FOAM RETAINING WALL SYSTEMS

Abstract

Disclosed are light weight foam retaining wall systems configured to mitigate or eliminate material creep by reducing strain exhibited in vertical elements of the system to no more than about 1.5%, or no more than about 1.0%. The retaining wall system may comprise a vertical element, a buttress element arranged at a lower end of the vertical element, and a tieback element arranged at a lower end of the buttress element. The buttress element may include an interior angled face configured to reduce the strain exhibited at the vertical element. The tieback element may extend inwardly relative to a retaining wall face of the vertical element and may be configured to support a load from fill material to counteract a lateral force from the fill material acting on the vertical elements. Also disclosed are methods of installing such a retaining wall system.

Claims

1. A retaining wall system comprising: a vertical element having a thickness; a buttress element arranged at a lower end of the vertical element, the buttress element including an interior curved or angled face; and a tieback element arranged at a lower end of the buttress element, the tieback element extending inwardly relative to a retaining wall face associated with a front face of the vertical element and the buttress element.

2. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, wherein an upper surface of the tieback element comprises or is shaped to receive a drainpipe.

3. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the vertical element, the buttress element, or the tieback element further include one or more furring strip slots formed therein, adjacent the front face of the retaining wall system, for receipt of a furring strip to facilitate attachment of a decorative veneer over the front face.

4. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, wherein the retaining wall system provides a strain that does not exceed about 1.5%, or about 1.0%.

5. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, wherein the interior curved or angled face of the buttress element: includes a concavely curved interior face defining an angle between an interior face of the vertical element and a upper surface of the tieback element that is from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees; or includes an angled face defining an angle from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees.

6. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a wedge element positioned above the vertical element, the wedge element including a wedge shaped structure with an angled face that is angled opposite that of the interior curved or angled face of the buttress, the angled face of the wedge element being configured to put soil backfilling the retaining wall system at an angle of friction for such soil.

7. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, wherein the interior curved or angled face of the buttress element and/or a length of the tieback element is configured to ensure that a strain associated with the retaining wall system does not exceed about 1.5%.

8. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, further comprising an additional foam block positioned under the buttress element and/or the tieback element, with a front face that is aligned with the front face of the vertical element and the buttress element, so as to extend a height of the retaining wall system.

9. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 1, wherein the retaining wall system comprises a first set of vertical elements, buttress elements and tieback elements, and a second set of vertical elements, buttress elements, and tieback elements, the first and second sets being arranged in a stepped or terraced configuration to increase an overall height of the retaining wall system.

10. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 9, where at least one of the first or second sets further comprises an additional foam block positioned under the buttress element and/or the tieback element of the first and/or second set, with a front face of such additional foam block being is aligned with the front face of the vertical element and the buttress element under which it is positioned, so as to extend a height of the first or second set under which it is positioned.

11. A round retaining wall system comprising: a plurality of vertical elements each having a thickness; wherein the round retaining wall system forms a curved closed interior space, such that all vertical elements of the round retaining wall system are in compression when soil is loaded around an exterior of the round retaining wall system, such that no buttress or tieback element is required.

12. The retaining wall system as recited in claim 11, wherein the round retaining wall system is circular.

13. The round retaining wall system of claim 11, wherein the vertical elements are connected by dovetailed joints.

14. A method for installing a retaining wall system, the method comprising: providing a gravel base; positioning a first base block on the gravel base, the first base block including at least a tieback element, a buttress element, and a vertical element, wherein the buttress element is arranged at a lower end of the vertical element, the buttress element including an interior curved or angled face, and wherein the tieback element is arranged at a lower end of the buttress element, the tieback element extending inwardly relative to a retaining wall face associated with a front face of the vertical element, and the buttress element; positioning one or more additional base blocks adjacent to the first base block on the gravel base; and backfilling fill material over the tieback element and over the interior curved or angled face of the buttress element.

15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein one or more of such base blocks are corner base blocks.

16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the base block includes a channel formed therein to accommodate placement of a drainpipe, the method further comprising positioning a drainpipe within the channel.

17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein backfilling comprises backfilling an interior portion with gravel to form a gravel layer over the drainpipe.

18. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising positioning a filter fabric over the gravel to protect the gravel layer from soil infiltration.

19. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein backfilling further comprises filling a remainder of an interior portion relative to the retaining wall system with soil.

20. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising attaching a decorative cap over an upper surface of the vertical element.

21. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising attaching a decorative veneer to a front face defined by the base block.

22. The method as recited in claim 21, the method further comprising nailing or screwing the decorative veneer to the front face using an internal wood or other furring strip inserted previously into the base blocks.

23. A method for installing a retaining wall system, the method comprising: providing a gravel base; positioning a first base block on the gravel base, the first base block including a tieback element and a buttress element; positioning one or more additional base blocks adjacent to the first base block on the gravel base; optionally applying an adhesive over an upper surface of the positioned base blocks; and positioning one or more sidewall block elements over base blocks, where such sidewall blocks form a vertical element of the retaining wall system.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Various objects, features, characteristics, and advantages of the invention will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims, all of which form a part of this specification. In the Drawings, like reference numerals may be utilized to designate corresponding or similar parts in the various Figures, and the various elements depicted are not necessarily drawn to scale, wherein:

[0017] FIG. 1A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary retaining wall system having a vertical element, a buttress element, and a tieback element.

[0018] FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a retaining wall system similar to that of FIG. 1A, further including a wedge element.

[0019] FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate exemplary base blocks forming buttress and tieback elements.

[0020] FIGS. 3A-3B and 4A-4B illustrate exemplary corner base blocks forming buttress and tieback elements.

[0021] FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate an exemplary sidewall block for use in forming a vertical element once attached over any of the base blocks.

[0022] FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate another exemplary sidewall block forming a vertical element having a differently configured slanted or beveled upper surface, the sidewall blocks being attachable over the illustrated base blocks to form a vertical element of the retaining wall system.

[0023] FIGS. 7A-7B and 8A-8B illustrate exemplary corner sidewall blocks for use in forming vertical elements once attached over any of the corner base blocks.

[0024] FIG. 9 illustrates a prepared exemplary retaining wall system support surface (e.g., gravel base).

[0025] FIGS. 10-18 progressively illustrate assembly of an exemplary retaining wall system.

[0026] FIG. 19 illustrates a drainpipe positioned in a concavely curved groove formed in the upper surface of the tieback elements of the retaining wall system.

