MICROANNULUS AND CEMENT BOND EVALUATION USING MULTI-MODE MEASUREMENTS
20250257647 ยท 2025-08-14
Assignee
Inventors
- Ruijia Wang (Singapore, SG)
- Jing Jin (Singapore, SG)
- Jichun Sun (Singapore, SG)
- Amit Padhi (Houston, TX)
- Ramiro Andres GONZALEZ CARRILLO (Houston, TX, US)
- Xiang Wu (Singapore, SG)
- Yingyu QI (Singapore, SG)
Cpc classification
G01N2291/0427
PHYSICS
G01N29/36
PHYSICS
E21B47/005
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
International classification
E21B47/005
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
G01N29/36
PHYSICS
G01N29/34
PHYSICS
Abstract
Aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and computer-readable media for determining a quality of cementation and detecting a presence of microannulus formations within the cement bonded to the casing. An example method may include transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore. In some instances, the casing may be bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore. Additionally, the example method may include receiving a first signal from the casing. Moreover, the example method may include determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal. Further, the example method may include determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
Claims
1. A computer-implemented method comprising: transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore; receiving a first signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; and determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting a second type of energy at a second angle to the surface of the casing; receiving, a second signal from the casing; determining a second attenuation of the second type of energy based on the first signal; and determining a state of the cement layer and the microannulus formation based on one or more characteristics of the second attenuation.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, further comprising: determining a state of the bond between the casing and the cement layer based on the determination of whether the microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer and the determination of the state of the cement layer and the formation.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the first type of energy is transmitted by a device, and the device transmits the first type of energy while the device is traveling in the wellbore in a first direction.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the second type of energy is transmitted by a device, the device transmits the second type of energy while the device is traveling in the wellbore in a second direction.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the second angle is between 10 and 35 degrees.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the second attenuation of the second type of energy includes A0 measurement waves.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the second type of energy is ultrasonic energy.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a second signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; determining a second attenuation of the first type of energy based on the second signal; and determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation and one or more characteristics of the second attenuation.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first angle is between 0 and 25 degrees.
11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first attenuation of the first type of energy includes lamb waves.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first type of energy is ultrasonic energy.
13. A computing system comprising: a communications interface; a memory storing instructions; and at least one processor coupled to the communications interface and to the memory, the at least one processor being configured to execute the instructions to perform operations including: transmit a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore; receive a first signal from the casing; determine a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; and determine whether a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
14. The computing system of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit a second type of energy at a second angle to the surface of the casing; receive, a second signal from the casing; determine a second attenuation of the second type of energy based on the first signal; and determine a state of the cement layer and the formation based on one or more characteristics of the second attenuation.
15. The computing system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine a state of the bond between the casing and the cement layer based on the determination of whether the microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer and the determination of the state of the cement layer and the formation.
16. The computing system of claim 14, wherein to transmit the first type of energy, the at least one processor is further configured to: cause a transmission device to transmit the first type of energy.
17. The computing system of claim 16, wherein the transmission device transmits the first type of energy while the transmission device is traveling in the wellbore in a first direction.
18. The computing system of claim 14, wherein to transmit the second type of energy, the at least one processor is further configured to: cause a transmission device to transmit the second type of energy.
19. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the transmission device transmits the second type of energy while the transmission device is traveling in the wellbore in a second direction.
20. A tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore; receiving a first signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; and determining a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] The various advantages and features of the present technology will become apparent by reference to specific implementations illustrated in the appended drawings. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that these drawings only show some examples of the present technology and would not limit the scope of the present technology to these examples. Furthermore, the skilled artisan will appreciate the principles of the present technology as described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology can be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a more thorough understanding of the subject technology.
[0020] However, it will be clear and apparent that the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practiced without these details. In some instances, structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology.
[0021] Cementing a space between a casing and the surface of the wellbore is a key operation during drilling and completion to provide an effective hydraulic isolation. Additionally, cementing may restrict fluid flow between formations around the well bore by providing an effective cement bond between a casing, such as a steel casing, and the formations. However, the quality of cementation could be affected by microannulus formations (e.g., a fine gap) that may develop between cement and the casing, called microannulus. In some examples, cementing evaluation processes may be implemented to determine the quality of the cementation. Examples of cement evaluation processes may include the Pulse Echo technique, the Cement Bond Log (CBL) technique and the flexural Mode technique. In such examples, measurements of the techniques for cement evaluation may be interpreted independently or jointly to determine the quality of the cementing of a wellbore. For example, the joint interpretation of measurements of the Pulse Echo technique and measurements of the CBL technique may indicate the cementing quality of a wellbore. As described herein, the measurements of the CBL technique may be sensitive to the loss of shear coupling between casing and cement, while the measurements of the Pulse-Echo technique may provide apparent annulus impedance which may have been tampered by the presence of microannulus. A combined use of the measurements of the CBL technique and the measurements of the Pulse-Echo technique may provide information about the cementing work quality. However, the CBL technique may have some limitations. For instance, the CBL technique includes utilizing a sonic tool to transmit/output a frequency around 20 kHz to a casing of a wellbore. As such, measurements by the sonic tool may not have a high spatial resolution, axially or azimuthally (e.g., may only indicate the quality of the bond between the cement and the casing and not whether the quality of the bond is due to a microannulus formation).
