Herbicidal compositions based on nonanoic acid and nonenoic acid

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a saturated nonanoic acid or a saturated nonanoic acid salt, at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid and at least one emulsifying agent, to a process for preparing said composition and to the use of said composition in herbicidal applications.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: (a) a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one nonenoic acid having the formula (I):
CH3—(CH2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH2).sub.n—COOH wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), and (b) an emulsifying agent.

2. The composition according to claim 1, said composition comprising: (a) 10-85% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, (b) 5-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said emulsifying agent, (c) 0-50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one solvent, and (d) 0-30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

3. The composition according to claim 2, said composition comprising: (a) 60-85% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, and (b) 15-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said emulsifying agent.

4. The composition according to claim 2, in which the emulsifying agent comprises at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants.

5. An aqueous emulsion comprising: the composition according to claim 2, and an aqueous phase.

6. The composition according to claim 1, said composition comprising: (a) 60-85% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, and (b) 15-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said emulsifying agent.

7. The composition according to claim 6, in which the emulsifying agent comprises at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants.

8. An aqueous emulsion comprising: the composition according to claim 6, and an aqueous phase.

9. The composition according to claim 1, said composition comprising: (a) 10-60% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, (b) 10-30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of said emulsifying agent, (c) 10-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one solvent, and (d) 10-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

10. The composition according to claim 9, in which the emulsifying agent comprises at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants.

11. An aqueous emulsion comprising: the composition according to claim 9, and an aqueous phase.

12. The composition according to claim 1, in which the emulsifying agent comprises at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants.

13. An aqueous emulsion comprising: the composition according to claim 12, and an aqueous phase.

14. The composition according to claim 12, in which the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylated tristyrylphenols, polyethoxylated fatty acid esters and polyethoxylated vegetable oils.

15. An aqueous emulsion comprising: the composition according to claim 1, and an aqueous phase.

16. The aqueous emulsion according to claim 15, said aqueous emulsion comprising: 0.1-10% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion, of the composition, and 90-99.9% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion, of an aqueous phase.

17. A method for controlling or suppressing plant growth, said method comprising application of the aqueous emulsion according to claim 15 to the plant.

Description

(1) A first aspect of the present invention relates to a composition comprising:

(2) (a) a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(3) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), and

(4) (b) an emulsifying agent.

(5) The composition according to the present invention may easily be formulated and conveniently has a high stability so that it may advantageously be stored and transported.

(6) Furthermore, the composition according to the present invention is surprisingly effective as an advantageously non-selective herbicide.

(7) The composition according to the present invention is typically in the liquid phase.

(8) The composition according to the present invention preferably comprises:

(9) (a) 10-85% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(10) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I),

(11) (b) 5-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an emulsifying agent,

(12) (c) 0-50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one solvent, and

(13) (d) 0-30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

(14) If the composition according to the present invention further comprises at least one solvent, said composition typically comprises 5-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one solvent.

(15) If the composition according to the present invention further comprises water, said composition typically comprises 5-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

(16) In a first embodiment of the present invention, the composition according to the invention preferably comprises:

(17) (a) 60-85% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(18) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,

(19) in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), and

(20) (b) 15-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an emulsifying agent.

(21) The composition of this first embodiment of the present invention more preferably comprises:

(22) (a) 70-80% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(23) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,

(24) in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), and

(25) (b) 20-30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an emulsifying agent.

(26) In a second embodiment of the present invention, the composition according to the invention preferably comprises:

(27) (a) 10-60% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(28) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,

(29) in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I),

(30) (b) 10-30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an emulsifying agent,

(31) (c) 10-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one solvent, and

(32) (d) 10-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

(33) The composition according to this embodiment of the present invention more preferably comprises:

(34) (a) 10-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(35) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,

(36) in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I),

(37) (b) 10-30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an emulsifying agent,

(38) (c) 10-40% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one solvent, and

(39) (d) 10-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

(40) According to one embodiment of the present invention, the saturated nonanoic acid may be used in form of a saturated nonanoic acid salt, typically in the form of a saturated nonanoic acid ammonium salt.

(41) The saturated nonanoic acid of the composition according to the present invention is generally produced from a vegetable oil. The vegetable oil used in producing saturated nonanoic acid appropriate for use in the composition according to the present invention is typically selected from the group consisting of sunflower oil, oils from Brassicaceae such as Crambe abyssinica, Brassica carinata, Brassica napus (rape), and oils from Cardueae such as Cynara cardunculus (cardoon). The saturated nonanoic acid of the composition according to the present invention is preferably produced from sunflower oil or cardoon oil.