[0027] FIG. 20 illustrates where gravel and a filter fabric may be positioned over the buttress and tieback elements of the retaining wall system.

[0028] FIG. 21 illustrates application of a cap over the top of the retaining wall system, with the interior of the retaining wall having been backfilled with soil or other fill.

[0029] FIGS. 22-23 illustrate application of a decorative veneer attached to the front face of the retaining wall system (e.g., stucco or veneer stone in FIG. 22; a screwed or nailed decorative veneer in FIG. 23).

[0030] FIGS. 24-26 illustrate a retaining wall system including vertical elements having slanted or beveled upper surfaces (e.g., those shown in FIGS. 6A-6B) which allow the interior fill to fill over the slanted or beveled surface, providing a to that shown in Figure wall profile.

[0031] FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a retaining wall system having a circular configuration, where no buttress and/or tieback elements are required.

[0032] FIGS. 28-28A illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a retaining wall system, e.g., that may be used for a retaining wall with a height of about 4 feet to about 6 feet. A very similar configuration may also be used for a retaining wall with a height of about 3 feet or less.

[0033] FIGS. 29-29A schematically illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a retaining wall system, e.g., that may be used for a retaining wall with a height of, e.g., up to about 9 feet.

[0034] FIG. 30 schematically illustrates use of an adhesive to adhere or attach two portions of the present system together.

[0035] FIG. 31 schematically illustrates placement of a steel or other similar decorative veneer over the front face of an exemplary retaining wall system.

[0036] FIG. 32 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a retaining wall system, e.g., that may be used to provide greater heights, using a terraced or stepped configuration.

[0037] FIGS. 33A-33B schematically illustrate cut profiles for exemplary retaining wall system components, showing how the components may be efficiently cut from a foam block (e.g., EPS foam block) with very little waste.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Introduction

[0038] Conventional retaining wall systems require significant work and materials to construct. Typical retaining wall systems are formed from concrete or masonry materials, or formed from large boulders to retain the soil. All such systems are relatively expensive. Material creep is a particular problem with conventional retaining walls, as over time, the applied hydraulic pressure on the fill side of the retaining wall often eventually leads to failure.

[0039] Disclosed herein are configurations of retaining wall systems that mitigate, account for or eliminate material creep of the retaining wall system. Material creep may be defined as the gradual deformation of a material over time, usually caused by constant mechanical stress. Applicant has found that material creep may be mitigated or stabilized by maintaining strain in the material close to or below 1%. Thus, the following configurations enable retaining of fill materials (e.g., soil) and maintaining of the strain of the material at levels close to or below 1%.

[0040] The disclosed retaining wall systems may have several applications wherever retaining walls are desirable. For example, the disclosed retaining wall systems may be used in landscaping, underground structures (particularly where the roof is formed in an arch configuration), mobile home skirting, or other applications.

Definitions

[0041] As used herein, the term strain is meant to refer to a unitless parameter that reflects deformation of an underlying material. The strain may be calculated as the stress divided by the modulus of elasticity.

[0042] As used herein, the term stress is meant to refer to a force applied to a material per unit area.

[0043] As used herein, the term modulus of elasticity is meant to refer to a measurement of an material's resistance to being deformed elastically when a stress is applied.

[0044] As user herein, the terms inward and inwardly are meant to refer to a direction away from the front face of the retaining wall system towards the fill material retained by the system.

Retaining Wall System Configuration

[0045] FIG. 1A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary retaining wall system 100 configured to retain soil or other fill material 180. The retaining wall system may comprise at least three elements, including a vertical element 120, a buttress element 130, and a tieback element 140. The vertical element 120 may comprise a generally elongate element having a first height H1 and a first thickness T1 extending from a front face 115 of the system 100 to an associated retaining wall face 125. In an embodiment, the vertical element 120 may have a greater height H1 than thickness T1. However, depending on the application in which the retaining wall system 100 is used, it may be desirable to provide a vertical element 120 having a greater first thickness T1 than the first height H1. The retaining wall system 100 may be configured such that the retaining wall face 125 maintains a generally vertical alignment. The vertical element 120 may be used primarily to retain the fill material 180, for example, up to a height of the retaining wall system 100.

[0046] The buttress element 130 may be arranged below the vertical element 120 (e.g., immediately below at a lower end of the vertical element). The buttress element 130 may extend from the front face 115 of the system 100 to an interior curved or angled face 135, such that the buttress element 130 extends to a second (maximum) thickness T2. The top of the buttress element may have a thickness T1, while the bottom of the buttress element has a thickness T2, due to curved or angled face 135. The interior curved or angled face 135 may extend from an upper point 134 at the retaining wall face 125 at the upper end of the buttress element 130 to a lower point 136 lying further away from the front face 115 and retaining wall face 125 at the lower end of the buttress element 130. The interior curved or angled face 135 and tieback element 140 together may be configured to support a load of the fill material 180.

[0047] The tieback element 140 may be arranged below the buttress element 130 (e.g., immediately below at a lower end of the buttress element 130). The tieback element 140 may extend inwardly from the front face 115 and the interior curved or angled face 135, such that the tieback element has a thickness (i.e., a third thickness T3) greater than the second thickness T2 of the buttress element 130. This dimension (e.g., T3) of the buttress element, whether referred to as a thickness or a length, is an important characteristic of the present retaining wall system. The overall length or thickness (T3) of the tieback element 140 along with the angle and length of curved or angled face 135 of buttress element 130 are selected to ensure that strain imposed on the retaining wall system is no greater than about 1.5%, or no greater than about 1%. At such small values, material creep will not be an issue, for the retaining wall system.

[0048] The upper surface 142 of the tieback element 140 may extend from the interior curved or angled face 135 inwardly. The upper surface 142 may be arranged to have a generally horizontal surface when the elements 120, 130, 140 are positioned on a support surface (e.g., the ground, or a gravel base, as shown). In some embodiments, the upper surface 142 may decline inwardly, such that the height of the tieback element 140 decreases from the interior curved or angled face 135 to the inward end of the tieback element 140. This configuration may enable fluids (e.g., water) within the fill material 180 to be directed away from the retaining wall system 100, particularly front face 115. In other embodiments, the upper surface 142 may incline inwardly, such that the height of the tieback element increases from the interior curved or angled face 135 to the inward end of the tieback element 140. Such a configuration may help to maintain the position of fill material 180 above the upper surface 142 of the tieback element 140. The tieback element 140 may be enabled to counteract the lateral forces from the fill material 180 acting on the vertical and buttress elements 120, 130. In another embodiment, as illustrated, upper surface 142 may be generally horizontal, neither declined nor inclined.