[0022] In another example, Pulse Echo and Flexural mode attenuation measurements may be used jointly to determine the quality of the cementation. In such an example, the Pulse Echo and flexural mode attenuation measurements are each affected differently by the presence of microannulus formations. However, despite various creative schemes, cement bond evaluation in the presence of possible microannulus is still challenging. For instance, the Pulse Echo technique may be performed twice, with and without additional borehole pressure to close the gap, to obtain enough measurements to determine the quality of the cementation. Such techniques are costly. Further, the impedance from Pulse Echo measurement is not mapped from the readings directly, but derived from inversion schemes, making use of the amplitude ratio, reverberation decay, and/or group delay in frequency domain, and often followed by calibration. Similar to all inversion schemes, there is uncertainty in the output value. The uncertainty of Pulse Echo impedance is in the range of +/0.5Mrayl. Such uncertainty can affect interpretation in some situations. In another instance, the flexural mode attenuation measurements utilize flexural wave or asymmetric lamb waves (e.g., A0). As described herein, the asymmetric lamb waves may indicate the type of material behind the casing of the medium, such as gas, liquid or solid, but may not be sensitive to the presence of microannulus formations.
[0023] Aspects of the disclosed technology provide solutions for reducing the uncertainties and drawbacks associated with the above describe techniques for determining a quality of cementation and detecting a presence of microannulus formations within the cement bonded to the casing. Additionally, the solutions may include generating a first type of ultrasonic waves, such as symmetric lamb waves, that are more sensitive to the presence of microannulus formations within the cement, and utilizing measurements associated with the first type of ultrasonic waves to determine the quality of the cementation, detecting a presence of microannulus formations within the cement, and in some instances, calculating an impedance of the cement and estimating the microannulus thickness.
[0024] In some examples, a method comprises transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore. In some instances, the casing may be bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore. Additionally, the method may further comprise receiving a first signal from the casing. Moreover, the method may further comprise determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal. Further, the method may further comprise determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
[0025] In other examples, a computing system may comprise a communications interface, a memory storing instructions, and at least one processor coupled to the communications interface and the memory. In such examples, the at least one processor may be configured to execute the instructions to transmit a first type of energy at a first angle and to a surface of a casing of a wellbore. In some instances, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore. Additionally, the at least one processor may be further configured to receive a first signal from the casing. Moreover, the at least one processor may be further configured to determine a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal. Further, the at least one processor may be further configured to determine whether a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
[0026] In various examples, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore. In some instances, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore. Additionally, the operations further comprise receiving a first signal from the casing. Moreover, the operations further comprise determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal. Further, the operations further comprise determining a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation.
[0027] Referring to
[0028] Examples of communications network 160 include, but are not limited to, a wireless local area network (LAN), e.g., a Wi-Fi network, a network utilizing radio-frequency (RF) communication protocols, a Near Field Communication (NFC) network, a wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connecting multiple wireless LANs, and a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet. In some instances, the devices and systems operating within computing environment 100 may perform operations that establish and maintain one or more secure channels of communication across communications network 160, such as, but not limited to, a transport layer security (TSL) channel, a secure socket layer (SSL) channel, or any other suitable secure communication channel.
[0029] As described herein, the computing system, such as the CE computing system 110 may obtain information about a state of cement that seals an annulus between a casing and a surface of a wellbore the casing is in, such as sound waves/signals propagating through and/or reflected off a medium. In some instances, the medium may include a casing and cement bonded to the casing. Although the description discusses cement, the disclosure provided herein may apply to any material being utilized to seal an annulus between the casing and the surface of the wellbore the casing is in. Additionally, the computing system may determine one or more measurements and characteristics associated with the state of the cement, such as the amplitude of a sound wave. Moreover, the computing system may utilize the one or more measurements to determine whether a microannulus formation is present in the cement.
