Method for producing dental fitting bodies and workpiece for this purpose

Abstract

In the method for producing medical, in particular dental fitting bodies with a specified or custom three-dimensionally curved outer contour or preform of the fitting body with a rough outer contour, which has an allowance relative to the outer contour, a workpiece from which the fitting body or its preform is produced, is machined in a material-removing manner by means of a tool engaging in the workpiece The tool path has directional components transverse to the run of the contour to be produced and the cutting edges have a defined geometry. The tool engages into the workpiece at a cutting arc angle alpha of the circumferential surface of less than 90 on average and at an insertion depth of at least twice the tool diameter (D) and the machining of the workpiece occurs along a tool path with directional components contrary to a machining direction following the outer contour.

Claims

1. A method for producing a dental fitting body with a specified or custom three-dimensionally curved outer contour or for producing a preform of the fitting body with a roughly-shaped outer contour that requires further processing, the method comprising: machining a workpiece in a material-removing manner by means of a tool engaging into the workpiece with one or more cutting edges that are arranged on a circumferential surface of the tool, rotating the tool about a tool axis, wherein the tool and the workpiece execute a relative movement along a tool path orthogonal or inclined to the tool axis, wherein the tool path has directional components transverse to a run of the contour to be produced, wherein the one or more cutting edges have a defined geometry and the tool engages into the workpiece at a cutting are angle alpha of the circumferential surface of less than 90 on average viewed over the entire portion of the tool path at which the machining occurs and the tool engages into the workpiece at an insertion depth of at least twice a tool diameter (D) of the tool, and wherein the machining of the workpiece occurs along the tool path following the specified or custom three-dimensionally curved outer contour or the roughly-shaped outer contour.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a machining length of each of the one or more cutting edges arranged on the circumferential surface is greater than or equal to a thickness of the workpiece in the direction of the tool axis of the tool and wherein a machining occurs along the circumferential surface over the thickness of the workpiece.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a machining length of each of the one or more cutting edges arranged on the circumferential surface is less than a thickness of the workpiece in the direction of the tool axis of the tool, and wherein a first machining occurs over a fraction of the thickness of the workpiece with the one or more cutting edges arranged on the circumferential surface so that an unmachined remaining thickness is left and wherein, after the workpiece is turned 180, a second machining occurs along the circumferential surface over a remainder of the thickness of the workpiece.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the tool has, in addition to the one or more cutting edges arranged on the circumferential surface, defined cutting edges for material removal in the axial direction arranged on a tool tip of the tool, wherein the first machining additionally occurs with material removal in the axial direction, and wherein the second machining occurs with exclusion of the cutting edges for material removal in the axial direction.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more cutting edges arranged on the circumferential surface adjoin a chip space of the tool.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the insertion depth of the tool in the workpiece is subject to change along the tool axis during forward, lateral, and/or backward movement relative to the workpiece, which change is up to 0.2D.

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of performing further machining of the workpiece, wherein during the further machining, the workpiece and the tool are aligned to each other in a manner other than that of the previous machining.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein during the machining of the workpiece, the fitting body to be produced or the preform of the fitting body is connected via an inner support section to a workpiece remnant and wherein entry of the tool into the workpiece occurs laterally to the support section outside an equator line of the fitting body or of its preform.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein during the machining of the workpiece, the fitting body to be produced or its preform is connected via an inner support section to a workpiece remnant and entry of the tool into the workpiece occurs at a distance from the support section.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the machining of the workpiece comprises trochoidal milling, and wherein entry of the machining tool into the workpiece for the machining of the workpiece by trochoidal milling occurs exclusively transverse to the tool axis.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein a positioning of the machining tool in a recess of the workpiece occurs before the engaging of the machining tool into the workpiece.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein for producing a recess before the machining of the workpiece by trochoidal milling with the machining tool, an entry of the machining tool or of another machining tool occurs in the direction of the tool axis of the trochoidal milling machining tool.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein an additional tool for machining the workpiece is present and engages on the workpiece, which additional tool is rotated about a further tool axis, and wherein the two tools are arranged at a parallel distance of the tool axes to each other and are guided and driven from opposing sides of the workpiece to perform simultaneous machining of the workpiece.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the workpiece includes a chip-forming material selected from the group consisting of: one or more ceramics in the pre-sintered state; one or more filled or unfilled plastics; and one or more metals in the pre-sintered state.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The method according to the invention is explained with reference to the drawings. The Figures show:

(2) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a tool path known from the state of the art for machining a workpiece for the production of a dental fitting body;

(3) FIG. 1A is a plan view of a milling tool;

(4) FIG. 1B is a front view of a milling tool with three cutting edges

(5) FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a simultaneous machining of a workpiece with two tools, viewed from above;

(6) FIG. 2B is a top view of a simultaneous machining with a limited cutting-edge length that is less than the block height;

