ELECTRONICALLY-CONTROLLED OPTICAL FEEDBACK METHODS FOR LASER LINEWIDTH REDUCTION

Abstract

An integrated optical linewidth reduction system based on optical feedback and a low-speed electronic control loop to control the optical feedback. Light is tapped and reflected back to the laser with an amplitude, phase or both amplitude and phase adjustment such that the linewidth of the laser is lower than the free-running laser linewidth. The amplitude of the feedback signal may be controlled using an optical attenuator. The phase of the feedback signal may be controlled using a phase shifter. The amplitude of the optical feedback may be monitored by means of a filter and a photodetector, or just a photodetector. The amplitude and/or phase of the optical feedback is monitored by means of a frequency/phase noise discriminator. The phase shifter can be an endless phase shifter

Claims

1.-53. (canceled)

54. A coherent light source comprising: a coherent light emitter operable to emit a beam of coherent light; an optical feedback system comprising an integrated photonic circuit operative to redirect a fraction of the light of the beam of coherent light back into the coherent light emitter as an optical feedback signal; and, an electronic control operative to set an amplitude and/or a phase of the redirected fraction of the light.

55. The coherent light source according to claim 54 wherein the integrated photonic circuit comprises an optical attenuator and an attenuation provided by the optical attenuator is controlled by the electronic control.

56. The coherent light source according to claim 54 wherein the integrated photonic circuit comprises a reflector.

57. The coherent light source according to claim 54 wherein the optical feedback system comprises a splitter/combiner connected to receive the beam of coherent light from the light emitter, tap a portion of the beam of coherent light, deliver a remainder of the beam of light to an output port, and receive and redirect into the coherent light emitter the fraction of the light.

58. The coherent light source according to claim 57 wherein the splitter/combiner is a variable splitter combiner and the electronic control is operative to vary the portion of the beam of light tapped by the splitter/combiner.

59. The coherent light source according to claim 57 comprising a variable optical phase shifter between the splitter combiner and the coherent light emitter, the variable optical phase shifter operative to apply a selected phase shift to the redirected fraction of the light wherein the selected phase shift is controlled by the electronic control.

60. The coherent light source according to claim 54 wherein the integrated photonic system comprises an optical phase shifter operative to apply a selected phase shift to the redirected fraction of the light wherein the selected phase shift is controlled by the electronic control.

61. The coherent light source according to claim 60 wherein the optical phase shifter comprises: an optical switch switchable between a first state where light presented at an input/output port is directed to a first port with a first phase delay and a second state where light presented at the input port is directed to a second port with a second phase delay; and optics comprising a variable line phase shifter connected between the first and second ports.

62. The coherent light source according to claim 61 wherein the optical phase shifter comprises a first optical coupler connecting the input/output port and the switch, a second 2×2 ports coupler connecting the switch and a line phase shifter section containing the line phase shifter and a third 2×2 ports coupler connecting the line phase shifter section and a waveguide loop.

63. The coherent light source according to claim 62 wherein the first optical coupler is a 2×2 ports coupler, the phase shifter comprises a photodetector connected to a port of the first optical coupler, and the electronic control is connected to monitor an output signal of the photodetector.

64. The coherent light source according to claim 63 wherein the optical switch comprises first and second phase shifters controlled by the electronic control and the electronic control is configured to control the first and second phase shifters to switch the switch between the first and second states.

65. The coherent light source according to claim 64 wherein the electronic control is configured to adjust the first and second phase shifters to minimize the photocurrent at the photodetector.

66. The coherent light source according to claim 54 comprising a photosensor coupled to measure an amplitude of the optical feedback signal.

67. The coherent light source according to claim 66 wherein the electronic control stores a desired amplitude for the optical feedback signal and is configured to control the integrated photonic circuit to cause the amplitude of the optical feedback signal to equal the desired amplitude for the optical feedback signal.

68. The coherent light source according to claim 54 comprising an optical filter connected to pass optical power in one or more sidebands of a spectrum of the coherent light to a photosensor wherein the electronic control is connected to receive an output signal from the photosensor that provides a measure of the optical power in the one or more sidebands of the spectrum of the coherent light.

69. The coherent light source according to claim 68 wherein the electronic control is configured to adjust the phase and/or amplitude of the optical feedback signal to minimize the optical power in the one or more sidebands of the spectrum of the coherent light.

70. The coherent light source according to claim 54 comprising a frequency/phase noise discriminator operable to measure optical phase fluctuations in the coherent light beam wherein the electronic control is configured to control the amplitude and/or the phase of the optical feedback signal to minimize the optical phase fluctuations.

71. The coherent light source according to claim 54 wherein the coherent light emitter comprising a laser and the laser comprises a multi-wavelength laser operative to emit light of a plurality of different wavelengths, the optical feedback system is one of a plurality of optical feedback systems, each of the plurality of optical feedback systems configured to provide a corresponding optical feedback signal at a corresponding one of the plurality of wavelengths and the electronic control itself or in combination with one or more additional electronic controls is operative to set an amplitude and/or a phase of the optical feedback signals of each of the plurality of wavelengths.

72. The coherent light source according to claim 71 wherein each of the plurality of optical feedback systems comprises a bandpass filter having a passband at one of the plurality of wavelengths wherein the bandpass filter blocks other ones of the plurality of wavelengths.

73. A linewidth reduction method, comprising: operating a light emitter to issue a beam of coherent light; tapping a portion of the beam of coherent light; redirecting some or all of the tapped portion of the beam of coherent light back into the light emitter as an optical feedback signal; and by an electronic control, setting an amplitude and/or a phase of the optical feedback signal to reduce a spectral linewidth of the beam of coherent light.

74. A reflection endless phase shifter comprising: at least one input/output port, a first optical coupler connecting the at least one input/output port to first and second ports of a four port switch, a line phase shifter section having first and second ports connected by a second optical coupler to third and fourth ports of the switch, the line phase shifter section having third and fourth ports connected by a third optical coupler to first and second ports of a reflector wherein: the switch comprises a first arms extending from the first port of the switch to the third port of the switch and a second arm extending from the second port of the switch to the fourth port of the switch, the first and second arms respectively comprise first and second switch phase shifters; the switch has a first state in which the first and second phase shifters are controlled to provide a first relative phase of the first and second arms and a second state in which the first and second phase shifters are controlled to make provide a second relative phase of the first and second arms; the line phase shifter section comprises at least one line phase shifter, the line phase shifter controllable to set a phase shift at least in the range of 0 and 2π radians.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0081] The accompanying drawings illustrate non-limiting example embodiments of the invention.

