EXPANDABLE THERMOPLASTIC PELLETS AND FOAMS AND METHODS OF FOAMING USING SAME

Abstract

Methods of making thermoplastic foam comprising: immersing a plurality of thermoplastic pellets comprising at least about 50% by weight of polystyrene in a physical blowing agent bath containing from greater than about 50% by weight to less than about 90% by weight of pentane; and from greater than about 10% by weight to less than about 50% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E) to produce a plurality of expandable pellets; and using the expandable pellets for form foam.

Claims

1. A method of making thermoplastic foam comprising: (a) impregnating a plurality of thermoplastic pellets comprising at least about 50% by weight of polystyrene with a physical blowing agent by: a. immersing said plurality of pellets in a bath comprising a physical blowing agent to produce a plurality of expandable pellets, said physical blowing agent comprising, based on the total weight of the physical blowing agent in said bath: i. from greater than about 50% by weight to less than about 90% by weight of pentane; and ii. from greater than about 10% by weight to less than about 50% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E); (b) expanding said expandable pellets to produce expanded pellets; and (c) forming foam by joining said expanded pellets.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said forming step comprises introducing said expanded pellets into a mold and molding said expanded pellets into a foam.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said expanded pellets comprise an amount of pentane on a weight basis that is not more than 20 relative percent less than the amount of pentane present when said process is repeated except using physical blowing agent consisting of said pentane.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said expandable pellets comprise not less than 5% by weight of said pentane and not less than 1% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E).

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said expanded pellets comprise not less than 2 percent on a weight basis of said pentane.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said foam has a density of not greater than 25 kg/m.sup.3 and wherein said expanded pellets are stored for a period of at least 13 days before said forming step.

7. The method claim 1 wherein said expanded pellets comprise from greater than 2.5% to about 6.5% by weight of pentane and from greater than 1% by weight to less than about 3% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E).

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said expanded pellets comprise from greater than 1% by weight to less than about 2% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E).

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said pentane comprises n-pentane.

10. Expanded thermoplastic pellets comprising: (a) at least about 50% by weight of polystyrene; and (b) a physical blowing agent comprising, based on the total weight of the physical blowing agent in said expanded pellets: i. from greater than 1.5 to about 3.5% by weight of pentane; and ii. greater than 1% by weight to less than about 2% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E).

11. The expanded pellets of claim 10 comprising from greater than 2.5% to about 6.5% by weight of pentane.

12. The expanded pellets of claim 1 wherein said pentane comprises n-pentane.

13. The expanded pellets of claim 1 wherein said pentane consists essentially of n-pentane.

14. The expanded pellets of claim 1 wherein said pentane consists of n-pentane.

15. A closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising: (a) a plurality of closed cells comprising cell walls formed by a plurality joined thermoplastic pellets, wherein said thermoplastic comprises at least about 50% by weight of polystyrene; and (b) a physical blowing agent contained within said closed cells and comprising, based on the total weight of the foam: i. greater than 1.5% by weight of pentane; and ii. not less than 1% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E), wherein said foam has a density of not greater than 40 kg/m.sup.3.

16. The foam of claim 15 wherein said pentane comprises n-pentane.

17. The foam of claim 15 wherein said pentane consists essentially of n-pentane.

18. The foam of claim 15 wherein said pentane consists of n-pentane.

19. The foam of claim 15 wherein said foam has a density of not greater than 25 kg/m.sup.3.

20. The foam of claim 19 wherein said foam has a thermal conductivity of about 35 mW/mK or less.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Expandable Pellets

[0195] The present invention includes expandable thermoplastic pellets, including Expandable Pellets 1, in which at least about 50% by weight of thermoplastic is polystyrene and which contain within the pellets a physical blowing agent comprising, consisting essentially of or consist of pentane and HFCO-1233zd(E). In preferred embodiments the expandable pellets of the present invention are further limited as indicated in the Expandable Pellet Table below, with each expandable pellet being named in the first column as by an Expandable Pellet No., and reference herein to an Expandable Pellet by that number is understood to incorporate all of the limitations described in the row corresponding to that Expandable Pellet number.