(42) The saturated nonanoic acid of the composition according to the present invention is advantageously produced by an oxidative cleavage process of a vegetable oil, preferably sunflower oil or cardoon oil, typically in the presence of one or more oxidizing agents, as described, for example, in patent EP 2 519 489. The oxidative cleavage process of a vegetable oil is advantageously carried out in the absence of ozone.

(43) The oxidative cleavage process of a vegetable oil is generally distinguished from processes commonly known in the art for producing saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, in particular saturated nonanoic acid, such as, for example, the ozonolysis process for rapeseed or tallow oil or the hydroformylation process for olefins, in particular 1-octene.

(44) The monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I) of the composition according to the present invention are generally produced from a vegetable oil.

(45) The aliphatic monocarboxylic acids of the composition according to the present invention may be characterized using a commonly known technique, typically by gas chromatography (GC), preferably combined with mass spectrometry (MS) (GC-MS).

(46) The monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) in the composition according to the present invention was quantitatively determined by measuring the iodine value. The iodine value may be measured using a commonly known technique, typically according to the standard procedure set out in ASTM method D1959-97.

(47) The monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is typically present in the form of a mixture which consists of cis and trans isomers, preferably a mixture which consists of cis and trans isomers of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-nonenoic acids, in which generally at least 50% by weight of said mixture comprises trans isomers of 5-, 6- and 7-nonenoic acids.

(48) The mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids of the composition according to the present invention may comprise at least one further carboxylic acid, in particular an aliphatic carboxylic acid. The mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids of the composition according to the present invention may comprise up to 10% by weight, preferably 1-5% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture, of at least one further aliphatic carboxylic acid. Any further aliphatic carboxylic acids, if present, are preferably saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, 10-undecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid and mixtures thereof.

(49) The mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids of the composition according to the present invention may comprise at least one further herbicidal agent. Any further herbicidal agents are selected from the group which consists of glyphosates, sulfonylureas, carfentrazone-ethyl, the derivatives thereof and the mixtures thereof.

(50) Specific, non-limiting examples of herbicides include, for example, the following active ingredients: aclonifen, amidosulfuron, aminopyralid, azimsulfuron, benfluralin, bensulfuron-methyl, bifenox, bispyrac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, cycloxidim, cyprosulfamide, clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, clomazone, clopyralid, cloquintocet-mexyl, chlorotoluron, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, dazomet, desmedipham, dicamba, diclofop-methyl, diflufenican, dimethenamid-P, ethofumesate, ethoxysulfuron, fenclorim, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-P-butyl, flufenacet, fluroxypyr, foramsulfuron, glyphosate, glyphosate trimesium, glyphosate ammonium, haloxyfop-P, imazamox, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, ioxynil, isoproturon, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, lenacil, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, metamitron, metam-sodium, methazachlor, metobromuron, metosulam, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pethoxamid, picolinafen, pyridate, propyzamide, prosulfuron, pyraflufen-ethyl, rimsulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulcotrione, sulfosulfuron, tembotrione, terbuthylazine, thifensulfuron-methyl, triallate, tralkoxydim, triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, triflusulfuron-methyl and tritosulfuron.

(51) The emulsifying agent of the composition according to the present invention typically comprises at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants.

(52) For the purposes of the present invention, the term “nonionic surfactant” is understood to mean a surfactant bearing no electric charge and containing a hydrophilic moiety and a lipophilic moiety.

(53) The nonionic surfactant is preferably selected in the group consisting of alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylated tristyrylphenols, polyethoxylated fatty acid esters and polyethoxylated vegetable oils.

(54) Examples of alkoxylated alcohols include, for example, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers as ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers or ethylene oxide-propylene oxide random copolymers.

(55) Examples of polyethoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyethoxylated derivatives of at least partial esters of sorbitan with at least one fatty acid selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid, in particular polyethoxylated derivatives of 3,6-sorbitan monoesters with oleic acid.

(56) Specific, non-limiting examples of polyethoxylated derivatives of 3,6-sorbitan monoesters with oleic acid include, for example, those containing oxyethylene units in a quantity of between 20 and 50 moles, more preferably between 25 and 40 moles.

(57) Examples of polyethoxylated vegetable oils include, for example, polyethoxylated derivatives of aliphatic carboxylic acid triglycerides, in particular saturated and/or unsaturated aliphatic C.sub.14-C.sub.20 carboxylic acids.

(58) Specific, non-limiting examples of polyethoxylated derivatives of aliphatic carboxylic acid triglycerides include, for example, polyethoxylated castor oil.

