LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INCLUDING THE SAME

Abstract

A light-emitting device including a first electrode, a second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode, and an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode is provided. The interlayer includes an emission layer having at least a first compound and a second compound. The first compound includes a pentacyclic core with a nearly planar geometry and a hexacyclic peripheral section that is twisted to shield the pentacyclic core and prevent or reduce intermolecular - stacking. The core of the second compound may be a triazine group having bulky substituents that prevent or reduce intermolecular - stacking with the first compound.

Claims

1. A light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode opposite to the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer, the interlayer comprising a first compound represented by Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Formula 2, the interlayer satisfying Condition 1: ##STR00177## in Formulae 1 and 2, Y.sub.1 is selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b), Si(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b), and N(R.sub.1a), Y.sub.2 is selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.2a)(R.sub.2b), Si(R.sub.2a)(R.sub.2b), and N(R.sub.2a), Y.sub.3 is selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.3a)(R.sub.3b), Si(R.sub.3a)(R.sub.3b), and N(R.sub.3a), a1, a2, and a3 are each independently 0 or 1, i) when a1 is 0, *Y.sub.1* is absent, ii) when a2 is 0, *Y.sub.2* is absent, iii) when a3 is 0, *Y.sub.3* is absent, ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY2 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, R.sub.1b, R.sub.2a, R.sub.2b, R.sub.3a, and R.sub.3b are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Qi)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), R.sub.1 and R.sub.1a are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, b1 and b2 are each independently an integer from 0 to 20, c3 is an integer from 0 to 3, c4 is an integer from 0 to 4, X.sub.1 is N or C(Z.sub.1), X.sub.2 is N or C(Z.sub.2), X.sub.3 is N or C(Z.sub.3), and at least one selected from among X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 is N, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, a11 to a13 are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, i) when a11 is 0, *-(L.sub.1).sub.a11-* is a single bond, ii) when a12 is 0, *-(L.sub.2).sub.a12-* is a single bond, iii) when a13 is 0, *-(L.sub.3).sub.a13-* is a single bond, Z.sub.1 to Z.sub.6 are each independently *Si(Ar.sub.1)(Ar.sub.2)(Ar.sub.3), a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one at least one Z.sub.0, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, R.sub.10a and Z.sub.0 are each independently: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof, and Condition 1 at least two of Z.sub.0 to Z.sub.6 in Formula 2 are each *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13), in Condition 1, Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 are each independently a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof, and in Formulae 1 and 2 and Condition 1, * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein: i) Y.sub.1 is N(R.sub.1a); ii) Y.sub.2 is N(R.sub.2a); or iii) Y.sub.1 is N(R.sub.1a), and Y.sub.2 is N(R.sub.2a).

3. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein a3 is 0.

4. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY2 are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, or an isoquinoline group.

5. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY2 are each a 6-membered ring.

6. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first compound is represented by any one selected from among Formulae 1-1 to 1-4: ##STR00178## ##STR00179## in Formulae 1-1 to 1-4, Y.sub.11 is N or C(R.sub.11), Y.sub.12 is N or C(R.sub.12), Y.sub.13 is N or C(R.sub.13), Y.sub.14 is N or C(R.sub.14), Y.sub.15 is N or C(R.sub.15), Y.sub.21 is N or C(R.sub.21), Y.sub.22 is N or C(R.sub.22), Y.sub.23 is N or C(R.sub.23), Y.sub.24 is N or C(R.sub.24), and Y.sub.25 is N or C(R.sub.25), c2 is an integer from 0 to 2, R.sub.11 to R.sub.15 and R.sub.21 to R.sub.25 are each defined as for R.sub.10a, and Y.sub.3, a3, ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, b1, b2, c3, and c4 are each as defined for Formula 1.

7. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, R.sub.1b, R.sub.2a, R.sub.2b, R.sub.3a, and R.sub.3b are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a carbazolyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a dibenzofuranyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a dibenzothiophenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, or N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), R.sub.10b is: deuterium, F, or a cyano group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2, Q.sub.11, Q.sub.12, Q.sub.21, Q.sub.22, Q.sub.31 and Q.sub.32 are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, F, or a cyano group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

8. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first compound is any one selected from among Compounds 1 to 182: ##STR00180## ##STR00181## ##STR00182## ##STR00183## ##STR00184## ##STR00185## ##STR00186## ##STR00187## ##STR00188## ##STR00189## ##STR00190## ##STR00191## ##STR00192## ##STR00193## ##STR00194## ##STR00195## ##STR00196## ##STR00197## ##STR00198## ##STR00199## ##STR00200## ##STR00201## ##STR00202## ##STR00203## ##STR00204## ##STR00205## ##STR00206## ##STR00207## ##STR00208## ##STR00209## ##STR00210## ##STR00211## ##STR00212## ##STR00213## ##STR00214## ##STR00215## ##STR00216## ##STR00217## ##STR00218## ##STR00219## ##STR00220## ##STR00221## ##STR00222## ##STR00223## ##STR00224##

9. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein i) each of Z.sub.4 and Z.sub.5 is *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13), and each of Z.sub.0, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, and Z.sub.6 is not *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13); or ii) each of Z.sub.0 and Z.sub.4 is *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13), and each of Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.5, and Z.sub.6 is not *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13).

10. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second compound comprises two groups represented by *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13).

11. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 are each independently a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof.

12. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second compound is represented by Formula 2-1 or Formula 2-2: ##STR00225## in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2, X.sub.1 is N or C(Z.sub.1), X.sub.2 is N or C(Z.sub.2), X.sub.3 is N or C(Z.sub.3), and at least one of X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 is N, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, a12 and a13 are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, i) when a12 is 0, *-(L.sub.2).sub.a12-* is a single bond, ii) when a13 is 0, *-(L.sub.3).sub.a13-* is a single bond, Z.sub.1 to Z.sub.3, Z.sub.5, and Z.sub.6 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, Z.sub.0 is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, Q.sub.31, and Q.sub.32 are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof, and * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

13. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second compound is any one selected from among Compounds ET-1 to ET-4: ##STR00226## ##STR00227##

14. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer comprises the first compound and the second compound.

15. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer is configured to emit blue light.

16. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the interlayer further comprises a third compound comprising a group represented by Formula 3: ##STR00228## in Formula 3, ring CY.sub.71 and ring CY.sub.72 are each independently a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, X.sub.71 is a single bond, or a linking group comprising O, S, N, B, C, Si, or any combination thereof, and * indicates a binding site to any atom included in a part of the third compound other than Formula 3.

17. The light-emitting device of claim 16, wherein the second compound and the third compound are configured to form an exciplex.

18. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the interlayer further comprises a fourth compound comprising a group represented by Formula 4: ##STR00229## in Formula 4, M is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu), X.sub.41 to X.sub.44 are each independently carbon (C) or nitrogen (N), T.sub.1 is a single bond, O, S, N(Z.sub.41), C(Z.sub.41)(Z.sub.42), or Si(Z.sub.41)(Z.sub.42), ring CY.sub.41 to ring CY.sub.44 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, Z.sub.41, Z.sub.42, and R.sub.41 to R.sub.44 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, -Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), Z.sub.41 and Z.sub.42 are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a41 to a44 are each independently an integer from 0 to 20, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

19. An electronic apparatus comprising: the light-emitting device of claim 1; and a thin-film transistor electrically connected to the light-emitting device.

20. An electronic equipment comprising the light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the electronic equipment is at least one selected from among a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor light and/or light for signal, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, a signboard, and combinations thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the preceding and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate example embodiments and, together with the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, In the drawings:

[0046] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments;

[0047] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments;

[0048] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments;

[0049] FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of electronic equipment including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments;

[0050] FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically illustrating the exterior of a vehicle as electronic equipment including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments; and

[0051] FIGS. 6A-6C are each a diagram schematically illustrating the interior of the vehicle of FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] Reference will now be made in more detail to one or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided the specification. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, one or more embodiments are merely described in more detail, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present description. An aspect and a characteristic of the disclosure, and a method of accomplishing these will be apparent if referring to one or more embodiments described with reference to the drawings. The same or corresponding components will be denoted by the same reference numerals, and thus redundant description thereof will not be provided.

[0053] As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as at least one of, one of, selected from, and selected from among, when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. For example, throughout the disclosure, the expression at least one of a, b or c indicates only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

[0054] Unless otherwise defined, all chemical names, technical and scientific terms, and terms defined in common dictionaries should be interpreted as having meanings consistent with the context of the related art, and should not be interpreted in an ideal or overly formal sense. It will be understood that although the terms first, second, and/or the like may be utilized herein to describe one or more suitable components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only utilized to distinguish one component from another. Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. Similarly, a second element could be termed a first element. An expression utilized in the singular forms such as a, an, and the are intended to encompass the expression of the plural forms as well, unless it has a clearly different meaning in the context.

[0055] It will be further understood that the terms comprises, comprising, comprise, has, have, having, include, includes, and/or including, as utilized herein specify the presence of stated features or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or elements.

[0056] As used herein, the terms use, using, and used may be considered synonymous with the terms utilize, utilizing, and utilized, respectively.