[0082] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system based on optical feedback, with amplitude control of the optical feedback according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0083] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system similar to that of FIG. 1 with a monitor for amplitude of the optical feedback.

[0084] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system similar to that of FIG. 2 with the addition of an optical filter in the monitor.

[0085] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system based on optical feedback, with independent amplitude control and phase control, and amplitude and phase monitor of optical feedback according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0086] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system based on optical feedback with independent control of amplitude and phase of an optical feedback signal and independent amplitude and phase monitoring of the optical feedback.

[0087] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system based on optical feedback, with independent amplitude and phase control, and amplitude and phase monitor of optical feedback.

[0088] FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction optical circuit based on the electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system shown in FIG. 6.

[0089] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system based on optical feedback, with independent amplitude control and phase control, and independent amplitude and phase monitor of optical feedback.

[0090] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction optical circuit based on the electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system shown in FIG. 7 according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0091] FIG. 7B is schematic diagram of another linewidth reduction optical circuit based on the electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system shown in FIG. 7 according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0092] FIG. 7C is a schematic diagram of a linewidth reduction optical circuit based on the electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system shown in FIG. 7 according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0093] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system.

[0094] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system comprising multiple single wavelength lasers.

[0095] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of another electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system comprising multiple single wavelength lasers.

[0096] FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system comprising a single multi-wavelength laser.

[0097] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system comprising a single multi-wavelength laser.

[0098] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system comprising a single multi-wavelength laser.

[0099] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a single-port reflection endless phase shifter based on a single switch and a line phase shifter.

[0100] FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram of a large-range single-port reflection phase shifter implemented using single sideband (SSB) acousto-optical modulators (AOMs).

[0101] FIG. 14B is a schematic diagram of a large-range single-port reflection phase shifter implemented using single sideband (SSB) traveling wave modulators (TWM).

[0102] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a two-port reflection endless phase shifter based on a single switch a line phase shifter according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0103] FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram of a large-range two-port reflection phase shifter implemented using single sideband (SSB) acousto-optical modulators (AOMs).

[0104] FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram of a large-range two-port reflection phase shifter implemented using single sideband (SSB) traveling wave modulators (TWM).

[0105] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example linewidth reduction process.

[0106] FIG. 17 is a graph showing the effect of a linewidth reduction system on laser linewidth over a spectrum of laser frequencies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0107] Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive sense.

[0108] Some embodiments of the present technology provide linewidth reduction apparatus operable to reduce the linewidth of a laser or other coherent optical emitter. Some embodiments of the invention provide narrow linewidth optical sources that combine a laser or other emitter of coherent optical radiation with a linewidth reduction apparatus.

[0109] The linewidth reduction apparatus operates by redirecting a fraction of a beam of coherent light emitted by a laser or other coherent light emitter back into the light emitter as an optical feedback signal. The amplitude and/or phase of the optical feedback signal are controlled to reduce an optical linewidth of the beam of coherent light.

[0110] In some embodiments a calibration is performed by varying the phase and/or amplitude of the optical feedback signal while monitoring the linewidth of the emitted beam of coherent light. The phase and/or amplitude that minimize the linewidth or reduce the linewidth to a desired value may be recorded. An electronic control may be configured to deliver the optical feedback signal with the calibrated phase and/or amplitude to reduce the linewidth of the beam of coherent light.

[0111] In some embodiments the calibration is performed for different operating conditions of the light emitter. For example, the calibration may be performed for one or more of: different optical power levels of the light emitter and/or different operating temperatures. In operation an electronic control may determine the current operating conditions of the light emitter (e.g. measuring a temperature using one or more temperature sensors and/or measuring an optical power level of the light emitter using a suitable light detector and/or based on control inputs to the light emitter) and the electronic control may access a calibrated phase and/or amplitude corresponding to the operating conditions and then deliver the optical feedback signal with the calibrated phase and/or amplitude to reduce the linewidth of the beam of coherent light.

[0112] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a light source 10 that includes a linewidth reduction system according to a simple example embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1 and other figures, solid black connecting lines represent optical signals and dotted black connecting lines represent electrical signals.

[0113] Light source 10 includes a light emitter 12 that is operable to emit a light beam 13. Any light emitter 12 with a high degree of coherence (e.g. a laser or suitable light emitting diode (LED) or superluminescent LED) can be used to generate light beam 13. Optical waveguides guide light beam 13.

[0114] A splitter/combiner 14 taps a fraction of the light of light beam 13. Splitter/combiner 14 may, for example, comprise a multi-port device, such as a directional coupler based on optical waveguides, multi-mode interference couplers, or others. Splitter/combiner 14 splits the incoming beam with a selected power splitting ratio that is sufficient to yield an optical feedback signal with sufficient amplitude to reduce the linewidth of light emitter 12. In some embodiments, only a small fraction of the original light of beam 13 is diverted by splitter/combiner 14 and reflected back to provide an optical feedback signal to light emitter 12.

[0115] Light source 10 includes an optical attenuator 16 that is operable to controllably attenuate light tapped by splitter/combiner 14. The amplitude of the optical feedback signal may be adjusted by modulating the attenuation provided by optical attenuator 16.

[0116] Optical attenuator 16 may, for example, be based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) or a p, i, n diode, or any other practical device that can controllably attenuate the tapped light.

[0117] The tapped signal is reflected back toward light emitter 12 by a reflector 17. Reflector 17 may, for example, comprise a Bragg grating, a splitter and a waveguide loop, a microring resonator, or any other device(s) that can reflect light with a high degree of reflectance.

[0118] In light source 10 as well as other embodiments described herein, optical components of the linewidth reduction system such as all or some of splitter/combiner 14, optical attenuator 16 and reflector 17 may be provided by an integrated photonic circuit.

[0119] The reflected signal is combined by splitter/combiner 14 to provide the optical feedback signal that is delivered back to light emitter 12.