[0049] The interior curved or angled face 135 may be formed at or define an angle A1 relative to a longitudinal horizontal axis LA. The longitudinal axis may be arranged horizontally, and/or may be colinear with the upper surface 142 of the tieback element 140, or may be parallel to the lower surface of the tieback element 140 and/or the support surface (gravel or the ground) on which the system 100 is arranged. The interior curved or angled face 135 may form an angle A1 with the longitudinal axis LA within a range from about 25 degrees to about 65 degrees, or from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees, or from about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees, or from about 40 degrees to about 50 degrees (e.g., about 45 degrees). The angle could alternatively be defined between the vertical interior surface of the vertical element 120 and the horizontal upper surface of the tieback element, with angle values similar to those noted above. Where the interior surface of the buttress element is curved, the above angles could still be defined, e.g., between the vertical interior surface of the vertical element and the horizontal upper surface of the tieback element. While the curved surface may not technically be planar as an inclined angular plane, it may approximate such a surface, but be curved rather than planar.

[0050] The vertical element, buttress element, and tieback elements 120, 130, 140 may form a unitary single-piece construction, without seams. Alternatively, each of the elements 120, 130, 140 (or portions thereof) may be a separately formed component, which are attached together (e.g., using an adhesive). In yet other embodiments, two of the elements 120, 130, 140 (or a portion thereof) may be a single seamless component while one of the elements 120, 130, 140 may be formed as a separate component. Any such separate components may be attached to one another using an adhesive, and/or through a mechanical interlocking structure (e.g., protrusions and grooves or recesses, posts and slots or tongues and grooves).

[0051] The buttress and tieback elements 130, 140 may principally support the load of the fill material 180. Generally, a retaining wall system 100 which includes the interior curved or angled face 135 will exhibit the maximum stress at the upper point 134. A retaining wall system 100 that omitted the buttress element 130 and the interior curved or angled face 135 (e.g., a retaining wall system including a vertical retaining wall face 125 that extends from the upper end of the system to the upper surface 142 of the tieback element 140) would exhibit a maximum stress at the top of the tieback element 140 at the intersection point with the bottom of wall face 125. By including a buttress element 130 and interior curved or angled face 135 the resultant load and stress are thereby significantly reduced. The resultant load and stress and may be further tailored by adjusting the angle A1 at which the interior curved or angled face 135 is oriented. By providing the foam buttress with curved or angled face 135, the maximum stress is moved to location 134, where the soil load is significantly lower than what would exist without the buttress, at the intersection of face 125 with upper surface 142. The curvature or angle of the buttress can be selected to make the stress along the curved or angled face and buttress be close to (e.g., but no more than) that at location 134.

[0052] The resultant load acting on the inward surfaces of the system 100 may be a function of the coefficient of friction angle of the soil, the unit soil weight (e.g., the density of the soil), and the height of the soil above the buttress element 130. The resultant load may be calculated as follows:

[00001]$\mathrm{Resultant}\mathrm{Load}=\frac{1}{2}*\left(\mathrm{COF}\mathrm{angle})*(\mathrm{unit}\mathrm{soil}\mathrm{weight}\right)*\mathrm{first}\mathrm{height}H1$

[0053] In instances in which the fill material extends from the upper surface 142 to the upper end of the system 100 (such as seen in FIG. 1A), the moment induced by the resultant load may typically be calculated as applied on the retaining wall face 125 at one third of the first height H1 above the upper point 134. The moment may thus be calculated as the resultant load multiplied by one third of first height H1.

[0054] The stress can be calculated as the moment multiplied by one half of the first thickness T1 and divided by the moment of inertia (i.e., the first thickness (T1) cubed divided by twelve for shapes like the illustrated vertical element 120 having a rectangular cross-section). The strain can then be calculated as depending on the stress and the modulus of elasticity of the material used to construct the retaining wall system 100. Thus, the strain may be calculated as a function of the modulus of elasticity of the foam (e.g., expanded polystyrene) used to construct the retaining wall system elements, as well as the first and second thicknesses T1, T2 and the resultant load, the calculation of which is described above. The strain may advantageously be configured to not exceed a strain limit of about 1.5%, or no more than about 1% by adjusting the dimensions of the various elements (e.g., by adjusting the length of the first and second thicknesses T1, T2 and the height H1 of the vertical element 120). The retaining wall system 100 may be configured to ensure that strain does not exceed about 1.5%, about 1.4%, about 1.3%, about 1.2%, about 1.1%, or about 1.0%. By limiting strain to such low values, material creep and potential overturn of the retaining wall system will not be a problem, for such a retaining wall system.

[0055] FIG. 1B illustrates that the retaining wall system 100 may further comprise a wedge element 150 arranged or positioned above the vertical element 120. The wedge element 150 may comprise a generally wedge shaped structure and may further comprise an angled face 155 that is angled opposite that of the interior angled face 135 of the buttress element 130. The angled face 155 may form an angle greater than 90 degrees relative to the vertical face 125, and may be oriented at the angle of repose (i.e., angle of friction) of the soil. The wedge element 150 may also displace the load of the soil associated with the space occupied by wedge element 150. In other words, the wedge element 150 may be configured to put soil backfilling the retaining wall at an angle of friction or angle of repose for such soil. Specifically, the wedge element 150 may put the soil at the angle of repose, reducing the resultant load on the retaining wall face 125 that would otherwise have been imparted to the vertical element 120 by soil that would have been present at or above the angled face 155 (i.e., occupying the space of wedge element 150). While angled face 155 is shown, it will be appreciated that a curved face could alternatively be used.

[0056] Returning to FIG. 1A, the upper surface 142 of the tieback element 140 may comprise a drainpipe 170 or may be shaped (e.g., including a concavely curved groove) to receive a drainpipe 170. For example, the tieback element 140 may comprise a channel 148 configured to receive or accommodate placement of such a drainpipe. The channel 148 may have a circular or semi-circular cross-section, such that the shape of the channel 148 may correspond to the cross-sectional shape of the pipe. The channel may have other cross-sectional shapes, such as a square, rectangular, other polygonal shape, or irregular cross-section. The channel 148 and drainpipe 170 may function so as to carry water away from the retaining wall system 100, reducing hydraulic pressure on such wall.

