METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR STOCHASTIC ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Abstract

An analog to digital converter has an input, a plurality of quantizers, a plurality of feedback loops, and a plurality of filters. The input is configured to receive an input signal. The plurality of quantizers has the Nth quantizer, and the Nth quantizer has the Nth quantizer input and the Nth quantizer output. The Nth quantizer input is connected to the input. The plurality of feedback loops has the Nth feedback loop, and the Nth feedback loop is formed around the Nth quantizer output and the Nth quantizer input and configured to reduce the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output and an Nth reference signal at an Nth frequency region. The plurality of filters has an Nth filter. The Nth filter is configured to select the Nth frequency region. The feedback loops provide a way to control the effect of some nonidealities such as comparator offsets.

Claims

1. An analog to digital converter comprising: an input configured to receive an input signal; a plurality of quantizers having an Nth quantizer, the Nth quantizer having an Nth quantizer input and an Nth quantizer output, the Nth quantizer input connected to the input, N being an integer larger than or equal to one and less than or equal to M, M being an integer larger than or equal to two; a plurality of feedback loops having an Nth feedback loop, the Nth feedback loop formed around the Nth quantizer output and the Nth quantizer input and configured to reduce the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output and an Nth reference signal at an Nth frequency region; and a plurality of filters having an Nth filter, the Nth filter arranged on the Nth feedback loop but not on any of paths carrying the input signal forward from the input to the Nth quantizer input, and the Nth filter configured to select the Nth frequency region.

2. The analog to digital converter according to claim 1, further comprising a signal converter configured to convert the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to a converted signal, the Nth reference signal being at least one of the converted signal and a delayed version of the converted signal.

3. The analog to digital converter according to claim 1, further comprising a signal converter configured to convert the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to a converted signal, the Nth reference signal being at least one of the converted signal and a delayed version of the converted signal, wherein the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs are averaged when they are converted by the signal converter.

4. The analog to digital converter according to claim 1, wherein the Nth filter is a low pass filter.

5. The analog to digital converter according to claim 1, wherein the Nth quantizer is a single-bit quantizer.

6. The analog to digital converter according to claim 1, further comprising a unit configured to select the Nth frequency region for the Nth reference signal instead of the Nth filter.

7. A sigma delta analog to digital converter comprising: an analog to digital converter having (a) an input configured to receive an input signal, (b) a plurality of quantizers having an Nth quantizer, the Nth quantizer having an Nth quantizer input and an Nth quantizer output, the Nth quantizer input connected to the input, N being an integer larger than or equal to one and less than or equal to M, M being an integer larger than or equal to two, (c) a plurality of feedback loops having an Nth feedback loop, the Nth feedback loop formed around the Nth quantizer output and the Nth quantizer input and configured to reduce the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output and an Nth reference signal at an Nth frequency region, and (d) a plurality of filters having an Nth filter, the Nth filter arranged on the Nth feedback loop but not on any of paths carrying the input signal forward from the input to the Nth quantizer input, and the Nth filter configured to select the Nth frequency region; a global input configured to receive a global input signal; a global digital to analog converter configured to generate a feedback signal in response to the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs; a global summing portion configured to provide the difference between the global input signal and the feedback signal; a loop filter responsive to the global summing portion and connected between the global summing portion and the input of the analog to digital converter.

8. The sigma delta analog to digital converter according to claim 7, further comprising a signal converter configured to convert the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to a converted signal, the Nth reference signal being at least one the converted signal and a delayed version of the converted signal.

9. The sigma delta analog to digital converter according to claim 7, further comprising a signal converter configured to convert the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to a converted signal, the Nth reference signal being at least one of the converted signal and a delayed version of the converted signal, wherein the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs are averaged when they are converted by the signal converter.

10. The sigma delta analog to digital converter according to claim 7, wherein the Nth filter is a low pass filter.

11. The sigma delta analog to digital converter according to claim 7, wherein the Nth quantizer is a single-bit quantizer.

12. The sigma delta analog to digital converter according to claim 7, further comprising a unit configured to select the Nth frequency region for the Nth reference signal instead of the Nth filter.