[0030] In some examples, CE computing system 110 may obtain the information about the state of the cement from S0 measurement device 120. In such examples, S0 measurement device 120 may include one or more transducers, and one or more receivers. In some instances, the one or more transducers may be configured to project, output or transmit sound 214 at ultrasonic frequencies, such as between 200 kHz to 300 kHz, towards a casing and cement that is bonded to the casing. Additionally, the one or more transducers may transmit the sound at angle 216, such as between 0 degrees with respect to a horizontal plane or axis and 35 degrees above the horizontal plane or axis. In some instances, the one or more transducers may each be attached to an electrical and/or mechanical component that may adjust angle 216 that the transducers transmit or project sound 214. Further, the one or more receivers may be configured to detect sound signal 218 of the projected sound that may be propagating and attenuating through the casing and the cement. By way of example,
[0031] As described herein, sound projected to the casing and the cement may be in ultrasonic frequencies and may be projected at an angle towards the casing and the cement bonded to the casing. Additionally, the sound signal of the projected sound that is propagating and attenuating through the casing and the cement may include symmetric (e.g., S0) lamb waves. The symmetric lamb waves may be sensitive to the presence of microannulus formations in the material. For example, and referring to
[0032] Additionally, the symmetric lamb waves may be sensitive to the thickness of the microannulus formations in the material. For example, and referring to
[0033]
[0034] Referring back to
[0035] In some examples, at least one processor of CE computing system 110 may execute evaluation engine 116. Executed evaluation engine 116 may obtain the detected sound signal from S0 measurement device 120 and determine the one or more measurements based on the detected sound signal. For instance, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine a waveform of the detected sound signal generated by S0 measurement device 120, such as ultrasonic sound wave 302 of
[0036] Additionally, CE computing system 110 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present in a medium based on measurement data. For example, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present in a medium (e.g., a casing and cement bonded to the casing) the measurement data is associated with. In some instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present in the medium associated with the measurement data based on the measurement data and reference data. As described herein, reference data may be stored in S0 measurement database 117 and may include a record of determined measurements of waveforms for different mediums. For instance, the record of reference data may identify one or more mediums. Additionally, the record may identify and characterize, for each of the one or more mediums, the dimensions of the casing and the material the casing is bonded to, such as cement, one or more measurements of a waveform determined for the medium, the waveform, a frequency of an originally projected sound the waveform corresponds to, and an angle the originally projected sound is projected from.
[0037] Further, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine the presence of the microannulus formation in the medium by comparing the measurement data with the reference data. By way of example, executed evaluation engine 116 may parse measurement data to determine the frequency of the corresponding originally projected sound and/or the angle at which the originally projected sound was projected at. Additionally, executed evaluation engine 116 may identify portions of reference data that identifies similar or matching frequency and/or angle. The identified portions may include one or more measurements or characteristics of wave forms of various casing and cementing compositions. For instance, and referring to
[0038] Moreover, executed evaluation engine 116 may compare the one or more measurements identified and characterized by the measurement data with one or more measurements identified and characterized by the identified portions of reference data. For instance, and referring back to
[0039] In some examples, CE computing system 110 may adjust the angle at which a transducer of S0 measurement device 120 projects or transmits sound. Additionally, or alternatively, CE computing system 110 may adjust the frequency of the sound projected or transmitted by the transducer of by S0 measurement device 120. In some instances, CE computing system 110 may transmit instructions to SO measurement device 120 over one or more communications networks, such as communications network 160, and via a communications interface or unit of S0 measurement device 120. The instructions may indicate the angle that one or more transducers of SO measurement device 120 is to project or transmit a sound towards the casing. Additionally, the communications interface may route the instructions to one or more processors of SO measurement device 120. The one or more processors may cause an electrical or mechanical component of one or more transducers of S0 measurement device 120 to adjust the angle of the corresponding transducer in accordance with the angle indicated in the instructions. Additionally, or alternatively, the instructions may indicate the frequency of the projected sound.
[0040] Further, the one or more processors may cause the one or more transducers to project the sound at the frequency indicated in the instructions. In some instances, the instructions may be based on a user provided input.
[0041] In other examples, CE computing system 110 may adjust the angle at which a receiver of S0 measurement device 120 may detect a sound signal propagating through the casing and the material. In such examples, CE computing system 110 may transmit instructions to S0 measurement device 120 over one or more communications networks, such as communications network 160, and via a communications interface or unit of S0 measurement device 120. The instructions may indicate the angle that one or more receivers of S0 measurement device 120 is to detect the sound signal propagating through the medium. Additionally, the communications interface may route the instructions to one or more processors of S0 measurement device 120. The one or more processors may cause an electrical or mechanical component of one or more receivers of S0 measurement device 120 to adjust the angle of the corresponding receiver in accordance with the angle indicated in the instructions. In some instances, the instructions may be based on a user provided input.
[0042] In various examples, CE computing system 110, such as executed evaluation engine 116, may perform any of the example processes described herein to determine the quality of the cementation, detecting a presence of microannulus formations within the medium (e.g., cement), and in some instances, calculating an impedance of the medium and estimating the microannulus thickness. In such examples, CE computing system 110 may utilize measurements associated with sound signals obtained from S0 measurement device 120, such as measurements associated with symmetric lamb wave dominant ultrasonic sound waves or signals, along with other measurements to make such determinations. Additionally, the other measurements may be based on information, such as sound signals, obtained from other computing devices, such as pulse echo device 130, cement bond log device 140 and A0 measurement device 150.
[0043] For example, CE computing system 110 may receive predicted cement property information (e.g., a value corresponding to the cement property) and predicted microannulus thickness information for a particular medium bonded to a casing (e.g., a value corresponding to the miraculous thickness between cement layer 206 and casing 204 of
[0044] In instances where CE computing system 110 determines the difference is smaller than the threshold value, CE computing system 110 may determine the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements match. Additionally, CE computing system 110 may determine the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information is accurate based on determining the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements match. Further, CE computing system 110 may output data indicating the property of the medium (e.g., the cement) based on the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information.