[0057] The term may will be understood to refer to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, some of which include the described element and some of which exclude that element and/or include an alternate element. Similarly, alternative language such as or refers to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, each including a corresponding listed item.

[0058] In the following embodiments, if one or more components such as layers, films, regions, plates, and/or the like are said to be connected to, or on another component, this may include not only a case in which other components are immediately on the layers, films, regions, or plates, but also a case in which other components may be placed therebetween. Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0059] Spatially relative terms, such as beneath, below, lower, above, upper, bottom, top, and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the device in the drawings is turned over, elements described as below or beneath other elements or features would then be oriented above or over the other elements or features. Thus, the term below may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.

[0060] In this context, consisting essentially of indicates that any additional components will not materially affect the chemical, physical, optical or electrical properties of the semiconductor film.

[0061] As used herein, the term major component refers to a component that is present in a composition, polymer, or product in an amount greater than an amount of any other single component in the composition or product. In contrast, the term primary component refers to a component that makes up at least 50% (wt % or at %) or more of the composition, polymer, or product.

[0062] Further, in this specification, the phrase on a plane, or plan view, indicates viewing a target portion from the top, and the phrase on a cross-section indicates viewing a cross-section formed by vertically cutting a target portion from the side.

[0063] The term interlayer as utilized herein refers to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0064] Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.

Light-Emitting Device

[0065] According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device includes: [0066] a first electrode; [0067] a second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode; [0068] an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, [0069] wherein the interlayer includes a first compound represented by Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Formula 2 and satisfying Condition 1:

##STR00002## [0070] wherein, in Formulae 1 and 2, [0071] Y.sub.1 may be selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b), Si(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b), and N(R.sub.1a), [0072] Y.sub.2 may be selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.2a)(R.sub.32b), Si(R.sub.2a)(R.sub.32b), and N(R.sub.2a), [0073] Y.sub.3 may be selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.3a)(R.sub.3b), Si(R.sub.3a)(R.sub.3b), and N(R.sub.3a), [0074] a1, a2, and a3 may each independently be 0 or 1, wherein i) if (e.g., when) a1 is 0, (then) *Y.sub.1* is absent, ii) if (e.g., when) a2 is 0, (then) *Y.sub.2* is absent, and iii) if (e.g., when) a3 is 0, (then) *Y.sub.3* is absent, [0075] ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY.sub.2 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0076] R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, R.sub.1b, R.sub.2a, R.sub.2b, R.sub.3a, and R.sub.3b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0077] R.sub.1 and R.sub.1a are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0078] R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0079] b1 and b2 are each independently an integer from 0 to 20, [0080] c3 may be an integer from 0 to 3, [0081] c4 may be an integer from 0 to 4, [0082] X.sub.1 may be N or C(Z.sub.1), X.sub.2 may be N or C(Z.sub.2), X.sub.3 may be N or C(Z.sub.3), and at least one selected from among X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 may be N, [0083] L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0084] a11 to a13 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3, wherein i) if (e.g., when) a11 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.1).sub.a11-* is a single bond, ii) if (e.g., when) a12 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.2).sub.a12-* is a single bond, and iii) if (e.g., when) a13 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.3).sub.a13-* is a single bond, [0085] Z.sub.1 to Z.sub.6 may each independently be *Si(Ar.sub.1)(Ar.sub.2)(Ar.sub.3), a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one at least one Z.sub.0, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0086] Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0087] R.sub.10a and Z.sub.0 may each independently be: [0088] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0089] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0090] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0091] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), [0092] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: [0093] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or [0094] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof,

Condition 1

[0095] at least two of Z.sub.0 to Z.sub.6 in Formula 2 may each be *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13) [0096] wherein, in Condition 1, [0097] Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 may each independently be a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof, [0098] wherein, in Formulae 1 and 2 and Condition 1, [0099] * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0100] For example, the light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments includes both (e.g., simultaneously) the first compound and the second compound, and in this regard, may be clearly different from i) a light-emitting device that includes the first compound and does not include the second compound and ii) a light-emitting device that does not include the first compound and includes the second compound.

[0101] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include the first compound and the second compound. For example, the first compound and the second compound may exist in the emission layer.

[0102] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may further include a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3:

##STR00003## [0103] wherein, in Formula 3, [0104] ring CY.sub.71 and ring CY.sub.72 may each independently be a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, [0105] X.sub.71 may be a single bond, or a linking group including O, S, N, B, C, Si, or any combination thereof, and [0106] * indicates a binding site to any atom included in a part of the third compound other than Formula 3 (e.g., in the remaining part other than Formula 3 in the third compound).

[0107] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may further include a fourth compound represented by Formula 4:

##STR00004## [0108] wherein, in Formula 4, [0109] M may be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu), [0110] X.sub.41 to X.sub.44 may each be carbon (C) or nitrogen (N), [0111] T.sub.1 may be a single bond, O, S, N(Z.sub.41), C(Z.sub.41)(Z.sub.42), or Si(Z.sub.41)(Z.sub.42), [0112] ring CY.sub.41 to ring CY.sub.44 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0113] Z.sub.41, Z.sub.42, and R.sub.41 to R.sub.44 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0114] Z.sub.41 and Z.sub.42 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0115] a41 to a44 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, [0116] R.sub.10a may be: [0117] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0118] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0119] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0120] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and [0121] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: [0122] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or [0123] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-Co alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0124] For descriptions of Formulae 3 and 4, reference may be made to the present specification.

[0125] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include a layer including 1) the first compound, (including) 2) the second compound, and (including) 3) the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof. The layer may include a mixture including 1) the first compound, 2) the second compound, and 3) the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof. For example, the layer is clearly distinguished from a double layer including (e.g., consisting of) a first layer including 1) the first compound and the second compound and a second layer including 2) the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof. For example, the layer may be the emission layer.

[0126] For example, the interlayer (e.g., the emission layer) may include: i) the first compound and the second compound; ii) the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound; iii) the first compound, the second compound, and the fourth compound; or iv) the first compound to the fourth compound.

[0127] In one or more embodiments, the second compound and the third compound may form an exciplex.

[0128] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may be to emit blue light.

[0129] In one or more embodiments, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nanometer (nm) to about 475 nm, about 440 nm to about 475 nm, about 450 nm to about 475 nm, about 430 nm to about 470 nm, about 440 nm to about 470 nm, about 450 nm to about 470 nm, about 430 nm to about 465 nm, about 440 nm to about 465 nm, about 450 nm to about 465 nm, about 430 nm to about 460 nm, about 440 nm to about 460 nm, or about 450 nm to about 460 nm.

[0130] In one or more embodiments, the blue light may have a full width at half maximum of 40 nm or less, or may be in a range of about 5 nm to about 40 nm, about nm to about 40 nm, about 15 nm to about 40 nm, about 20 nm to about 40 nm, about 5 nm to about 37 nm, about 10 nm to about 37 nm, about 15 nm to about 37 nm, or about 20 nm to about 37 nm.

[0131] In one or more embodiments, the blue light may be deep blue light.

[0132] In one or more embodiments, the blue light may have a CIEx coordinate (e.g., a CIEx coordinate for bottom emission) in a range of about 0.125 to about 0.140 or about 0.130 to about 0.140.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, the blue light may have a CIEy coordinate (e.g., a CIEy coordinate for bottom emission) in a range of about 0.120 to about 0.210.

[0134] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have an emission full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 40 nm or less. For example, the emission layer may have the emission FWHM in a range of about 30 nm to about 40 nm, about 33 m to about 39 nm, or about 35 nm to about 37 nm.

First Compound

[0135] The first compound may be represented by Formula 1:

##STR00005## [0136] wherein, in Formula 1, [0137] Y.sub.1 may be selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b), Si(R.sub.1a)(R.sub.1b), and N(R.sub.1a), [0138] Y.sub.2 may be selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.2a)(R.sub.2b), Si(R.sub.2a)(R.sub.2b), and N(R.sub.2a), [0139] Y.sub.3 may be selected from among O, S, Se, C(R.sub.3a)(R.sub.3b), Si(R.sub.3a)(R.sub.3b), and N(R.sub.3a), [0140] a1, a2, and a3 may each be 0 or 1, wherein i) if (e.g., when) a1 is 0, (then) *Y.sub.1* may be absent, ii) if (e.g., when) a2 is 0, (then) *Y.sub.2* may be absent, and iii) if (e.g., when) a3 is 0, (then) *Y.sub.3* may be absent, [0141] ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY.sub.2 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0142] R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, R.sub.1b, R.sub.2a, R.sub.2b, R.sub.3a, and R.sub.3b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0143] R.sub.1 and R.sub.1a may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0144] R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0145] b1 and b2 may each be an integer from 0 to 20, [0146] c3 may be an integer from 0 to 3, [0147] c4 may be an integer from 0 to 4, [0148] R.sub.10a may be: [0149] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0150] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0151] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0152] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), [0153] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: [0154] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or [0155] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-Co alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; and [0156] * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0157] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, [0158] i) Y.sub.1 may be N(R.sub.1a); [0159] ii) Y.sub.2 may be N(R.sub.2a); or [0160] iii) Y.sub.1 may be N(R.sub.1a), and Y.sub.2 may be N(R.sub.2a).