(7) FIG. 2C is a top view of a simultaneous machining over the total block height;

(8) FIG. 2D is a lateral view of a position of a crown in the block;

(9) FIG. 2E is a perspective view of a simultaneous machining with a limited cutting-edge length that is less than the block height;

(10) FIG. 2F is a perspective view of a simultaneous machining over the total block height;

(11) FIG. 3 is a perspective view of FIG. 2A;

(12) FIG. 4A is a sectional view of the first machining step from 0 machining direction;

(13) FIG. 4B is a sectional view of the second machining step from 90 machining direction;

(14) FIG. 5A is a projection of the equator line from 0 machining direction;

(15) FIG. 5B is a projection of the equator line from 90 machining direction;

(16) FIG. 6A is an equator line with allowance incl. support section from FIG. 5A;

(17) FIG. 6B is an equator line with allowance incl. support section from FIG. 5B;

(18) FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a workpiece in the shape of a disc with a recess;

(19) FIG. 7B is a top view of the workpiece from FIG. 7A; and

(20) FIG. 8 schematically depicts a further variant in which the tool and workpiece are subjected to a relative movement along a tool path diagonal to the tool axis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(21) FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a tool path 1 known from the state of the art for grinding, i.e., machining with tools with non-specific cutting edge geometries, for machining a workpiece 2 for the production of a preform of a fitting body 3 with a contour 3.1. In the workpiece 2 shown here, the original shape of a rectangular solid can still be discerned from an unmachined workpiece remnant 4 and the contour 3.1 to be produced, and the machining of the workpiece 2 occurs in a first alignment of the workpiece 2 to a tool 5, which during the machining rotates about a tool axis 6 that is the longitudinal axis of the tool 5, as represented by the arrow 5.1. The tool 5 with its tool axis 6 is essentially orthogonal to one of the lateral surfaces 2.1 and parallel to the other two lateral surfaces 2.2, 2.3 of the workpiece 2.

(22) Furthermore, the tool 5 can be moved in the direction of its longitudinal axis 6, as represented by the arrow 5.2.

(23) The preform of the fitting body 3 is connected via a support section 4.1 to the unmachined workpiece remnant 4 and the support section 4.1 is dimensioned such that further machining of the preform is possible in order to bring the preform to the final dimensions of the fitting body.

(24) The tool 5 designated as a milling tool engages, with one or a plurality of cutting edges 8 arranged on a circumferential surface 7 of the tool with a diameter D, which have a defined geometry and to which a chip space g adjoins (FIGS. 1A, 1B), into the workpiece 2, which is thus machined by removing material.

(25) The tool 5 has an insertion depth ta, tb, tg (FIG. 2E, F) in the workpiece 2 of sufficient magnitude such that the tool 5 protrudes from the workpiece 2 by its not explicitly illustrated tool tip 10 (FIG. 1A, also see FIG. 2C).

(26) As can be discerned from FIG. 1A, cutting elements 11 having a defined geometry are also arranged on the tip 10 of the tool 5. These cutting elements enable a removal of material in the axial direction of the tool 5. The provision of cutting elements 11 on the tip 10 of the tool 5 is not imperative because the machining occurs via the cutting edges 8 on the circumferential surface 7.

(27) A milling tool with three cutting edges 8 is depicted in FIG. 1B. A cylindrical end milling tool with two or more cutting elements is particularly suitable.

(28) FIG. 1 shows, that the tool 5 and the workpiece 2 are subjected to a relative movement along the tool path 1 orthogonal (or in the embodiment of FIG. 8, diagonal) to the tool axis 6, wherein the tool path 1 has directional components transverse to the run of the contour 3.1 to be produced as well as directional components pointing away from the contour 3.1 to be produced. The path illustrated here corresponds to a path known in trochoidal milling, but in which according to the invention the insertion depth of the tool is greater than in known trochoidal milling.

(29) The relative movement between the tool and the workpiece comprises the following movement types: a) forward movement of the tool 5 toward the workpiece 2 in a forward feed direction that is essentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 6 of the tool 5 and follows the contour 3.1 to be produced; b) two-dimensional lateral and backward movement of the tool 5 relative to the workpiece 2 along a specified path in a plane that is essentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 6 of the tool 5; c) unvarying insertion depth of the tool in the workpiece along the symmetry axis of the tool.

(30) As an alternative to c), provision can be made for a slight modulation of the insertion depth, represented by the arrow 5.2, particularly in the order of 0.1D.

(31) The tool path 1 shown in FIG. 1 is such that the tool 5 enters into the workpiece 2 laterally to an inner support section 4.1, via which the fitting body 3 to be produced or the preform is connected to the workpiece remnant 4. This entry therefore does not occur over the shortest distance to an equator line 20 (FIGS. 4A, B, 5A, B) of the contour 3.1 to be produced and along the same, but remains, until the specified form of the support section 4.1 is reached, at a distance to this equator line 20, which is traversed only after reaching the support section in order to create the fitting body or its preform. The tool leaves the tool path along the equator line 20 upon reaching the support section 4.1 and is withdrawn from the workpiece 2.