TABLE-US-00001 EXPANDABLE PELLET TABLE Thermoplastic Blowing Agent MFI, HFCO- Expandable gm/10 wt. % Pentane 1233zd(E) Pellet No. min PS Isomer Wt. % Wt. % 2A1 NR =>50 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 2A2 NR =>50 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 2A3 NR =>50 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 2A4 NR =>50 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 2A5 NR =>50 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 2A6 NR =>50 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 2A7 NR =>50 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 2A8 NR =>50 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 2A9 NR =>50 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 2A10 NR =>50 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 3A1 NR =>75 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 3A2 NR =>75 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 3A3 NR =>75 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 3A4 NR =>75 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 3A5 NR =>75 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 3A6 NR =>75 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 3A7 NR =>75 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 3A8 NR =>75 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 3A9 NR =>75 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 3A10 NR =>75 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 4A1 NR =>85 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 4A2 NR =>85 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 4A3 NR =>85 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 4A4 NR =>85 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 4A5 NR =>85 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 4A6 NR =>85 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 4A7 NR =>85 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 4A8 NR =>85 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 4A9 NR =>85 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 4A10 NR =>85 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 5A1 NR =>95 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 5A2 NR =>95 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 5A3 NR =>95 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 5A4 NR =>95 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 5A5 NR =>95 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 5A6 NR =>95 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 5A7 NR =>95 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 5A8 NR =>95 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 5A9 NR =>95 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 5A10 NR =>95 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 6A1 NR =>99 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 6A2 NR =>99 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 6A3 NR =>99 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 6A4 NR =>99 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 6A5 NR =>99 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 6A6 NR =>99 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 6A7 NR =>99 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 6A8 NR =>99 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 6A9 NR =>99 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 6A10 NR =>99 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 7A1 =>3-=<20 =>50 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 7A2 =>3-=<20 =>50 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 7A3 =>3-=<20 =>50 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 7A4 =>3-=<20 =>50 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 7A5 =>3-=<20 =>50 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 7A6 =>3-=<20 =>50 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 7A7 =>3-=<20 =>50 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 7A8 =>3-=<20 =>50 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 7A9 =>3-=<20 =>50 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 7A10 =>3-=<20 =>50 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 8A1 =>3-=<20 =>75 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 8A2 =>3-=<20 =>75 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 8A3 =>3-=<20 =>75 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 8A4 =>3-=<20 =>75 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 8A5 =>3-=<20 =>75 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 8A6 =>3-=<20 =>75 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 8A7 =>3-=<20 =>75 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 8A8 =>3-=<20 =>75 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 8A9 =>3-=<20 =>75 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 8A10 =>3-=<20 =>75 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 9A1 =>3-=<20 =>85 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 9A2 =>3-=<20 =>85 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 9A3 =>3-=<20 =>85 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 9A4 =>3-=<20 =>85 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 9A5 =>3-=<20 =>85 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 9A6 =>3-=<20 =>85 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 9A7 =>3-=<20 =>85 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 9A8 =>3-=<20 =>85 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 9A9 =>3-=<20 =>85 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 9A10 =>3-=<20 =>85 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 10A1 =>3-=<20 =>95 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 10A2 =>3-=<20 =>95 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 10A3 =>3-=<20 =>95 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 10A4 =>3-=<20 =>95 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 10A5 =>3-=<20 =>95 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 10A6 =>3-=<20 =>95 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 10A7 =>3-=<20 =>95 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 10A8 =>3-=<20 =>95 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 10A9 =>3-=<20 =>95 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 10A10 =>3-=<20 =>95 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 11A1 =>3-=<20 =>99 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 11A2 =>3-=<20 =>99 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 11A3 =>3-=<20 =>99 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 11A4 =>3-=<20 =>99 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 11A5 =>3-=<20 =>99 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 11A6 =>3-=<20 =>99 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 11A7 =>3-=<20 =>99 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 11A8 =>3-=<20 =>99 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 11A9 =>3-=<20 =>99 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 11A10 =>3-=<20 =>99 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 12A1 =>3-=<10 =>50 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 12A2 =>3-=<10 =>50 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 12A3 =>3-=<10 =>50 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 12A4 =>3-=<10 =>50 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 12A5 =>3-=<10 =>50 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 12A6 =>3-=<10 =>50 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 12A7 =>3-=<10 =>50 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 12A8 =>3-=<10 =>50 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 12A9 =>3-=<10 =>50 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 12A10 =>3-=<10 =>50 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 13A1 =>2-=<10 =>75 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 13A2 =>3-=<10 =>75 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 13A3 =>3-=<10 =>75 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 13A4 =>3-=<10 =>75 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 13A5 =>3-=<10 =>75 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 13A6 =>3-=<10 =>75 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 13A7 =>3-=<10 =>75 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 13A8 =>3-=<10 =>75 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 13A9 =>3-=<10 =>75 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 13A10 =>3-=<10 =>75 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 14A1 =>3-=<10 =>85 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 14A2 =>3-=<10 =>85 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 14A3 =>3-=<10 =>85 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 14A4 =>3-=<10 =>85 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 14A5 =>3-=<10 =>85 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 14A6 =>3-=<10 =>85 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 14A7 =>3-=<10 =>85 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 14A8 =>3-=<10 =>85 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 14A9 =>3-=<10 =>85 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 14A10 =>3-=<10 =>85 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 15A1 =>3-=<10 =>95 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 15A2 =>3-=<10 =>95 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 15A3 =>3-=<10 =>95 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 15A4 =>3-=<10 =>95 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 15A5 =>3-=<10 =>95 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 15A6 =>3-=<10 =>95 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 15A7 =>3-=<10 =>95 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 15A8 =>3-=<10 =>95 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 15A9 =>3-=<10 =>95 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 15A10 =>3-=<10 =>95 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 16A1 =>3-=<10 =>99 NR >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 16A2 =>3-=<10 =>99 n-pentane >2.5-<6 >1-<4.5 16A3 =>3-=<10 =>99 NR >3-<6 >1.2-<4 16A4 =>3-=<10 =>99 n-pentane >3-<6 >1.2-<4 16A5 =>3-=<10 =>99 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 16A6 =>3-=<10 =>99 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<4 16A7 =>3-=<10 =>99 NR >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 16A8 =>3-=<10 =>99 n-pentane >3.5-<6 >1.3-<3 16A9 =>3-=<10 =>99 NR >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3 16A10 =>3-=<10 =>99 n-pentane >4.5-<6 >1.3-<3