[0045] In instances where CE computing system 110 determines the difference is greater than or equal to the threshold value, CE computing system 110 may determine the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements do not match. Additionally, based on determining the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements do not match, CE computing system 110 may adjust the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information. Further, CE computing system 110 may repeat the example processes as described herein to determine whether the adjusted predicted cement property information and the adjusted predicted microannulus thickness information is accurate.
[0046] In some instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may obtain, from cement bond log device 140, sound signals detected by a receiver of cement bond log device 140 that were propagating and attenuating through a medium. The medium may be the same medium of the measurement data. Additionally, the sound signals may originate from a sound projected by a transducer of the cement bond log device 140, and the projected sound may be of a lower frequency than the frequency indicated in the measurement data (e.g., 20-30 kHz). Moreover, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine a waveform corresponding to the sound signals detected by cement bond log device 140 and determine one or more cement bond log measurements or characteristics associated with the waveform, such as the amplitude of the waveform. Further, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine one or more additional cement bond log measurements, such as the bond quality of the medium (e.g., the bond quality between a casing and cement), based on the one or more cement bond log measurements. For instance, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine for waveforms of sound signals obtained from mediums that have lower amplitudes, the bond quality of the casing and cement may be stronger compared to waveforms of sound signals obtained from mediums that have higher amplitudes. In some instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may perform operations that store, within the one or more tangible non-transitory memories of CE computing system 110, such as cement bond log database 113 of data repository 112, the sound signal generated and received from cement bond log device 140 and corresponding cement bond log measurements.
[0047] In other instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may obtain, from pulse echo device 130, sound signals detected by a receiver of pulse echo device 130 may be propagating and attenuating through a medium. The medium may be the same medium of the measurement data. Additionally, the sound signals may originate from a sound projected by a transducer of pulse echo device 130, and the projected sound may be an ultrasonic frequency (e.g., 200-300 kHz). Moreover, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine a waveform corresponding to the sound signals detected by pulse echo device 130 and determine one or more pulse echo measurements or characteristics associated with the waveform, such as the amplitude of the waveform. Further, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine additional pulse echo measurements, such as the depth or impedance of the medium (e.g., the depth or impedance between a casing and cement), based on the one or more pulse echo measurements. In some instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may perform operations that store, within the one or more tangible non-transitory memories of CE computing system 110, such as pulse echo database 114 of data repository 112, the sound signal generated and received from pulse echo device 130 and corresponding pulse echo measurements.
[0048] In various instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may obtain, from A0 measurement device 150, sound signals detected by a receiver of A0 measurement device 150 may be propagating and attenuating through a medium. The medium may be the same medium of the measurement data. Additionally, the sound signals may originate from a sound projected by a transducer of A0 measurement device 150, and the projected sound may be an ultrasonic frequency (e.g., 200-300 kHz). Moreover, the projected sound may be projected at an angle, such as an angle between 0 degrees with respect to a horizontal plane or axis and 35 degrees above the horizontal plane or axis. The sound signals that are propagating and attenuating through the medium may include an A0 measurement wave or asymmetric (e.g., A0) lamb waves. As described herein, the asymmetric lamb waves may indicate the type of material behind the casing of the medium, such as gas, liquid or solid. Additionally, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine a waveform corresponding to the sound signals detected by A0 measurement device 150 and determine one or more asymmetric lamb wave measurements or characteristics associated with the waveform, such as the amplitude of the waveform. Further, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine one or more additional asymmetric lamb wave measurements, such as the type of material behind the casing of the medium (e.g., cement) based on the one or more asymmetric lamb wave measurements. For instance, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine a vibrational energy of the sound signals based on the sound signals. Additionally, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine the type of material based on how large the vibrational energy is. In some instances, each type of material may be associated with a predetermined range of vibrational energy. As such, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine the material is gas if the vibrational energy is within a first range of vibrational energy, the material is liquid if the vibrational energy is within a second range of vibrational energy, and the material is solid if the vibrational energy is within a third range of vibrational energy. In such instances, the first range of vibrational energy may be higher than the second range of vibrational energy and the third range of vibrational energy and the second range of vibrational energy is higher than the third range of vibrational energy. In other instances, executed evaluation engine 116 may perform operations that store, within the one or more tangible non-transitory memories of CE computing system 110, such as A0 measurement database 115 of data repository 112, the sound signal generated and received from A0 measurement device 150 and corresponding asymmetric lamb wave measurements.
[0049] In some instances, the asymmetric lamb waves may be sensitive to a change of a thickness of a microannulus formation. In such instances, the response may be more prominent than that of a symmetric lamb wave. For example, and referring to
[0050]
[0051] Referring to
[0052] As described herein, the sound projected onto the medium may propagate and attenuate through the medium. Additionally, the angle and frequency, such as an angle between 0 degrees with respect to a horizontal plane or axis and 35 degrees above the horizontal plane or axis and a frequency within an ultrasonic frequency range (e.g., 200 kHz to 300 kHz) may cause the sound propagating and attenuating through the medium to include symmetric lamb waves. The symmetric lamb waves, as described herein, may be sensitive to the presence of microannulus formations within the medium (e.g., cement layer 206 bonded to casing 204 of
[0053] Additionally, CE computing system 110 may receive a first sound signal from the casing (e.g., step 720). In some examples, one or more receivers of S0 measurement device 120, such as receiver 210, may detect the sound signal of the projected sound propagating and attenuating through the medium (e.g., casing 204 and cement layer 206). As described herein, the sound signal propagating and attenuation through the medium may include symmetric lamb waves. Additionally, the one or more processors may transmit the detected sound signal to executed evaluation engine 116. In some examples, S0 measurement device 120 may transmit original sound data identifying and characterizing the frequency of the originally projected sound that corresponds to the sound signal and the angle at which the originally projected sound was projected at by one or more transducers of S0 measurement device 120.