(59) Polyethoxylated castor oil preferably contains oxyethylene units in a quantity of between 20 and 50 moles, more preferably between 25 and 40 moles.

(60) The molar content of oxyethylene units in the polyethoxylated fatty acids and in the polyethoxylated vegetable oils of the composition according to the invention may be determined according to any of the methods commonly known in the prior art.

(61) Nonionic surfactants appropriate for use in the emulsifying agent of the composition according to the invention preferably have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of greater than or equal to 12.

(62) The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is a measurement of the degree of hydrophilicity of an emulsifying agent.

(63) The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values of the nonionic surfactants used in the emulsifying agent of the composition according to the invention are typically measured according to any of the methods commonly known in the prior art.

(64) For the purposes of the present invention, the term “amphoteric surfactant” is understood to mean a surfactant which behaves as a cationic surfactant in an acidic environment or as an anionic surfactant in an alkaline environment.

(65) The amphoteric surfactant is preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl betaines.

(66) The composition according to the invention may furthermore comprise at least one organic solvent.

(67) Organic solvents appropriate in the composition according to the invention are typically selected from the group consisting of water-insoluble organic solvents.

(68) Water-insoluble organic solvents are typically selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters such as, for example, diesters of dicarboxylic acids or ester amides of dicarboxylic acids, alcohols, glycols, polyalkylene glycols, vegetable oils and esters of vegetable oils.

(69) A second aspect of the present invention relates to a process for the production of the composition according to the invention, said process comprising mixing, typically with stirring, of a composition comprising:

(70) (a) a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising: saturated nonanoic acid, and at least one monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I):
CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—COOH

(71) wherein the sum (m+n) equals 5 with m and n which individually represent 0 or an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,

(72) in which the monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I) is present in a quantity of between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 0.5% and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.5% and 8% by weight, based on the total weight of said saturated nonanoic acid and said monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), and

(73) (b) an emulsifying agent.

(74) A person skilled in the art will adapt the process conditions so as to obtain a homogeneous composition.

(75) The composition used in the process according to the present invention is defined as above.

(76) A third aspect of the present invention relates to an aqueous emulsion comprising: the composition according to the invention, and an aqueous phase.

(77) The aqueous emulsion according to the present invention is advantageously prepared by diluting the composition according to the present invention in an aqueous phase.

(78) The aqueous emulsion according to the present invention typically comprises: 0.1-10% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion, of the composition according to the invention, and 90-99.9% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion, of an aqueous phase.

(79) The aqueous emulsion according to the present invention preferably comprises: 0.1-8% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion, of the composition according to the invention, and 92-99.9% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion, of an aqueous phase.

(80) For the purposes of the present invention, the term “emulsion” is understood to mean a disperse system composed of two immiscible liquid phases stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The emulsion typically has two immiscible liquid phases, one of which is dispersed in the other, in the form of droplets generally of an average diameter of between 0.5 μm and 100 μm.

(81) An emulsion thus differs from a mixture in which two immiscible liquid phases are separate from one another.

(82) The aqueous emulsion according to the invention is advantageously an oil in water emulsion.

(83) The aqueous phase typically comprises water and, optionally, an organic solvent.

(84) The aqueous phase preferably substantially consists of water.

(85) The Applicant has surprisingly found that the aqueous emulsion according to the invention is surprisingly stable over a broad temperature range, typically between 4° C. and 30° C., addition of stabilizers and/or coadjuvants being minimized, and may advantageously be stored. Indeed, no phase separation is observed in the aqueous emulsion according to the invention whether over short or long periods of time.

(86) The aqueous emulsion according to the invention exhibits excellent herbicidal activity.

(87) In particular, the aqueous emulsion according to the invention exhibits excellent non-selective herbicidal activity and is particularly effective as a post-emergence herbicide.

(88) A fourth aspect of the present invention accordingly relates to the use of the aqueous emulsion as a herbicide.

(89) According to one embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous emulsion may be used as a herbicide with a desiccant action.

(90) A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to a method for controlling or suppressing plant growth, said method comprising application of the aqueous emulsion according to the invention to the plant.

(91) The aqueous emulsion according to the invention is typically applied to the plant by spraying, said spraying generally being directed at the base or the leaves of the plant.

(92) The following examples illustrate the present invention in non-limiting manner.

(93) Materials

(94) Mixture (hereinafter denoted “mixture A”) containing: 96.3% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of saturated nonanoic acid, and 3.7% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I).