[0196] In general it is contemplated that the average size and shape of the expandable pellets of the present invention may vary widely in accordance with shapes and sizes known to those skilled in the art, and all such shapes and sizes are within the scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the expandable pellets, including each of Expandable Pellets 1-16, include pellets which are generally spherical and/or disc-shaped and/or cylindrical and/or bead shaped. Embodiments of the expandable pellets include pellets which have an average particle size in the range of from about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, or from 0.2 mm to about 5 mm, or from 0.2 mm to about 3 mm. Embodiments of the expandable pellets include pellets which are generally spherical and/or disc-shaped and/or cylindrical and have an average particle size in the range of from about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, or from 0.2 mm to about 5 mm, or from 0.2 mm to about 3 mm.

expanded Pellets

[0197] The present invention includes expanded thermoplastic pellets, including Expanded Pellets 1A-1D, wherein at least about 50% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene and which contain within the expanded pellets a physical blowing agent comprising, consisting essentially of or consist of pentane and HFCO-1233zd(E). In preferred embodiments the expanded pellets of the present invention are further limited as indicated in the Expanded Pellet Table below, with each expanded pellet being named in the first column by an Expanded Pellet No., and reference herein to an Expanded Pellet by that number is understood to incorporate all of the limitations described in the row corresponding to that Expanded Pellet number.