[0120] An optical isolator 19 is optionally provided in series with the output of light source 10. A light source according to any embodiment described herein may include an optical isolator 19. Optical isolator 19, if present, may to protect light emitter 12 from remote reflections. Remote reflections may, for example originate from on-chip devices, or an optical fiber.

[0121] Light source 10 and other embodiments of the present technology incorporate an electronic control which is configured to set the phase and/or amplitude of the optical feedback signal. In light source 10, electronic control 18 actuates attenuator 16 to provide an optical feedback signal that has an amplitude that is selected to provide a reduced linewidth of beam 13. For example, electronic control 18 may be hard wired to deliver an optical feedback signal that has an appropriate amplitude or may be configured to acquire a calibration value (which may, for example comprise a calibration drive signal for attenuator 16 or a calibration amplitude for the optical feedback signal) from a data store, memory or the like and to control attenuator 16 to deliver an optical feedback signal based on the calibration value.

[0122] A distance between light emitter 12 and reflector 17 that reflects the optical feedback signal is sufficient to provide a delay, τ so that the argument of the cosine term in the equation:

Δv=Δv.sub.0[1+C cos(ωτ=arctan α)].sup.−2

is 1, where α is a linewidth enhancement factor which is a property of light emitter 12 A suitably large delay may be ensured by providing a sufficient length of optical fiber to carry light beam 13 to an integrated photonic chip that carries reflector 17 and other components of the linewidth reduction system. In some embodiments an integrated photonic circuit chip comprised an extended low loss optical waveguide (e.g. made of lithium niobate) that provides a sufficient delay.

[0123] The construction of light source 10 may be varied in several ways while preserving the functionality as described above. For example, in addition to or instead of controlling the amplitude of the optical feedback signal by adjusting optical attenuator 16, electronic control 18 may adjust the amplitude of the optical feedback signal by varying the reflectivity of reflector 17 and/or varying the splitting ratio of splitter/combiner 14.

[0124] In some embodiments (various examples are provided below), electronic control 18 comprises a feedback controller. In the following drawings, elements identified by reference numbers that are also used in other figures are the same as or similar to the corresponding elements shown in the other figures.

[0125] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a light source 20 comprising an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system according to another example embodiment. Light source 20 is similar to light source 10 except that it includes a sensor that provides feedback to electronic control 18.

[0126] Similar to light source 10, an optical feedback signal is directed back to light emitter 12 using a splitter/combiner 14. Light source 20 includes a photodetector 21 connected to measure and monitor the amplitude of the optical feedback signal. Photodetector 21 may for example comprise a n+/n/n+ device, or a p+/p/p+ device, or a p-i-n device, or a reverse-biased p/n junction, or a germanium silicon photodetector, or any other suitable light detector that converts optical energy to electrical energy (or produces an output signal that is correlated to an intensity of light incident on the light detector). Photodetector 21 can be located elsewhere to measure the optical power exiting light emitter 12 or in another location where an amplitude of light detected by photodetector 21 is correlated to a desired amplitude and/or phase of the optical feedback signal for providing a reduced laser linewidth.

[0127] In light source 20, electronic control 18 is connected to receive the electrical signal from photodetector 21 and to actuate attenuator 16 to cause the optical feedback signal to have a corresponding value. For example, electronic control 18 may cause optical feedback signal to have an amplitude that is related to the amplitude of beam 13 by a certain feedback ratio or by a certain function or electronic control 18 may use the output signal of photodetector 21 as a key to retrieve a value from a lookup table that indicates the control signal to be applied to attenuator 16 and/or the desired amplitude of the optical feedback signal to yield a reduced spectral linewidth of beam 13.

[0128] Providing an electronic control that provides dynamic control of the phase and/or amplitude of the optical feedback signal as in FIG. 2 and other disclosed embodiments can advantageously maintain a reduced or minimized spectral linewidth of beam 13 despite changes that may occur as a result of one or more of: [0129] optical reflections or other light entering light emitter 12 from a downstream device, especially if an optical isolator 19 is not being used; [0130] changes in temperature in cases where the effect of temperature changes on light emitter 12 and components of the linewidth reduction system (e,g, components of the integrated photonic circuit) are different; [0131] variations of optical properties of waveguides, optical fibers etc. in the light source which may be caused by acoustic noise, strain, pressure-induced noise etc.

[0132] An advantage of embodiments that provide dynamic control of spectral linewidth as described herein is that the linewidth reduction system may automatically cancel fiber noise (e,g, noise caused by mechanically induced changes in the optical properties of an optical fiber that carries coherent light beam 13 to other components of a linewidth reduction system.

[0133] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a light source 30 according to another example embodiment. In light source 30, the spectral linewidth of beam 13 is monitored. In this example the monitoring is performed by the combination of a filter 33 (which may comprise a bandpass filter and/or a bandreject filter) and a photosensor 21.

[0134] A bandreject filter used in filter 33 may have a narrow bandwidth (e.g. on the order of kHz), sufficient to filter out the laser carrier frequency from a sample of beam 13. Photodetector 21 receives the sample of beam 13 that has been filtered by bandreject filter 33. The signal detected by photodetector 21 can be used to measure the optical power in sidebands of the spectrum of beam 13 (which contribute to larger spectral linewidth). This power can act as a means of indicating a broadened laser linewidth.

[0135] In some embodiments the bandreject filter and/or bandpass filter are tunable to set the pass band or reject band as applicable to match the carrier frequency of light emitter 12. Tuning may be used to adjust for manufacturing variations in filters 33 that are made using photonic circuit elements such as ring resonators and/or to compensate for drift of the frequency of light emitter 12 relative to the pass band and/or reject band of filter 33 which may occur, for example, as a result of temperature changes.

[0136] An electronic control 18 may use the power in the sidebands of the spectrum of beam 13 as a feedback signal to control amplitude of the optical feedback signal so as to reduce or minimize the spectral linewidth of beam 13.

[0137] Bandreject filter 33 may, for example, be realized using a contradirectional coupler, or a phase-shifted contradirectional coupler, or a microring resonator, or a racetrack resonator, or any form of bandreject filter.