[0057] At least one (e.g., all) of the vertical element 120, the buttress element 130, and/or the tieback element 140 may further include one or more furring strip slots 112. The furring strip slots 112 may be configured to receive a furring strip which may enable attachment of materials to the front face of elements 120, 130, 140 of the retaining wall system 100. For example, the furring strip slots 112 and furring strips disposed therein may enable attachment of a decorative veneer (e.g., composite that provides an appearance mimicking concrete, brick, stone, wood or other) to the front face of the retaining wall system 100. The furring strip slots 112 may be formed adjacent to the front face 115 of the retaining wall system 100, to facilitate attachment of a decorative veneer over the front face 115. As shown, the slots 112 may be substantially encapsulated by the foam material from which elements 120, 130, 140 are formed, but for a narrow access channel adjoining face 115 as shown (e.g., as the foam elements may be cut on a CNC machine using a hot wire to form the cuts).

[0058] The upper surface of the vertical element 120 may be configured to receive a decorative cap (e.g., for decorative purposes). Such a cap could be attached over the top surface using an adhesive, or other mechanism. Such a cap may also protect the underlying foam from weather, damage, etc. Additionally, or alternatively, the upper surface of the vertical element 120 may be configured to attach to other decorative components and could include a furring strip slot similar to other slots 112 to facilitate such attachment.

Exemplary Construction Method and Components

[0059] FIGS. 2A-8B illustrate modular blocks or elements that may comprise the elements 120, 130, 140 described above and which may be used to construct a retaining wall system 100. The blocks may be modular in that they may be provided in various configurations, allowing a user to use such blocks to construct any of a wide variety of retaining wall systems of various configurations. FIGS. 2A-4B illustrate base blocks 210, 220a, 220b that may form the lower end of the retaining wall system. The base blocks 210, 220a, 220b may comprise both a buttress element 130 including an interior curved or angled face 135 and a tieback element 140 extending inwardly away from the outer face 215 (corresponding to the front face 115) relative to the buttress element 130. While described as an angular face, it will be appreciated that such surface 135 need not be linear, but could be curved, providing a similar benefit and functionality. Such configurations are within the scope of the term angular face as used herein.

[0060] The base blocks 210, 220a, 220b may have a generally square or rectangular lower surface 214, 224. The lower surfaces 214, 224 may comprise a textured (e.g., corrugated) bottom surface to increase the overall surface area of the lower surface 214, 224, and/or to allow for flow of water thereunder. The lower surface may be placed on a gravel base, or even bare ground, depending on the application. The upper surfaces 212, 222 of the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b may comprise tongues 206 and/or grooves 208 configured to mate with corresponding structures on components comprising the vertical elements 120, thereby improving the connection between the several components of the system 100. Such components may be attached to one another using a suitable adhesive, or other mechanism in addition to, or alternative to the mechanical interlock provided by such tongue and groove or other mating structures. The upper surfaces 142 of the tieback elements 140 of the several base blocks 210, 220a, 220b may also comprise a channel 148 for receiving a drainpipe.

[0061] FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate side base blocks 210 configured to be laid side by side so as to extend the retaining wall system 100, e.g., along a straight line. One or both edges could be formed or cut at an angle, if desired, to provide a deviation from such linearity. Curved configurations could also be provided, to form a curved retaining wall. The side base blocks 210 may comprise an outer front face 215 and a channel 148 wherein each may extend across an opposite end of the side base block 210.

[0062] In contrast, FIGS. 3A-4B illustrate corner base blocks 220a, 220b that may be positioned adjacent other blocks to change the direction in which the retaining wall system 100 extends. While the illustrated configurations provide for a 90 degree turn or bend, other angles are of course also possible. FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate exterior corner base blocks 220a which may comprise outer front faces 215 extending along two adjacent outer front edges of the block 220a. Illustrated exterior corner base block 220a may comprise a channel 148 extending only over a corner portion of the base block 220a opposite the outer faces 215, where a drainpipe may make a turn or bend, with the retaining wall.

[0063] FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate interior corner base blocks 220b which may comprise interior faces 225 extending along two adjacent edges of the base block 220b. A channel 148 formed therein may also extend along the same perimeter as interior faces 225, i.e., along the two adjacent edges. The upper surface 222 of the base block 220b may be confined to a corner portion of the base block 220b opposite the interior faces 225. The exterior and interior corner base blocks 220a, 220b may be square, such that the retaining wall system 100 is redirected at 90 degrees. Alternatively, the exterior and interior corner base blocks 220a, 220b may have another polygonal shape, a semi-circular shape or another curved shape, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art. Using a curved or angled configuration, such blocks may redirect the retaining wall system at any of a wide variety of angles, such as any angle desired (e.g., 90 degrees, 45 degrees, 30 degrees, etc.).

[0064] FIGS. 5A-6B illustrate sidewall blocks 230a, 230b configured to rest atop the side base blocks 210 and/or corner blocks so as to form the vertical elements 120 of the retaining wall system 100. The sidewall blocks 230a, 230b may exhibit a generally elongate configuration. The sidewall blocks 230a, 230b may have a length greater than the length of the side base blocks 210 to enable the sidewall blocks 230a, 230b to extend over multiple side base blocks 210 and thereby form an improved connection between sidewall blocks 230a, 230b and multiple side base blocks 210. The sidewall blocks 230a, 230b may comprise tongues 236 and grooves 238 formed on the lower surface 234 of the blocks 230a, 230b configured to mate with the tongues 206 and grooves 208 of the side base blocks 210.

[0065] FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate that the sidewall blocks 230a may include an upper surface 232 that may be generally flat or horizontal except for an inclined or beveled surface 245 extending along the length of the block (e.g., extending along the inward, rear edge of the length of such block). The flat horizontal portion of the upper surface 232 may thus be configured to receive a decorative cap 160 or other decoration.

[0066] FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate a second configuration of sidewall blocks 230b wherein the upper surface 232 may omit the portion configured to receive a decoration. Specifically, the upper surface 232 may comprise a ledge from which a inclined surface 233 declines therefrom (where the decline declines toward the rear inward edge of the block). In this manner, the sidewall block 230b may be configured to receive fill material above the top of the vertical element 120 at the rear inward edge of the block 230b, such that fill material may extend nearly to the front edge of the retaining wall system. A cap could be placed over the apex defined by upper front surface 232. FIGS. 24-26 described more fully below illustrate such a configuration.