TABLE-US-00002 EXPANDED PELLET TABLE Ex- Thermoplastic Blowing Agent panded MFI, wt. Pentane HFCO- Pellet Pellet gm/10 % Wt. 1233zd(E) Density No. min PS Other Isomer % Wt. % kg/m.sup.3 2A1 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<40 <4 2A2 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<2 =<30 pentane <4 2A3 NR =>50 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 2A4 NR =>50 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane 2A5 NR =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 <4 2A6 NR =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane <4 2A7 NR =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 <4 2A8 NR =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 pentane <4 2A9 NR =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 <4 2A10 NR =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 pentane <4 3A1 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 <4 3A2 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 pentane <4 3A3 NR =>75 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 3A4 NR =>75 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane 3A5 NR =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 <4 3A6 NR =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane <4 3A7 NR =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 <4 3A8 NR =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 pentane <4 3A9 NR =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 <4 3A10 NR =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 pentane <4 4A1 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 <4 4A2 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 pentane <4 4A3 NR =>85 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 4A4 NR =>85 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane 4A5 NR =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 <4 4A6 NR =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane <4 4A7 NR =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 <4 4A8 NR =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 pentane <4 4A9 NR =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 <4 4A10 NR =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 pentane <4 5A1 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 <4 5A2 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 pentane <4 5A3 NR =>95 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 5A4 NR =>95 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane 5A5 NR =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 <4 5A6 NR =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane <4 5A7 NR =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 <4 5A8 NR =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 pentane <4 5A9 NR =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 <4 5A10 NR =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 pentane <4 6A1 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 <4 6A2 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 pentane <4 6A3 NR =>99 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 6A4 NR =>99 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane 6A5 NR =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 <4 6A6 NR =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 pentane <4 6A7 NR =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 <4 6A8 NR =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 pentane <4 6A9 NR =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 <4 6A10 NR =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 pentane <4 7A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 <4 7A2 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 7A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 7A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane 7A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 <4 7A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 7A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<28 <4 7A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 7A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 <4 7A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 8A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 <4 8A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 8A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 8A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane 8A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 <4 8A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 8A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<28 <4 8A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 8A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 <4 8A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 9A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 <4 9A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 9A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 9A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane 9A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 <4 9A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 9A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<28 <4 9A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 9A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 <4 9A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 10A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 <4 10A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 10A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 10A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane 10A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 <4 10A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 10A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<28 <4 10A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 10A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 <4 10A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 11A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 <4 11A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 11A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 11A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane 11A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 <4 11A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 11A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<28 <4 11A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 11A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 <4 11A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<28 pentane <4 12A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 <4 12A2 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 12A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 12A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane 12A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 <4 12A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 12A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<10 <4 12A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 12A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 <4 12A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 13A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 <4 13A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 13A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 13A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane 13A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 <4 13A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 13A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<10 <4 13A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 13A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 <4 13A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 14A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 <4 14A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 14A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 14A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane 14A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 <4 14A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 14A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<10 <4 14A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 14A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 <4 14A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 15A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 <4 15A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 15A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 15A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane 15A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 <4 15A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 15A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<10 <4 15A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 15A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 <4 15A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 16A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 <4 16A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 16A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 16A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane 16A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 <4 16A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 16A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<30 =<10 <4 16A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 16A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 <4 16A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<10 pentane <4 17A1 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 NR <4 17A2 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 pentane <4 17A3 NR =>50 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 17A4 NR =>50 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane 17A5 NR =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 <4 17A6 NR =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane <4 17A7 NR =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 <4 17A8 NR =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 pentane <4 17A9 NR =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 <4 17A10 NR =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 pentane <4 18A1 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 <4 18A2 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 pentane <4 18A3 NR =>75 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 18A4 NR =>75 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane 18A5 NR =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 <4 18A6 NR =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane <4 18A7 NR =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 <4 18A8 NR =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 pentane <4 18A9 NR =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 <4 18A10 NR =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 pentane <4 19A1 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 <4 19A2 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 pentane <4 19A3 NR =>85 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 19A4 NR =>85 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane 19A5 NR =>85 NR NR >2.5 >1-<2.5 =<25 <4 19A6 NR =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane <4 19A7 NR =>85 NR NR >2.5 >1.2-<2.0 =<25 <4 19A8 NR =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 pentane <4 19A9 NR =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 <4 19A10 NR =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 pentane <4 20A1 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 <4 20A2 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 pentane <4 20A3 NR =>95 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 20A4 NR =>95 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane 20A5 NR =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 <4 20A6 NR =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane <4 20A7 NR =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 <4 20A8 NR =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 pentane <4 20A9 NR =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 <4 20A10 NR =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 pentane <4 21A1 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 <4 21A2 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 pentane <4 21A3 NR =>99 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 21A4 NR =>99 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane 21A5 NR =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 <4 21A6 NR =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 pentane <4 21A7 NR =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 <4 21A8 NR =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 pentane <4 21A9 NR =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 <4 21A10 NR =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 pentane <4 22A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 <4 22A2 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 22A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 22A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane 22A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 <4 22A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 22A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<28 <4 22A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 22A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 <4 22A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 23A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 <4 23A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 23A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 23A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane 23A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 <4 23A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 23A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<28 <4 23A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 23A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 <4 23A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 24A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 <4 24A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 24A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 24A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane 24A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 <4 24A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 24A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<28 <4 24A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5 >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 24A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 <4 24A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 25A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 <4 25A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 25A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 25A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane 25A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 <4 25A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 25A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<28 <4 25A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 25A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 <4 25A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 26A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 <4 26A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 26A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 26A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane 26A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 <4 26A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 26A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<28 <4 26A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 26A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 <4 26A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<28 pentane <4 27A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 <4 272 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 27A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 27A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane 27A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 <4 27A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 27A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<10 <4 27A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 27A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 <4 27A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 28A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 <4 28A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 28A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 28A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane 28A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 <4 28A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 28A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<10 <4 28A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 28A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 <4 28A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 29A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 <4 29A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 29A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 29A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane 29A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 <4 29A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 29A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<10 <4 29A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5 >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 29A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 <4 29A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 30A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 <4 30A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 30A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 30A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane 30A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 <4 30A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 30A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<10 <4 30A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 30A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 <4 30A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 31A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 <4 31A2 =>2. =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<3 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 31A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 31A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2-<4 >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane 31A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 <4 31A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<2.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4 31A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1.2-<2.0 =<25 =<10 <4 31A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1.2-<2.05 =<25 31A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 <4 31A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >2.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 =<10 pentane <4

[0198] In general it is contemplated that the average size and shape of the expanded pellets of the present invention, including each of Expanded Pellets 1-31, may vary widely in accordance with shapes and sizes known to those skilled in the art, and all such shapes and sizes are within the scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the expanded pellets, including each of Expanded Pellets 1-31, include pellets which are generally spherical and/or disc-shaped and/or cylindrical and/or bead shaped. Embodiments of the expanded pellets, including each of Expanded Pellets 1-31, include pellets which have an average particle size in the range of from about 0.6 mm to about 30 mm, or from 0.6 mm to about 15 mm, or from 0.6 mm to about 9 mm. Embodiments of the expanded pellets, including each of Expanded Pellets 1-31, include pellets which are generally spherical and/or disc-shaped and/or cylindrical and have an average particle size in the range of from about 0.6 mm to about 30 mm, or from 0.6 mm to about 15 mm, or from 0.6 mm to about 9 mm.