[0138] A passband filter used in filter 33 may be detuned to the laser carrier frequency of light emitter 12 and have a bandwidth sufficient to measure the optical power in the sidebands of the spectrum of beam 13. Photodetector 21 may detect a sample of light from beam 13 that has been filtered by bandpass filter 33 and the resulting output signal may be used to measure the optical power in the sideband of the laser spectrum. This power indicate a broadened laser linewidth and may be applied as a feedback signal to electronic control 18 to facilitate reducing or minimizing the spectral linewidth of beam 13.

[0139] A bandpass filter for use in filter 33 may, for example, be realized using a contradirectional coupler, or a phase-shifted contradirectional coupler, or a microring resonator, or a racetrack resonator, or any other suitable form of bandpass filter.

[0140] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a light source 40 according to another example embodiment. Light source 40 manages spectral linewidth in beam 13 by controlling both amplitude and phase of an optical feedback signal. In some embodiments, control of amplitude and phase is independent. In some embodiments control of amplitude and phase is coordinated.

[0141] In light source 40 the amplitude and phase of an optical feedback signal are monitored by a frequency/phase noise discriminator 49. Frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 may, for example, be constructed as described in. E. Rubiola, V. Giordano, “Correlation-based phase noise measurements”, Review of Scientific Instruments vol. 71 no. 8 pp. 3085-3091, August 2000 or as described in S. Camatel and V. Ferrero, “Narrow Linewidth CW Laser Phase Noise Characterization Methods for Coherent Transmission System Applications,” in Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 26, no. 17, pp. 3048-3055, Sep. 1, 2008, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2008.925046.

[0142] Frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 may, for example, be based on an imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with a long delay in one arm, and a photodetector at one, or both of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer arms. The frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 may also be based on any device operative to convert optical phase fluctuations to amplitude fluctuations, which can be detected using a photodetector.

[0143] Light source 40 includes a phase shifter 45 in an optical path of the optical feedback signal. Phase shifter 45 may be controlled to vary a phase of the optical feedback signal. In light source 40, phase shifter 45 is located between light emitter 12 and splitter/combiner 14. In other embodiments a phase shifter 45 is located at other locations along an optical path by which an optical feedback signal is delivered. See FIGS. 6 to 8 and 13 for some examples of alternative placements of a phase shifter. For example, a phase shifter 45 may be placed between an attenuator 16 and reflector 17. In some embodiments, plural phase shifters 45 are provided along an optical path of the optical feedback signal and the phase shifters 45 are collectively controlled to apply a desired phase shift to the optical feedback signal.

[0144] A phase shifter 45 may, for example, comprise a heater placed to heat an optical waveguide (e.g. above or adjacent to the optical waveguide), a p, or n, doped waveguide, a reverse-biased p/n junction, a p-i-n doped waveguide, or any other device that results in a controllable change in the phase of the optical signal. In some embodiments some or all phase shifters provided in any apparatus as described herein are dynamically controlled to compensate for the effect of temperature changes on the phase shift provided by a given control signal. In some embodiments control signals for one or more phase shifters are generated based on calibration tables corresponding to different temperatures. Temperature at the location of a phase shifter may be determined from temperature sensors (which may for example measure temperature of a substrate of an integrated photonic circuit chip that includes the phase shifter.

[0145] Light source 40 includes a first electronic control 18 configured to control the amplitude of the optical feedback signal and a second electronic control 48 configured to control the phase of the optical feedback signal. Each of electronic controls 18 and 48 receive an output signal from frequency/phase noise discriminator 49. In some alternative embodiments the functions of electronic controls 18 and 48 are combined in a single electronic control.

[0146] Electronic control 18 is configured to adjust the amplitude of the optical feedback signal by controlling attenuator 16. Electronic control 18 may perform feedback control of the amplitude of the optical feedback signal using an output signal from frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 as a feedback signal.

[0147] Electronic control 48 is configured to adjust the phase of the optical feedback signal by controlling phase shifter 45. Electronic control 48 may perform feedback control of the phase of the optical feedback signal using an output signal from frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 as a feedback signal.

[0148] Electronic controls 18, 48 can operate to adjust both the amplitude and the phase of the optical feedback signal by controlling both attenuator 16 and phase shifter 45 to reduce or minimize the spectral linewidth of beam 13.

[0149] In some embodiments, electronic controls 18 and 48 are combined or configured to interact together to perform a 2D sweep of amplitude and phase to determine optimal values for the control of attenuator 16 and phase shifter 45 that yield the minimum spectral linewidth of beam 13. In some embodiments such a sweep is performed in a calibration procedure for one or more sets of operating conditions and the optimal values are stored for later use by controllers 18, 48. In some embodiments Electronic controls 18, 48 may periodically or continuously vary the values being used for the control of attenuator 16 and phase shifter 45 to determine whether further reduction of the spectral linewidth of beam 13 is possible.

[0150] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a light source 50 according to another example embodiment. Light source 50 is similar to light source 40 in that spectral linewidth of beam 13 is controlled by electronic controls 18, 48 which set both phase and amplitude of an optical feedback signal. Light source 50 differs from light source 40 in that feedback to electronic control 18 for control of attenuator 16 is provided by the combination of a filter 33 and a photodetector 21 as described above with reference to FIG. 3.

[0151] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a light source 60 according to another example embodiment. Light source 60 includes controllers 18, 48 which independently or in coordination control amplitude and phase of an optical feedback signal.

[0152] Section 61A controls the amplitude of the optical feedback signal. Section 61P controls the phase of the optical feedback signal. The construction and operation of section 61P may be the same as or similar to those of the portions of light sources 40 and 50 that perform phase control of the optical feedback signal. Phase shifter 65 provides control of the amplitude of the optical feedback signals as well as additional control of the phase of the optical feedback signal.

[0153] Section 61A includes electronic control 18 which controls an attenuator 16, a tunable splitter/combiner 64 and a phase shifter 65 to adjust an amplitude of an optical feedback signal. Attenuator 16 can be operated to reduce or eliminate reflections from reaching light emitter 12.

[0154] Light from beam 13 is tapped by tunable splitter/combiner 64 and delivered to a reflector 17 by way of phase shifter 65. The light reflected by reflector 17 is directed by tunable splitter/combiner 64 back to light emitter 12 by phase shifter 45.