[0054] In some examples, CE computing system 110 may adjust the angle at which a receiver of S0 measurement device 120 may detect the sound signal propagating through the medium. In such examples, CE computing system 110 may transmit instructions to SO measurement device 120 over one or more communications networks, such as communications network 160, and via a communications interface or unit of S0 measurement device 120. The instructions may indicate the angle that one or more receivers of S0 measurement device 120 is to detect the sound signal from the medium. Additionally, the communications interface may route the instructions to one or more processors of S0 measurement device 120. The one or more processors may cause an electrical or mechanical component of one or more receivers of S0 measurement device 120 to adjust the angle of the corresponding receiver in accordance with the angle indicated in the instructions. In some instances, the instructions may be based on a user provided input. In other instances, the angle can also be set manually before the logging and fixed during the logging.
[0055] Referring to
[0056] Additionally, CE computing system 110 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer (e.g., step 740). In some examples, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present in a medium (e.g., a casing and cement bonded to the casing) the measurement data is associated with. In some examples, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present in the medium associated with the measurement data based on the measurement data and reference data. As described herein, reference data may be stored in SO measurement database 117 and may include a record of determined measurements of waveforms for different mediums. For example, the record of reference data may identify one or more mediums. Additionally, the record may identify and characterize, for each of the one or more mediums, the dimensions of the casing and the material the casing is bonded to, such as cement, one or more measurements of a waveform determined for the medium, the waveform, a frequency of an originally projected sound the waveform corresponds to, and an angle the originally projected sound is projected from. In some instances, may compare the measurement data with the reference data. Additionally, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine whether a microannulus formation is present in the in a medium (e.g., a casing and cement bonded to the casing) the measurement data is associated with, based on the comparison between the measurement data and the reference data.
[0057]
[0058] Referring to
[0059] Moreover, CE computing system 110 may obtain actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements (e.g., step 830). As described herein, CE computing system 110 may obtain the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements from pulse echo device 130, A0 measurement device 150, S0 measurement device 120, and/or cement bond log device 140, respectively.
[0060] Further, CE computing system 110 may determine a difference between the predicted and actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging (e.g., step 840). Additionally, CE computing system 110 may determine whether the difference is smaller than a threshold value (e.g., step 850). In instances where CE computing system 110 determines the difference is smaller than the threshold value, CE computing system 110 may output the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information (e.g., step 870). In some instances, CE computing system 110 may determine the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements match. Additionally, CE computing system 110 may determine the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information is accurate based on determining the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements match. Further, CE computing system 110 may output data indicating the property of the medium (e.g., the cement) based on the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information.
[0061] In instances where CE computing system 110 determines the difference is greater than or equal to the threshold value, CE computing system 110 may adjust the predicted cement properties information and predicted microannulus thickness information (e.g., step 870). In some instances, CE computing system 110 may determine the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements do not match. Additionally, based on determining the predicted and the actual pulse echo measurements, asymmetric lamb wave measurements, symmetric lamb wave measurements and/or cement bond logging measurements do not match, CE computing system 110 may adjust the predicted cement property information and the predicted microannulus thickness information. Further, CE computing system 110 may repeat example process 800 as described herein to determine whether the adjusted predicted cement property information and the adjusted predicted microannulus thickness information is accurate.
A. Multi-Modal S0 Measurement Device with Centered Sensors.
[0062] In some examples, S0 measurement device 120 may be configured to cause symmetric lamb waves and asymmetric lamb waves. Additionally, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine the material behind the casing of the medium and whether a microannulus formation is present in the medium based on sound signals from S0 measurement device 120. In such examples, S0 measurement device 120 may operate in multiple modes. Additionally, each mode may be associated with one or more transducers of S0 measurement device 120 being configured in a particular angle. As described herein, the one or more transducers may project sound at the medium (e.g., the casing and the cement) at an ultrasonic frequency (e.g., 200 kHz to 300 kHz), and the angle at which the one or more transducers may project sound may cause the generation of symmetric lamb waves and/or asymmetric lamb waves within the medium. Further, executed evaluation engine 116 may cause S0 measurement device 120 to operating in a particular mode while S0 measurement device 120 is traveling in a particular direction within a wellbore.