[0161] In one or more embodiments, at least one of a1 and a2 may be 1. For example, a1 and a2 may each be 1.

[0162] In one or more embodiments, a3 may be 0. For example, *Y.sub.3* may not exist, and the first compound may be represented by Formula 1A:

##STR00006##

[0163] In one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY.sub.2 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, or an isoquinoline group.

[0164] In one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY.sub.2 may each be a 6-membered ring. For example, ring CY.sub.1 and ring CY.sub.2 may each be a benzene group.

[0165] In one or more embodiments, the first compound may be represented by one of (e.g., at least one selected from among) Formulae 1-1 to 1-4:

##STR00007## ##STR00008## [0166] wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-4, [0167] Y.sub.11 may be N or C(R.sub.11), Y.sub.12 may be N or C(R.sub.12), Y.sub.13 may be N or C(R.sub.13), Y.sub.14 may be N or C(R.sub.14), Y.sub.15 may be N or C(R.sub.15), Y.sub.21 may be N or C(R.sub.21), Y.sub.22 may be N or C(R.sub.22), Y.sub.23 may be N or C(R.sub.23), Y.sub.24 may be N or C(R.sub.24), and Y.sub.25 may be N or C(R.sub.25), [0168] c2 may be an integer from 0 to 2, R.sub.11 to R.sub.15 and R.sub.21 to R.sub.25 are each defined as for R.sub.10a, and [0169] Y.sub.3, a3, ring CY.sub.1, ring CY.sub.2, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, b1, b2, c3, and c4 are each as defined herein.

[0170] In Formula 1, cases where R.sub.1 and R.sub.1a are not bonded to each other and R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a are not bonded to each other may be understood by referring to the description of Formula 1-1 or Compound 26:

##STR00009##

[0171] In Formula 1, cases where R.sub.1 and R.sub.1a are bonded to each other to form a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group and R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a are not bonded may be understood by referring to the description of Formula 1-2.

[0172] In Formula 1, cases where R.sub.1 and R.sub.1a are not bonded to each other and R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a are bonded to each other to form a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be understood by referring to the description of Formula 1-3 or Compound 131:

##STR00010##

[0173] In Formula 1, cases where R.sub.1 and Ria are bonded to each other to form a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group and R.sub.2 and R.sub.2a are bonded to each other to form a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be understood by referring to the description of Formula 1-4 or Compound 150:

##STR00011##

[0174] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.7, R.sub.1a, R.sub.1b, R.sub.2a, R.sub.2b, R.sub.3a, and R.sub.3b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a carbazolyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a dibenzofuranyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, a dibenzothiophenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10b, or N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0175] R.sub.10b may be: [0176] deuterium, F, or a cyano group; [0177] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0178] a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0179] N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and [0180] Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2, Q.sub.11, Q.sub.12, Q.sub.21, Q.sub.22, Q.sub.31 and Q.sub.32 may each independently be: [0181] hydrogen, deuterium, F, or a cyano group; or [0182] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0183] In one or more embodiments, the first compound may be any one of (e.g., one selected from among) Compounds 1 to 182:

##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039## ##STR00040## ##STR00041## ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047##

##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## ##STR00051## ##STR00052##

[0184] A compound represented by

##STR00053##

and having a core structure in which ring CY.sub.1 to ring CY.sub.5 are condensed may have a structure close to a plane in space. The first compound represented by

##STR00054##

may have a structure in which 11 rings of ring CY.sub.1 to ring CY.sub.11 are condensed. Therefore, in the first compound, a twist may be induced between a core in which only ring CY.sub.1 to ring CY.sub.5 are condensed and ring CY.sub.6 to ring CY.sub.11. In this regard, in the first compound having a twisted molecular structure, ring CY.sub.6 to ring CY.sub.11 may shield the outer shell of the core in which ring CY.sub.1 to ring CY.sub.5 are condensed, thereby improving the structural stability of the first compound.

[0185] In some embodiments, because the first compound has a twisted molecular structure, intermolecular - stacking may be prevented or reduced. For example, the - stacking may be prevented or reduced between two or more first compounds, between the first compound and the second compound, between the first compound and the third compound, or between the first compound and the fourth compound. Compared to the Forster energy transfer, the Dexter energy transfer may occur effectively only if (e.g., when) the distance between molecules is relatively close. In this regard, the Dexter energy transfer may be reduced as the - stacking is prevented or reduced.

[0186] Accordingly, the light-emitting device that employs the first compound with improved structural stability to prevent or reduce the Dexter energy transfer may have improved luminescence efficiency, improved lifespan, and/or improved color purity. Second compound

[0187] The second compound may be represented by Formula 2 and satisfy Condition 1:

##STR00055## [0188] wherein, in Formula 2, [0189] X.sub.1 may be N or C(Z.sub.1), X.sub.2 may be N or C(Z.sub.2), X.sub.3 may be N or C(Z.sub.3), and at least one of X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 may be N, [0190] L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0191] a11 to a13 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3, wherein i) if (e.g., when) a11 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.1).sub.a11-* is a single bond, ii) if (e.g., when) a12 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.2).sub.a12-* is a single bond, and iii) if (e.g., when) a13 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.3).sub.a13-* is a single bond, [0192] Z.sub.1 to Z.sub.6 may each independently be *Si(Ar.sub.1)(Ar.sub.2)(Ar.sub.3), a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one at least one Z.sub.0, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0193] Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0194] Z.sub.0 maybe: [0195] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0196] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0197] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0198] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), [0199] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: [0200] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or [0201] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof,

Condition 1

[0202] at least two of Z.sub.0 to Z.sub.6 in Formula 2 are each *Si(Ar.sub.1)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13) [0203] wherein, in Condition 1, [0204] Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 may each independently be a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof, [0205] wherein, in Formula 2 and Condition 1, [0206] * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.

[0208] In one or more embodiments, Li to L.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0. For example, Li to L.sub.3 may each be an ortho-phenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, a meta-phenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, or a para-phenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0.

[0209] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, the sum of all, a12, and a13 may be 1 or more.

[0210] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, Z.sub.1 to Z.sub.6 may each independently be *Si(Ar.sub.1)(Ar.sub.2)(Ar.sub.3), a benzene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, or a carbazole group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0.

[0211] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include two or more silicon atoms. For example, the second compound may include two silicon atoms.

[0212] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may satisfy Condition 1:

Condition 1

[0213] at least two of Z.sub.0 to Z.sub.6 in Formula 2 are each *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13). For example, the second compound may include two groups represented by *Si(Ar.sub.11) (Ar.sub.12) (Ar.sub.13).

[0214] In one or more embodiments, i) each of Z.sub.4 and Z.sub.5 may be *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13), and each of Z.sub.0, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, and Z.sub.6 may not be *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13); or ii) each of Z.sub.0 and Z.sub.4 may be *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13), and each of Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.5, and Z.sub.6 may not be *Si(Ar.sub.11)(Ar.sub.12)(Ar.sub.13).

[0215] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 may each independently be a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof. For example, each of Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 may be a phenyl group. For example, the second compound may be a compound including at least two groups represented by *Si(Ph)(Ph)(Ph) (triphenylsilyl (TPS)). Therefore, the second compound may be clearly different from a compound not including a TPS group or a compound including one TPS group.

[0216] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may be represented by Formula 2-1 or 2-2:

##STR00056## [0217] wherein, in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2, [0218] X.sub.1 may be N or C(Z.sub.1), X.sub.2 may be N or C(Z.sub.2), X.sub.3 may be N or C(Z.sub.3), and at least one of X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 may be N, [0219] L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0220] a12 and a13 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3, wherein i) if (e.g., when) a12 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.2).sub.a12-* may be a single bond, and ii) if (e.g., when) a13 is 0, (then) *-(L.sub.3).sub.a13-* may be a single bond, [0221] Z.sub.1 to Z.sub.3, Z.sub.5, and Z.sub.6 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one Z.sub.0, [0222] Z.sub.0 may be: [0223] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0224] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0225] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0226] N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), [0227] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, Q.sub.31, and Q.sub.32 may each independently be: [0228] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; or [0229] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof, and [0230] * and * each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0231] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2 and Condition 1, a case where each of Z.sub.4 and Z.sub.5 is a group represented by *Si(Ph)(Ph)(Ph) (TPS) may be understood by referring to the description of Formula 2-1.

[0232] In one or more embodiments, cases where Li is a phenylene group substituted with a group represented by *Si(Ph)(Ph)(Ph) and Z.sub.4 is a group represented by *Si(Ph)(Ph)(Ph) may be understood by referring to the description of Formula 2-2.

[0233] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include at least one of (e.g., may be any one selected from among) Compounds ET-1 to ET-4:

##STR00057## ##STR00058##

[0234] The second compound may include two or more groups that may each independently be the same as or similar to triphenylsilyl (*Si(Ph)(Ph)(Ph)). When the second compound includes bulky substituents, such as the groups that may each independently be the same or similar to triphenylsilyl, the azine group at the core of the second compound may be shielded, and the intramolecular - stacking with the first compound may be effectively prevented or reduced. Therefore, the Dexter energy transfer between the first compound that can function as a dopant and the second compound that can function as a host may be further reduced. For example, the light-emitting device including both (e.g., simultaneously) the first compound and the second compound according to one or more embodiments may have improved luminescence efficiency, improved lifespan, and/or improved color purity.