[0155] Electronic control 48 is configured to adjust the phase and/or amplitude of the optical feedback signal by controlling phase shifter 45 and/or tunable splitter/combiner 64. Electronic control 48 may perform feedback control of the phase and/or amplitude of the optical feedback signal using an output signal from frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 as a feedback signal. Phase noise detected by frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 is increased whenever the amplitude or the phase of the optical feedback signal is not well adjusted. Therefore, the feedback signal from frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 may be used to control both phase and amplitude of the optical feedback signal.

[0156] In some embodiments an output of an amplitude monitor (e.g. a photodetector 21) is used for coarse control of the amplitude of the optical feedback signal. Fine control of the amplitude of the optical feedback signal to minimize spectral linewidth of the light in beam 3 may then be achieved using phase noise output by frequency/phase noise discriminator 49.

[0157] For example an electronic control may first control the amplitude of the optical feedback signal to have a value determined in a previous calibration routine (that value may, for example be accessed in a lookup table or data store. This may be done while using a measured amplitude of the optical feedback signal as a feedback signal to the electronic control. Subsequently the electronic control may fine tune the amplitude of the optical feedback signal to obtain a further reduced or minimized spectral line width based on a feedback signal from frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 that represents phase noise.

[0158] Primary control of the amplitude of the optical feedback signal may be achieved by controlling the portion of light that is tapped by tunable splitter/combiner 64. Tunable splitter/combiner 64 may be controlled to adjust the amplitude of the optical feedback signal by tapping a certain power ratio of the light in beam 13 such that the amplitude of the optical feedback signal delivered back to light emitter 12 is sufficient for linewidth narrowing.

[0159] Tunable splitter/combiner 64 may, for example, be based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a phase shifter on one or both of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer arms or any other device that results in a variable power splitting ratio controlled by an input electrical signal.

[0160] FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram showing an example integrated photonic circuit realization of the optical parts of a light source 60A which is similar to light source 60.

[0161] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a light source 70 according to another example embodiment. Light source 70 is similar to light source 60 except that it includes an additional electronic control 78 which takes a feedback signal from the combination of a filter 33 and photosensor 71 which may be constructed and operate in the same or similar manner as filter 33 and photosensor 21 which are described with reference to FIG. 3. Electronic control 78 is connected to control tunable splitter/combiner 64.

[0162] In light source 70, the amplitude of the optical feedback signal can be independently adjusted based on the signal monitored by the photodetector 71 following filter 33. The phase of the feedback signal can be independently adjusted based on the signal monitored by frequency/phase noise discriminator 49.

[0163] FIGS. 7A to 7C are schematic illustrations of different ways to implement optical components of a light source generally like that of FIG. 7 in integrated photonic circuits.

[0164] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram showing an example integrated photonic circuit realization of a linewidth reduction optical circuit based on optical feedback, with independent amplitude control and phase control, and independent amplitude and phase monitors. The bandreject filter 33A used in the amplitude monitor can be tuned to the laser frequency to filter out the laser frequency and measure the optical power in the sidebands. The bandreject filter 33A used in the amplitude monitor is based on a ring resonator here, but any other form of bandreject filter can be used.

[0165] FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram showing another example integrated photonic circuit realization of a linewidth reduction optical circuit shown in FIG. 7 based on optical feedback, with independent amplitude control and phase control, and independent amplitude and phase monitors, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The bandpass filter 33B used in the amplitude monitor can be detuned relative to the laser frequency to filter out the laser frequency and measure the optical power in the sidebands. The bandpass filter 33B used in the amplitude monitor is based on a ring resonator here, but any other form of bandpass filter can be used.

[0166] FIG. 7C is another possible integrated circuit realization of a linewidth reduction optical circuit shown in FIG. 7 based on optical feedback, with independent amplitude control and phase control, and independent amplitude and phase monitors, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention. An optical fiber 73 is added between light emitter 12 and the phase monitor and control as to reduce the laser linewidth due to the long distance between the laser and the feedback reflections. Any noise in the fiber (acoustic, perturbations) gets cancelled by the frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 causing an opposite noise to be introduced in the phase shifter 45 or 65. In the round-trip path between the laser and the reflector 17, both the induced noise and the equal-but-opposite cancelling noise see a similar doubling effect.

[0167] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a light source 80 according to another example embodiment. In light source 80, the spectral linewidth of beam 13 emitted by light emitter 12 is monitored by a frequency/phase noise discriminator 49. The phase and amplitude of the optical feedback signal can be adjusted based on feedback from the output signal of frequency/phase noise discriminator 49 (the output signal may, for example, comprise the output of a photodetector of frequency/phase noise discriminator 49.

[0168] A delay element 83 is located between light emitter 12 and splitter 14. An example of a delay element is an optical fiber. The delay caused by the delay element 83 can be detected and monitored by frequency/phase noise discriminator 49. The noise caused by the delay element 83 can be detected and monitored by frequency/phase discriminator 48 and cancelled by the phase shifter 45 or 65.

[0169] Linewidth reduction systems and methods as described herein may be applied in cases where a light source produces coherent light at two or more different wavelengths. For example such systems may be applied when light from plural single wavelength lasers is combined or when a multi-wavelength laser is used.

[0170] FIG. 9 is a block diagram that depicts a multi-wavelength light source 90 that includes plural linewidth reduction systems. Light source 90 includes from 1 to N single wavelength lasers (12A, 12B, 12C, etc.). Each laser 12 emits light at a single wavelength. A linewidth reduction system (10A, 10B, 10C, etc.) according to any of the embodiments described herein is provided for each of lasers 12. Each linewidth reduction system operates at the same wavelength as the corresponding laser. The output light from each linewidth reduction system 10 may be combined at a wavelengths multiplexer 94. The output of wavelengths multiplexer 94 will contain the multiple wavelengths with reduced linewidth for each wavelength. An optical isolator, not shown, may be provided in series with the output of wavelengths multiplexer 94 and/or at outputs of linewidth reduction systems 10 to protect lasers 12 from remote reflections.

[0171] FIG. 10 is a block diagram that depicts a multi-wavelength light source 100 that includes plural linewidth reduction systems. Light source 100 includes a number (1 to N) of single wavelength lasers 12, individually indicated by 12A, 12B, 12C etc. A wavelengths multiplexer 94 is connected to multiplex the wavelengths emitted from all of lasers 12. The output of wavelengths multiplexer 94 contains the multiple wavelengths.