[0067] FIGS. 7A-8B illustrate corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b configured to rest atop the corner base blocks 230a, 230b, respectively. Similar to the sidewall blocks 230a, 230b, the corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may comprise the vertical element 120 extending above the buttress and tieback elements 130, 140 of the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b. In particular, the lower surface 244 of the corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may be configured to interface and mate with the upper surfaces 222 of the corner base blocks 220a, 220b. For example, lower surface 244 of the corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may comprise tongues 236 and grooves 238 configured to mate or interlock with the tongues 206 and grooves 208 of the corner base blocks 220a, 220b.

[0068] FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate exterior corner sidewall blocks 240a configured to rest atop the exterior corner base blocks 220a. Conversely, FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate interior corner sidewall blocks 240b configured to rest atop the interior corner base blocks 220b. The corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may comprise inclined surfaces 245 that correspond to the inclined surfaces 245 of the sidewall blocks 230a. The upper surfaces 242 of the corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may comprise inclined surfaces 245 that are configured to align with the inclined surfaces 233 of the sidewall blocks 230a. Each of the blocks 210, 220a, 220b, 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b described above may comprise furring strip slots 112 configured to receive a furring strip. The use of these configurations in forming the retaining wall system 100 will be more apparent in conjunction with the description of FIGS. 9-26 below.

[0069] The blocks 210, 220a, 220b, 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b described above, and indeed any of the wall system elements described herein may be formed from one or more of various materials. In particular, such blocks and elements may be formed from foam (e.g., expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, PLA, or another suitable foam material etc.) Other materials are of course also possible. Blocks and elements formed from a foam material may be particularly beneficial in that they are light weight, and insulative, so as to be resistant to or eliminate frost heave, especially when compared to concrete support surfaces. Foam blocks are also beneficial in that they are easy to work with (e.g., they may be easily cut), and may be used to replace more expensive and more difficult to source materials, including masonry and concrete materials.

[0070] As illustrated by FIG. 14, the any of the elements or blocks may be cut to a desired size. As another example, the corner base and corner sidewall blocks may be cut so as to adjust the angle at which the blocks orient with an adjacent portion of the retaining wall system 100.

[0071] While FIGS. 2A-6B show a particular separation of components to form the vertical element, buttress element, and tieback elements of the retaining wall system, it will be appreciated that all such blocks and/or elements could be provided as a unitary single material piece, with no seams, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1A. Alternatively, while FIGS. 2A-6B show providing a seam between the vertical element as one piece, and the buttress element and tieback element as another piece, it will be appreciated that the seam(s) could be differently configured. For example, a unitary seamless single piece of material could provide the vertical element and the buttress element, while a seam may be provided in the lower leg, i.e., the tieback element. In another embodiment, seams may be provided between all 3 such elements. Such configurations are of course within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0072] Furthermore, in a similar fashion as shown in Applicant's U.S. application Ser. No. 19/010,825 filed Jan. 6, 2025 titled INSULATED FLOOR SYSTEM FOR GRADE OR BASEMENT FLOORS (18944.30.1), a projecting ledge could be provided in the bottom portion of the front face 115 of the retaining wall system, e.g., to provide a ledge on which the decorative veneer can be supported, and/or abutted against. The above application is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0073] Such a retaining wall system can further be used to extend the height of a given retaining wall, e.g., up to double the height, or provide a wall or fence, on top of the retaining wall. For example, the retaining wall system may be positioned on a side of a landscape elevation where the soil height or fill is significantly higher than on the opposite side of the retaining wall (i.e., the front face).

[0074] In an embodiment, the adhesive used to attach a decorative veneer (e.g., stone, brick, materials mimicking such, or a wide variety of other veneers) may be attached to the front face, or other faces (e.g., a cap) of the retaining wall system using a urethane adhesive. Use of such an adhesive may advantageously not require use of any thin set mortar, which is typically used for attachment of such veneers. Such thin set veneers tend to delaminate as a result of exposure to freeze/thaw cycles, which is problematic. Use of a urethane adhesive having sufficient elasticity can address such a problem. For example, when water freezes it exhibits an expansion of about 9% by volume. Suitable urethane adhesives may have an elasticity of at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, or at least about 200%.

Exemplary Installation Method

[0075] FIGS. 9-26 illustrate installation of an exemplary retaining wall system 100. Installation may begin by providing a support surface 205 to support the retaining wall system 100. The support surface 205 may comprise a gravel base, a cement base, compacted soil, bare ground, or other support surface 205, as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 10 illustrates that the retaining wall system 100 may be built by positioning a first base block 210, 220a, 220b on the support surface 205 (e.g., the gravel base), the first base block 210, 220a, 220b including a buttress element 130 and a tieback element 140.

[0076] FIGS. 11-15 illustrate that additional base blocks 210, 220a, 220b may then be positioned on the support surface 205, side by side with other base blocks 210, 220a, 220b previously positioned upon the support surface 205. Side base blocks 210 may be positioned next to each other so as to continue the retaining wall system 100 in a straight line, whereas corner base blocks 220a, 220b may be placed so as to change the direction of the retaining wall system 100, for example, to follow the support surface 205 or a desired contour for the retaining wall. Exterior corner base blocks 220a may be placed to turn the retaining wall system 100 towards the interior faces 225 of previously positioned base blocks 210, 220a, 220b while interior corner base blocks 220b may be placed to turn the retaining wall system 100 towards the exterior faces 215 of previously positioned base blocks 210, 220a, 220b. FIG. 11 illustrates a furring strip 250, which may be installed into one or more of the furring strip slots of such blocks. Such may be performed before or after positioning the base blocks on the support surface.

[0077] FIG. 14 illustrates that the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b (as well as the sidewall blocks 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b) may be cut according to the needs of the builder (e.g., the contour and configuration desired for the retaining wall). A furring strip 250 (see FIG. 11) may be inserted into the furring strip slots 112 of the several base blocks 210, 220a, 220b to enable attachment of a decorative veneer to the front face 215 of the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b. The furring strip 250 may also beneficially facilitate maintaining the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b (as well as the sidewall blocks 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b) in a desired position during installation of the retaining wall system 100. The furring strip 250 may comprise OSB, plywood, other wood, composite, polymer, or other material configured to provide an attachment point for nails or screws, when securing a decorative veneer to the front face 215.

