V.sub.2O.sub.3, VO.sub.2, V.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), molybdenum oxides (MoO, Mo.sub.2O.sub.3, MoO.sub.2, MoOs, Mo.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), rhenium oxides (for example, ReO.sub.3, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0346] Non-limiting examples of the metal halide may include alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides, lanthanide metal halides, and/or the like.

[0347] Non-limiting examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, and/or the like.

[0348] Non-limiting examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF.sub.2, MgF.sub.2, CaF.sub.2, SrF.sub.2, BaF.sub.2, BeCl.sub.2, MgCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2), SrCl.sub.2, BaCl.sub.2, BeBr.sub.2, MgBr.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, SrBr.sub.2, BaBr.sub.2, BeI.sub.2, MgI.sub.2, CaI.sub.2, SrI.sub.2, BaI.sub.2, and/or the like.

[0349] Non-limiting examples of the transition metal halide may include titanium halides (e.g., TiF.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, TiBr.sub.4, TiI.sub.4, and/or the like), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF.sub.4, ZrCl.sub.4, ZrBr.sub.4, Zrl.sub.4, and/or the like), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF.sub.4, HfCl.sub.4, HfBr.sub.4, HfI.sub.4, and/or the like), vanadium halides (e.g., VF.sub.3, VCl.sub.3, VBr.sub.3, VI.sub.3, and/or the like), niobium halides (e.g., NbF.sub.3, NbCl.sub.3, NbBr.sub.3, NbI.sub.3, and/or the like), tantalum halides (e.g., TaF.sub.3, TaCl.sub.3, TaBr.sub.3, TaI.sub.3, and/or the like), chromium halides (e.g., CrF.sub.3, CrCl.sub.3, CrBr.sub.3, CrI.sub.3, and/or the like), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF.sub.3, MoCl.sub.3, MoBr.sub.3, MoI.sub.3, and/or the like), tungsten halides (e.g., WF.sub.3, WCl.sub.3, WBr.sub.3, WI.sub.3, and/or the like), manganese halides (e.g., MnF.sub.2, MnCl.sub.2, MnBr.sub.2, MnI.sub.2, and/or the like), technetium halides (e.g., TcF.sub.2, TcCl.sub.2, TcBr.sub.2, TcI.sub.2, and/or the like), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF.sub.2, ReCl.sub.2, ReBr.sub.2, ReI.sub.2, and/or the like), iron (II) halides (e.g., FeF.sub.2, FeCl.sub.2, FeBr.sub.2, FeI.sub.2, and/or the like), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF.sub.2, RuCl.sub.2, RuBr.sub.2, RuI.sub.2, and/or the like), osmium halides (e.g., OsF.sub.2, OsCl.sub.2, OsBr.sub.2, OsI.sub.2, and/or the like), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF.sub.2, CoCl.sub.2, CoBr.sub.2, CoI.sub.2, and/or the like), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF.sub.2, RhCl.sub.2, RhBr.sub.2, RhI.sub.2, and/or the like), iridium halides (e.g., IrF.sub.2, IrCl.sub.2, IrBr.sub.2, IrI.sub.2, and/or the like), nickel halides (e.g., NiF.sub.2, NiCl.sub.2, NiBr.sub.2, NiI.sub.2, and/or the like), palladium halides (e.g., PdF.sub.2, PdCl.sub.2, PdBr.sub.2, PdI.sub.2, and/or the like), platinum halides (e.g., PtF.sub.2, PtCl.sub.2, PtBr.sub.2, PtI.sub.2, and/or the like), copper (I) halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, and/or the like), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, and/or the like), gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0350] Non-limiting examples of the post-transition metal halide may include zinc halides (e.g., ZnF.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, ZnBr.sub.2, ZnI.sub.2, and/or the like), indium halides (e.g., InI.sub.3, and/or the like), tin halides (e.g., SnI.sub.2, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0351] Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF.sub.2, YbF.sub.3, SmF.sub.3, YbCl, YbCl.sub.2, YbCl.sub.3, SmCl.sub.3, YbBr, YbBr.sub.2, YbBr.sub.3, SmBr.sub.3, YbI, YbI.sub.2, YbI.sub.3, SmI.sub.3, and/or the like.

[0352] Non-limiting examples of the metalloid halide may include antimony halides (e.g., SbCl.sub.5, and/or the like) and/or the like.

[0353] Non-limiting examples of the metal telluride may include alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li.sub.2Te, Na.sub.2Te, K.sub.2Te, Rb.sub.2Te, Cs.sub.2Te, and/or the like), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, and/or the like), transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe.sub.2, ZrTe.sub.2, HfTe.sub.2, V.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ta.sub.2Te.sub.3, Cr.sub.2Te.sub.3, MozTe.sub.3, W.sub.2Te.sub.3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu.sub.2Te, CuTe, Ag.sub.2Te, AgTe, Au.sub.2Te, and/or the like), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe, and/or the like), lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, and/or the like), and/or the like.

Emission Layer in Interlayer 130

[0354] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from among a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from among a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light).