13. A method for converting an analog signal to a digital signal, comprising the steps of: receiving the analog signal with an input; carrying out quantization with a plurality of quantizers having an Nth quantizer, the Nth quantizer having an Nth quantizer input and an Nth quantizer output, the Nth quantizer input connected to the input, N being an integer larger than or equal to one and less than or equal to M, M being an integer larger than or equal to two; reducing the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output and an Nth reference signal at an Nth frequency region using an Nth feedback loop formed around the Nth quantizer output and the Nth quantizer input; and selecting the Nth frequency region using an Nth filter arranged on the Nth feedback loop but not on any of paths carrying the input signal forward from the input to the Nth quantizer input.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] FIG. 1 is a diagram of ADC 1 pertaining to the first embodiment

[0007] FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a method for analog to digital conversion with the first embodiment

[0008] FIG. 3 is a diagram of ADC 2 pertaining to the second embodiment

[0009] FIG. 4 is a diagram of ADC 3 pertaining to the third embodiment

[0010] FIG. 5 is a diagram of sigma delta ADC 4 pertaining to the fourth embodiment

[0011] FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of global DAC 403 pertaining to the fourth embodiment

[0012] FIG. 7 is a diagram of ADC 6 in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology

[0013] FIG. 8 is a diagram of sigma delta ADC 7 in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The First Embodiment

[0014] ADC 1 (an example of an analog to digital converter) in FIG. 1 has input 10, output 11, a plurality of quantizers 12, a plurality of feedback loops 13, a plurality of filters 14, a plurality of summing portions 15, output stage 16, a plurality of digital-to-analog converters (DAC) 17, and a plurality of forward paths 18. The number of quantizers 12 is M, and M is an integer larger than or equal to two. N is an integer larger than or equal to one and less than or equal to M. Namely, 1NM and 2M.