Third Compound

[0235] The third compound including a group represented by Formula 3 may include a compound represented by Formula 3-1, a compound represented by Formula 3-2, a compound represented by Formula 3-3, a compound represented by Formula 3-4, a compound represented by Formula 3-5, or any combination thereof:

##STR00059## ##STR00060## [0236] wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, [0237] ring CY.sub.71 to ring CY.sub.74 may each independently be a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, [0238] X.sub.82 may be a single bond, O, S, N-[(L.sub.82).sub.b82-R.sub.82], C(R.sub.82a)(R.sub.82b), or Si(R.sub.82a)(R.sub.82b), [0239] X.sub.83 may be a single bond, O, S, N-[(L.sub.83).sub.b83-R.sub.83], C(R.sub.83a)(R.sub.83b), or Si(R.sub.83a)(R.sub.83b), [0240] X.sub.84 may be O, S, N-[(L.sub.84).sub.b84-R.sub.84], C(R.sub.84a)(R.sub.84b), or Si(R.sub.84a)(R.sub.84b), [0241] X.sub.85 may be C or Si, [0242] L.sub.81 to L.sub.85 may each independently be a single bond, *C(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*, *Si(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*, a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a pyridine group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, wherein Q.sub.4 and Q.sub.5 may each be defined as for Q.sub.1, [0243] b81 to b85 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, [0244] R.sub.71 to R.sub.74, R.sub.81 to R.sub.85, R.sub.82a, R.sub.82b, R.sub.83a, R.sub.83b, R.sub.84a, and R.sub.84b are each defined as for R.sub.1, [0245] a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, and [0246] R.sub.10a may be as defined herein.

[0247] In one or more embodiments, the third compound may include at least one of (e.g., may be any one selected from among) Compounds HT-1 to HT-9:

##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063##

Fourth Compound

[0248] The fourth compound represented by Formula 4 may be a platinum complex. For example, M in Formula 4 may be Pt.

[0249] In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include at least one carbene moiety.

[0250] In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be represented by Formula 4-1 or 4-2:

##STR00064## [0251] wherein, in Formulae 4-1 and 4-2, [0252] R.sub.41a to R.sub.41c may each be defined as for R.sub.41 in Formula 4, [0253] R.sub.42a may be defined as for R.sub.42 in Formula 4, [0254] R.sub.43a and R.sub.43b may each be defined as for R.sub.43 in Formula 4, [0255] R.sub.44a to R.sub.44c may each be defined as for R.sub.44 in Formula 4, [0256] R.sub.41b and R.sub.41c may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0257] c2 may be an integer from 0 to 2 c3 may be an integer from 0 to 3, [0258] c4 may be an integer from 0 to 4, and [0259] T.sub.1 may be as defined in Formula 4.

[0260] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.41b and R.sub.41c may optionally be bonded to each other to form a benzene group.

[0261] In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include at least one of (e.g., may be any one selected from among) Compounds ST-1 to ST-16:

##STR00065## ##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## [0262] wherein, in the preceding compound, Ph represents a phenyl group, D represents deuterium, and D5 represents substitution with five deuterium. For example, a group represented by

##STR00069##

may be substantially identical to a group represented by

##STR00070##

Description of FIG. 1

[0263] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer, and a second electrode 150. The interlayer may include a hole transport region 120, an emission layer 130, and an electron transport region 140.

[0264] Hereinafter, a structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

First Electrode 110

[0265] In FIG. 1, a substrate may be additionally arranged under the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. In one or more embodiments, as the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. The substrate may be a flexible substrate. For example, the substrate may include plastics with excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0266] The first electrode 110 may be formed by providing a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate by using a deposition method or a sputtering method. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.

[0267] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, (then) a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (AlLi), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (MgIn), magnesium-silver (MgAg), or any combination thereof.

[0268] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO/Ag/ITO. Interlayer

[0269] The interlayer may be arranged on the first electrode 110. The interlayer may include a hole transport region 120, an emission layer 130, and an electron transport region 140.

[0270] The interlayer may include one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.

[0271] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer between every two emitting units. When the interlayer includes the light-emitting units and the charge generation layer, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Hole Transport Region 120

[0272] The hole transport region 120 may have i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including multiple materials that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) multiple layers including multiple different materials that are different from each other.

[0273] The hole transport region 120 may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0274] For example, the hole transport region 120 may have a multi-layer structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein constituent layers of each structure are stacked sequentially from the first electrode 110.

[0275] The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

##STR00071## [0276] wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202, [0277] L.sub.201 to L.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0278] L.sub.205 may be *O*, *S*, *N(Q.sub.201)-*, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0279] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, [0280] xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, [0281] R.sub.201 to R.sub.204 and Q.sub.201 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0282] R.sub.201 and R.sub.202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group (e.g., a carbazole group, and/or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a (e.g., Compound HT16, and/or the like), [0283] R.sub.203 and R.sub.204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0284] na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0285] For example, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of (e.g., may be any one selected from among) groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:

##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074## ##STR00075## ##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## [0286] wherein, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, R.sub.10b and R.sub.10c may each be defined as for R.sub.10a, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.20 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R.sub.10a.

[0287] In one or more embodiments, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

[0288] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0289] In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0290] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R.sub.201 may be one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R.sub.202 may be one of groups represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.

[0291] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any of) groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0292] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any of) the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0293] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any of) groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.

[0294] For example, the hole transport region may include: at least one of Compounds HT1 to HT46; m-MTDATA; TDATA; 2-TNATA; NPB(NPD); p-NPB; TPD; spiro-TPD; spiro-NPB; methylated NPB; TAPC; HMTPD; 4,4, 4-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA); polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA); poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS); polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA); polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS); or any combination thereof:

##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082## ##STR00083## ##STR00084## ##STR00085## ##STR00086## ##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## ##STR00090## ##STR00091##

[0295] A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 angstrom () to about 10,000 , for example, about 100 to about 4,000 . When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 to about 9,000 , for example, about 100 to about 1,000 , and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 to about 2,000 , for example, about 100 to about 1,500 . When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0296] The emission auxiliary layer is a layer that increases light emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer 130. The electron blocking layer may be a layer that prevents or reduces electron leakage from the emission layer 130 to the hole transport region 120. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.

[p-dopant]

[0297] The hole transport region 120 may further include, in addition to the aforementioned materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (e.g., substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in the hole transport region (e.g., in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) the charge-generation material).

[0298] The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

[0299] For example, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of about 3.5 eV or less.

[0300] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

[0301] Examples of the quinone derivative may include TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, and/or the like.

[0302] Examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN, a compound represented by Formula 221, and/or the like:

##STR00092## [0303] wherein, in Formula 221, [0304] R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0305] at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each substituted with: a cyano group; F; Cl; Br; I; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.

[0306] In the compound including the element EL1 and the element EL2, the element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof, and the element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0307] Examples of the metal may include: alkali metal (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and/or the like); alkaline earth metal (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and/or the like); transition metal (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and/or the like); post-transition metal (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), and/or the like); lanthanide metal (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), and/or the like); and/or the like.

[0308] Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and/or the like.

[0309] Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O), a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0310] For example, the compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include metal oxide, metal halide (e.g., metal fluoride, metal chloride, metal bromide, metal iodide, and/or the like), metalloid halide (e.g., metalloid fluoride, metalloid chloride, metalloid bromide, metalloid iodide, and/or the like), metal telluride, or any combination thereof.

[0311] Examples of the metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W.sub.2O.sub.3, WO.sub.2, WO.sub.3, W.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), a vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V.sub.2O.sub.3, VO.sub.2, V.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), a molybdenum oxide (for example, MoO, Mo.sub.2O.sub.3, MoO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, Mo.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), a rhenium oxide (for example, ReO.sub.3, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0312] Examples of the metal halide may include alkali metal halide, alkaline earth metal halide, transition metal halide, post-transition metal halide, lanthanide metal halide, and/or the like.

[0313] Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, Nal, KI, RbI, CsI, and/or the like.

[0314] Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF.sub.2, MgF.sub.2, CaF.sub.2, SrF.sub.2, BaF.sub.2, BeCl.sub.2, MgCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2), SrCl.sub.2, BaCl.sub.2, BeBr.sub.2, MgBr.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, SrBr.sub.2, BaBr.sub.2, BeI.sub.2, MgI.sub.2, CaI.sub.2, SrI.sub.2, BaI.sub.2, and/or the like.