(32) In FIG. 1B it is furthermore shown that the tool 5 inserts into the workpiece 2 during machining at a cutting arc angle alpha of the circumferential surface 7 of less than 90. Even if the cutting arc angle alpha were to exceed 90 in some situations, according to the invention the cutting arc angle alpha is on average less than 90, i.e., viewed over the entire tool path 1.

(33) FIG. 2A shows a top view of a fitting body 3 in the form of a crown, which is to be carved out of a workpiece by a simultaneous machining of the workpiece 2 with two tools 5a, 5b. In contrast to FIG. 1, the tools 5a, 5b enter into in the workpiece 2 from the side 2.4 facing away from the support section in the direction of the equator line 20 of the contour 3.1 to be produced, and are each guided separately along the corresponding portion of the equator line 20 to the support section 4.

(34) FIG. 2B shows a simultaneous machining of the workpiece 2 in the form of a block with two tools 15a, 15b in a first frontal view, wherein the tools 15a, 15b penetrate the block to a length ta, tb that is shorter than the block thickness t (see FIG. 2E). As a consequence, each tool 15a, b only machines approximately half of the block along a portion of the equator line 20 of the contour 3.1 to be produced, with the exception of the support section 4.1. The machining occurs via the circumferential surface originating from the tip of the tool and optionally via the tip itself. The tools 15a, b enter into the workpiece 2 on the side 2.4 facing away from the support section 4.1.

(35) The workpiece 2 in the shape of a block has a holder 16 with a holder axis 17, which is arranged on the side 2.3 facing the support section and about the holder axis 17 of which the workpiece 2 is rotatable.

(36) FIG. 2C shows a simultaneous machining of the workpiece 2 with two tools 5a, b in a first frontal view, wherein the tools 5a, b have a length tg that is longer than the block thickness t, whereby the tools 5a, b penetrate through the whole block and a tip 10 protrudes (see FIG. 2F). The tip 10 does not play any role. The tool 5 can be moved back and forth in a longitudinal direction, as indicated by the arrow 5.2, so that use can be made of the entire circumferential surface of the tool 5a, b. Analogously to FIG. 2B, each tool machines only a portion of the equator line. Here also, the tools enter into the workpiece 2 on the side facing away from the support section 4.1. The holder 16, about the holder axis 17 of which the workpiece 2 can be rotated, is situated on this side.

(37) FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of FIGS. 2A and 2C with the tools 5a, 5b, which machine the workpiece 2 from two sides set on top of them.

(38) FIG. 2D shows the fitting body of FIGS. 2A-C to be carved from the workpiece 2 in another alignment, which is rotated 90 relative to the holder axis 17 of the workpiece 2. However, the position of the not illustrated machining tools has not changed with respect to FIGS. 2A-C; they extend into or out of the drawing plane, respectively.

(39) Sections of FIGS. 2A, 2D are represented in FIGS. 4A, 4B. A portion of the workpiece 2 has already been machined along an outline (see FIGS. 5A, 5B below) with a single machining tool 5; another portion of the workpiece 2 is in engagement with the machining tool 5. The workpiece passes through the block or rather a tip 5.3 protrudes from the block so that machining takes place exclusively at the circumferential surface of the tool 5. In FIG. 4a, remnant material 3.2 remains on the workpiece 2, in the plane relative to the fitting body or a preform to be produced that has not been machined. By 90 rotation, as shown in FIG. 4B, this remnant material 3.2 can also be removed. However, it is also clear that remnant material 3.2 is still left, which will be removed in a further machining process. For the sake of completeness, it should be pointed out that this representation does not account for allowance of the preform or of the fitting body 3.

(40) For creating a preform, the machining of the workpiece 2 with the tool 5 having the tool axis 6 (see FIG. 1) can occur along a equator line 20 of the fitting body to be produced, wherein as illustrated in FIGS. 5A, 5B, the equator line 20 is formed by a 2D projection of the 3D contour 3.1 parallel to the tool axis 6. This corresponds to the outline in the plane 22. By way of an example, two points P1, P2 are plotted in a section, which points comprise the greatest change of the fitting body 3 perpendicular to the tool 5 in the section. These points P1, P2 are projected as points P1 and P2 and the sum of the points P1, P2 over all sections gives the equator line of the fitting body 3 viewed in the machining direction, or rather the sum of the points P1, P2 over all sections gives the equator line 20 in the machining allowance. Provision can thus be made of allowance 21 to the equator line 20. With this allowance 21, it is possible to ensure that the outer contour of the final fitting body 3 is always situated within the rough contour of the preform.