[0078] FIG. 16 shows that preparatory to positioning the sidewall blocks 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b upon the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b, an adhesive 260 may be applied to the upper surface 222 of the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b. Alternatively or additionally, the adhesive could be applied to the bottom surface of the sidewall blocks. Then, as illustrated in FIGS. 17-18, the sidewall blocks 230a, 240a, 240b may be positioned upon the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b, the sidewall blocks 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b forming vertical elements 120 of the retaining wall system. The corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may be positioned upon the upper surface 222 of the corner base blocks 220a, 220b, respectively, as shown. The sidewall blocks 230a may extend over multiple base blocks 210 as well as over portions of the corner base blocks 220a, 220b. The tongues 236 and grooves 238 of the sidewall blocks 230a, 240a, 240b mate with the tongues 206 and grooves 208 of the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b so as to improve the connection between the sidewall blocks 230a, 240a, 240b and the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b.

[0079] FIG. 19 illustrates placement of a drainpipe 170 on the upper surface 142 of the tieback element 140, for example, within the channel 148 of the base blocks 210, 220a, 220b. The drainpipe 170 may comprise a porous surface (e.g., at an upper surface of the drainpipe 170) to enable fluid (e.g., water) to enter the drainpipe and divert the fluid away from the retaining wall system (particularly away from the front of such retaining wall). The drainpipe 170 may then be covered with gravel, backfilling an interior portion relative to the sidewall blocks 230a, 240a, 240b, to form a gravel layer. The gravel layer and drainpipe 170 may then be covered, as illustrated in FIG. 20, with a filter fabric 280 to protect the drainpipe by preventing infiltration of particulate matter (e.g., soil) into the gravel layer and/or drainpipe 170.

[0080] FIG. 21 illustrates that thereafter fill material 180 (e.g., soil) may be backfilled inwardly from the retaining wall system 100 to fill a remainder of the interior portion and decorative caps 160 may be placed on and/or attached to an upper surface 222 the sidewall blocks 230a, 240a, 240b.

[0081] FIGS. 22 and 23 illustrate attachment of a decorative veneer 290 over the front face 215 of the base and/or sidewall blocks 210, 220a, 220b, 230a, 230b, 240a, 240b. The decorative veneer 290 may comprise a stone or veneer, stucco, or a composite board that mimics the appearance of concrete, as illustrated in FIG. 22. Alternatively, the veneer 290 could be configured as paneling, such as wood, polymeric, or composite paneling, such as that illustrated in FIG. 23. A steel, aluminum, or other metallic veneer is also possible. It will be appreciated that a wide variety of any desired decorative veneer 290 could be applied. The decorative veneer 290 may be attached via nailing or screwing into the internal furring strip inserted previously into the slots 112 of base blocks 210, 220a, 220b and/or sidewall blocks 230a, 240a, 240b. The decorative veneer 290 may be provided with expansion joints so as to enable the decorative veneer to expand or contract according to the ambient weather and temperature conditions without disfiguring or damaging the surface of the decorative veneer 290.

[0082] FIGS. 24-26 illustrate how the retaining wall system 100 may be constructed with sidewall blocks 230b that include an top inclined surface 233, where the apex top surface 232 width is significantly thinner than the full thickness of sidewall block 230b (e.g., less than about 20%, less than about 15%, or less than about 10% of the full thickness T1 of sidewall block 230b). The slanted sidewall blocks 230b may be identical to the other sidewall blocks 230a, except that instead of having a flat upper surface 232 the inclined surface 233 of the slanted sidewall blocks 230b declines sharply from the front edge of the block 230b along the inclined surface 233. This enables the fill material 180 to extend to or near the front edge of the sidewall blocks 230b, such that no decorative caps 160 are needed. The corner sidewall blocks 240a, 240b may also comprise a slanted surface that corresponds to the inclined surface 233 of the sidewall blocks 230b to enable the fill material 180 to extend to the corner of the retaining wall system 100. Such a capless profile may be particularly desirable when applying steel plate to the front face, for example. Such a steel plate could include a lip that wraps over the apex top surface 232, with its significantly narrowed width.

Round Retaining Wall System

[0083] FIG. 27 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a retaining wall system 300. The retaining wall system 300 may have a round (e.g., circular, oval, or elliptical) configuration. The retaining wall system 300 may be used to enclose an empty interior space 302 and to retain fill material in an exterior space 304, surrounding system 300. The system 300 may facilitate formation of an interior space 302 for an in-ground trampoline, a pool or pond, a building (e.g., an igloo or cabin-like structure), or other structure.

[0084] The retaining wall system 300 may comprise a plurality of curved blocks 310 extending vertically from a support surface, such that the curved blocks comprise a vertical element 120. The curved blocks 310 may have a concavely curved interior face 312 and a corresponding convexly curved exterior face 314 separated by a wall thickness. The curved blocks 310 may also comprise first and second sides 316, 318 oriented at an oblique angle, such that the curved blocks 310 form a wedge configuration, when coupled. The curved blocks 310 can then be wedge together and the exterior portion may be backfilled with fill material, such that the curved blocks 310 are held together in compression by the fill material (e.g., soil) loaded around the exterior of the retaining wall system 300. Thus, in this configuration, no buttress or tieback elements 130, 140 are required to maintain the structure of the retaining wall system 300.

[0085] The sides 316, 318 of the curved blocks 310 may comprise slots 315 configured to receive joints elements 320. The joint elements 320 may have a dovetail shape that corresponds to the dovetail shape of the slots 315. In other embodiments, the joint elements 320. Slots 315 may comprise a variety of cross-sectional shapes, such as a square, rectangular or other polygonal or even a curved shape. In the illustrated configuration, the slots and joints are provided with a dovetail mating configuration. Cooperation between the slots 315 and joint elements 320 further facilitates a strong connection between the curved blocks 310. The curved blocks 310 may further comprise furring strip slots 112 adjacent the interior surface that may be used to attach a decorative veneer or other structure to the interior face 312 of the curved blocks 310.

Additional Embodiments

[0086] FIGS. 28-33B illustrate additional embodiments of a retaining wall system, e.g., similar to those already shown and described in conjunction with FIGS. 1A-26. For example, any retaining wall, including that shown under progressive assembly in FIGS. 9-26, could be constructed using the embodiments shown in FIGS. 28-33B.