[0063] By way of example, and referring to
[0064] Additionally, S0 measurement device 120 may travel in a second direction (e.g., up wellbore 202). Moreover, executed evaluation engine 116 may transmit an instruction to S0 measurement device 120. The instruction may cause S0 measurement device 120 to adjust the angle of transducer 212 to a first angle, such as 35 degrees above the horizontal plane or axis (e.g., x-axis). Additionally, the instruction may indicate and cause S0 measurement device 120 to project an ultrasonic sound (e.g., 200 kHz) to casing 204 and cement layer 206. As described herein, the propagating and attenuating sound signals passing through casing 204 and cement layer 206 may include A0 measurement waves. Moreover, S0 measurement device 120 may project the ultrasonic sound to casing 204 and cement layer 206 while S0 measurement device 120 travels in the second direction. Further, receiver 210 may detect the sound signals propagating and attenuating through casing 204 and cement layer 206 while S0 measurement device 120 travels in the second direction. The detected sound signal may be transmitted to executed evaluation engine 116.
[0065] Referring to
B. Pad-Based S0 Measurement Device for Cement Bonding and Integrity Evaluation.
[0066] In some examples, examining cement bonding and integrity could be challenging and complicated because of the existence of eccentric casing (e.g., a thick casing), cement azimuthal heterogeneity and the presence of microannulus. In such examples, current cement bonding techniques, such as CBL techniques, cannot provide accurate quantitative evaluation in an azimuthal perspective or resolution. A pad-based S0 measurement device may be configured to provide accurate quantitative evaluation in an azimuthal perspective or resolution.
[0067] In some instances, the pad-based S0 measurement device may include one or more transducers and one or more receivers, and the pad-based S0 measurement device may be placed against the surface of a casing of a wellbore. In such instances, the pad-based S0 measurement device may be configured (e.g., cut) in a way that prevents waves propagating along the pad and to minimize the influence of pad on the casing wave propagation. Additionally, the pad-based SO measurement device may be placed onto the surface of the casing using one or more mechanical arms. Further, the pad-based S0 measurement device may be mechanically coupled to the surface of the casing using pads during logging operations. That way, sound signals detected by the receiver of the pad-based S0 measurement device may bypass any wellbore fluids, such as mud, and eliminating fluid attenuation effects to ensure a more accurate cement bond and integrity evaluation.
[0068] For instance, and referring to
[0069] In other instances, the transducers and the receivers may each be in separate pads, such as, a receiver pad may include the receiver while a transducer pad may include the transducer. Additionally, the transducer pad including a transducer and the receiver pad including the receiver may be placed onto the surface of the casing using one or more mechanical arms. Further, the transducer pad including a transducer and the receiver pad including the receiver may be mechanically coupled to the surface of the casing during logging operations. That way, sound signals detected by the receiver may bypass any wellbore fluids, such as mud, and eliminating fluid attenuation effects to ensure a more accurate cement bond and integrity evaluation.
[0070] For instance, and referring to
[0071] As described herein, and similar to transducer 212, the transducer of the pad-based SO measurement device, such as transducer 1010 and transducer 1104, may transmit or project sound towards a casing (e.g., casing 204 of
[0072] Referring to
[0073] In another example, and as illustrated in
[0074] In yet another example, and as illustrated in
[0075] Additionally, CE computing system 110, such as executed evaluation engine 116, may obtain from the receiver, either from receiver pad or pad-based S0 measurement device, a sound signal, such as sound signal 606 or sound signal 1110, propagating and attenuating through casing 204 and cement layer 206. As described herein, sound signal 606 and/or sound signal 1110 may include symmetric lamb waves and/or asymmetric lamb waves. Moreover, CE computing system 110 may determine a waveform of the detected sound signal. In some instances, the sound signal may include multiple waves over a duration of time and each wave may correspond to a reflection of a corresponding lamb wave onto casing 204. Moreover, CE computing system 110 may determine one or more measurements or characteristics of each of the waves of the waveform, such as a one or more amplitudes. The waveform may represent the attenuation of the sound signal, such as an attenuation of a symmetric lamb wave and/or an attenuation of asymmetric lamb wave. In some instances, CE computing system 110 may generate measurement data that identifies and characterizes the one or more measurements of each of the waves of the determined waveform.
[0076] Moreover, CE computing system 110, such as executed evaluation engine 116, may determine the bond and integrity of the cement based on the measurement data, such as whether the cement and the casing have any microannulus formations and/or the type and/or make up of the medium or material behind the casing (e.g., cement layer 206 of
[0077] In other instances, CE computing system 110, such as executed evaluation engine 116, may perform any of the example operations to determine whether microannulus formations are present between the casing and the medium (e.g., casing 294 and cement layer 206). As described herein, the measurement data may be associated with a sound (e.g., 1110) that includes lamb waves, such as symmetric lamb waves, or is lamb wave dominant (e.g., the sound is symmetric lamb wave dominant). In such instances, CE computing system 110 may utilize the measurement data to make such determinations. Additionally, executed evaluation engine 116 may determine the presence of the microannulus formation in the medium by comparing the measurement data with the reference data, as described herein. For instance, executed evaluation engine 116 may parse measurement data to determine a frequency of the corresponding originally projected sound (e.g., sounds 1108 of
[0078] In various instances, CE computing system 110, such as executed evaluation engine 116, may perform any of the example operations, similar to process 800 of
[0079] Referring to
[0080] Referring to
C. Example Hardware and Software Implementations
[0081]
[0082] As noted above,
[0083] The computing device architecture 1500 can include a cache of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor 1510. The computing device architecture 1500 can copy data from the memory 1515 and/or the storage device 1530 to the cache 1512 for quick access by the processor 1510. In this way, the cache can provide a performance boost that avoids processor 1510 delays while waiting for data. These and other modules can control or be configured to control the processor 1510 to perform various actions. Other computing device memory 1515 may be available for use as well. The memory 1515 can include multiple different types of memory with different performance characteristics. The processor 1510 can include any general purpose processor and a hardware or software service, such as service 1 1532, service 2 1534, and service 3 1536 stored in storage device 1530, configured to control the processor 1510 as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the processor design. The processor 1510 may be a self-contained system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.