[0355] The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

[0356] An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

[0357] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

[0358] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

[0359] A thickness of the emission layer may be about 100 to about 1,000 , for example, about 200 to about 600 . When the thickness of the emission layer is within the range described above, excellent or suitable luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host

[0360] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[Ar.sub.301].sub.xb11-[(L.sub.301).sub.xb1-R.sub.301].sub.xb21,Formula 301

wherein, in Formula 301, [0361] Ar.sub.301 and L.sub.301 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0362] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3, [0363] xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5, [0364] R.sub.301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302)(Q.sub.303), N(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), B(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), C(O)(Q.sub.301), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), or P(O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), [0365] xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and [0366] Q.sub.301 to Q.sub.303 may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1.

[0367] For example, in some embodiments, if (e.g., when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0368] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

##STR00226## [0369] wherein, in Formulae 301-1 and 301-2, [0370] ring A.sub.301 to ring A.sub.304 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0371] X.sub.301 may be O, S, N[(L.sub.304).sub.xb4-R.sub.304], C(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), or Si(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), [0372] xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, [0373] L.sub.301, xb1, and R.sub.301 may each be the same as described herein, [0374] L.sub.302 to L.sub.304 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to L.sub.301, [0375] xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to xb1, and [0376] R.sub.302 to R.sub.305 and R.sub.311 to R.sub.314 may each be the same as described herein respect to R.sub.301.

[0377] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

[0378] In one or more embodiments, the host may include at least one selected from among Compounds H1 to H124, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl) anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl) anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:

##STR00227## ##STR00228## ##STR00229## ##STR00230## ##STR00231## ##STR00232## ##STR00233## ##STR00234## ##STR00235## ##STR00236## ##STR00237## ##STR00238## ##STR00239## ##STR00240## ##STR00241## ##STR00242## ##STR00243## ##STR00244## ##STR00245##

##STR00246## ##STR00247##

Phosphorescent Dopant

[0379] The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

[0380] The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

[0381] The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0382] For example, in one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

M(L.sub.401).sub.xc1(L.sub.402).sub.xc2Formula 401

##STR00248## [0383] wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402, [0384] M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)), [0385] L.sub.401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, if (e.g., when) xc1 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be identical to or different from each other, [0386] L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein, if (e.g., when) xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.402(s) may be identical to or different from each other, [0387] X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon, [0388] ring A.sub.401 and ring A.sub.402 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0389] T.sub.401 may be a single bond, *O*, *S*, *C(O)*, *N(Q.sub.411)-*, *C(Q.sub.411)(Q.sub.412)-*, *C(Q.sub.411)C(Q.sub.412)-*, *C(Q.sub.411)=*, or *C(Q.sub.411)-*, [0390] X.sub.403 and X.sub.404 may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a covalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q.sub.413), B(Q.sub.413), P(Q.sub.413), C(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), or Si(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), [0391] Q.sub.411 to Q.sub.414 may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1, [0392] R.sub.401 and R.sub.402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402)(Q.sub.403), N(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), B(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), C(O)(Q.sub.401), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.401), or P(O)(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), [0393] Q.sub.401 to Q.sub.403 may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1, [0394] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and [0395] * and * in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

[0396] For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X.sub.401 may be nitrogen, and X.sub.402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may be nitrogen.

[0397] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two ring A.sub.401(s) in two or more of L.sub.401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T.sub.402, which is a linking group, and/or two ring A.sub.402(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T.sub.403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T.sub.402 and T.sub.403 may each be the same as described herein with respect to T.sub.401.

[0398] In Formula 401, L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L.sub.402 may include a halogen, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), C(O), an isonitrile group, a CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, and/or the like), or any combination thereof.

[0399] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one selected from among Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:

##STR00249## ##STR00250## ##STR00251## ##STR00252## ##STR00253## ##STR00254## ##STR00255## ##STR00256## ##STR00257## ##STR00258## ##STR00259## ##STR00260##

Fluorescent Dopant

[0400] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0401] For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

##STR00261## [0402] wherein, in Formula 501, [0403] Ar.sub.501, L.sub.501 to L.sub.503, R.sub.501, and R.sub.502 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0404] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and [0405] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0406] For example, in one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.501 in Formula 501 may include a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, and/or the like) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

[0407] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

[0408] For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include at least one selected from among Compounds FD1 to FD36, 4,4-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1-biphenyl (DPVBi), 4,4-bis[4-(N,N-diphenylamino) styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi), or any combination thereof:

##STR00262## ##STR00263## ##STR00264## ##STR00265## ##STR00266## ##STR00267## ##STR00268##

Delayed Fluorescence Material

[0409] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

[0410] In the present disclosure, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from among compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0411] The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer.

[0412] According to one or more embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be at least 0 eV but not more than about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material is within the range described above, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence material may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

[0413] For example, in one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group, and/or the like) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and/or the like), ii) a material including a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing a boron (B) atom, and/or iii) the like.

[0414] Non-limiting examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from among Compounds DF1 to DF9:

##STR00269## ##STR00270## ##STR00271##

Quantum Dot

[0415] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

[0416] The term quantum dot as used herein refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of one or more suitable emission wavelengths according to the size of the crystal.