[0015] Input 10 (an example of an input) is configured to receive an analog signal to be converted to a corresponding digital signal. The analog signal may be either continuous or discrete signals. For example, when there is an analog signal sampled and hold at a certain clock period, the sampled and hold signal is discrete but still is an analog signal. Output 11 is configured to be a terminal or terminals where the digital signal is output. The plurality of quantizers 12 (an example of a plurality of quantizers) includes the 1st to Mth quantizers. Namely, the 1st quantizer 120b, the Nth quantizer 120a (an example of an Nth quantizer), and the Mth quantizer 120c are all included in the plurality of quantizers 12. In this embodiment, each of the plurality of quantizers 12 is a single-bit quantizer. The Nth quantizer 120a has the Nth quantizer input 121a (an example of an Nth quantizer input) and the Nth quantizer output 122a (an example of an Nth quantizer output). The Nth quantizer input 121a is connected to input 10 via the summing portion 15a. The 1st quantizer 120b has the 1st quantizer input 121b and the 1st quantizer output 122b, and the Mth quantizer 120c has the Mth quantizer input 121c and the Mth quantizer output 122c, respectively. The plurality of quantizers 12 quantizes the signals of the quantizer inputs at every clock cycle determined by a clock signal. The output signals of the plurality of quantizers 12 are binary. At the Nth quantizer 120a, the signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a is the high value if the input signal at the Nth quantizer input 121a is larger than a certain threshold, meaning reference, and otherwise the output signal takes the low value. Other quantizers work in the same way. In this embodiment, the thresholds for the plurality of comparators 12 are nominally zero, but it is assumed that the thresholds are different from one another because of random offsets. The plurality of feedback loops 13 (an example of a plurality of feedback loops) includes the 1st feedback loop 13b to the Mth feedback loop 13c. The Nth feedback loop 13a (an example of an Nth feedback loop) is formed around the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth quantizer input 121a and configured to reduce the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth reference signal 19a (an example of an Nth reference signal) at low frequency region (an example of an Nth frequency region). The Nth feedback loop 13a in this embodiment includes the Nth quantizer 120a, the Nth DAC 17a, the Nth filter 14a, and the Nth summing portion 15a. All the 1st feedback loop 13b to the Mth feedback loop 13c are formed in substantially the same way as the Nth feedback 13a. The plurality of filters 14 (an example of a plurality of filters) includes the 1st filter 14b to the Mth filter 14c. The Nth filter 14a (an example of an Nth filter) is arranged on the Nth feedback loop 13a and put between the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth quantizer input 121a. The Nth filter 14a is not on any of the forward path 18a and other paths carrying the input signal forward from the input 10 to the Nth quantizer input 121a. The Nth filter 14a is configured to select the Nth frequency region. More specifically, the Nth filter 14a in this embodiment is a low-pass filter so that the feedback loop 13a works to reduce the difference between the single-bit output signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth reference signal 19a at the low frequency region. The gain of the Nth filter 14a is high at low frequencies and low at other frequency region, which makes the low frequency region selected. The 1st filter 14b to the Mth filter 14c are also low pass filters in this embodiment and associated with the 1st feedback loop 13b to the Mth feedback loop 13c, respectively. They are arranged in substantially the same way as the Nth filter 14a with respect to the 1st reference signal 19b to the Mth reference signal 19c, respectively. The plurality of summing portions 15 (an example of a plurality of summing portions) includes the 1st summing portion 15b to the Mth summing portion 15c. The Nth summing portion 15a (an example of an Nth summing portion) is arranged on the Nth feedback loop 13a and configured to provide the Nth quantizer input 121a with the difference between the signal of input 10 (an example of an input signal and an analog signal) and the signal coming from the Nth filter 14a. At the Nth summing portion 15a, the signal from the Nth filter 14a is subtracted from the signal of input 10, and therefore the Nth feedback loop 13a closes at this point. A summing amplifier or a transconductance stage can be used to implement the Nth summing portion 15a. The Nth summing portion 15a may also be built as a part of a comparator as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2022/0140835 A1. All the 1st summing portion 15b to the Mth summing portion 15c are arranged in substantially the same way as the Nth summing portion 15a with respect to the signals coming from the 1st filter 14b to the Mth filter 14c, respectively. Output stage 16 connects the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs and output 11 and configured to generate the output signal of ADC 1. More specifically, output stage 16 in this embodiment averages the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to produce a signal as the output signal of the output 11. The signal of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs are a single-bit signal in this embodiment, and averaging these signals are done in the digital domain. As a result, the output signal is obtained as a digital signal. The plurality of DACs 17 includes the 1st DAC 17b to the Mth DAC 17c. Each of the plurality of DACs 17 is a single-bit DAC and may be implemented using known topology such as a current steering DAC and resistive DAC.

[0016] The signal flow of ADC 1 can also be seen in FIG. 1. ADC 1 has the plurality of forward paths 18 that is configured to connect input 10 and output 11. The plurality of forward paths 18 includes the 1st forward path 18b to the Mth forward path 18c. The Nth quantizer 120a is on the Nth forward path 18a (an example of paths carrying the input signal forward from the input to the Nth quantizer input), the 1st quantizer 120b is on the 1st forward path 18b, the Mth quantizer 120c is on the Mth forward path 18c, and so forth. The plurality of quantizers 12 is connected to input 10 in parallel along the plurality of forward paths 18, and the signal of the input 10 is quantized by the plurality of quantizers 12 individually. The signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a is converted to an analog signal by the Nth DAC 17a, and then the Nth reference signal 19a is subtracted from the output signal of the Nth DAC 17a. The difference signal between the signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth reference signal 19a is filtered by the filter 14a and processed by the Nth quantizer 120a again. This signal flow around the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth quantizer input 121a makes up the Nth feedback loop 13a working so that the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth reference signal 19a is reduced at the frequency region determined by the Nth filter 14a. The Nth filter 14a is not on the Nth forward path 18a in this embodiment. The loop gain of the Nth feedback loop 13a is provided by the Nth quantizer 120a and/or the filter 14a.