Foam

[0199] The present invention includes open cell foams, including Foams 1A-1D. In preferred embodiments the foams of the present invention are further limited as indicated in the Foam Table below, with each foam being named in the first column by a Foam No., and reference herein to a Foam by that number is understood to incorporate all of the limitations described in the row corresponding to the Foam number.

TABLE-US-00003 FOAM TABLE Foam Property Ther- mal Thermoplastic Blowing Agent Con- MFI, HFCO- Den- duc- gm/ wt. Pentane 1233zd(E) sity tivity Foam 10 % Wt. Wt. kg/ mW/ No. min PS Other Isomer % % m.sup.3 mK 2A1 NR =>50 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 2A2 NR =>50 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 2A3 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 2A4 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 2A5 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <4 2A6 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 2A7 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <3 2A8 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 2A9 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <3 2A10 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 3A1 NR =>75 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 3A2 NR =>75 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 3A3 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 3A4 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 3A5 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <4 3A6 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 3A7 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <3 3A8 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 3A9 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <3 3A10 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 4A1 NR =>85 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 4A2 NR =>85 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 4A3 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 4A4 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 4A5 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <4 4A6 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 4A7 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <3 4A8 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 4A9 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <3 4A10 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 5A1 NR =>95 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 5A2 NR =>95 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 5A3 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 5A4 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 5A5 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <4 5A6 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 5A7 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <3 5A8 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 5A9 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <3 5A10 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 6A1 NR =>99 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 6A2 NR =>99 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 6A3 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <4 6A4 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 6A5 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <4 6A6 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <4 6A7 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 <3 6A8 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 6A9 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 <3 6A10 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 pentane <3 7A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 7A2 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 7A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 7A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 7A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 7A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 7A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 7A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 7A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 7A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 8A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 8A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 8A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 8A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 8A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 8A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 8A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 8A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 8A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 8A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 9A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 9A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 9A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 9A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 9A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 9A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 9A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 9A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 9A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 9A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 10A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 10A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 10A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 10A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 10A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 10A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 10A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 10A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 10A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 10A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 11A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 11A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 11A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 11A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 11A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <4 11A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <4 11A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 11A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 11A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 <3 11A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<28 pentane <3 12A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 12A2 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 12A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 12A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 12A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 12A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 12A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 12A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 12A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 12A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 13A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 13A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 13A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 13A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 13A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 13A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 13A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 13A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 13A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 13A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 14A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 14A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 14A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 14A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 14A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 14A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 14A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 14A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 14A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 14A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 15A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 15A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 15A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 15A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 15A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 15A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 15A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 15A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 15A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 15A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 16A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 16A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 16A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 16A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 16A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <4 16A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <4 16A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 16A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 16A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 <3 16A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<30 =<35 =<10 pentane <3 17A1 NR =>50 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 17A2 NR =>50 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 17A3 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 17A4 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 17A5 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR <4 17A6 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <4 17A7 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <3 17A8 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <3 17A9 NR =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR <3 17A10 NR =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <3 18A1 NR =>75 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 18A2 NR =>75 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 18A3 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 18A4 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 18A5 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR <4 18A6 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <4 18A7 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <3 18A8 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <3 18A9 NR =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR <3 18A10 NR =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <3 19A1 NR =>85 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 19A2 NR =>85 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 19A3 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 19A4 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 19A5 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR <4 19A6 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <4 19A7 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <3 19A8 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <3 19A9 NR =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR <3 19A10 NR =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <3 20A1 NR =>95 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 20A2 NR =>95 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 20A3 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 20A4 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 20A5 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR <4 20A6 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <4 20A7 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <3 20A8 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <3 20A9 NR =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR <3 20A10 NR =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <3 21A1 NR =>99 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 21A2 NR =>99 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 21A3 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <4 21A4 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <4 21A5 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR <4 21A6 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <4 21A7 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR <3 21A8 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR pentane <3 21A9 NR =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR <3 21A10 NR =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR pentane <3 22A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 22A2 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 22A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 22A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 22A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <4 22A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 22A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <3 22A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 22A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <3 22A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 23A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 23A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 23A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 23A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 23A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <4 23A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 23A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <3 23A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 23A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <3 23A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 24A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 24A2 =>2. =>85 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 24A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 24A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 24A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <4 24A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 24A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <3 24A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 24A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <3 24A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 25A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 25A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 25A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 25A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 25A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <4 25A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 25A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <3 25A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 25A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <3 25A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 26A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 26A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 26A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <4 26A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 26A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <4 26A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <4 26A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 <3 26A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 26A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 <3 26A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<28 pentane <3 27A1 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 272 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 27A3 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 27A4 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 27A5 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <4 27A6 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 27A7 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <3 27A8 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 27A9 =>2- =>50 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <3 27A10 =>2- =>50 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 28A1 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 28A2 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 28A3 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 28A4 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 28A5 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <4 28A6 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 28A7 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <3 28A8 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 28A9 =>2- =>75 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <3 28A10 =>2- =>75 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 29A1 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 29A2 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 29A3 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 29A4 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 29A5 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <4 29A6 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 29A7 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <3 29A8 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 29A9 =>2- =>85 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <3 29A10 =>2- =>85 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 30A1 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 30A2 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 30A3 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 30A4 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 30A5 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <4 30A6 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 30A7 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <3 30A8 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 30A9 =>2- =>95 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <3 30A10 =>2- =>95 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 31A1 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 31A2 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 31A3 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <4 31A4 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 31A5 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <4 31A6 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <4 31A7 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 <3 31A8 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >0.5-<2 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3 31A9 =>2- =>99 NR NR >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 <3 31A10 =>2- =>99 NR n- >1.5- >1-<1.5 =<25 NR =<10 pentane <3