[0087] By way of example, FIG. 28 shows a cross section showing exemplary retaining wall system components for construction of a typical 4 to 6 foot high retaining wall (i.e., the front face 115 from the ground up to cap 160 is about 4 to about 6 feet in height). A similar appearing embodiment can be used for shorter retaining wall heights as well, e.g., about 3 feet and shorter. As shown, retaining wall system 100 of FIG. 28 is very similar to that shown in FIG. 1A. Principal differences include that buttress element 130 may be not a single piece fully integral construction, with tieback element 140, as shown, but may have a seam 145 between the two pieces making up such components, as shown. The location of seam 145 may not necessarily define a boundary between the buttress element and the tieback element, but can be placed as desired. In addition, the buttress element interior surface is shown as concavely curved at face 135, rather than with an angular inclined interior surface 135. Both configurations are suitable for use.

[0088] The inset in FIG. 28 shows an alternative capless configuration, e.g., similar to that shown in FIGS. 6A-6B and FIGS. 24-26. As shown in FIG. 28, in an embodiment, a gravel base support surface 205 may be provided, on which the foam base block is supported. As shown, an upper surface of the tieback element may include a recess or channel 148 formed therein, for receipt of the perforated drain pipe 170. FIG. 28 shows a minimum of 50% of the backfill height being filled with free draining rock or gravel (e.g., or larger gravel) 181. Soil backfill 180 may be placed on top of the gravel layer 181 as shown, with a geo filter fabric material positioned between the upper soil layer 180 and the rock layer 181 to prevent infiltration of soil into such rock layer. The top of the rock or gravel layer 181 may be generally level.

[0089] Illustrated furring strip slots 112 provide convenient attachment points for attachment of a decorative veneer over front face 115, using screws or nails.

[0090] Exemplary properties for exemplary expanded polystyrene foam may be as shown below, in Table 1. Values may vary somewhat from that shown, e.g., by 20%, 10% or 5%, for example.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Property Value Density 1.25 lb/ft3 Compression, 10% deformation 14-16 psi Flexural Strength 35-40 psi Shear Strength 17-20 psi Tensile Strength 17-21 psi Modulus of Elasticity 350-400 psi Thermal Resistance (R value) 4.0 per inch Water Absorption <4%

[0091] Table 2 below shows various exemplary dimensions within the retaining wall system foam block that includes the vertical element, the buttress element and the tieback element, e.g., for various retaining wall heights. Each of the dimensions (Height, A, B, C, T, and G) are labeled for reference in FIG. 28. It will be apparent that values may vary somewhat from those shown, depending on need. As is apparent, the retaining wall height may be very short, e.g., 1.5 feet or less, or may more typically vary from 1.5 to 6 feet. Taller heights (e.g., up to 9 feet, 12 feet, or even more) are also possible, as shown and described below in conjunction with FIGS. 29 and 32. By way of example, the A dimension (e.g., thickness of the vertical element) may vary from about 8 to about 16 inches, the B dimension (horizontal length of the curved or angled interior face) may vary from about 6 to about 18 inches, the C dimension (vertical length of the curved or angled interior face) may vary from about 10 to about 30 inches, the T dimension (full tieback length, including the thickness of the vertical element and thickness of the buttress element) may vary from about 24 to about 60 inches, and the G dimension (vertical thickness of the tieback element) may vary from about 6 to about 12 inches.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Height H (ft) A (in) B (in) C (in) T (in) G (in) 1.5 8 6 10 24 6 2 8 8 10 24 6 3 9 8 16 32 8 4 12 11 20 42 12 5 15 15 25 52 12 6 16 18 30 60 12

[0092] FIG. 29 is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 28, but specifically illustrates a configuration that may be used for a greater wall height, e.g., for a retaining wall height of up to about 9 feet. The illustrated configuration in FIG. 29 is similar to that of FIG. 28, but further includes an additional foam base block 101, positioned under the buttress and tieback elements 130 and 140, of FIG. 28. The additional foam base block 101 may extend significantly further inward than tieback element 140, as shown, in order to provide the additional stability and minimization of strain to the finished retaining wall system 100c. The additional base block 101 extends the front face 115 height by the additional desired height 115 (e.g., up to an additional 3 feet or so), allowing the present system to be used to create a retaining wall height of up to about 9 feet. While not illustrated, one or more furring strip slots 112 could be provided within additional foam base block 101, for attachment of a desired decorative veneer over front faces 115, 115. While buttress element 130 is shown with an angled interior face 135, it will be apparent that such face could be curved, as shown in FIG. 28.

[0093] FIG. 30 illustrates how two components could be glued to one another, using an adhesive 260 placed between the mating surfaces of the two components being attached to one another. For example, such a configuration may be used at seam 145, or anywhere else within the system. While FIGS. 2A-2B and FIGS. 5A-6B illustrate configurations where a seam may be provided between the buttress element and the vertical element, in at least some embodiments, no seam is present at such a location. While an adhesive can be used as shown in FIG. 30 to adhere two such components together, placement of such a seam at this location between the buttress and the vertical elements can be problematic, as user error may result in a weak connection at such interface, if the components are not adhered properly. If a seam is present anywhere between the vertical element, the buttress element, and the tieback element, it can be advantageous to position such seam within the tieback element, or between the buttress element and the tieback element, as such a seam is less prone to failure, even due to user error during installation of the retaining wall system. In an embodiment, in order to even further minimize the potential for such error and/or failure, the components may be pre-assembled and glued or otherwise attached together at the factory, so that such assembly is not required to be performed by the end user/installer.

[0094] FIG. 30 also illustrates how the seam 145 or a seam between components 120 and 130 may not be a simple butt joint, but there may be mating structures (e.g., protrusion(s) 103 and groove(s) 105) provided within the two interlocking components, as shown.

[0095] FIG. 31 is very similar to the configuration shown in FIG. 28, and shows installation of a steel, or other metallic decorative veneer 290 over front face 115 of the retaining wall system. As shown, the top portion of the retaining wall system is configured with the so-called capless configuration, where the width at the apex top surface 232 is greatly reduced, e.g., to no more than about 1 inch, allowing the soil fill 180 to extend substantially to front face 115 and decorative veneer 290.