(95) In the mixture hereinafter denoted “mixture B”, the saturated nonanoic acid of mixture A was salified to yield an ammonium salt of saturated nonanoic acid. The resultant mixture B contains: 96.3% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of saturated nonanoic acid, and 3.7% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I).

(96) Mixture (hereinafter denoted “mixture C”) containing: 98.75% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of saturated nonanoic acid, and 1.25% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I).

(97) Mixture (hereinafter denoted “mixture D”) containing: 97.5% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of saturated nonanoic acid, and 2.5% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I).

(98) Mixture (hereinafter denoted “mixture E”) containing: 95.0% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of saturated nonanoic acid, and 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of saturated nonanoic acid and monounsaturated nonanoic acid having the formula (I), of monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I).

(99) The saturated nonanoic acid of mixtures A-E was obtained by an oxidative cleavage process from sunflower oil.

(100) The monounsaturated nonanoic acids having the formula (I) of mixtures A-E were in the form of a mixture consisting of cis and trans isomers of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-nonenoic acids.

(101) Herbicidal formulation commercially available under the trade name BELOUKHA® containing 71.96% by weight of saturated nonanoic acid and up to 100% by weight of emulsifying agents (label authorized by Italian Executive Decree of 26/02/2016) (hereinafter denoted “Herbicidal Formulation 1”).

(102) Herbicidal formulation commercially available under the trade name FINALSAN® Erbicida Professional containing 18.8% by weight of saturated nonanoic acid and up to 100% by weight of emulsifying agents (label 1—Italian Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Policy registration no. 12461 of 18/06/2009) (hereinafter denoted “Herbicidal Formulation 2”).

(103) Polyethoxylated castor oil containing 36 moles of oxyethylene units (HLB: 13.2) (hereinafter denoted “emulsifying agent A”).

(104) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate containing 20 moles of oxyethylene units (HLB: 15.0) (hereinafter denoted “emulsifying agent B”).

(105) Ethylene oxide (EO)-propylene oxide (PO) block copolymer (EO:PO=70:30) (hereinafter denoted “emulsifying agent C”).

(106) C.sub.12-C.sub.14 alkyl dimethyl betaine (hereinafter denoted “emulsifying agent D”).

(107) Methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (hereinafter denoted “solvent A”).

(108) Mixture of dicarboxylic acid dimethyl esters having the formula CH.sub.3OC(O)—(CH.sub.2).sub.x—C(O)OCH.sub.3, in which x represents 2, 3 or 4 (hereinafter denoted “solvent B”).

(109) Propylene glycol (hereinafter denoted “solvent C”).

EXAMPLE 1

(110) A composition was prepared by mixing mixture A with emulsifying agent A.

(111) The resultant composition contains: 72% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of mixture A, and 28% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of emulsifying agent A.

EXAMPLE 2

(112) A composition was prepared according to the procedure set out in Example 1, but using emulsifying agent B as the emulsifying agent.

(113) The resultant composition contains: 72% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of mixture A, and 28% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of emulsifying agent B.

EXAMPLE 3

(114) A composition was prepared by mixing mixture A with emulsifying agent C, solvent A and water.

(115) The resultant composition contains: 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of mixture A, 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of emulsifying agent C, 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of mixture A, and 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

EXAMPLE 4

(116) A composition was prepared by mixing mixture A with emulsifying agent C, solvents B and C and water.

(117) The resultant composition contains: 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of mixture A, 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of emulsifying agent C, 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of solvent B, 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of solvent C, and 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

EXAMPLE 5

(118) A composition was prepared by mixing mixture B with emulsifying agent D and water.

(119) The resultant composition contains: 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of mixture B, 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of emulsifying agent D, and 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of water.

EXAMPLE 6

(120) A composition was prepared according to the procedure set out in Example 1, but using mixture C.

EXAMPLE 7

(121) A composition was prepared according to the procedure set out in Example 1, but using mixture D.

EXAMPLE 8

(122) A composition was prepared according to the procedure set out in Example 1, but using mixture E.

(123) The compositions of Examples 1-8 according to the present invention have high stability and may advantageously be diluted in water so as to give rise to a stable, water-based emulsion.

(124) In particular, the compositions of Examples 1-8 were diluted in water so as to obtain a stable aqueous emulsion having a final concentration of 8% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion.

(125) In particular, the stability of the aqueous emulsions of Examples 1 and 2 was tested at 20° C. according to CIPAC standard method MT 36 at various time intervals (after the passage of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour and 24 hours from dilution in water under the above-mentioned conditions).

(126) The aqueous emulsion is deemed stable when no phase separation is observed.