[0172] A plurality of linewidth reduction systems 10 according to any of the embodiments described herein are each connected to generate an optical feedback signal for a corresponding one of light sources 12. The optical feedback signals are delivered to the light sources 12 through wavelengths multiplexer 94.

[0173] Each of linewidth reduction systems 10 includes a wavelength-selective filter (not shown) that couples a portion of the light of the corresponding wavelength into the linewidth reduction system. Each linewidth reduction system 10 works at the same wavelength as the corresponding laser 12 that the wavelength-selective filter filters.

[0174] Each linewidth reduction system 10 acts as a passive waveguide for light of other wavelengths that the wavelength selective filter does not filter. The output after the N.sup.th linewidth reduction system will contain the multiple wavelengths produced by lasers 12 with reduced linewidth for each wavelength. An optical isolator, not shown, may be also used in series with the output to protect the laser from remote reflections.

[0175] FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a light source 110 according to another embodiment. In light source 110, a multi-wavelength laser 112 emits light having plural wavelengths. The output of multi-wavelength laser 112 is delivered to a wavelengths demultiplexer 116 which demultiplexes the wavelengths into separate waveguides. Any or all of the waveguides can contain a linewidth reduction system 10 that operates at one of the wavelengths produced by multi-wavelength laser 112. The outputs of linewidth reduction systems 10 may be combined, if desired by a wavelengths multiplexer 94. The output of the wavelengths multiplexer 94 will contain the multiple wavelengths with reduced linewidth for each wavelength. An optical isolator, not shown, may be provided in series with the output of wavelengths multiplexer 94 to protect laser 112 from remote reflections.

[0176] FIG. 12 is a block diagram that shows another example light source 120 that uses plural linewidth reduction systems together with a multi-wavelength laser 112. The output of multi-wavelength laser 112 contains plural wavelengths. The output of laser 112 passes in sequence through the plurality of linewidth reduction systems 10, each of which may be constructed according to any embodiment described herein. Each of linewidth reduction systems 10 operates to generate an optical feedback signal at one of the wavelengths of multi-wavelength laser 120. A wavelength-selective filter (not shown) which selects for the corresponding wavelength may be used to couple light of the desired wavelength to each of linewidth reduction systems 10. Each linewidth reduction system 10 will work at the corresponding laser wavelength that the wavelength-selective filter filters. Each linewidth reduction system 10 will act as a passive waveguide for the other wavelengths produced by multi-wavelength laser 112. The output after the N.sup.th linewidth reduction system will contain the multiple wavelengths each with reduced linewidth. An optical isolator, not shown, may be also used in series with the output to protect the laser from remote reflections.

[0177] Wavelength-selective filters in light sources 110 and 120 may, for example comprise filters based on a microring resonator, or a microring resonator with a tunable coupler, or any other filter that can be tuned to a specific wavelength necessary to filter a specific laser frequency for which the linewidth is to be reduced.

[0178] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a light source 130 which includes an electronically-controlled linewidth reduction system. Light source 130 comprises a multi-wavelength laser 112. The linewidth of laser 112 at each wavelength is monitored by a corresponding independent frequency/phase noise discriminator 49. Any form of band pass filtering at each wavelength can be used for this aim. A broad band tunable splitter/combiner 136 is used as multi-wavelength coarse amplitude control to tap certain power to optical reflectors. The phase and amplitude of the optical feedback at each wavelength can be adjusted separately according to the signal monitored by the photodetector in the corresponding frequency/phase noise discriminator 49. Suitable delay can be introduced by a delay element 83 using, for example, an optical fiber.

[0179] FIGS. 14 and 15 show examples of endless phase shifters that may be applied to control phases of optical feedback signals in light sources as described herein and may also be used in other applications. An advantage of an endless phase shifter is that it may be used in place of a very long phase shifter while taking up much less room on an integrated photonic circuit chip than would be required by a very long phase shifter.

[0180] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing an example single-port reflection endless phase shifter 140. Phase shifter 140 may be used as a phase shifter in the light sources and linewidth reduction systems described herein. Phase shifter 140 may also be used in other applications where a phase shifter is desired. Phase shifter 140 is based on a single switch connected to a line phase shifter. In phase shifter 140, a phase shifted output optical signal is presented at the same port as an input optical signal. Various example embodiments of the present invention, such as those illustrated in FIG. 6A, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, and FIG. 7C apply a single-port phase shifter like phase shifter 140.

[0181] Single-port reflection endless phase shifter 140 comprises a 1×2 ports coupler connecting the input/output port and the switch, a 2×2 ports coupler connecting the switch and the line phase shifter section, a 2×2 ports coupler connecting the line phase shifter section and a waveguide loop connecting the two ports of the 2×2 ports coupler.

[0182] Phase shifters used to implement the switch and the line shifter section may, for example, comprise a heater placed to heat an optical waveguide, a p, or n, doped waveguide, a reverse-biased p/n junction, a p-i-n doped waveguide, or any other device that results in a controllable change in the phase of the optical signal.

[0183] FIG. 14 schematically shows the light paths in an active single-port reflection endless phase shifter. The phase shifter in the single-port reflection endless phase shifter switch can be set to switch between π/2 and 0 in one of the arms and between 0 and π/2 in the other arm in a push-pull fashion to route the optical signal either to the line phase shifter or the waveguide below the line phase shifter in the line phase shifter section. The switch can be set using an electronic control circuit. The line phase shifter phase can be swept between 0 and 2π. The switch phase can be set to π/2 initially to route light to the line phase shifter. The line phase shifter phase can be swept using an electronic control circuit. When the phase in the line phase shifter reaches 2π, the switch can be set by changing the top arm and bottom arm phases to 0 and π/2, respectively in a push-pull fashion to route light to the waveguide in the line phase shifter section without the phase shifter and the line phase shifter can be re-set. Once re-set, the switch can be set back to the original position where the top arm and bottom arm phases are π/2 and 0 respectively, and route light back to the line phase shifter.