Methods

[0200] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition in which at least about 60% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4A.

[0201] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition in which at least about 70% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4B.

[0202] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition in which at least about 80% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4C.

[0203] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition in which at least about 90% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4D.

[0204] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition in which at least about 95% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4E.

[0205] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition in which at least about 99% by weight of the thermoplastic is polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4F.

[0206] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition which consists essentially of polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4G.

[0207] The methods of the present invention, including each of Foam Forming Methods 1-3, utilize a thermoplastic composition which consists of polystyrene. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 4H.

[0208] The methods of the present invention include foam forming methods in which each of Expandable Pellets 1-16 are expanded and used to form a thermoplastic foam. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 5A.

[0209] The methods of the present invention include foam forming methods in which each of Expandable Pellets 1-16 are expanded and used to form a molded thermoplastic foam. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 5B.

[0210] The methods of the present invention include foam forming methods in which each of Expanded Pellets 1-31 are joined to form a thermoplastic foam. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 6A.

[0211] The methods of the present invention include foam forming methods in which each of Expandable Pellets 1-31 are joined by molding to form a molded thermoplastic foam. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 6B.

[0212] The methods of the present invention include foam forming methods which produce a foam of the present invention, including each of Foams 1-31 by joining thermoplastic pellets to form a thermoplastic foam. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 7A.

[0213] The methods of the present invention include foam forming methods which produce a foam of the present invention, including each of Foams 1-31 by joining thermoplastic pellets in a mold to form a thermoplastic foam. For the purposes of convenience, foam forming methods in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam Forming Method 7B.

EXAMPLES

[0214] The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating the present invention but without limiting the scope thereof.

[0215] The examples which followed each utilized as the starting polystyrene particles product made in accordance with the procedure described below and as illustrated in FIG. 1.

TABLE-US-00004 Polystyrene Styron 660

[0216] The starting polymer used to create the resin formulation feeding the twin screw extruder was polystyrene available under the tradename Styron 660 from Trinesco having the following properties:

TABLE-US-00005 Value Unit Test Standard Processing/Physical Characteristics Iso Data Melt flow index, 7 g/10 min ISO 1133 MFI Temperature 200 C. Load 5 kg Mechanical Properties Iso Data Yield Stress 40 MPa ISO 527 Strain at break 2 % ISO 527 Flexural modulus, 3300 MPa ISO 178 23 C. Rockwell hardness R105 ISO 2039-2 Thermal Properties Iso Data Vicat softening 107 C. ISO 306 temperature, A Vicat softening 100 C. ISO 306 temperature, B

[0217] The screw speed used in the extruder was 40 revolutions per minute, and the temperature profile in the extruder was, based on temperature reading evenly spaced along the barrel of the screw from about the formulation introduction end to the die was 145 C., 155 C., 165 C., 175 C. and 185 C. Solid pellets are produced in a general disc shape having a diameter of about 1 mm.