[0315] Examples of the transition metal halide may include titanium halide (e.g., TiF.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, TiBr.sub.4, TiI.sub.4, and/or the like), zirconium halide (e.g., ZrF.sub.4, ZrCl.sub.4, ZrBr.sub.4, ZrI.sub.4, and/or the like), hafnium halide (e.g., HfF.sub.4, HfCl.sub.4, HfBr.sub.4, HfI.sub.4, and/or the like), vanadium halide (e.g., VF.sub.3, VCl.sub.3, VBr.sub.3, VI.sub.3, and/or the like), niobium halide (e.g., NbF.sub.3, NbCl.sub.3, NbBr.sub.3, NbI.sub.3, and/or the like), tantalum halide (e.g., TaF.sub.3, TaCl.sub.3, TaBr.sub.3, TaI.sub.3, and/or the like), chromium halide (e.g., CrF.sub.3, CrCl.sub.3, CrBr.sub.3, CrI.sub.3, and/or the like), molybdenum halide (e.g., MoF.sub.3, MoCl.sub.3, MoBr.sub.3, MoI.sub.3, and/or the like), tungsten halide (e.g., WF.sub.3, WCl.sub.3, WBr.sub.3, WI.sub.3, and/or the like), manganese halide (e.g., MnF.sub.2, MnCl.sub.2, MnBr.sub.2, MnI.sub.2, and/or the like), technetium halide (e.g., TcF.sub.2, TcCl.sub.2, TcBr.sub.2, TcI.sub.2, and/or the like), rhenium halide (e.g., ReF.sub.2, ReCl.sub.2, ReBr.sub.2, ReI.sub.2, and/or the like), Iron(II) halide (e.g., FeF.sub.2, FeCl.sub.2, FeBr.sub.2, FeI.sub.2, and/or the like), ruthenium halide (e.g., RuF.sub.2, RuCl.sub.2, RuBr.sub.2, RuI.sub.2, and/or the like), osmium halide (e.g., OsF.sub.2, OsCl.sub.2, OsBr.sub.2, OsI.sub.2, and/or the like), cobalt halide (e.g., CoF.sub.2, COCl.sub.2, CoBr.sub.2, CoI.sub.2, and/or the like), rhodium halide (e.g., RhF.sub.2, RhCl.sub.2, RhBr.sub.2, RhI.sub.2, and/or the like), iridium halide (e.g., IrF.sub.2, IrCl.sub.2, IrBr.sub.2, IrI.sub.2, and/or the like), nickel halide (e.g., NiF.sub.2, NiCl.sub.2, NiBr.sub.2, NiI.sub.2, and/or the like), palladium halide (e.g., PdF.sub.2, PdCl.sub.2, PdBr.sub.2, PdI.sub.2, and/or the like), platinum halide (e.g., PtF.sub.2, PtCl.sub.2, PtBr.sub.2, PtI.sub.2, and/or the like), Copper(I) halide (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, and/or the like), silver halide (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, and/or the like), gold halide (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0316] Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, ZnBr.sub.2, ZnI.sub.2, and/or the like), an indium halide (for example, InI.sub.3, and/or the like), a tin halide (for example, SnI.sub.2, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0317] Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF.sub.2, YbF.sub.3, SmF.sub.3, YbCl, YbCl.sub.2, YbCl.sub.3, SmCl.sub.3, YbBr, YbBr.sub.2, YbBr.sub.3, SmBr.sub.3, YbI, YbI.sub.2, YbI.sub.3, SmI.sub.3, and/or the like.

[0318] Examples of the metalloid halide may include antimony halide (e.g., SbCl.sub.5, and/or the like) and/or the like.

[0319] Examples of the metal telluride may include alkali metal telluride (e.g., Li.sub.2Te, Na.sub.2Te, K.sub.2Te, Rb.sub.2Te, Cs.sub.2Te, and/or the like), alkaline earth metal telluride (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, and/or the like), transition metal telluride (e.g., TiTe.sub.2, ZrTe.sub.2, HfTe.sub.2, V.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ta.sub.2Te.sub.3, Cr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Mo.sub.2Te.sub.3, W.sub.2Te.sub.3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu.sub.2Te, CuTe, Ag.sub.2Te, AgTe, Au.sub.2Te, and/or the like), post-transition metal telluride (e.g., ZnTe, and/or the like), lanthanide metal telluride (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, and/or the like), and/or the like.

Emission Layer 130

[0320] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer 130 may have a stacked structure in which two or more layers among a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer contact each other or are separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a structure in which two or more materials among a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0321] The emission layer 130 may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

[0322] An amount of the dopant in the emission layer 130 may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

[0323] The emission layer 130 may include quantum dots.

[0324] The emission layer 130 may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

[0325] A thickness of the emission layer 130 may be in a range of about 100 to about 1,000 , for example, about 200 to about 600 . When the thickness of the emission layer 130 is within these ranges, excellent or suitable luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host

[0326] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[Ar.sub.301].sub.xb11-[(L.sub.301).sub.xb1-R.sub.301].sub.xb21Formula 301 [0327] wherein, in Formula 301, [0328] Ar.sub.301 and L.sub.301 may each independently be a C3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0329] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3, [0330] xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5, [0331] R.sub.301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302)(Q.sub.303), N(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), B(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), C(O)(Q.sub.301), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), or P(O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), [0332] xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and [0333] Q.sub.301 to Q.sub.303 may each be defined as for Q.sub.1.

[0334] For example, if (e.g., when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.301 may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0335] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

##STR00093## [0336] wherein, in Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

[0337] ring A.sub.301 to ring A.sub.304 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0338] X.sub.301 may be O, S, N[(L.sub.304).sub.xb4-R.sub.304], C(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), or Si(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), [0339] xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, [0340] L.sub.301, xb1, and R.sub.301 may each be as defined herein, [0341] L.sub.302 to L.sub.304 may each independently be defined as for L.sub.301, [0342] xb2 to xb4 may each independently be defined as for xb1, and [0343] R.sub.302 to R.sub.305 and R.sub.311 to R.sub.314 may each be defined as for R.sub.301.

[0344] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (e.g., Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

[0345] In one or more embodiments, the host may include: at least one of (e.g., at least one selected from among) Compounds H1 to H128; 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN); 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN); 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN); 4,4-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-di(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP); 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP); or any combination thereof:

##STR00094## ##STR00095## ##STR00096## ##STR00097## ##STR00098## ##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104## ##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107## ##STR00108## ##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111## ##STR00112## ##STR00113##

##STR00114##

Phosphorescent Dopant

[0346] The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

[0347] The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

[0348] The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0349] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

##STR00115## [0350] wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402, [0351] M may be a transition metal (e.g., Ir, Pt, Pd, Os, Ti, Au, Hf, Eu, Tb, Rh, Re, or Tm), [0352] L.sub.401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, if (e.g., when) xc1 is 2 or more, (then) two or more of L.sub.401 may be substantially identical to or different from each other, [0353] L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein, if (e.g., when) xc2 is 2 or more, (then) two or more of L.sub.402 may be substantially identical to or different from each other, [0354] X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon, [0355] ring A.sub.401 and ring A.sub.402 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0356] T.sub.401 may be a single bond, *O*, *S*, *C(O)*, *N(Q.sub.411)-*, *C(Q.sub.411)(Q.sub.412)-*, *C(Q.sub.411)=C(Q.sub.412)-*, *C(Q.sub.411)=*, or *=C=*, [0357] X.sub.403 and X.sub.404 may each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q.sub.413), B(Q.sub.413), P(Q.sub.413), C(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), or Si(Q.sub.413) (Q.sub.414), [0358] Q.sub.411 to Q.sub.414 may each be defined as for Q.sub.1, [0359] R.sub.401 and R.sub.402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402)(Q.sub.403), N(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), B(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), C(O)(Q.sub.401), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.401), or P(O)(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), [0360] Q.sub.401 to Q.sub.403 may each be defined as for Q.sub.1, [0361] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and [0362] * and * in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

[0363] For example, in Formula 402, i) X.sub.401 may be nitrogen and X.sub.402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may be nitrogen.

[0364] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, (then) two ring A.sub.401(s) among two or more L.sub.401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T.sub.402, which is a linking group, and two ring A.sub.402(s) among two or more L.sub.401 (s) may optionally be linked to each other via T.sub.403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T.sub.402 and T.sub.403 may each be defined as for T.sub.401.

[0365] In Formula 401, L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L.sub.402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (e.g., an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., a picolinate group), C(O), an isonitrile group, a CN group, a phosphorus group (e.g., a phosphine group, a phosphite group, and/or the like.), or any combination thereof.

[0366] The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:

##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120## ##STR00121## ##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124## ##STR00125## ##STR00126## ##STR00127##

Fluorescent Dopant

[0367] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0368] For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

##STR00128## [0369] wherein, in Formula 501, [0370] Ar.sub.501, L.sub.501 to L.sub.503, R.sub.501, and R.sub.502 may each independently include a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0371] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and [0372] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0373] For example, Ar.sub.501 in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (e.g., an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, and/or the like) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

[0374] For example, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

[0375] For example, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Compounds FD1 to FD37; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:

##STR00129## ##STR00130## ##STR00131## ##STR00132## ##STR00133## ##STR00134## ##STR00135##

Delayed Fluorescence Material

[0376] The emission layer 130 may include a delayed fluorescence material.

[0377] In the present specification, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from among compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0378] The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer.

[0379] In one or more embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material is satisfied within the ranges described herein, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved luminescence efficiency.