(41) In FIGS. 5A, 5B, the allowance 21 is accounted for in the plane 22 of the 2D projection of the equator line 20 parallel to the longitudinal axis 6 of the machining tool 5, represented by the arrow 23. FIG. 5A shows the fitting body 3 to be produced, in this case the crown from FIGS. 2A-D, and the outline of the equator line 20 with an allowance 21 resulting from the 2D projection.

(42) FIG. 5B shows the fitting body 3 to be produced, in this case the crown from FIGS. 2A-D, which is rotated 90 with respect to FIG. 5A, again with the equator line 20 with a machining allowance 21. The allowance is 0.1D to 0.02D. In the case of a milling tool with a tool diameter D=2.5 mm and a slot width of 1.5D, an allowance of 0.2 mm, which corresponds to 0.08D, has proven suitable.

(43) The typical equator lines 20 from the outline of a fitting body 3 (e.g. a crown) from FIG. 5A, B are shown in FIG. 6A, 6B, wherein provision is made of an allowance 21. Contrary to FIG. 5A, 5B, provision is made of a support section 4.1, on which the fitting body to be produced has remained unmachined in order to ensure the connection to the unmachined workpiece remnant 4.

(44) A machining in two positions of the workpiece, namely 0 and 90, is deemed sufficient, nevertheless an in between inclined position of the workpiece 2 relative to the tool axis 6 or the holder axis 17 is possible.

(45) In the case of a machining over the full height of the block, a standard block with a height of 15 mm leads to a cutting depth of 17.5 mm, since the tip 10 of the tool 5 is to be protected and the tool 5 therefore protrudes beyond the workpiece 2 during the cutting for detaching remnant material. The milling tool used should therefore have an effective cutting element length of 18 mm. The cutting depths must be suitably adapted for other block sizes or other tools.

(46) The length of the tip to be protected depends upon the embodiment thereof and is typically in the range of 0.5D to 1D. For a hemispherical tip, this length is 0.5D.

(47) For a block with a height dH of 15 mm and a tool diameter D of 2.5 mm, this gives rise to a height dH that is 6 times the tool diameter D.

(48) In order to maintain the insertion depth needed for protecting the tip of the tool, with 17.5 mm the effective length IW of the tool is 7 times the tool diameter. The length of the tip IS is around 1 the tool diameter D.

(49) The groove width of the groove produced by full-width cutting is 1.5D rather than only 1.0D. In the case of a milling tool with D=2.5 mm, the groove width would be 1.5*2.5 mm=3.75 mm. The feed, also known as forward feed, is 0.1D to 0.5D per trochoid. In the case of a milling tool with a tool diameter D=2.5 mm and a groove width of 1.5D, a feed of 0.3 mm, which corresponds to 0.12 D, has proven suitable.

(50) A workpiece 2 in the form of a disc connected to a holder 16 with one recess 18 in each case is depicted in FIGS. 7A, B, wherein the recesses 18 are either already provided in the production of the workpiece 2 or can be provided before milling by drilling with a drilling tool. The disc-shaped workpiece 2 has a first outer surface 2.3 for connecting to the holder 16 and another, second outer surface 2.1 for the machining of the workpiece by contact with the machining tool 5. The recess 18 is situated completely within the second outer surface 2.1 such that the recess 18 is spaced apart from the first outer surface 2.3. The recess 18 thus penetrates completely through the workpiece 2 and can furthermore be aligned parallel to the direction of the longitudinal axis of the tool.

(51) The machining via the circumferential surface of the tool can be started from this recess 18. To this end, the machining tool 5 is preferably positioned in the recess 18 of the workpiece 2, without contacting the workpiece 2, by sliding in the z-direction before the machining of the workpiece with the circumferential surface of the tool occurs, in order to carve the fitting body 3 in a near net shape manner at least in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 17 of the machining tool 5.

(52) The recess 18 has around twice the diameter D of a machining tool 5 typically used for machining the workpiece 2 for producing dental fitting bodies 3 and the distance to the first outer surface 2.3 on which the workpiece is held corresponds roughly to 5 times the diameter of the machining tool 5 typically used for machining the workpiece 2 for producing dental fitting bodies 3.

(53) Provision can also be made of other recesses 18, 18 (FIG. 7B) so as to be able to start with a machining on different places of the workpiece.

(54) Instead of a one-sided fastening of the workpiece 2 in the shape of a disc to a holder 16 arranged on the outer surface 2.3, the workpiece 2 can also be clamped around its edge, in other words along the first outer surface 2.3, in a holder 16, in a manner known for workpieces of the state of the art, which are known as circular blanks or discs. To this end, the holder 16 surrounds the outer surface 2.3 over the whole circumference of the workpiece 2.

(55) In this case also, the workpiece is machined over the outer surface 2.1.