[0218] The pellets produced as described above were then introduced into a stirred tank pressure vessel to produce expandable pellets and then expandable into an expansion tank to form expanded pellets using equipment generally as illustrated in FIG. 2 and described below.

[0219] In an initial step of the impregnation process, the pellets of polystyrene are added to a heated bath contained in a lab-scale pressure vessel equipped with a stirrer. The bath consisted of water, surfactants in an amount to help reduce sticking/agglomeration of the pellets and then the physical blowing agent (sometimes referred to in these examples as PBA) reported for each example below were added under ambient pressure since the blowing agents are liquids at ambient pressure. In each of the experiments, the total weight of the pellets in the bath is set to 40 grams and the total volume of PBA is set to 10 ml. The micro-pellets are maintained in the bath at a temperature of about 40 C. for 24 hours with continuous stirring. After the 24 hour impregnation step, any pressure increase that has occurred in the vessel during the process is quickly released and the liquid bath together with the impregnated pellets are transported to an expansion chamber equipped with a heater. A three (3) gram sample of the impregnated beads leaving the pressure vessel are obtained and subject to gas chromatography (GC) to determine the total amount of PMA in the pellets and the relative amount of each component in the PBA, as described below. The pellets as they leave the pressure vessel are referred to in the examples as Expandable Pellets.

[0220] Water is then added to the expansion chamber in an amount sufficient to immerse the Expandable Pellets and then the temperature of the bath is raised to about 40 C. for about 24 hours, thereby allowing the pellets to undergo an expansion under ambient pressure to produce expanded pellets. The expanded pellets are then air dried. The dry, expanded pellets (referred to hereinafter as Expanded Pellets) are tested as initially formed and are then stored at the indicated temperature for 13 days, with samples of the particles after storage to determine the total amount of PBA contained in the Expanded Pellets, the relative amount of each component of the PBA which remains contained in the particles, and the density of the particles.

[0221] The CG was conducted using a gas chromatograph 7890N with a HP-5 MS column (30 m250 m0.25 m) with a Head Space system for sampling and an FID detector. To quantify the total amount of PBA and the relative amount of each PBA component in the gas, calibration lines for each component are first prepared. The bead sample is then heated to 120 C. to melt the polymer and allow total release of the PBAs. The conditions used in the GC process are reported in the table below.

TABLE-US-00006 INJECTION Injection type Head Space (HS) Incubation 120 C. temperature Desorption time 10 min Injection volume 0.5 mL Injector type Split Split conditions 1/50 COLUMN Name and dimensions HP 5MS (30 m 250 m 0.25 m) Mobile phase Helium Mobile phase flux 1.0 mL/min Separation type Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) Column Capillary column (WCOT) Column content (5%-phenyl)- methylpolisiloxane OVEN Oven temperature 2 min (40 C.) .fwdarw. T = program 20 C./min (until 120 C.) ANALYSIS Analysis time 5 min Detector Flame ionization detector (FID)

[0222] After the 13 day storage period, the Expanded Pellets produced as described above are introduced into a lab-scale mold which is designed to be representative on a comparative basis of commercial steam chest molding, except using ethanol vapor in the mold instead of steam. The equipment used and process steps taken to produce the molded foam are summarized below in connection with the steps as illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0223] The mold is charged with ethanol to form an ethanol vapor space surrounding the beads, and then the Expanded Pellets are charged to the mold. The mold is closed, heated to and maintained at a predefined temperature for a predefined time to produce the foam.

[0224] The molded foam thus produced is then sampled to determine the foam density and thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity is measured as reported in Snchez-Caldern, B. Merillas, V. Bernardo, M. . Rodrguez-Prez, Methodology for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulating samples with small dimensions by heat flow meter technique, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. (2022). (see https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11457-7).

Comparative Example C1.SUP.1.Impregnated Beads, Expanded Beads and Molded Foam from PBA Consisting of N-Pentane

.sup.1 The designation as the Examples hereof as comparative is not a concession that the example represents an item of prior art. Instead, the use of the term comparative for an example is an indication only that the results of testing done by applicant indicate that the performance according to the example are less favorable in some respect than the aspects of the invention which are illustrated by testing done by applicant and reported as an example of the invention.

[0225] In Comparative Example C1, the beads are impregnated with blowing agent consisting of n-pentane, expanded beads are formed and the expanded beads are molded into foam using the equipment and materials as described and illustrated above. The results of this test are reported in Table ExC1 below:

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE ExC1 EXPANDABLE EXPANDED MOLDED PELLETS PELLETS FOAM PBA AMOUNTS Wt. % of n-pentane 5.5 2.3 0.5 Wt. % of 1233zd(E) 0 0 0 Total Wt. % of PBA 5.5 2.3 0.5 PELLET PROPERTY Expanded Pellet NA 49.1 NA Density, kg/m3 FOAM PROPERTIES Density, kg/m3 NA NA 26.5 Thermal NA NA 33.8 Conductivity, mW/mK

[0226] The above results above show base-line foam performance using n-pentane as the sole PBA.