(127) The results are shown in Table 1.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

(128) An aqueous composition was prepared by diluting Herbicidal Formulation 1 in water at a final concentration of 8% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous composition.

(129) The stability of the aqueous emulsion of Comparative Example 1 was tested at 20° C. according to CIPAC standard method MT 36 at various time intervals (after the passage of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour and 24 hours from dilution in water under the above-mentioned conditions).

(130) The results are shown in Table 1.

(131) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Stability [CIPAC MT 18, 20° C.] 0 min 10 min 30 min 1 h 24 h Example 1 stable stable stable stable stable Example 2 stable stable stable stable stable C. Example 1 stable stable unstable unstable unstable

(132) As shown by the results set out in Table 1, the aqueous emulsion according to the present invention as represented for example by the aqueous emulsion obtained from the composition of each of Examples 1 and 2 according to the invention is surprisingly stable at 20° C. and no phase separation is observed even after 24 hours from dilution in water.

(133) The aqueous emulsion according to the invention may advantageously be stored before use.

(134) In contrast, the aqueous composition of Comparative Example 1 disadvantageously exhibits phase separation after just 10 minutes from dilution in water.

(135) The herbicidal activity of the composition of Example 1 according to the present invention was furthermore tested on monocotyledons such as Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. and compared with the herbicidal activity of Herbicidal Formulation 1.

(136) Finally, the herbicidal activity of the composition of Examples 3-5 according to the present invention was tested on monocotyledons such as Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and dicotyledons such as Solanum nigrum L. and compared with the herbicidal activity of Herbicidal Formulation 2.

(137) Herbicide effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of the ED.sub.50 values which are the dose of herbicide [kg/ha] required to achieve a 50% reduction in plant growth.

(138) The results are shown in Table 2.

(139) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Herbicidal effectiveness [ED.sub.50, kg/ha] Echinochloa Setaria viridis crus-galli Solarium (L.) Beauv. (L.) Beauv. nigrum L. Herbicidal Formulation 1 5.0 — — Example 1 2.4 — — Herbicidal Formulation 2 9.8 5.8 1.4 Example 3 3.7 1.2 — Example 4 — — 0.6 Example 5 4.5

(140) As shown by the results set out in Table 2, the composition of Example 1 according to the invention exhibits herbicidal effectiveness which is greater than that of Herbicidal Formulation 1. Furthermore, the compositions of Examples 3-5 according to the invention exhibit herbicidal effectiveness which is greater than that of Herbicidal Formulation 2.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

(141) A composition was prepared by mixing saturated nonanoic acid with emulsifying agent A.

(142) The resultant composition contains: 72% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of saturated nonanoic acid, and 28% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of emulsifying agent A.

(143) The composition so obtained was diluted in water so as to obtain a stable aqueous emulsion having a final concentration of 8% by volume, based on the total volume of the aqueous emulsion.

(144) The herbicidal activity of the composition of Examples 6-8 according to the present invention was tested on dicotyledons such as Artemisia vulgaris L. and Potentilla reptans L. and compared with the herbicidal activity of the composition of Comparative Example 2, free from monounsaturated nonanoic acids.

(145) The herbicidal effectiveness was evaluated at a field dose of 16 l/ha (distributed with 300 l of water per ha) on the basis of weight reduction of dry substance after treatment with respect to untreated dry substance.

(146) A slit-plot experimental design with three replications represented by 3 plots of 20 m.sup.2 each was applied in the study. To quantify the herbicidal effectiveness of the compositions, all treatments were sprayed on Artemisia vulgaris L. and Potentilla reptans L. plants at 2-3 leaf growth stages using a backpack sprayer in open field conditions. For each thesis, above-ground biomass of each weed was harvested at 7 and 12 DAA (Days After Application), oven-dried at 105±1° C. until constant weight was reached and weighed to determine the dry matter (DM) content and the dry weight of the abovementioned samples.

(147) Higher the weight reduction of dry substance after treatment to untreated dry substance after 7 days, preferably after 12 days, higher the herbicidal effectiveness.

(148) The results are shown in Table 3.

(149) As shown by the results set out in Table 3, the composition of any of Examples 6, 7 and 8 according to the invention unexpectedly exhibits a longer period of control of weed plants as compared to the composition of Comparative Example 2.

(150) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Herbicidal effectiveness Artemisia vulgaris L. Potentilla reptans L. after 7 days after 12 days after 7 days after 12 days Example 6 88.1 91.8 85.4 86.0 Example 7 86.8 92.5 90.9 94.9 Example 8 71.1 63.9 77.5 77.6 C. Example 2 74.2 49.3 68.6 71.7