[0380] For example, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group, and/or the like) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and/or the like), and ii) a material including a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).

[0381] Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Compounds DF1 to DF14:

##STR00136## ##STR00137## ##STR00138## ##STR00139## ##STR00140##

Quantum Dots

[0382] The emission layer 130 may include quantum dots.

[0383] In the specification, quantum dots refer to crystals of a semiconductor compound. Quantum dots may be to emit light of one or more suitable emission wavelengths depending on the size of crystals. Quantum dots may be to emit light of one or more suitable emission wavelengths by adjusting a ratio of elements constituting the quantum dots.

[0384] A diameter of the quantum dots may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 10 nm. In the present disclosure, when quantum dot, quantum dots, or quantum dot particles are spherical, diameter indicates a particle diameter or an average particle diameter, and when the particles are non-spherical, the diameter indicates a major axis length or an average major axis length. The diameter of the particles may be measured utilizing a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer, may be utilized. When the size of the particles is measured utilizing a particle size analyzer, the average particle diameter is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter of particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50 vol % in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% from the smallest particle when the total number of particles is 100% in the distribution curve accumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size.

[0385] The quantum dots may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

[0386] The wet chemical process is a method including mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and then growing quantum dot particle crystals. When the crystals grow, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystals and controls the growth of the crystals so that the growth of quantum dot particles may be controlled or selected through a process which costs lower and is easier than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

[0387] The quantum dot may include: a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV element or compound; or any combination thereof.

[0388] Examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0389] Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GalnNSb, GaInPAs, GalnPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the Group Ill-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, and/or the like.

[0390] Examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound are: a binary compound, such as GaS, Ga.sub.2Se.sub.3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In.sub.2S.sub.3, In.sub.2Se.sub.3, InTe, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as InGaS.sub.3, InGaSe.sub.3, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0391] Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS.sub.2, AgInSe.sub.2, AgGaS, AgGaS.sub.2, AgGaSe.sub.2, CuInS, CuInS.sub.2, CuInSe.sub.2, CuGaS.sub.2, CuGaSe.sub.2, CuGaO.sub.2, AgGaO.sub.2, AgAlO.sub.2, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as AgInGaS.sub.2, AgInGaSe.sub.2, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0392] Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0393] Examples of the Group IV element or compound may include: a single element, such as Si, Ge, and/or the like; a binary compound, such as SiC, SiGe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0394] Each element included in a multi-element compound, such as the binary compound, the ternary compound, and the quaternary compound, may be present at a substantially uniform concentration or non-substantially uniform concentration in a particle. For example, the formulae herein refer to types (kinds) of elements included in the compound, and the element ratios within the compound may vary. For example, AgInGaS.sub.2 refers to AgInxGa.sub.1-xS.sub.2 (where x is a real number between 0 and 1).

[0395] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dots is substantially uniform, or a core-shell dual structure. For example, materials included in the core and materials included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0396] The shell of the quantum dots may act as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dots. The shell may be single-layered or multi-layered. The interface between the core and the first shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element existing in the first shell decreases toward the center of the core 10.

[0397] Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may be an oxide of a metal, metalloid or non-metal, a semiconductor compound, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof. Examples of the oxide of metal or non-metal are: a binary compound, such as SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, ZnO, MnO, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, CuO, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, CoO, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, NiO, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4, CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4, NiFe.sub.2O.sub.4, CoMn.sub.2O.sub.4, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound are: as described herein, Group II-VI semiconductor compounds; Group Ill-V semiconductor compounds; Group Ill-VI semiconductor compounds; Group 1-Ill-VI semiconductor compounds; Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; Group IV element or compounds or any combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaS, GaSe, AgGaS, AgGaS.sub.2, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

[0398] Each element included in the multi-element compound, such as the binary compound and the ternary compound, may be present in the particle at a substantially uniform or non-substantially uniform concentration. For example, the formulae herein refer to types (kinds) of elements included in the compound, and the element ratios within the compound may vary.

[0399] A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dots may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, and for example, about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, the color purity or color reproducibility of the quantum dots may be improved. In some embodiments, because light emitted through the quantum dots is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

[0400] In some embodiments, the quantum dots may be nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanoplates, and/or the like, e.g., in the form of spherical particles, pyramidal particles, multi-arm particles, or cubic particles.

[0401] Because the energy band gap may be controlled or selected by adjusting the size of the quantum dots or the ratio of elements in the quantum dot compound, light of one or more suitable wavelengths may be obtained from the quantum dot-containing emission layer. Therefore, by using the aforementioned quantum dots (using quantum dots of different sizes or having different element ratios in the quantum dot compound), a light-emitting device emitting light of one or more suitable wavelengths may be implemented. For example, the control of the size of the quantum dots or the ratio of elements in the quantum dot compound may be selected to emit red light, green light, and/or blue light. In some embodiments, the size of the quantum dots may be configured to emit white light by combination of light of one or more suitable colors.

Electron Transport Region 140

[0402] The electron transport region 140 may have i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including multiple materials that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) multiple layers including multiple different materials that are different from each other.

[0403] The electron transport region 140 may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0404] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 140 may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein, for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the emission layer 130.

[0405] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 140 (for example, the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.

[0406] For example, the electron transport region 140 may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar.sub.601].sub.xe11-[(L.sub.601).sub.xe11-R.sub.601].sub.xe21Formula 601 [0407] wherein, in Formula 601, [0408] Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0409] xe11 maybe 1, 2, or 3, [0410] xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, [0411] R.sub.601 may be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602)(Q.sub.603), C(O)(Q.sub.601), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or P(O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602), [0412] Q.sub.601 to Q.sub.603 may each be defined as for Q.sub.1, [0413] xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and [0414] at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Ar.sub.601, L.sub.601, and R.sub.601 may each independently be a electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0415] For example, if (e.g., when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.601 may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0416] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0417] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 140 may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

##STR00141## [0418] wherein, in Formula 601-1, [0419] X.sub.614 may be N or C(R.sub.614), X.sub.615 may be N or C(R.sub.615), and X.sub.616 may be N or C(R.sub.616), wherein at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) X.sub.614 to X.sub.616 may be N, [0420] L.sub.611 to L.sub.613 may each be defined as for L.sub.601, [0421] xe611 to xe613 may each be defined as for xe1, [0422] R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 may each be defined as for R.sub.601, and [0423] R.sub.614 to R.sub.616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0424] In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0425] The electron transport region 140 may include: at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Compounds ET1 to ET45; 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen); Alq.sub.3; BAlq; TAZ; NTAZ; or any combination thereof:

##STR00142## ##STR00143## ##STR00144## ##STR00145## ##STR00146## ##STR00147## ##STR00148## ##STR00149## ##STR00150## ##STR00151## ##STR00152## ##STR00153## ##STR00154## ##STR00155## ##STR00156## ##STR00157##

[0426] A thickness of the electron transport region 140 may be in a range of about 100 angstrom () to about 5,000 , for example, about 160 to about 4,000 . When the electron transport region 140 includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 to about 1,000 , for example, about 30 to about 300 , and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 to about 1,000 , for example, about 150 to about 500 . When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0427] The electron transport region 140 (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region 140) may further include, in addition to the aforementioned materials, a metal-containing material.

[0428] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0429] In one or more embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:

##STR00158##

[0430] The electron transport region 140 may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

[0431] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) multiple layers that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers including multiple materials that are different from each other.

[0432] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0433] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0434] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

[0435] The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li.sub.2O, Cs.sub.2O, or K.sub.2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, Nal, CsI, or KI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba.sub.xSr.sub.1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), Ba.sub.xCa.sub.1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, Sc.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, GdF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, YbI.sub.3, ScI.sub.3, TbI.sub.3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ce.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Sm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Eu.sub.2Te.sub.3, Gd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Dy.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ho.sub.2Te.sub.3, Er.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Yb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Lu.sub.2Te.sub.3, and/or the like.

[0436] The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of (e.g., selected from among) ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal and ii) a ligand bonded to the metal ion(s) (e.g., the selected metal ion (s)), for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0437] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., the compound represented by Formula 601).

[0438] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.

[0439] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, the rare earth metal-containing compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (e.g., substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0440] A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 to about 100 , and, for example, about 3 to about 90 . When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 150

[0441] The second electrode 150 may be arranged on the electron transport region 140. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low-work function, may be used.

[0442] The second electrode 150 may include Li, Ag, Mg, Al, AlLi, Ca, MgIn, MgAg, Yb, AgYb, ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0443] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.

Capping Layer

[0444] A first capping layer may be arranged outside (e.g., and on) the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be arranged outside (e.g., and on) the second electrode 150. For example, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

[0445] Light generated in the emission layer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may pass through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer to the outside. Light generated in the emission layer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may pass through the second electrode 150, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer to the outside.

[0446] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency according to the aspect of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, and accordingly, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

[0447] Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.2 or more (at 460 nm).