[0417] A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, about 1 nm to about 10 nm. In the present disclosure, when dot, dots, or dot particles are spherical, diameter indicates a particle diameter or an average particle diameter, and when the particles are non-spherical, the diameter indicates a major axis length or an average major axis length. The diameter of the particles may be measured utilizing a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer, may be utilized. When the size of the particles is measured utilizing a particle size analyzer, the average particle diameter is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter of particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50 vol % in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% from the smallest particle when the total number of particles is 100% in the distribution curve accumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size.

[0418] The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

[0419] The wet chemical process is a method including mixing a precursor material of the quantum dot with an organic solvent and then growing a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal. Accordingly, the growth of quantum dot particles may be controlled or selected through a process which costs lower and is easier than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and/or the like.

[0420] The quantum dot may include: a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV element or compound; or any combination thereof.

[0421] Non-limiting examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0422] Non-limiting examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAS, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Non-limiting examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAIZnP, and/or the like.

[0423] Non-limiting examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, GazSes, GaTe, InS, InSe, In.sub.2S.sub.3, In.sub.2Se.sub.3, InTe, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as InGaS.sub.3, InGaSes, and/or the like; and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0424] Non-limiting examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS.sub.2, CuInS, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaO.sub.2, AgGaO.sub.2, AgAlO.sub.2, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0425] Non-limiting examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe SnPbSTe, and/or the like; and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0426] The Group IV element or compound may include: a single element compound, such as Si, Ge, and/or the like; a binary compound, such as SiC, SiGe, and/or the like; and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0427] Each element included in a multi-element compound such as the binary compound, the ternary compound, and the quaternary compound may be present at a substantially uniform concentration or non-uniform concentration in a particle.

[0428] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element included in the quantum dot is substantially uniform, or a core-shell dual structure. For example, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0429] The shell of the quantum dot may act as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element existing in the shell decreases toward the center of the core.

[0430] Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may be an oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal, a semiconductor compound, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of the oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal may include a binary compound, such as SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, ZnO, MnO, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, CuO, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, CoO, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, NiO, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4, CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4, NiFe.sub.2O.sub.4, CoMn.sub.2O.sub.4, and/or the like; and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include: as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound suitable as a shell may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AISb, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0431] A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission spectrum of the quantum dot may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, or about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility of the quantum dot may be increased. In addition, because the light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

[0432] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot may be in the form of a spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, a nanoplate particle, or the like.

[0433] Because an energy band gap of the quantum dot may be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dot, light having one or more suitable wavelength bands may be obtained from a quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of one or more suitable wavelengths may be implemented. For example, the size of the quantum dots may be selected to enable the quantum dots to emit red, green, and/or blue light. In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots with suitable sizes may be configured to emit white light by combination of light of one or more suitable colors.

Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130

[0434] The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0435] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0436] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein constituent layers in each structure are sequentially stacked from the emission layer in the stated order.

[0437] The electron transport region (e.g., the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.

[0438] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar.sub.601].sub.xe11-[(L.sub.601).sub.xe1-R.sub.601].sub.xe21,Formula 601 [0439] wherein, in Formula 601, [0440] Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0441] xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3, [0442] xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, [0443] R.sub.601 may be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602)(Q.sub.603), C(O)(Q.sub.601), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or P(O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602), [0444] Q.sub.601 to Q.sub.603 may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1, [0445] xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and [0446] at least one selected from among Ar.sub.601, L.sub.601, and R.sub.601 may each independently be a electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0447] For example, in one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.601(s) may be linked together via a single bond.

[0448] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.601 in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

[0449] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

##STR00272## [0450] wherein, in Formula 601-1, [0451] X.sub.614 may be N or C(R.sub.614), X.sub.615 may be N or C(R.sub.615), X.sub.616 may be N or C(R.sub.616), and at least one selected from among X.sub.614 to X.sub.616 may be N, [0452] L.sub.611 to L.sub.613 may each be the same as described herein with respect to L.sub.601, [0453] xe611 to xe613 may each be the same as described herein with respect to xe1, [0454] R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 may each be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.601, and [0455] R.sub.614 to R.sub.616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0456] For example, in some embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0457] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq.sub.3), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), or any combination thereof:

##STR00273## ##STR00274## ##STR00275## ##STR00276## ##STR00277## ##STR00278## ##STR00279## ##STR00280## ##STR00281## ##STR00282## ##STR00283## ##STR00284## ##STR00285## ##STR00286## ##STR00287## ##STR00288##

[0458] A thickness of the electron transport region may be about 100 to about 5,000 , for example, about 160 to about 4,000 . When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 to about 1,000 , for example, about 30 to about 300 , and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 to about 1,000 , for example, about 150 to about 500 . When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0459] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to one or more of the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

[0460] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0461] For example, in some embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:

##STR00289##

[0462] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

[0463] The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0464] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0465] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0466] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, and/or the like), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively, or any combination thereof.

[0467] The alkali metal-containing compound may include alkali metal oxides, such as Li.sub.2O, Cs.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, and/or the like; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI KI, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal oxide, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba.sub.xSr.sub.1-xO (x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), Ba.sub.xCa.sub.1-xO (x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, SC.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, GdF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, YbI.sub.3, ScI.sub.3, TbI.sub.3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ce.sub.2Tes, Pr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Sm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Eu.sub.2Te.sub.3, Gd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Dy.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ho.sub.2Te.sub.3, Er.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Yb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Lu.sub.2Te.sub.3, and/or the like.