Comparative Examples C2A and C2BImpregnated Beads, Expanded Beads and Molded Foam from PBA Consisting of 90% N-Pentane And 10% 1233zd(E) and with 50% N-Pentane and 50% 1233zd(E)

[0227] Comparative Example 1 is repeated, except that: (A) for Comparative Example C2A, the PBA used in the impregnation step consists of 90% by weight n-pentane and 10% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E); and (B) for Comparative Example C2B, the PBA used in the impregnation step consists of 50% by weight n-pentane and 50% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E). The results of this test are reported in Table ExC2 below and illustrated in FIG. 4, together with the results from Comparative Example 1 for convenience of comparison:

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE ExC2 EXPANDABLE EXPANDED PELLETS PELLETS MOLED FOAM Example No. ExC1 ExC2A EXC2B ExC1 ExC2A ExC2B ExC1 ExC2A ExC2B PBA AMOUNTS Wt. % of n-pentane 5.8 5.6 2.5 3.9 2.9 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.8 Wt. % of 1233zd(E) 0 0.9 3.2 0 0.7 1.6 0 0.5 1.0 Total Wt. % of PBA 5.8 6.7 5.7 3.9 3.6 3.0 1.3 1.2 1.8 PELLET PROPERTY Expanded Pellet 49.1 48.0 56.5 Density, kg/m3 FOAM PROPERTIES Density, kg/m3 26.5 32.4 43.7 Thermal 33.8 34.3 31.8 Conductivity, mW/mK

[0228] As can be seen from the data above, applicants have found that the density of expanded foam appears to increase as the amount of 1233zd(E) in the initial PBA used to impregnate the pellets increases based on the results of adding 10% and 50% of HFCO-1233zd(E). This is a highly undesirable result since increased density generally reduces the value of the foam for many applications, including as thermal insulating board foam. Applicant's test data also shows that a reduced concentration of pentane is observed as 1233zd(E) is added to the initial PBA used to impregnate the foam in amounts of 10% and 50% by weight.

[0229] Based on the results of these comparative examples, a person skilled in the art would reasonably expect that the density of a molded foam made from a PBA with an initial amount of HFCO-1233zd(E) of greater than 10% and less than 50% would be in the range of from about 32.4% to about 43.7%.

Example 1Impregnated Beads, Expanded Beads and Molded Foam from PBA Consisting of 80% N-Pentane and 20% 1233zd(E)

[0230] Comparative Example 1 is repeated, except that the PBA used for the impregnation step consists of 80% by weight n-pentane and 20% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E). The results of this test are reported in Table Ex1 below and illustrated in FIG. 5, together with the results from Comparative Examples 1 and 2 for convenience of comparison:

TABLE-US-00009 EXPANDABLE EXPANDED PELLETS PELLETS MOLED FOAM Example No. ExC1 ExC2A EXC2B Ex1 ExC1 ExC2A EXC2B Ex1 ExC1 ExC2A EXC2B Ex1 PBA AMOUNTS Wt. % of n-pentane 5.8 5.6 2.5 5.5 3.9 2.9 1.4 3.3 1.3 0.7 10.8 2.3 Wt. % of 1233zd(E) 0 0.9 3.2 1.7 0 0.7 1.6 1.2 0 0.5 1.0 0.8 Total Wt. % of PBA 5.8 6.7 5.7 7.7 3.9 3.6 3.0 4.5 1.3 1.2 1.8 3.1 PELLET PROPERTY Expanded Pellet 49.1 48.0 56.5 38.0 Density, kg/m3 FOAM PROPERTIES Density, kg/m3 26.5 32.4 43.7 21.5 Thermal Conductivity, 33.8 34.3 31.8 32.4 mW/mK

[0231] As can be seen from applicant's test work above, applicant has found that the use of an initial PBA comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of pentane and greater than 10% by weight and less than 50% by weight of HFCO-1233zd(E) is able to produce a highly desirable but unexpected result of a foam density that is dramatically below the expected density range based on the 10% and 50% 1233zd(E) results. In particular, the density of the foam made with initial PBA of about 20% has a density that is lower by from about 30 to about 50 relative percent compared to the expected density range. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of the foam made using 20% of 1233zd(E) according to this example is better than Comparative Example 1 (0% 1233zd(E)) and Comparative Example 2A (10% 1233zd(E)) and not significantly higher than the thermal conductivity achieved when the initial PBA contains 50% of 1233zd(E). This combination of unexpectedly low density and low thermal conductivity is highly advantageous.