[0184] FIG. 15 shows an example two-port reflection endless phase shifter 150. Phase shifter 150 is based on a switch coupled to a line phase shifter. An input optical signal and a phase shifted output optical signal are presented at the same port. Phase shifter 150 may be applied as a phase shifter in light sources and linewidth reduction systems as described herein as well as in other applications where a phase shifter is required. For example, phase shifter 150 may be applied in light sources as shown in FIG. 6A, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B and FIG. 7C.

[0185] Phase shifter 150 comprises a 2×2 ports coupler connecting the input/output port and the switch, a 2×2 ports coupler connecting the switch and the line phase shifter section, a 2×2 ports coupler connecting the line phase shifter section and a waveguide loop connecting the two ports of the 2×2 ports coupler at a single boundary.

[0186] Phase shifters in the switch and the line shifter section may comprise a heater located to heat an optical waveguide, a p, or n, doped waveguide, a reverse-biased p/n junction, a p-i-n doped waveguide, or any other device that results in a controllable change in the phase of the optical signal.

[0187] Phase shifter 150 may monitor the switching state of the switch, by minimizing the photocurrent at the photodetector shown. This provides a way of lossless monitoring of the switch state.

[0188] FIG. 15 schematically shows the light paths in an active two-port reflection endless phase shifter. The phase shifters in the two-port reflection endless phase shifter in the switch can be set to switch between 0 and π/2 in the top arm and π and π/2 in the bottom arm in a push-pull fashion to route the optical signal either to the line phase shifter or the waveguide below the line phase shifter in the line phase shifter section. The switch can be set using an electronic control circuit. The line phase shifter phase can be swept between 0 and 2π. The switch phase can be set such that the top arm and bottom arm yield a 0 and π phase shifts initially to route light to the line phase shifter. The line phase shifter phase can be swept using an electronic control circuit. When the phase in the line phase shifter reaches 2π, the switch can be set such that the top and bottom arms yield π/2 phase shifts to route light to the waveguide in the line phase shifter section without the phase shifter and the line phase shifter can be re-set. Once re-set, the switch can be set back to π and route light back to the line phase shifter.

[0189] Referring to FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, a control loop including monitoring photodetector(s), filter(s), and electronic control can be used to ensure the line phase shifter and switch operating at the desired phase point. In some embodiments control signals for switches as provided in phase shifters 140 or 150 are calibrated for proper switch operation by tapping a small portion of light passing out of both arms of the switch, sweeping the phase shifters in the arms of the switch and determining settings for the switch phase shifters when light exiting each arm of the switch is maximized (corresponding to relative phase difference between the arms of 0 and 7 radians) and settings for which light output of both arms of the switch is equalized (corresponding to a relative phase difference of π/2 between the arms). The values for signals driving the switch phase shifters may be stored and used to control the switch as described herein.

[0190] Referring to FIG. 14, a large-range reflection phase shifter can be implemented using single sideband (SSB) acousto-optical modulators (AOMs) shown in FIG. 14A and/or traveling wave modulators (TWM) shown in FIG. 14B, respectively. The lower sideband modulator (LSM) and upper sideband modulator (USM), when operated by an electrical periodic signal of frequency ω.sub.e, shifts the laser carrier frequency, ω.sub.0, to ω.sub.0−ω.sub.e and ω.sub.0+ω.sub.e, respectively. The electric field amplitude and phase at difference points are shown as well. When the electrical periodic signal's frequency ω.sub.e is swept over a large range using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a variable and large range phase shift can be obtained without using a large voltage drive on a heater.

[0191] Referring to FIG. 15, an example of a large-range 2-port phase shifter is shown in FIG. 15A using single sideband (SSB) acousto-optical modulators (AOMs) and shown in FIG. 15B traveling wave modulators (TWM), respectively. The lower sideband modulator (LSM) and upper sideband modulator (USM), when operated by an electrical periodic signal of frequency ω.sub.dec, shifts the laser carrier frequency, ω.sub.0, to ω.sub.0−ω.sub.e and ω.sub.0+ω.sub.e, respectively. The electric field amplitude and phase at difference points are shown as well. When the electrical periodic signal's frequency ω.sub.e is swept over a large range using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a variable and large range phase shift can be obtained without using a large voltage drive on a heater.

[0192] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a process for producing light having a reduced spectral linewidth according to an example embodiment. At step 162, a phase of an optical feedback signal is adjusted to make the linewidth most sensitive to changes in the amplitude of the optical feedback signal. At step 164, the amplitude of the optical feedback signal is adjusted to achieve a minimum linewidth. Subsequently, the phase of the optical feedback signal is monitored and controlled to maintain the reduced linewidth.

[0193] At step 166, a measure of the linewidth is saved as an “initial minimum value” the corresponding phase and amplitude settings may also be saved as initial reference values.

[0194] At step 167 the linewidth is measured (e.g. by a frequency/phase noise discriminator). If the linewidth exceeds the initial minimum then at step 168 the phase of the optical feedback signal is tuned and at step 169 the amplitude of the optical feedback signal is adjusted to again minimize the linewidth.

[0195] FIG. 17 is a graph 170 showing the effect of a linewidth reduction system as described herein on laser linewidth over a spectrum of laser frequencies. The vertical axis is a measure of “SHD beat PSF” indicating the linewidth of the laser with dB as units. The light lines are the measured spectra and the dark lines are curves that are fitted to the measurement results. Line 172 is the result when the linewidth reduction system is off. Line 174 is the result when the linewidth reduction system is on. Line 176 is the result obtained when using an optical isolator on the laser. Line 178 is the noise floor.

[0196] The linewidth of the laser was reduced to ˜3 kHz with the linewidth reduction system on, compared to 340 kHz with the isolator. The linewidth of the laser measured with the isolator is also about 10% of the factory reported linewidth of the free-running laser of ˜3 MHz, which is due to reflections from the fiber connectors and the fiber. This suggests that reflection to the laser improves the linewidth. It also means that by locking the linewidth reduction system to send back ˜−44 dB of optical power to the laser, the free-running laser's linewidth was reduced by three orders of magnitude.