[0468] The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of metal ions of the alkali metal, one of metal ions of the alkaline earth metal, and one of metal ions of the rare earth metal, respectively, and ii) a ligand bonded to the respective metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0469] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).

[0470] According to one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) i) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.

[0471] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, the rare earth metal-containing compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0472] A thickness of the electron injection layer may be about 1 to about 100 , and, for example, about 3 to about 90 . When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range as described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 150

[0473] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low-work function, may be used.

[0474] The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (AI), aluminum-lithium (AlLi), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (MgIn), magnesium-silver (MgAg), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (AgYb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a transflective electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0475] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure including a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers.

Capping Layer

[0476] A first capping layer may be located outside (e.g., on) the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be located outside (e.g., on) the second electrode 150. For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

[0477] In one or more embodiments, light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110 which is a transflective electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. In one or more embodiments, light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150 which is a transflective electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.

[0478] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external luminescence efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, such that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased.

[0479] Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or more (e.g., at 589 nm).

[0480] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0481] At least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may each optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. According to one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include an amine group-containing compound.

[0482] For example, in one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include) a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0483] According to one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include at least one selected from among Compounds HT28 to HT33, at least one selected from among Compounds CP1 to CP6, -NPB, or any combination thereof:

##STR00290## ##STR00291##

Film

[0484] The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in one or more suitable films. Accordingly, one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward a film including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control element) (e.g., a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, and/or the like), a light blocking member (e.g., a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, and/or the like), a protective member (e.g., an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, and/or the like), and/or the like.

Electronic Apparatus

[0485] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.

[0486] In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be arranged in at least one travel direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, in some embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light (e.g., combined white light). A detailed description of the light-emitting device is provided above. According to one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.

[0487] The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas.

[0488] A pixel-defining film may be arranged among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

[0489] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns arranged among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns arranged among the color conversion areas.

[0490] The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include: a first area configured to emit first color light; a second area configured to emit second color light; and/or a third area configured to emit third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, in some embodiments, the first area may include red quantum dots to emit red light, the second area may include green quantum dots to emit green light, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. A detailed description of the quantum dots is provided herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.

[0491] For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be to emit first light, the first area may be to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may be to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may be to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this case, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

[0492] In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein one selected from among the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0493] The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.

[0494] The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.

[0495] In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may allow light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) prevent or reduce ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including one or more layers of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

[0496] In one or more embodiments, various functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Non-limiting examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and/or the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer.

[0497] The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, and/or the like).

[0498] The electronic apparatus may be applied to one or more of displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, endoscope displays, and/or the like), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.

Description of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3

[0499] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0500] The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2 may include a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

[0501] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0502] The TFT may be on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an activation layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0503] The activation layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor, such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0504] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the activation layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be on the activation layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be on the gate insulating film 230.

[0505] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270, to insulate from one another.

[0506] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, respectively.

[0507] The TFT may be electrically connected to the light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0508] The first electrode 110 may be on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be located to expose a certain portion of the drain electrode 270, not fully covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be located to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0509] A pixel-defining film 290 including an insulating material may be on the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining film 290 may expose a certain region of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining film 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel-defining film 290 to be located in the form of a common layer.

[0510] The second electrode 150 may be on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0511] The encapsulation portion 300 may be on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiN.sub.x), silicon oxide (SiO.sub.x), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic-based resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and/or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), and/or the like), or any combination thereof; and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination of the inorganic film and the organic film.

[0512] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0513] The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 is substantially the same as the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2, except that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are additionally located on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device included in the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Description of FIG. 4

[0514] FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of electronic equipment 1 including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The electronic equipment 1 may be, as an apparatus that displays a moving image or a still image, a portable electronic equipment, such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an electronic book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation, or a ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), as well as one or more suitable products, such as a television, a laptop, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of things (IoT). The electronic equipment 1 may be such a product above or a part thereof. In one or more embodiments, the electronic equipment 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or kind display, or a head mounted display (HMD), or a part of the wearable device. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic equipment 1 may include a dashboard of a vehicle, a center fascia of a vehicle, a center information display arranged on a dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display replacing a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for the rear seat of a vehicle or a display arranged on the back of the front seat thereof, or a head up display (HUD) installed in the front of a vehicle or projected on a front window glass, and/or a computer generated hologram augmented reality head up display (CGH AR HUD). FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment in which the electronic equipment 1 is a smartphone for convenience of explanation.

[0515] The electronic equipment 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display apparatus of the electronic equipment 1 may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0516] The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely be around (e.g., surround) the display area DA. On the non-display area NDA, a driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged on the display area DA may be arranged. On the non-display area NDA, a pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printed circuit board, may be electrically connected may be arranged.

[0517] In the electronic equipment 1, a length in an x-axis direction and a length (e.g., a width) in a y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, in one or more embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the length in the x-axis direction may be less than the length (e.g., the width) in the y-axis direction. in one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be substantially the same (e.g., the width) as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be greater than the length (e.g., the width) in the y-axis direction.