[0448] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0449] At least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) the first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) the first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

[0450] In one or more embodiments, at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include the compound represented by Formula 201, the compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0451] In one or more embodiments, at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) the first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may each independently include: at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Compounds HT28 to HT33; at least one of (e.g., one or more selected from among) Compounds CP1 to CP6; p-NPB; or any combination thereof:

##STR00159## ##STR00160##

Film

[0452] The electronic apparatus may further include a film. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control component) (e.g., a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or like), a light blocking member (e.g., a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, and/or the like), a protective member (e.g., an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, and/or the like).

Electronic Apparatus

[0453] The light-emitting device 10 may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device 10 may be a display apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.

[0454] The electronic apparatus (e.g., a display apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device 10, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color-conversion layer may be arranged in at least one direction in which light emitted from the light-emitting device 10 travels. For example, light emitted from the light-emitting device 10 may be blue light or white light. For descriptions of the light-emitting device 10, reference may be made to the present specification. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dots may be, for example, the aforementioned quantum dots.

[0455] The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the plurality of subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the plurality of subpixel areas.

[0456] A pixel-defining film may be arranged among the plurality of subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

[0457] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns thereon, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns thereon.

[0458] The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include: a first area emitting first color light; a second area emitting second color light; and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In particular, the first area may include red quantum dots, the second area may include green quantum dots, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. Details on the quantum dots may each independently be the same as described herein. Each of the first area, the second area, and/or the third area may further include a scatter.

[0459] For example, in the light-emitting device 10 emitting first light, the first area may be to absorb the first light to emit first-1 color light, the second area may be to absorb the first light to emit second-1 color light, and the third area may be to absorb the first light to emit third-1 color light. Here, the first-1 color light, the second-1 color light, and the third-1 color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first-1 color light may be red light, the second-1 color light may be green light, and the third-1 color light may be blue light.

[0460] The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device 10. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein any one of the source electrode or the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode 110 or the second electrode 150 of the light-emitting device 10.

[0461] The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.

[0462] The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.

[0463] The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device 10. The sealing portion may be arranged between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device 10. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

[0464] Various functional layers may be additionally arranged on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer and a polarizing layer. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (e.g., fingertips, pupils, and/or the like).

[0465] The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described herein, a biometric information collector.

[0466] The electronic apparatus may be applied to one or more suitable displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (e.g., electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (e.g., meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.

Electronic Equipment

[0467] The light-emitting device 10 may be included in one or more suitable types (kinds) of electronic equipment.

[0468] For example, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device 10 may be any one of (e.g., any one selected from among) a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for indoor or outdoor lighting and/or signaling, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a 3D display, a virtual or augmented-reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, a signboard, and/or a (e.g., any suitable) combination thereof.

[0469] The light-emitting device 10 has improved luminescence efficiency and improved lifespan, and thus the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device 10 may have characteristics, such as high luminance, high resolution, and low power consumption.

Description of FIGS. 2 and 3

[0470] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments.

[0471] The electronic apparatus of FIG. 2 includes a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion 300.

[0472] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be arranged on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate 100, and provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0473] A TFT may be arranged on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an activation layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0474] The activation layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor, such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0475] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the activation layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be arranged on the activation layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be arranged on the gate insulating film 230.

[0476] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270, to insulate these electrodes from one another.

[0477] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be arranged on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be arranged in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220.

[0478] The TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device includes the first electrode 110, the interlayer, and the second electrode 150.

[0479] The first electrode 110 may be arranged on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be arranged to expose a portion of the drain electrode 270 without fully covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be arranged to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0480] A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be arranged on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a certain region of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic-based organic film. In some embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 to be arranged in the form of a common layer.

[0481] The second electrode 150 may be arranged on the interlayer, and a capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0482] The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be arranged on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and/or the like), an epoxy-based resin (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), and/or the like), or any combination thereof; or any combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.

[0483] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments.

[0484] The electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 is the same as the electronic apparatus of FIG. 2, except that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are additionally arranged on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device included in the electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Description of FIG. 4

[0485] FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of electronic equipment 1 including the light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. The electronic equipment 1 may be, as an apparatus that displays a moving image or a still image, portable electronic equipment, such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an electronic book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation, or a ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), as well as one or more suitable products or a part thereof, such as a television, a laptop, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of things (IOT). In some embodiments, the electronic equipment 1 may be a wearable device or a part thereof, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or kind display, or a head mounted display (HMD). However, embodiments are not limited thereto. For example, the electron equipment 1 may include a dashboard of a vehicle, a center information display on a center fascia or dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display replacing a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display arranged for the rear seat of a vehicle or arranged on the back of the front seat, a head-up display (HUD) installed at the front of a vehicle or projected on a front window glass, or a computer generated hologram augmented reality head up display (CGH AR HUD). FIG. 4 illustrates a case in which the electronic equipment 1 is a smartphone for convenience of explanation.

[0486] The electronic equipment 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The electronic equipment 1 may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0487] The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely be around (e.g., surround) the display area DA. On the non-display area NDA, a driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged on the display area DA may be arranged. On the non-display area NDA, a pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printed circuit board, may be electrically connected may be arranged.

[0488] In the electronic equipment 1, the length in an x-axis direction and the length in a y-axis direction may be different from each other. In one or more embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be greater than the length in the y-axis direction.

Descriptions of FIGS. 5 and 6A to 6C

[0489] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the exterior of a vehicle 1000 as electronic equipment including the light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. FIGS. 6A to 6C are each a schematic view of the interior of the vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0490] Referring to FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, and 6C, the vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable apparatuses for moving a subject to be transported, such as a human, an aspect, or an animal, from a departure point to a destination point. The vehicle 1000 may include a vehicle traveling on a road or a track, a vessel moving over the sea or river, an airplane flying in the sky using the action of air, and/or the like.

[0491] The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a certain direction according to rotation of at least one wheel. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, and a train running on a track.

[0492] The vehicle 1000 may include a vehicle body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the vehicle body. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a pillar provided at a boundary between doors, and/or the like. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, and/or the like.

[0493] The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side-view mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display apparatus 2.

[0494] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0495] The side window glass 1100 may be installed on the side of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0496] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in an x direction or a x direction. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in the x direction or the x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x direction or the x direction. In one or more embodiments, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or the x direction.

[0497] The front window glass 1200 may be installed in front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 opposite to (e.g., facing) each other.

[0498] The side-view mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side-view mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. The other one of the plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0499] The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning lamp, a seat belt warning lamp, an odometer, a tachograph, an automatic shift selector indicator lamp, a door open warning lamp, an engine oil warning lamp, and/or a low fuel warning light.

[0500] The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a heater of a seat are arranged. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on one side of the cluster 1400.

[0501] The passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be arranged to correspond to a passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0502] In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display apparatus 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 opposite to (e.g., facing) each other. The display apparatus 2 may be arranged on at least one of the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0503] The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic light-emitting display device, a quantum dot display device, and/or the like. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting display apparatus including the aforementioned light-emitting device 1 according to one or more embodiments will be described as an example, but one or more suitable types (kinds) of the aforementioned display apparatus may be used in embodiments.

[0504] Referring to FIG. 6A, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged on the center fascia 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may display audio, video, or information regarding vehicle settings.

[0505] Referring to FIG. 6B, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged on the cluster 1400. In this case, the cluster 1400 may display driving information and/or the like through the display apparatus 2. For example, the cluster 1400 may be implemented digitally. The cluster 1400 implemented digitally may display vehicle information and driving information as images. In one or more embodiments, a needle and a gauge of a tachometer and one or more suitable warning light icons may be displayed by a digital signal.

[0506] Referring to FIG. 6C, the display device 2 may be arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. The display apparatus 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat dashboard 1600 or arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display an image related to information displayed on the cluster 1400 and/or information displayed on the center fascia 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display information different from information displayed on the cluster 1400 and/or information displayed on the center fascia 1500.

Manufacturing Method

[0507] The layers constituting the hole transport region 120, the emission layer 130, and the layers constituting the electron transport region 140 may be formed in a certain region by using one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, and/or the like.

[0508] When the layers constituting the hole transport region 120, the emission layer 130, and the layers constituting the electron transport region 140 are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100 C. to about 500 C., a vacuum degree of about 10.sup.8 torr to about 10.sup.3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 /sec to about 100 /sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

Definition of Terms

[0509] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group as used herein refers to a cyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having 3 to 60 carbon atoms.

[0510] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom.

[0511] The C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may each be: a monocyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) one ring; or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be from 3 to 61.

[0512] The term cyclic group as used herein may include both (e.g., simultaneously) the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group.

[0513] The term electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *N* as a ring-forming moiety.

[0514] The term electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes *N* as a ring-forming moiety.

[0515] In one or more embodiments, [0516] the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be i) Group T.sub.1 or ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T.sub.1 are condensed with each other (e.g., a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group), [0517] the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be i) Group T2, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T2 are condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T2 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (e.g., a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, a xanthene group, and/or the like), [0518] the electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) Group T1, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T1 are condensed with each other, iii) Group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T.sub.3 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (e.g., the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, and/or the like), and [0519] the electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) Group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more Groups T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4, at least one Group T1, and at least one Group T3 are condensed with one another (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like).

[0520] Group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group.