[0084] To enable user interaction with the computing device architecture 1500, an input device 1545 can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An output device 1535 can also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art, such as a display, projector, television, speaker device, etc. In some instances, multimodal computing devices can enable a user to provide multiple types of input to communicate with the computing device architecture 1500. The communications interface 1540 can generally govern and manage the user input and computing device output. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.
[0085] Storage device 1530 is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs) 1525, read only memory (ROM) 1520, and hybrids thereof. The storage device 1530 can include services 1532, 1534, 1536 for controlling the processor 1510. Other hardware or software modules are contemplated. The storage device 1530 can be connected to the computing device connection 1505. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as the processor 1510, connection 1505, output device 1535, and so forth, to carry out the function.
[0086] For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software.
[0087] In some embodiments the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.
[0088] Methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer readable media. Such instructions can include, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code, etc. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and/or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on.
[0089] Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures can include hardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any of a variety of form factors. Typical examples of such form factors include laptops, smart phones, small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example.
[0090] The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functions described in the disclosure.
[0091] In the foregoing description, aspects of the application are described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, while illustrative embodiments of the application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the disclosed concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art. Various features and aspects of the above-described subject matter may be used individually or jointly. Further, embodiments can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purposes of illustration, methods were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate embodiments, the methods may be performed in a different order than that described.
[0092] Where components are described as being configured to perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.
[0093] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the examples disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or combinations thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
[0094] The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the method, algorithms, and/or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials.
[0095] The computer-readable medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and/or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.
[0096] Other embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in network computing environments with many types of computer system configurations, including personal computers, hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Embodiments may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by local and remote processing devices that are linked (either by hardwired links, wireless links, or by a combination thereof) through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
[0097] In the above description, terms such as upper, upward, lower, downward, above, below, downhole, uphole, longitudinal, lateral, and the like, as used herein, shall mean in relation to the bottom or furthest extent of the surrounding wellbore even though the wellbore or portions of it may be deviated or horizontal. Correspondingly, the transverse, axial, lateral, longitudinal, radial, etc., orientations shall mean orientations relative to the orientation of the wellbore or tool. Additionally, the illustrate embodiments are illustrated such that the orientation is such that the right-hand side is downhole compared to the left-hand side.
[0098] The term coupled is defined as connected, whether directly or indirectly through intervening components, and is not necessarily limited to physical connections. The connection can be such that the objects are permanently connected or releasably connected. The term outside refers to a region that is beyond the outermost confines of a physical object. The term inside indicates that at least a portion of a region is partially contained within a boundary formed by the object. The term substantially is defined to be essentially conforming to the particular dimension, shape or another word that substantially modifies, such that the component need not be exact. For example, substantially cylindrical means that the object resembles a cylinder, but can have one or more deviations from a true cylinder.
[0099] The term radially means substantially in a direction along a radius of the object, or having a directional component in a direction along a radius of the object, even if the object is not exactly circular or cylindrical. The term axially means substantially along a direction of the axis of the object. If not specified, the term axially is such that it refers to the longer axis of the object. Although a variety of information was used to explain aspects within the scope of the appended claims, no limitation of the claims should be implied based on particular features or arrangements, as one of ordinary skill would be able to derive a wide variety of implementations. Further and although some subject matter may have been described in language specific to structural features and/or method steps, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to these described features or acts. Such functionality can be distributed differently or performed in components other than those identified herein. The described features and steps are disclosed as possible components of systems and methods within the scope of the appended claims.
[0100] Moreover, claim language reciting at least one of a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set satisfy the claim. For example, claim language reciting at least one of A and B means A, B, or A and B.