Descriptions of FIGS. 5 and 6A to 6C

[0518] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an exterior of a vehicle 1000 as electronic equipment including a light-emitting device, according to one or more embodiments. FIGS. 6A to 6C are each a schematic view of an interior of the vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0519] Referring to FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, and 6C, the vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable apparatuses for moving an object to be transported, such as a human, an object, or an animal, from a departure point to a destination point. The vehicle 1000 may include a vehicle traveling on a road or a track, a vessel moving over the sea or a river, an airplane flying in the sky using the action of air, and/or the like.

[0520] In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a certain direction according to rotation of at least one wheel thereof. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, or a train running on a track.

[0521] The vehicle 1000 may include a vehicle body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the vehicle body. The exterior of the vehicle body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and a pillar provided at a boundary between doors. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, and/or the like.

[0522] The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side-view mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display apparatus 2.

[0523] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0524] The side window glass 1100 may be installed on a side of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0525] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in an x direction or a x direction (the direction opposite the x-direction). For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in the x direction or the x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x direction or the x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or the x direction.

[0526] The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.

[0527] The side-view mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side-view mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. The other one of the plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0528] The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a tachograph, an automatic shift selector indicator, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and/or a low fuel warning light.

[0529] The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and/or a heater of a seat are arranged. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on one side of the cluster 1400.

[0530] The passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be arranged to correspond to a passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0531] In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display apparatus 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display apparatus 2 may be arranged on at least one of the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, or the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0532] The display apparatus 2 may include an organic light-emitting display, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display, a quantum dot display, and/or the like. Hereinafter, as the display apparatus 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting display apparatus including the light-emitting device according to the disclosure will be described as an example, but one or more suitable types (kinds) of display apparatuses as described above may be used in embodiments.

[0533] Referring to FIG. 6A, in one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged on the center fascia 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may display audio, video, or information regarding vehicle settings.

[0534] Referring to FIG. 6B, in one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged on the cluster 1400. In these embodiments, the cluster 1400 may display driving information and/or the like through the display apparatus 2. For example, the cluster 1400 may be implemented digitally. The digital cluster 1400 may display vehicle information and driving information as images. For example, a needle and a gauge of a tachometer and one or more suitable warning light icons may be displayed by a digital signal.

[0535] Referring to FIG. 6C, in one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. The display apparatus 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat dashboard 1600 or arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display an image related to information displayed on the cluster 1400 and/or information displayed on the center fascia 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display information different from information displayed on the cluster 1400 and/or information displayed on the center fascia 1500.

Manufacturing Method

[0536] Layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region may each be formed in a certain region by using one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI), and/or the like.

[0537] When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region are each formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature in a range of about 100 C. to about 500 C., at a vacuum degree in a range of about 10-8 torr to about 10-3 torr, and at a deposition speed in a range of about 0.01 /sec to about 100 /sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

Definition of Terms

[0538] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group as used herein refers to a cyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having 3 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further includes, in addition to the carbon atoms, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) one (e.g., exactly one) ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be 3 to 61.

[0539] The term cyclic group as used herein may include both (e.g., simultaneously) the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group.

[0540] The term electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *N* as a ring-forming moiety, and the term electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes *N* as a ring-forming moiety.

[0541] For example, [0542] the C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be i) Group T1 or ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group), [0543] the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be i) Group T2, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T2 are condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T2 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like), [0544] the electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) Group T1, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T1 are condensed with each other, iii) Group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T3 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, and/or the like), [0545] the electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) Group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4, at least one Group T1, and at least one Group T3 are condensed with one another (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like), [0546] Group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group, [0547] Group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group, [0548] Group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and [0549] Group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

[0550] The term cyclic group, C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group as used herein may refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, and/or the like) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, the benzene group may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the benzene group.

[0551] Non-limiting examples of the monovalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Non-limiting examples of the divalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the divalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0552] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.

[0553] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the middle or at the terminus of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.

[0554] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds in the middle or at the terminus of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

[0555] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by OA101 (wherein A101 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and/or the like.

[0556] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.

[0557] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 1 to 10 carbon atoms and further includes, in addition to the carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0558] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.

[0559] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further includes, in addition to the carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and has at least one double bond in the ring thereof. Non-limiting examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group.

[0560] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and/or the like. When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

[0561] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further includes, in addition to the carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further includes, in addition to the carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. non-limiting examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, and/or the like. When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

[0562] The term monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbon atoms (for example, 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indenoanthracenyl group, and/or the like. The term divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

[0563] The term monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group that has two or more rings condensed with each other, further includes, in addition to carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 60 carbon atoms), at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and has no aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0564] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group as used herein refers to OA102 (wherein A102 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group), and the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group as used herein refers to SA103 (wherein Atos is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).

[0565] The term C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group as used herein refers to -A104A105 (wherein A104 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.54 alkylene group, and A105 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.59 aryl group), and the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group as used herein refers to -A106A107 (wherein A106 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 alkylene group, and A107 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 heteroaryl group).

[0566] The term R.sub.10a and R.sub.10b as used herein may be: [0567] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0568] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), Ge(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0569] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), Ge(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0570] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), Ge(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), O(Q.sub.31), S(Q.sub.31), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).