[0017] Since each of the plurality of quantizers 12 is a single-bit quantizer in this embodiment, the plurality of quantizers 12 can be realized by comparators. Transistors are usually used to build comparators, and semiconductor technology nowadays is used to implement transistors and other electronic components. The threshold voltage of a comparator has generally a random offset or displacement from the target value because of process variations due to the limitation of the precision of semiconductor fabrication process. Because of this offset, results of quantization can be different from quantizer to quantizer even if exactly the same input signal is input to an array of quantizers. In ADC 1, the effect of the offset to the quantization at the Nth quantizer 120a is controlled by the feedback loop 13a.

[0018] FIG. 2 shows the flowchart of the method for converting an analog signal to a digital signal using the technology disclosed herein. In step S1001, input 10 receives an analog signal. In step S1002, the plurality of quantizers 12 carries out quantization. In step S1003, the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth reference signal 19a is reduced at the Nth frequency region using the Nth feedback loop 13a formed around the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth quantizer input 121a. In step S1004, the Nth frequency region is selected using the Nth filter 14a that is arranged on the Nth feedback loop 13a and put between the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth quantizer input 121a. It should be noted that S1003 and S1004 are normally done in one process because the Nth filter 14a is on the Nth feedback loop 13a. In step S1005, the difference between the signal of input 10, meaning the analog signal to be converted, and the signal coming from the Nth filter 14a is provided for the Nth quantizer input 121a via the Nth summing portion 15a arranged on the Nth feedback loop 13a. The Nth quantizer 120a carries out quantization to the signal provided via the Nth summing portion 15a in step S1001.

The Second Embodiment

[0019] ADC 2 (an example an analog to digital converter) pertaining to the second embodiment is shown in FIG. 3. ADC 2 has input 20 (an example an input), output 21, and common components to ADC 1, and these common components are denoted with the same reference numbers as in ADC 1. Only the different part from ADC 1 is explained in detail. ADC 2 has DAC 22 (an example of a signal converter) configured to convert the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to an analog signal (an example of a converted signal). The signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs are averaged while they are converted to an analog signal by DAC 22. More specifically, the signals of the 1st quantizer output 122b to the Mth quantizer output 122c are summed and divided by M. This averaging process in this embodiment is carried out mostly in the analog domain, meaning after digital-to-analog conversion, but it may be done in the digital domain or by using both the digital and analog domains. The analog signal made by converting the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs is used as the Nth reference signal 29a and all the other reference signals. This means all the 1st reference signal 29b to the Mth reference signal 29c are the common converted analog signal.

[0020] As mentioned previously, the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs tend to differ from one another because of the mismatch in the offsets of the plurality of quantizers 12. The 1st to Mth feedback loops generate driving forces to reduce the difference between these signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs. For example, the input offset of the comparator used as the Nth quantizer 120a is specific to the quantizer and always provides the same offset to the input signal at the Nth quantizer input 121a without the Nth feedback loop 13a. The Nth feedback loop 13a works so that the effect of the offset of the Nth quantizer 120a is equalized to the effects of the offsets of other quantizers at the Nth frequency region selected by the Nth filter 14a. Because of this action, the effect of the offset of the Nth quantizer 120a is distributed to other quantizers and scrambled so that the offset looks like a random pseudo-dithering signal.

The Third Embodiment

[0021] ADC 3 (an example an analog to digital converter) pertaining to the third embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. ADC 3 has input 30 (an example an input), output 31, and common components to ADC 1, and these common components are denoted with the same reference numbers as in ADC 1. Quantization is regulated by a clock signal as in previous embodiments though the clock signal is omitted in FIG. 4. ADC 3 represents the case where M is four. In ADC 3, the reference signals are the signal of one of the other quantizer outputs or its delayed version. More specifically, the Nth reference signal 39a is the signal of the 1st quantizer output 122b. Meanwhile, the 1st reference signal 39b is the signal of the Mth quantizer output 122c. Similarly, the Mth reference signal 39c is the signal of the neighboring quantizer output.