[0096] FIG. 32 illustrates a stepped or terraced configuration, that may allow for even higher overall height transitions, e.g., up to about 12 feet, or perhaps even more. The configuration is similar to that shown in FIG. 29, that includes an additional foam base block 101 positioned under one or more of the illustrated vertical elements 120, buttress elements 130 and tie back elements 140. As shown, a foam base block 101a may be positioned under a first or lower tier vertical element, buttress element, and tieback element, designated 100a. Another foam base block 101b may be positioned under a second or upper tier vertical element, buttress element and tieback element, designated 100b. An additional foam base block 101c may also be positioned further interior to foam base block 101b and retaining wall system 100b, as shown. Foam base blocks 101a, 101b and 101c displace heavier gravel or soil material, reducing the strain on affected components of the overall system 100d. The soil 180 at the lower right of the figure may be undisturbed, native soil, or compacted disturbed soil to a minimum 95% of maximum dry density, e.g., per ASTM D1557. The angle associated with such soil may be at the angle of friction or less, so as to minimize or eliminate any strain on the retaining wall system that would otherwise result from such soil. Drainpipes 170 may be positioned as shown, in order minimize build up of hydrostatic pressure on the interior of the retaining wall system. The soil 180 at lower right (e.g., characterized by ASTM D1557) may have characteristics as shown below in Table 3. The Width and Height dimensions for the ratio noted in Table 3 (corresponding to the width and height of the additional foam block) are labeled in FIG. 32.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Soil Classification Soil Friction Angle Width/Height Ratio GM, GW, GP, GC .sup.40 1.5:1 SM, SC, ML, CL, OL, OH 34-50 2:1 MH 28-45 2.5:1 CH 25-33 3:1 PT .sup.10 6:1

[0097] Any rock or gravel 181 installed beyond the foam tieback element may be positioned at the angle of friction or angle of repose for such material, to minimize or eliminate additional strain on the retaining wall system.

[0098] FIGS. 33A-33B illustrate exemplary cross-sectional configurations for how the retaining wall system components may be cut from an EPS or other foam block. FIG. 33A illustrates a configuration where the tieback element 140 includes a seam 145, e.g., where the two pieces on either side of the element are connected together using a dovetail insert 147. An adhesive may also be used (e.g., in combination with such a dovetail insert) to attach the separate components together, across seam 145. FIG. 33B illustrates how such cross-sectional shapes can be efficiently packed together into the geometry of a typical block of EPS or other foam material, providing two such sets of retaining wall components, within a single EPS or other foam block. For example, a first integral vertical element and buttress element 117a, a second integral vertical element and buttress element 117b, a first tieback element 140a, a second tieback element 140b, and first and second dovetail inserts 147a and 147b, can be cut from the illustrated square foam block geometry, with very little overall waste.

[0099] The various foam blocks may be formed from a foam material, such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam. In an embodiment, some portion of graphite infused styrene beads may be incorporated into the styrene beads, from which the EPS foam components are formed, providing a darker color, contrast, and other benefits. In particular, the inclusion of graphite infused beads reduces glare and reflection, making it easier to see the configuration of a given component (sometimes edges and other features are washed out where everything is white, with no contrast). This is particularly helpful in bright sunlight. In addition, the inclusion of such graphite infused beads greatly reduces the risk of sunburn to those working with such materials, during installation of such a retaining wall system, which benefit is also particularly beneficial in bright sunlight. While graphite is an exemplary contrast enhancing additive, it will be appreciated that other contrast agents could alternatively be used (e.g., other dyes, pigments, or the like). Graphite is an advantageous contrast agent as it has insulative properties similar or superior to styrene.

[0100] Such contrasting color beads may be present in the blend of beads used to form the foam components in any desired range, e.g., from 5% to 95%, although more typically in an amount of up to 50%, such as from 20% to 50%, or from 20% to 40% (e.g., about 30%). Such fractions may be by weight or by volume (e.g., density of the polystyrene beads may be similar to the graphite infused polystyrene beads, so that there may be little if any difference between a weight or volume basis). Sufficient graphite is provided in such beads to make them noticeably darker in appearance. Such graphite infused beads (or other contrast agent infused beads) may be sourced from any suitable commercial source.

[0101] While the presently described retaining wall systems may bear some superficial similarities to Applicant's pool or other below grade fluid containment systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,697,946 and 11,401,724, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, there are significant differences between such systems and the present retaining wall systems. In an embodiment, the present retaining wall systems are not below grade fluid containment structures, but are configured to receive a gravel and/or soil fill load, for retaining purposes, within the interior of the retaining wall system, over the buttress element and tieback element. Furthermore, the front face of the vertical element in the present systems is not buried beneath grade, but is above grade, and covered with a decorative veneer. Other differences will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

ADDITIONAL TERMS & DEFINITIONS

[0102] While certain embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, with reference to specific configurations, parameters, components, elements, etcetera, the descriptions are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the claimed invention.

[0103] Furthermore, it should be understood that for any given element or component of a described embodiment, any of the possible alternatives listed for that element or component may generally be used individually or in combination with one another, unless implicitly or explicitly stated otherwise.

[0104] In addition, unless otherwise indicated, numbers expressing quantities, constituents, distances, or other measurements used in the specification and claims are to be understood as optionally being modified by the term about or its synonyms. When the terms about, approximately, substantially, or the like are used in conjunction with a stated amount, value, or condition, it may be taken to mean an amount, value or condition that deviates by less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01% of the stated amount, value, or condition. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0105] A variety of ranges, as well as values for particular parameters are disclosed herein. Additional ranges may be defined between any two such values disclosed herein. Such additional ranges are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0106] Any headings and subheadings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims.

[0107] It will also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the do not exclude plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, an embodiment referencing a singular referent (e.g., widget) may also include two or more such referents.

[0108] In reference to various ASTM or other standardized tests it will be understood that reference to any such standard refers to the latest update (if any) to such standard, unless otherwise indicated. Any such referenced standards are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.

[0109] The embodiments disclosed herein should be understood as comprising/including disclosed components, and may therefore include additional components not specifically described. Optionally, the embodiments disclosed herein are essentially free or completely free of components that are not specifically described. That is, non-disclosed components may optionally be completely omitted or essentially omitted from the disclosed embodiments.

[0110] It will also be appreciated that embodiments described herein may also include properties and/or features (e.g., ingredients, components, members, elements, parts, and/or portions) described in one or more separate embodiments and are not necessarily limited strictly to the features expressly described for that particular embodiment. Accordingly, the various features of a given embodiment can be combined with and/or incorporated into other embodiments of the present disclosure. Thus, disclosure of certain features relative to a specific embodiment of the present disclosure should not be construed as limiting application or inclusion of said features to the specific embodiment. Rather, it will be appreciated that other embodiments can also include such features.