[0571] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 as used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0572] The term heteroatom as used herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. non-limiting examples of such heteroatoms may include B, O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.

[0573] Ph as used herein refers to a phenyl group, Me as used herein refers to a methyl group, Et as used herein refers to an ethyl group, tert-Bu or But as used herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and OMe as used herein refers to a methoxy group.

[0574] The term biphenyl group as used herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. The biphenyl group may be a substituted phenyl group having a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as a substituent.

[0575] The term terphenyl group as used herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group. The terphenyl group may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group substituted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

[0576] * and * as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

[0577] Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording B was used instead of A used in describing Synthesis Examples refers to that a substantially identical molar equivalent of B was used in place of A.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis Example 1. Synthesis of Compound 1

##STR00292## ##STR00293## ##STR00294##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-A

[0578] 2-bromo-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (1.0 eq), 2-methoxy-9H-carbazole (1.2 eq), copper(I)iodide (0.01 eq), picolinic acid (0.02 eq), and cesium carbonate (2.0 eq) were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (1.0 M) and stirred at 100 C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and subjected to an extraction process three times by using dichloromethane and water to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and then subjected to column chromatography, to thereby synthesize Intermediate Compound 1-A (yield of 90%).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-B

[0579] n-butyllithium (1 M in hexane, 4.0 eq) was slowly added to a mixture of Intermediate Compound 1-A (1.0 eq) and tetramethylethylenediamine (4.0 eq) and stirred at 60 C. for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.22 M) and stirred at 78 C., 2,2-dichloropropane (1.0 eq) was added thereto, and the reactants were stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with an excess of ice water and subjected to an extraction process three times by using ethyl acetate to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and then subjected to column chromatography, to thereby synthesize Intermediate Compound 1-B (yield of 32%).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-C

[0580] Intermediate Compound 1-B (1.0 eq) was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.1 M), boron tribromide (2.0 eq) was slowly added thereto while stirring at 0 C., and then the reactants were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with distilled water and neutralized with a 30 wt % sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. An extraction process was performed thereon three times by using dichloromethane and water to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate and then concentrated, to thereby synthesize Intermediate Compound 1-C (yield of 90%).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-D

[0581] Intermediate Compound 1-C (1.0 eq), 1,3-dibromobenzene (2.0 eq), copper(I)iodide (0.01 eq), K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.0 eq), and L-proline (0.02 eq) were dissolved in DMSO (0.1 M) and stirred at 130 C. for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and subjected to an extraction process three times by using dichloromethane and water to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and then subjected to column chromatography, to thereby synthesize Intermediate Compound 1-D (yield of 85%).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-F

[0582] Intermediate Compound 1-D (1.0 eq), Intermediate Compound 1-E (1.0 eq), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3) (5.0 mol %), 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2,6-dimethoxybiphenyl (Sphos) (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (2.0 eq) were dissolved in toluene (0.5 M) and stirred at 120 C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and subjected to an extraction process three times by using dichloromethane and water to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and then subjected to column chromatography, to thereby synthesize Intermediate Compound 1-F (yield of 81%).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-G

[0583] Intermediate Compound 1-F (1.0 eq), triethylorthoformate (50 eq), and hydrogen chloride (aq. 12 M, 3.0 eq) were stirred at 80 C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and subjected to an extraction process three times by using dichloromethane and water to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and then subjected to column chromatography, to thereby synthesize Intermediate Compound 1-G (yield of 73%).

Synthesis of Compound 1

[0584] Intermediate Compound 1-G (1.0 eq), dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (Pt(COD)Cl.sub.2) (1.2 eq), and sodium acetate (2.0 eq) were dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (0.5 M) and stirred at 120 C. for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and subjected to an extraction process three times by using dichloromethane and water to obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and then subjected to column chromatography, to thereby synthesize Compound 1 (yield of 36%).

Synthesis Example 2. Synthesis of Compound 61

##STR00295## ##STR00296## ##STR00297##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 61-B

[0585] Intermediate Compound 61-B (yield of 56%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-B, except that dimethyldichlorosilane (1.0 eq) was used instead of 2,2-dichloropropane (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 61-C

[0586] Intermediate Compound 61-C (yield of 88%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-C, except that Intermediate Compound 61-B (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-B (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 61-D

[0587] Intermediate Compound 61-D (yield of 82%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-D, except that Intermediate Compound 61-C (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-C (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 61-F

[0588] Intermediate Compound 61-F (yield of 78%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-F, except that Intermediate Compound 61-D (1.0 eq) and Intermediate Compound 61-E (1.0 eq) were used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-D (1.0 eq) and Intermediate Compound 1-E (1.0 eq), respectively.

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 61-G

[0589] Intermediate Compound 61-G (yield of 75%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-G, except that Intermediate Compound 61-F (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-F (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Compound 61

[0590] Compound 61 (yield of 34%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 1, except that Intermediate Compound 61-G (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-G (1.0 eq).