[0197] In some embodiments, electronic controls are implemented using specifically designed hardware, configurable hardware, programmable data processors configured by the provision of software (which may optionally comprise “firmware”) capable of executing on the data processors, special purpose computers or data processors that are specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more steps in a method as explained in detail herein and/or combinations of two or more of these. Examples of specifically designed hardware are: logic circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), large scale integrated circuits (“LSIs”), very large scale integrated circuits (“VLSIs”), and the like. Examples of configurable hardware are: one or more programmable logic devices such as programmable array logic (“PALs”), programmable logic arrays (“PLAs”), and field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”). Examples of programmable data processors are: microprocessors, digital signal processors (“DSPs”), embedded processors, graphics processors, math co-processors, general purpose computers, server computers, cloud computers, mainframe computers, computer workstations, and the like. For example, one or more data processors in a control circuit for a device may implement methods as described herein by executing software instructions in a program memory accessible to the processors.

[0198] In some embodiments, electronic control 18 comprises a low noise trans-impedance amplifier (TIA), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a digital finite state machine, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a driver to control the amplitude or phase. In another embodiment, the electronic control can be a completely analog PID controller with a low noise TIA, followed by analog PID control using amplifiers, voltage controlled oscillators acting as integrators, filters, and drivers. Other embodiments of the electronic control are possible.

Interpretation of Terms

[0199] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims: [0200] “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”; [0201] “connected”, “coupled”, or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof; [0202] “herein”, “above”, “below”, and words of similar import, when used to describe this specification, shall refer to this specification as a whole, and not to any particular portions of this specification; [0203] “or”, in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list; [0204] the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” also include the meaning of any appropriate plural forms.

[0205] Words that indicate directions such as “vertical”, “transverse”, “horizontal”, “upward”, “downward”, “forward”, “backward”, “inward”, “outward”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “back”, “top”, “bottom”, “below”, “above”, “under”, and the like, used in this description and any accompanying claims (where present), depend on the specific orientation of the apparatus described and illustrated. The subject matter described herein may assume various alternative orientations. Accordingly, these directional terms are not strictly defined and should not be interpreted narrowly.

[0206] For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative examples may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.

[0207] In addition, while elements are at times shown as being performed sequentially, they may instead be performed simultaneously or in different sequences. It is therefore intended that the following claims are interpreted to include all such variations as are within their intended scope.

[0208] Where a component (e.g. a software module, processor, assembly, device, circuit, etc.) is referred to above, unless otherwise indicated, reference to that component (including a reference to a “means”) should be interpreted as including as equivalents of that component any component which performs the function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), including components which are not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.

[0209] Specific examples of systems, methods and apparatus have been described herein for purposes of illustration. These are only examples. The technology provided herein can be applied to systems other than the example systems described above. Many alterations, modifications, additions, omissions, and permutations are possible within the practice of this invention. This invention includes variations on described embodiments that would be apparent to the skilled addressee, including variations obtained by: replacing features, elements and/or acts with equivalent features, elements and/or acts; mixing and matching of features, elements and/or acts from different embodiments; combining features, elements and/or acts from embodiments as described herein with features, elements and/or acts of other technology; and/or omitting combining features, elements and/or acts from described embodiments.

[0210] Various features are described herein as being present in “some embodiments”. Such features are not mandatory and may not be present in all embodiments. Embodiments of the invention may include zero, any one or any combination of two or more of such features. All possible combinations of such features are contemplated by this disclosure even where such features are shown in different drawings and/or described in different sections or paragraphs. This is limited only to the extent that certain ones of such features are incompatible with other ones of such features in the sense that it would be impossible for a person of ordinary skill in the art to construct a practical embodiment that combines such incompatible features. Consequently, the description that “some embodiments” possess feature A and “some embodiments” possess feature B should be interpreted as an express indication that the inventors also contemplate embodiments which combine features A and B (unless the description states otherwise or features A and B are fundamentally incompatible).

[0211] It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, omissions, and sub-combinations as may reasonably be inferred. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

REFERENCES

[0212] 1. Ohtsu, M. & Kotajima, S. Linewidth reduction of a semiconductor laser by electrical feedback, Journal of Quantum Electronics (1985). [0213] 2. Black, E. D. An introduction to Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization, American Journal of Physics (2001). [0214] 3. Idjadi, M. & Aflatouni, F. Integrated Pound-Drever-Hall laser stabilization system in silicon, Nature Communication (2017). [0215] 4. Sivananthan, A. et al. Integrated linewidth reduction of a tunable SG-DBR laser, In Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2013. CLEO 2013. Conference on (IEEE, 2013). [0216] 5. Dahmani, B., Hollberg, L. & Drullinger, R. Frequency stabilization of semiconductor lasers by resonant optical feedback. Opt. Lett. 12, 876-878 (1987). [0217] 6. Aoyama, K., Yoshioka, R., Yokota, N., Kobayashi, W. & Yasaka, H. Optical negative feedback for linewidth reduction of semiconductor lasers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 27, 340-343 (2015). [0218] 7. Song, B. et al. Noise reduction of integrated laser source with on-chip optical feedback. In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, M1D.5 (Optical Society of America, 2017). [0219] 8. Shin, C.-H. & Ohtsu, M. Stable semiconductor laser with a 7-Hz linewidth by an optical-electrical double-feedback technique. Opt. Lett. 15, 1455-1457 (1990). [0220] 9. Aflatouni, F., Bagheri, M. & Hashemi, H. Design methodology and architectures to reduce the semiconductor laser phase noise using electrical feedforward schemes. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 58, 3290-3303 (2010). [0221] 10. Aflatouni, F. et al. Integrated light source independent linewidth reduction (2013). US Patent 0322807. [0222] 11. Aflatouni, F. et al. Integrated light source independent linewidth reduction of lasers using electro-optical feedback techniques (2016). U.S. Pat. No. 9,250,453. [0223] 12. Doerr, C. Endless phase shifting (2013). US Patent 20130044974A1. [0224] 13. N. Schunk and K. Petermann. Numerical analysis of the feedback regimes for a single-mode semiconductor laser with external feedback. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 24, 1242-1247 (1988). [0225] 14. Long-Sheng Ma, Peter Jungner, Jun Ye, and John L. Hall, “Delivering the same optical frequency at two places: accurate cancellation of phase noise introduced by an optical fiber or other time-varying path”, Opt. Lett. 19, 1777-1779 (1994).