[0022] Since the signal of a quantizer output is used as the reference signal for another feedback loop in a cyclic way, the effects of the offsets of the plurality of quantizers 12 are driven to be distributed equally at the frequency regions selected by the filters 14. As a result, the effects of the offsets that are initially quantizer specific become scrambled so that they look like a random pseudo-dithering signal as in ADC 2.

The Fourth Embodiment

[0023] Sigma delta ADC 4 (an example of a sigma delta analog to digital converter) pertaining to the fourth embodiment is shown in FIG. 5. Sigma delta ADC 4 has ADC 2 pertaining to the second embodiment, global input 401, global output 402, global DAC 403, global summing portion 404, loop filter 405, and fast path 406. Global input 401 (an example of a global input) is configured to receive an analog signal to be converted to a corresponding digital output signal. Global output 402 is a terminal connected to output 21 of ADC 2 and configured to output the digital output signal. Global DAC 403 (an example of a global digital to analog converter) is configured to generate a feedback signal in response to the signals of the outputs of the plurality of quantizers 12. More specifically, the signals of the 1st quantizer output 122b to the Mth quantizer output 122c are converted to an analog signal and averaged by global DAC 403. Global DAC 403 may include a signal delay which accounts for part of the excess loop delay of sigma delta ADC 4. The excess loop delay includes the delays at the quantization process by the plurality of quantizers 12, at signal buffering, and at digital to analog conversion, and sometimes intentionally added delays as well. Fast path 406 is added to compensate the excess loop delay. Global summing portion 404 (an example of a global summing portion) is connected to global input 401 and configured to provide the difference between the signal of global input 401, meaning the global input signal, and the feedback signal generated by global DAC 403. Global summing portion 404 is realized, for example, as part of the first integrator in loop filter 405. Loop filter 405 is responsive to global summing portion 404 and connected between global summing portion 404 and input 20 of ADC 2. Loop filter 405 is used to define the signal band of signa delta ADC 4. Loop filter 405 is used to provide the loop gain of sigma delta ADC 4 as well, but it may be a passive loop filter instead. The topology of loop filter 405 is, for example, the cascade-of-integrators feedback/feedforward form, cascade-of-resonators feedback/feedforward form, or their mix.

[0024] A DAC with unary elements can be used to realize global DAC 403 as in FIG. 6. Global DAC 403 is a current steering DAC in this embodiment where M elements, that is current steering units, of the same size are arrayed and where the on and off states of the elements are controlled by the output signals of the plurality of quantizers 12. The signals of the 1st quantizer output 122b to the Mth quantizer output 122c are applied to the switches of the corresponding current steering units of global DAC 403 without being encoded or decoded. The current from the elements of global DAC 403 are collected at the resistors, and the output voltage is obtained as a differential signal at DAC outputs 403a and 403b. The current of one element of global DAC 403 is generally different form one another because the current source forming each element is not completely the same due to the variations in the conditions such as process, bias voltages, and the temperature. Variations in the elements of the feedback DAC in a sigma delta modulator often degrade the DAC's performance in linearity. In ADC 2, the Nth feedback loop 13a is formed around the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth quantizer input 121a and configured to reduce the difference between the signal of the Nth quantizer output 122a and the Nth reference signal 29a at the Nth frequency region selected by the Nth filter 14a. Furthermore, ADC 2 has DAC 22 configured to convert the signals of the 1st to Mth quantizer outputs to a converted signal, and the Nth reference signal 29a is the converted signal. This configuration helps the signals of the 1st quantizer output 122b to the Mth quantizer output 122c become alike at the frequency regions, which is a low frequency region in this embodiment, selected by the plurality of filters 14. This means the elements of global DAC 403 are driven by similar input signals to each other at the low frequency region. As a result, the variations between the elements of DAC 403 are averaged according to the frequency characteristics of the Nth filter 14a (1NM), and the degradation in linearity of sigma delta ADC 4 is mitigated. In other words, mismatch shaping is obtained with sigma delta ADC 4. The benefit of mismatch shaping of ADC 4 is obtained regardless of the kind of DAC 403, and other types of DAC such as a resistive DAC and capacitive DAC may be used for DAC 403.