Synthesis Example 3. Synthesis of Compound 81

##STR00298## ##STR00299## ##STR00300##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 81-B

[0591] Intermediate Compound 81-B (yield of 48%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-B, except that N,N-dichloromethylamine (1.0 eq) was used instead of 2,2-dichloropropane (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 81-C

[0592] Intermediate Compound 81-C (yield of 82%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-C, except that Intermediate Compound 81-B (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-B (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 81-D

[0593] Intermediate Compound 81-D (yield of 80%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-D, except that Intermediate Compound 81-C (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-C (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 81-F

[0594] Intermediate Compound 81-F (yield 72%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-F, except that Intermediate Compound 81-D (1.0 eq) and Intermediate Compound 61-E (1.0 eq) were used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-D (1.0 eq) and Intermediate Compound 1-E (1.0 eq), respectively.

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 81-G

[0595] Intermediate Compound 81-G (yield 71%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1-G, except that Intermediate Compound 81-F (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-F (1.0 eq).

Synthesis of Compound 81

[0596] Compound 81 (yield of 29%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 1, except that Intermediate Compound 81-G (1.0 eq) was used instead of Intermediate Compound 1-G (1.0 eq).

[0597] .sup.1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectroscopy/fast atom bombardment (MS/FAB) of the compounds synthesized according to Synthesis Examples are shown in Table 1. Synthesis methods of compounds other than the compounds synthesized in Synthesis Examples above may be easily recognized by those skilled in the art by referring to the synthesis paths and source materials.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 MS/FAB Compound .sup.1H NMR () Calc Found 1 8.74(d, 1H), 8.21 (d, 2H), 7.50-7.36(m, 12H), 970.05 970.05 7.17-7.08(m, 7H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.94-6.90(m, 3H), 6.66(d, 1H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 1.32(s, 9H) 61 8.76(d, 1H), 7.99(s, 2H), 7.75-7.55 (m, 4H), 1154.45 1154.45 7.47-7.35(m, 7H), 7.16-7.08 (m, 6H), 6.96- 6.90 (m, 3H), 6.67(d, 1H), 1.38(s, 9H), 1.35(s, 18H), 1.33(s, 9H), 0.66(s, 6H) 81 8.73(d, 1H), 7.99(s, 2H), 7.73-7.57 (m, 4H), 1125.33 1125.34 7.45-7.36(m, 7H), 7.18-7.06 (m, 6H), 6.95- 6.90 (m, 3H), 6.65(d, 1H), 3.87(s, 3H), 1.37(s, 9H), 1.34(s, 18H), 1.32(s, 9H)

Evaluation Example 1

[0598] The LUMO, HOMO, bandgap, and maximum emission wavelength (.sub.max) values of each of the compounds of Synthesis Examples were measured by using the methods described in Table 2, and the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) value of each of the compounds of Synthesis Examples was calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT) method of the Gaussian 09 program (structural optimization at the B3LYP, 6-311G(d,p) level). The results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 HOMO energy A potential (V)-current (A) graph of each compound was level obtained by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) evaluation (electrolyte: 0.1M Bu.sub.4NPF.sub.6/solvent: method dimethylformamide (DMF)/electrode: 3 electrode system (working electrode: glassy carbon (GC), reference electrode: Ag/AgCl, auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and then, from oxidation onset of the graph, a HOMO energy level of each compound was calculated. LUMO energy A potential (V)-current (A) graph of each compound was level obtained by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) evaluation (electrolyte: 0.1M Bu.sub.4NPF.sub.6/solvent: method dimethylformamide (DMF)/electrode: 3 electrode system (working electrode: GC, reference electrode: Ag/AgCl, auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and then, from reduction onset of the graph, a LUMO energy level of each compound was calculated. Maximum When each compound was excited at 330 nm by using emission photoluminescence (PL) (PMMA film sample doped wavelength with 4 wt % of each compound), the emission (.sub.max) intensity according to the wavelength (nm) was scanned (400 nm to 650 nm), and then, the maximum emission wavelength was obtained.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Compound No. HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) .sub.max (nm) .sup.3MLCT (%) 1 5.24 2.08 461 10.57 61 5.25 2.05 459 10.84 81 5.28 2.02 466 11.84 CE1 5.25 2.06 463 10.73 CE2 5.28 2.05 460 11.42 CE3 5.14 2.01 470 8.48

##STR00301## ##STR00302##

Example 1

[0599] A glass substrate (product of Corning Inc.) with a 15 /cm.sup.2 (1,200 ) ITO formed thereon as an anode was cut to a size of 50 mm50 mm0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and then with pure water each for 5 minutes, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes, and then mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0600] 2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 , and 4,4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (hereinafter, referred as NPB) was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 300 .

[0601] Compound ETH2 (second compound), Compound HTH29 (third compound), and Compound 1 (first compound) were vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 . Here, the amount of Compound 1 was 10 wt % per total weight (100 wt %) of the emission layer, and the weight ratio of Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH29 was adjusted to 3:7.

[0602] Compound ETH2 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 50 , Alq.sub.3 was vacuum-deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 , LiF was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 , and then, Al was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 , thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

##STR00303## ##STR00304##

Example 2

[0603] An organic light emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound EHT 66 and Compound HTH41 were used instead of Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH29, respectively, and Compound ETH66 and Compound HTH41 were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited at a weight ratio of 3:7 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 .