[0521] Group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group.

[0522] Group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group.

[0523] Group T4 may include a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

[0524] The terms the cyclic group, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, the electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or the electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group as used herein refer to i) a group condensed to any cyclic group, ii) a monovalent group, or iii) a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, and/or the like.), according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used.

[0525] In one or more embodiments, the benzene group may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the benzene group.

[0526] Examples of the monovalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group are a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0527] Examples of the divalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the divalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group are a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0528] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group.

[0529] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.

[0530] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and/or the like.

[0531] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.

[0532] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and/or the like.

[0533] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

[0534] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by OA.sub.101 (wherein A.sub.101 is the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group), and examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and/or the like.

[0535] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and/or the like.

[0536] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.

[0537] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as ring-forming atoms, and specific examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like.

[0538] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0539] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that 3 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof, and no aromaticity, and specific examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and/or the like.

[0540] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.

[0541] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as ring-forming atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like.

[0542] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0543] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms.

[0544] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms.

[0545] Examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and/or the like.

[0546] When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

[0547] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms.

[0548] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms.

[0549] Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, and/or the like.

[0550] When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

[0551] The term monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in the entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indeno anthracenyl group, and/or the like.

[0552] The term divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described herein.

[0553] The term monovalent non-aromatic hetero-condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic hetero-condensed polycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group.

[0554] The term divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0555] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group as used herein indicates OA.sub.102 (wherein A.sub.102 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).

[0556] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group as used herein indicates SA.sub.103 (wherein A.sub.103 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).

[0557] The term C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group as used herein refers to -A.sub.104A.sub.105 (wherein A.sub.104 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.54 alkylene group, and A.sub.105 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.59 aryl group).

[0558] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group as used herein refers to -A.sub.106A.sub.107 (wherein A.sub.106 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 alkylene group, and A.sub.107 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 heteroaryl group).

[0559] The term R.sub.10a as used herein may be: [0560] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0561] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0562] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0563] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).

[0564] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 as used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0565] The term heteroatom as used herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combination thereof.

[0566] The term third-row transition metal as used herein includes Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and/or the like.

[0567] In the specification, D may refer to deuterium, Ph may refer to a phenyl group, Me may refer to a methyl group, Et may refer to an ethyl group, tert-Bu, .sup.tBu, or Bu.sup.t may refer to a tert-butyl group, and OMe may refer to a methoxy group.

[0568] The term biphenyl group as used herein refers to a phenyl group that is substituted with a phenyl group. For example, the biphenyl group may be a substituted phenyl group having a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as a substituent.

[0569] The term terphenyl group as used herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group. The terphenyl group may belong to i) a substituent phenyl group which is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group in which a substituent is substituted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or ii) a substituted phenyl group having two substituents, each of which is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

[0570] * and * as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

[0571] In the specification, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system, and may be interpreted in a broad sense including these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may refer to those orthogonal to each other, or may refer to those in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.

[0572] Terms such as substantially, about, and approximately are used as relative terms and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. They may be inclusive of the stated value and an acceptable range of deviation as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the limitations and error associated with measurement of that quantity. For example, about may refer to one or more standard deviations, or 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.

[0573] Numerical ranges disclosed herein include and are intended to disclose all subsumed sub-ranges of the same numerical precision. For example, a range of 1.0 to 10.0 includes all subranges having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Applicant therefore reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0574] The light-emitting device, the electronic apparatus, and/or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the light-emitting device and/or the electronic apparatus may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the light-emitting device and/or the electronic apparatus may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device and/or apparatus may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0575] Hereinafter, a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.

EXAMPLES

Comparative Example 1

[0576] A glass substrate patterned with indium tin oxide (ITO) with a thickness of 150 nanometer (nm) was sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each. Following the sonification, the glass substrate was UV-irradiated for 30 minutes and ozone-treated to form a first electrode.

[0577] HAT-CN was vacuum-deposited on the first electrode to a thickness of 10 nm, NPD was vacuum-deposited thereon to a thickness of 80 nm, and then, mCBP was vacuum-deposited thereon to a thickness of 5 nm, thereby forming a hole transport region.

[0578] On the hole transport region, based on a total mass (weight of 100 wt %) of the emission layer, 2 wt % of a first compound as a dopant, 35 wt % of a second compound as an electron-transporting host, 52 wt % of Compound HT-9 (third compound) as a hole transport host, and 11 wt % of Compound ST5 (fourth compound) as a sensitizer were vacuum-deposited to form an emission layer having a thickness of nm. For each of the first compound and the second compound, compounds listed in Table 1 were used.

[0579] TPBi was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to a thickness of 30 nm, and LiF was vacuum-deposited thereon to a thickness of 0.5 nm, thereby forming an electron transport region.

[0580] Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport region to form a second electrode having a thickness of 100 nm, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.

##STR00161## ##STR00162##

Comparative Examples 2 to 8 and Examples 1 to 10

[0581] Light-emitting devices were each manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that, in forming an emission layer, compounds listed in Table 1 were used for each of the first compound as a dopant and the second compound as an electron-transporting host.

Evaluation Example 1

[0582] The driving voltage at 1,000 candela per square meter (cd/n.sup.2), color purity (CIEy coordinate), luminescence efficiency, maximum emission wavelength (.sub.max), lifespan (T.sub.95), and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 and Examples 1 to 10 were each measured by using a Keithley MU 236 meter and a luminance meter PR650, and results are shown in Table 1. Here, the lifespan (T.sub.95) refers to the time (hr) taken for the luminance to reach 95% of the initial luminance.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 T.sub.95 @ Driving Luminescence 1000 First Second voltage efficiency max nit FWHM No. compound compound (V) CIEy (cd/A/y) (nm) (hr) (nm) Comparative FD-1 ET-A 4.5 0.162 98.1 462 70.5 38 Example 1 Comparative FD-1 ET-B 4.7 0.158 96.2 462 73.2 39 Example 2 Comparative FD-1 ET-1 4.5 0.165 94.1 461 71.7 40 Example 3 Comparative FD-2 ET-A 4.3 0.178 83.1 463 67.2 44 Example 4 Comparative FD-2 ET-B 4.4 0.170 87.9 462 73.5 41 Example 5 Comparative FD-2 ET-1 4.5 0.161 97.6 461 80.1 40 Example 6 Comparative 74 ET-A 4.1 0.180 80.5 464 66.9 45 Example 7 Comparative 74 ET-B 4.2 0.174 87.2 463 68.2 42 Example 8 Example 1 26 ET-1 4.8 0.160 95.2 460 73.5 36 Example 2 74 ET-1 4.3 0.162 96.1 460 82.5 36 Example 3 74 ET-3 4.4 0.163 105.5 461 91.7 37 Example 4 131 ET-1 4.8 0.161 97.8 461 83.5 37 Example 5 150 ET-1 4.9 0.161 98.8 460 87.2 37 Example 6 181 ET-1 4.9 0.161 110.5 461 94.2 37 Example 7 182 ET-1 5.0 0.162 120.4 461 77.2 37 Example 8 150 ET-2 4.9 0.164 117.5 460 93.4 37 Example 9 150 ET-3 4.9 0.165 124.8 461 89.1 37 Example 10 150 ET-4 5.0 0.162 131.2 461 100.0 36 [00163][00164][00165][00166][00167][00168][00169][00170][00171][00172][00173][00174][00175][00176]

[0583] Referring to Table 1, it was confirmed that the light-emitting device employing both (e.g., simultaneously) the first compound belonging to the scope of Formula 1 and the second compound belonging to the scope of Formula 2 and satisfying Condition 1 had improved luminescence efficiency, improved lifespan, and/or improved color purity while emitting blue light. For example, the light-emitting devices of Examples 2 and 3 employing the compounds belonging to the scope of Formula 1 had improved luminescence efficiency, improved lifespan, and/or improved color purity, compared to the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 7 and 8 employing Compound ET-A or ET-B, which does not satisfy Condition 1, although employing the same first compound as the light-emitting devices of Examples 2 and 3. In some embodiments, the light-emitting devices of Examples 1, 2, and 4 to 7 employing the compounds that satisfy Condition 1 had improved color purity, improved luminescence efficiency and/or improved lifespan, compared to the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 3 and 6 employing Compound FD-1 or FD-2, which does not belong to the scope of Formula 1, although employing the same second compound as the light-emitting devices of Examples 1, 2, and 4 to 7.

[0584] According to one or more embodiments, a first compound represented by Formula 1 may have a twisted molecular structure with 11 or more rings condensed at appropriate or suitable positions, resulting in shielding the outer shell of some cores of the first compound, which improves stability and prevents intermolecular - stacking.

[0585] In some embodiments, a second compound satisfying Condition 1 may be able to shield a core of an azine group by including bulky substituents, thereby more effectively preventing or reducing intermolecular - stacking with the first compound.

[0586] Therefore, in a light-emitting device including both (e.g., simultaneously) the first compound and the second compound, the Dexter energy transfer may be suppressed, reduced, or prevented, thereby improving the luminescence efficiency, lifespan, and/or color purity of the light-emitting device.

[0587] It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in one or more embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.