[0025] ADC 2 which is used in sigma delta ADC4 has the Nth filter 14a. The Nth filter 14a is not connected with loop filter 405 in series or in cascade. In other words, the Nth filter 14a and loop filter 405 are not on a common forward path starting at global input 401 and ending at global output 402. More specifically, the Nth summing portion 15a is arranged on the Nth feedback loop 13a and configured to provide the difference between the signal of input 20 of ADC 2 and the signal coming from the Nth filter 14a for the Nth quantizer input 121a. The Nth summing portion 15a is on a forward path on which loop filter 405 is arranged while Nth filter 14a is on the Nth feedback loop 13a but before the Nth summing portion 15a, and therefore the Nth filter 14a is not on the forward path of sigma delta ADC 4. When both the Nth filter 14a and loop filter 405 are on the same forward path, the influence of the Nth filter 14a to the noise transfer function of sigma delta ADC 4 becomes large, which in turn tends to degrade the stability of sigma delta ADC 4. With ADC 2, however, the degradation in stability is suppressed because the Nth filter 14a is not arranged in cascade with loop filter 405.

Other Embodiments

[0026] The configuration of the invention herein is not limited to the embodiments described previously and can be changed as long as it serves the same purposes which are intended by the invention. The followings are some other possible variations and examples of embodiments.

[0027] The Nth filter 14a is not limited to a low pass filter and it may be other types of filters such as a bandpass and lead-lag filters. Furthermore, the bands of the 1st filter 14b to the Mth filter 14c do not necessarily have to be the same, and they may be different from each other. For example, when the plurality of filters 14 is a low pass filter such as a single pole amplifier, the poles define the 1st to Mth frequency regions. In this case, the locations of the poles of the 1st to Mth filters may be the same, but they may be chosen so that they are different from one another as well. A replica of the Nth filter 14a may be used for the Nth reference signal 19a as in ADC 6 shown in FIG. 7. ADC 6 has filter 601 (an example of a unit configured to select the Nth frequency region for the Nth reference signal instead of the Nth filter) duplicating the Nth filter 14a, which makes it possible to move the summation point of signals to the output of the Nth filter 14a. Filter 601 does not have to exactly match the Nth filter 14a. For instances, filter 601 may have different poles and/or zeros from the Nth filter 14a. The Nth quantizer 120a is not limited to a single-bit one, and multi-bit quantizers may also be used because mismatch shaping occurs between multi-bit quantizers as it does between single-bit quantizers when the technology disclosed herein is applied to a signa delta ADC with a plurality of multi-bit quantizers. It is not explicitly shown in the drawings, but the plurality of feedback loops 13 may include signal delays that accounts for the delays generated in the stages such as the quantization process by the plurality of quantizers 12, signal buffering, digital to analog conversion by the plurality of DACs 17 and so forth. In the previous embodiments, the offsets in comparators due to process variation are utilized to realize multi-bit analog to digital conversion, but the offsets may be added intentionally. The effects of those intentionally added offsets are equalized by the Nth feedback loop 13a (1NM) in the same way as the native comparator offsets in the previous embodiments, and the intentionally added offsets can bring about dither like behavior. In ADC 2 of the second embodiment, the averaging at DAC 22 is done with uniform weights, but the averaging may be done with other types of weights such as uneven weights. Here the averaging is a concept including a mere summation. Signals in previous embodiments are not limited to voltage but also may be other types of signals such as current, pulse width, counts, phases and so on. Different signals from the previous embodiments are also allowed to be used as the Nth reference signal 19a. One example is shown in FIG. 8 as sigma delta ADC 7. Sigma delta ADC 7 has global input 701, global output 702, sample and hold circuit 703, delay 704, and ADC 1. The common components to sigma delta ADC 4 are denoted with the same reference numbers. The input signal of global input 701 is sampled and held by sample and hold circuit 703, delayed by one sampling clock period at the delay 704, and then used as the 1st reference signal 19b to the Mth reference signal 19c.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0028] The technology disclosed herein can be applied to analog to digital converters for which high speed sampling is required.