Example 3

[0604] An organic light emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH41 were used instead of Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH29, respectively, and Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH41 were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited at a weight ratio of 3:7 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 .

Example 4

[0605] An organic light emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound ETH66 and Compound HTH29 were used instead of Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH29, respectively, and Compound ETH66 and Compound HTH29 were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited at a weight ratio of 3:7 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 .

Example 5

[0606] An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound 61 (10 wt %) was concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited instead of Compound 1 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 .

Example 6

[0607] An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound 81 (10 wt %) was concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited instead of Compound 1 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 .

Example 7

[0608] An organic light emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound ETH2, Compound HTH41, Compound 1, and Compound DFD1 were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited instead of Compound ETH2, Compound HTH29, and Compound 1 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 . Here, the weight ratio of Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH41 is 3:7, and based on 100 wt % of the total weight of the emission layer, the amount of Compound 1 is 10 wt % and the amount of Compound DFD1 is 0.5 wt %.

Example 8

[0609] An organic light emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound ETH2, Compound HTH66, Compound 1, and Compound DFD1 were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited instead of Compound ETH2, Compound HTH29, and Compound 1 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 400 . Here, the weight ratio of Compound ETH2 and Compound HTH66 is 3:7, and based on 100 wt % of the total weight of the emission layer, the amount of Compound 1 is 10 wt % and the amount of Compound DFD1 is 0.5 wt %.

Comparative Example 1

[0610] An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound ETH2 and Compound 1 were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) deposited instead of Compound ETH2, Compound HTH29, and Compound 1 to form the emission layer having a thickness of 300 .

Comparative Example 2

[0611] An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound CE1 (10 wt %) was used instead of Compound 1 (10 wt %).

Comparative Example 3

[0612] An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming an emission layer, Compound CE2 (10 wt %) was used instead of Compound 1 (10 wt %).

Comparative Example 4

[0613] An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming the emission layer, Compound CE3 (10 wt %) was used instead of Compound 1 (10 wt %).

Evaluation Example 2

[0614] The driving voltage (V), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (T.sub.90) of each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were each measured by using Keithley MU 236 and luminance meter PR650, and the results thereof are shown in Table 4. In Table 4, the driving voltage and the luminescence efficiency were a driving voltage and a luminescence efficiency at 10 mA/cm.sup.2 of current density, and the lifespan (T.sub.90) is a measure of the time taken when the luminance reaches 90% of the initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m.sup.2.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Maximum Host Driving Luminescence emission First Second Third Fourth Voltage efficiency wavelength lifespan compound compound compound compound (V) (cd/A) (nm) (T.sub.90, h) Example 1 1 ETH2 HTH29 4.7 25.8 466 22 Example 2 1 ETH66 HTH41 4.8 25.2 466 21 Example 3 1 ETH2 HTH41 4.9 25.5 467 18 Example 4 1 ETH66 HTH29 4.8 25.3 466 16 Example 5 61 ETH2 HTH29 4.8 25.9 464 25 Example 6 81 ETH2 HTH29 4.9 24.5 469 17 Example 7 1 ETH2 HTH41 DFD1 4.5 28.1 468 29 Example 8 1 ETH2 HTH66 DFD1 4.4 28.7 468 31 Comparative 1 ETH2 5.0 13.4 470 11 Example 1 Comparative CE1 ETH2 HTH29 5.2 23.1 469 15 Example 2 Comparative CE2 ETH2 HTH29 5.1 23.6 466 17 Example 3 Comparative CE3 ETH2 HTH29 5.3 15.3 476 8 Example 4

[0615] From Table 4, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 8 each have characteristics of low driving voltage, high luminescence efficiency, and long lifespan.

[0616] From Table 4, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 8 each have characteristics of lower driving voltage, higher luminescence efficiency, and longer lifespan compared to Comparative Examples 1 to 4.

[0617] According to the one or more embodiments, the use of an organometallic compound may enable the manufacture of a light-emitting device having high efficiency and a long lifespan and a high-quality electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

[0618] In the present disclosure, it will be understood that the term comprise(s), include(s), or have/has specifies the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0619] Throughout the present disclosure, when a component such as a layer, a film, a region, or a plate is mentioned to be placed on another component, it will be understood that it may be directly on another component or that another component may be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, directly on may refer to that there are no additional layers, films, regions, plates, etc., between a layer, a film, a region, a plate, etc. and the other part. For example, directly on may refer to two layers or two members are disposed without utilizing an additional member such as an adhesive member therebetween.

[0620] In the present disclosure, although the terms first, second, etc., may be utilized herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and/or layers, these elements, components, regions, and/or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only utilized to distinguish one component from another component.

[0621] As utilized herein, the singular forms a, an, one, and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the use of may when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0622] As utilized herein, the terms substantially, about, or similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. About as used herein, is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, about may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within +30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.

[0623] Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of 1.0 to 10.0 is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in the present disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend the disclosure, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0624] In the context of the present application and unless otherwise defined, the terms use, using, and used may be considered synonymous with the terms utilize, utilizing, and utilized, respectively.

[0625] The light-emitting device, the light-emitting apparatus, the display device, the electronic apparatus, the electronic device, or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0626] It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in one or more embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.