[0101] Statements of the disclosure include: [0102] Statement 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore; receiving a first signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; and determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation. [0103] Statement 2. The computer-implemented method of Statement 1, further comprising: transmitting a second type of energy at a second angle to the surface of the casing; receiving, a second signal from the casing; determining a second attenuation of the second type of energy based on the first signal; and determining a state of the cement layer and the microannulus formation based on one or more characteristics of the second attenuation. [0104] Statement 3. The computer-implemented method of Statement 2, further comprising: determining a state of the bond between the casing and the cement layer based on the determination of whether the microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer and the determination of the state of the cement layer and the formation. [0105] Statement 4. The computer-implemented method of Statement 2, wherein the first type of energy is transmitted by a device, and the device transmits the first type of energy while the device is traveling in the wellbore in a first direction. [0106] Statement 5. The computer-implemented method of Statement 2, wherein the second type of energy is transmitted by a device, the device transmits the second type of energy while the device is traveling in the wellbore in a second direction. [0107] Statement 6. The computer-implemented method of Statement 2, wherein the second angle is between 10 and 35 degrees. [0108] Statement 7. The computer-implemented method of Statement 2, wherein the second attenuation of the second type of energy includes A0 measurement waves. [0109] Statement 8. The computer-implemented method of Statement 2, wherein the second type of energy is ultrasonic energy. [0110] Statement 9. The computer-implemented method of Statement 1, further comprising: receiving a second signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; determining a second attenuation of the first type of energy based on the second signal; and determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation and one or more characteristics of the second attenuation. [0111] Statement 10. The computer-implemented method of Statement 1, wherein the first angle is between 0 and 25 degrees. [0112] Statement 11. The computer-implemented method of Statement 1, wherein the first attenuation of the first type of energy includes lamb waves. [0113] Statement 12. The computer-implemented method of Statement 1, wherein the first type of energy is ultrasonic energy. [0114] Statement 13. A computing system comprising: a communications interface; a memory storing instruction; and at least one processor coupled to the communications interface and the memory, the at least one processor being configured to: transmit a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore; receive a first signal from the casing; determine a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; and determine whether a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation. [0115] Statement 14. The computing system of Statement 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit a second type of energy at a second angle to the surface of the casing; receive, a second signal from the casing; determine a second attenuation of the second type of energy based on the first signal; and determine a state of the cement layer and the microannulus formation based on one or more characteristics of the second attenuation. [0116] Statement 15. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine a state of the bond between the casing and the cement layer based on the determination of whether the microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer and the determination of the state of the cement layer and the formation. [0117] Statement 16. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein to transmit the first type of energy, the at least one processor is further configured to: cause a transmission device to transmit the first type of energy. [0118] Statement 17. The computing system of Statement 16, wherein the transmission device transmits the first type of energy while the transmission device is traveling in the wellbore in a first direction. [0119] Statement 18. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein to transmit the second type of energy, the at least one processor is further configured to: cause a transmission device to transmit the second type of energy. [0120] Statement 19. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein the transmission device transmits the second type of energy while the transmission device is traveling in the wellbore in a second direction. [0121] Statement 20. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein the second angle is between 10 and 35 degrees. [0122] Statement 21. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein the second attenuation of the second type of energy includes A0 measurement waves. [0123] Statement 22. The computing system of Statement 14, wherein the second type of energy is ultrasonic energy. [0124] Statement 23. The computing system of Statement 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive a second signal from the casing; determine a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; determine a second attenuation of the first type of energy based on the second signal; and determine whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation and one or more characteristics of the second attenuation [0125] Statement 24. The computing system of Statement 13, wherein the first angle is between 0 and 25 degrees. [0126] Statement 24. The computing system of Statement 13, wherein the first attenuation of the first type of energy includes lamb waves. [0127] Statement 25. The computing system of Statement 13, wherein the first type of energy is ultrasonic energy. [0128] Statement 26. A tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: transmitting a first type of energy at a first angle to a surface of a casing of a wellbore, the casing being bonded to cement layer that is between the casing and a formation of the wellbore; receiving a first signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; and determining a microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation. [0129] Statement 27. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 26, wherein the at least one processor performs operations further comprising: transmitting a second type of energy at a second angle to the surface of the casing; receiving, a second signal from the casing; determining a second attenuation of the second type of energy based on the first signal; and determining a state of the cement layer and the microannulus formation based on one or more characteristics of the second attenuation. [0130] Statement 28. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the at least one processor performs operations further comprising: determining a state of the bond between the casing and the cement layer based on the determination of whether the microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer and the determination of the state of the cement layer and the formation. [0131] Statement 29. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the first type of energy is transmitted by a device, and the device transmits the first type of energy while the device is traveling in the wellbore in a first direction. [0132] Statement 30. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the second type of energy is transmitted by a device, the device transmits the second type of energy while the device is traveling in the wellbore in a second direction. [0133] Statement 31. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the second angle is between 10 and 35 degrees. [0134] Statement 32. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the second attenuation of the second type of energy includes A0 measurement waves. [0135] Statement 33. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the second type of energy is ultrasonic energy. [0136] Statement 34. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 26, wherein the at least one processor performs operations further comprising: receiving a second signal from the casing; determining a first attenuation of the first type of energy based on the first signal; determining a second attenuation of the first type of energy based on the second signal; and determining whether microannulus formation is present between the casing and the cement layer based on one or more characteristics of the first attenuation and one or more characteristics of the second attenuation. [0137] Statement 35. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 26, wherein the first angle is between 0 and 25 degrees. [0138] Statement 36. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the first attenuation of the first type of energy includes lamb waves. [0139] Statement 37. The tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium of Statement 27, wherein the first type of energy is ultrasonic energy.